318 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
318 lines
13 KiB
Markdown
[](https://confluence.jetbrains.com/display/ALL/JetBrains+on+GitHub)
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[](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/129486382)
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[](https://search.maven.org/search?q=g:%22space.kscience%22)
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[](https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/mipt-npm/p/sci/maven/space/kscience/)
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# KMath
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Could be pronounced as `key-math`. The **K**otlin **Math**ematics library was initially intended as a Kotlin-based
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analog to Python's NumPy library. Later we found that kotlin is much more flexible language and allows superior
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architecture designs. In contrast to `numpy` and `scipy` it is modular and has a lightweight core. The `numpy`-like
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experience could be achieved with [kmath-for-real](/kmath-for-real) extension module.
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[Documentation site (**WIP**)](https://mipt-npm.github.io/kmath/)
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## Publications and talks
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* [A conceptual article about context-oriented design](https://proandroiddev.com/an-introduction-context-oriented-programming-in-kotlin-2e79d316b0a2)
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* [Another article about context-oriented design](https://proandroiddev.com/diving-deeper-into-context-oriented-programming-in-kotlin-3ecb4ec38814)
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* [ACAT 2019 conference paper](https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.5130103)
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# Goal
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* Provide a flexible and powerful API to work with mathematics abstractions in Kotlin-multiplatform (JVM, JS and Native)
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.
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* Provide basic multiplatform implementations for those abstractions (without significant performance optimization).
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* Provide bindings and wrappers with those abstractions for popular optimized platform libraries.
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## Non-goals
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* Be like NumPy. It was the idea at the beginning, but we decided that we can do better in API.
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* Provide the best performance out of the box. We have specialized libraries for that. Need only API wrappers for them.
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* Cover all cases as immediately and in one bundle. We will modularize everything and add new features gradually.
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* Provide specialized behavior in the core. API is made generic on purpose, so one needs to specialize for types, like
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for `Double` in the core. For that we will have specialization modules like `kmath-for-real`, which will give better
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experience for those, who want to work with specific types.
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## Features and stability
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KMath is a modular library. Different modules provide different features with different API stability guarantees. All
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core modules are released with the same version, but with different API change policy. The features are described in
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module definitions below. The module stability could have the following levels:
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* **PROTOTYPE**. On this level there are no compatibility guarantees. All methods and classes form those modules could
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break any moment. You can still use it, but be sure to fix the specific version.
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* **EXPERIMENTAL**. The general API is decided, but some changes could be made. Volatile API is marked
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with `@UnstableKmathAPI` or other stability warning annotations.
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* **DEVELOPMENT**. API breaking generally follows semantic versioning ideology. There could be changes in minor
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versions, but not in patch versions. API is protected
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with [binary-compatibility-validator](https://github.com/Kotlin/binary-compatibility-validator) tool.
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* **STABLE**. The API stabilized. Breaking changes are allowed only in major releases.
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## Modules
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<hr/>
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* ### [benchmarks](benchmarks)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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<hr/>
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* ### [examples](examples)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-ast](kmath-ast)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [expression-language](kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/parser.kt) : Expression language and its parser
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> - [mst-jvm-codegen](kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt) : Dynamic MST to JVM bytecode compiler
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> - [mst-js-codegen](kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/estree/estree.kt) : Dynamic MST to JS compiler
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> - [rendering](kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/rendering/MathRenderer.kt) : Extendable MST rendering
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-commons](kmath-commons)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-complex](kmath-complex)
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> Complex numbers and quaternions.
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [complex](kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt) : Complex Numbers
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> - [quaternion](kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Quaternion.kt) : Quaternions
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-core](kmath-core)
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> Core classes, algebra definitions, basic linear algebra
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>
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> **Maturity**: DEVELOPMENT
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [algebras](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt) : Algebraic structures like rings, spaces and fields.
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> - [nd](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureND.kt) : Many-dimensional structures and operations on them.
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> - [linear](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt) : Basic linear algebra operations (sums, products, etc.), backed by the `Space` API. Advanced linear algebra operations like matrix inversion and LU decomposition.
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> - [buffers](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffers.kt) : One-dimensional structure
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> - [expressions](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions) : By writing a single mathematical expression once, users will be able to apply different types of
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objects to the expression by providing a context. Expressions can be used for a wide variety of purposes from high
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performance calculations to code generation.
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> - [domains](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains) : Domains
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> - [autodiff](kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt) : Automatic differentiation
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-coroutines](kmath-coroutines)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-dimensions](kmath-dimensions)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-ejml](kmath-ejml)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [ejml-vector](kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlVector.kt) : Point implementations.
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> - [ejml-matrix](kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrix.kt) : Matrix implementation.
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> - [ejml-linear-space](kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlLinearSpace.kt) : LinearSpace implementations.
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-for-real](kmath-for-real)
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> Extension module that should be used to achieve numpy-like behavior.
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All operations are specialized to work with `Double` numbers without declaring algebraic contexts.
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One can still use generic algebras though.
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [DoubleVector](kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/DoubleVector.kt) : Numpy-like operations for Buffers/Points
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> - [DoubleMatrix](kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/DoubleMatrix.kt) : Numpy-like operations for 2d real structures
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> - [grids](kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/grids.kt) : Uniform grid generators
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-functions](kmath-functions)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [piecewise](kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Piecewise.kt) : Piecewise functions.
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> - [polynomials](kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt) : Polynomial functions.
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> - [linear interpolation](kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/interpolation/LinearInterpolator.kt) : Linear XY interpolator.
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> - [spline interpolation](kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/interpolation/SplineInterpolator.kt) : Cubic spline XY interpolator.
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> - [integration](kmath-functions/#) : Univariate and multivariate quadratures
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-geometry](kmath-geometry)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-histograms](kmath-histograms)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-jafama](kmath-jafama)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [jafama-double](kmath-jafama/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jafama/) : Double ExtendedField implementations based on Jafama
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-jupyter](kmath-jupyter)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-kotlingrad](kmath-kotlingrad)
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [differentiable-mst-expression](kmath-kotlingrad/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/kotlingrad/KotlingradExpression.kt) : MST based DifferentiableExpression.
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> - [scalars-adapters](kmath-kotlingrad/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/kotlingrad/scalarsAdapters.kt) : Conversions between Kotlin∇'s SFun and MST
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-memory](kmath-memory)
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> An API and basic implementation for arranging objects in a continuous memory block.
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>
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> **Maturity**: DEVELOPMENT
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-multik](kmath-multik)
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>
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-nd4j](kmath-nd4j)
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [nd4jarraystructure](kmath-nd4j/#) : NDStructure wrapper for INDArray
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> - [nd4jarrayrings](kmath-nd4j/#) : Rings over Nd4jArrayStructure of Int and Long
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> - [nd4jarrayfields](kmath-nd4j/#) : Fields over Nd4jArrayStructure of Float and Double
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-optimization](kmath-optimization)
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-stat](kmath-stat)
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>
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> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-symja](kmath-symja)
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-tensors](kmath-tensors)
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>
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> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
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>
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> **Features:**
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> - [tensor algebra](kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt) : Basic linear algebra operations on tensors (plus, dot, etc.)
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> - [tensor algebra with broadcasting](kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt) : Basic linear algebra operations implemented with broadcasting.
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> - [linear algebra operations](kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt) : Advanced linear algebra operations like LU decomposition, SVD, etc.
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<hr/>
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* ### [kmath-viktor](kmath-viktor)
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>
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> **Maturity**: DEVELOPMENT
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<hr/>
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## Multi-platform support
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KMath is developed as a multi-platform library, which means that most of the interfaces are declared in the
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[common source sets](/kmath-core/src/commonMain) and implemented there wherever it is possible. In some cases, features
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are delegated to platform-specific implementations even if they could be provided in the common module for performance
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reasons. Currently, the Kotlin/JVM is the primary platform, however Kotlin/Native and Kotlin/JS contributions and
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feedback are also welcome.
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## Performance
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Calculation performance is one of major goals of KMath in the future, but in some cases it is impossible to achieve both
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performance and flexibility.
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We expect to focus on creating convenient universal API first and then work on increasing performance for specific
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cases. We expect the worst KMath benchmarks will perform better than native Python, but worse than optimized
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native/SciPy (mostly due to boxing operations on primitive numbers). The best performance of optimized parts could be
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better than SciPy.
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## Requirements
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KMath currently relies on JDK 11 for compilation and execution of Kotlin-JVM part. We recommend to use GraalVM-CE 11 for
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execution to get better performance.
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### Repositories
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Release and development artifacts are accessible from mipt-npm [Space](https://www.jetbrains.com/space/)
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repository `https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/mipt-npm/p/sci/maven` (see documentation of
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[Kotlin Multiplatform](https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/multiplatform.html) for more details). The repository could
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be reached through [repo.kotlin.link](https://repo.kotlin.link) proxy:
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```kotlin
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repositories {
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maven("https://repo.kotlin.link")
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}
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dependencies {
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api("space.kscience:kmath-core:0.3.0-dev-17")
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// api("space.kscience:kmath-core-jvm:0.3.0-dev-17") for jvm-specific version
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}
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```
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Gradle `6.0+` is required for multiplatform artifacts.
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## Contributing
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The project requires a lot of additional work. The most important thing we need is a feedback about what features are
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required the most. Feel free to create feature requests. We are also welcome to code contributions, especially in issues
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marked with
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[waiting for a hero](https://github.com/mipt-npm/kmath/labels/waiting%20for%20a%20hero) label.
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