Merge pull request #241 from mipt-npm/refactor/linear-algebra

Refactor/linear algebra

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 - Exponential operations merged with hyperbolic functions
 - Space is replaced by Group. Space is reserved for vector spaces.
 - VectorSpace is now a vector space
+- 
 
 ### Deprecated
 

examples/build.gradle.kts

@@ -92,6 +92,14 @@ benchmark {
         iterationTimeUnit = "ms" // time unity for iterationTime, default is seconds
         include("ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark")
     }
+
+    configurations.register("matrixInverse") {
+        warmups = 1 // number of warmup iterations
+        iterations = 3 // number of iterations
+        iterationTime = 500 // time in seconds per iteration
+        iterationTimeUnit = "ms" // time unity for iterationTime, default is seconds
+        include("MatrixInverseBenchmark")
+    }
 }
 
 kotlin.sourceSets.all {

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/DotBenchmark.kt

@@ -4,14 +4,11 @@ import kotlinx.benchmark.Benchmark
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Blackhole
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Scope
 import kotlinx.benchmark.State
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext
+import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMLinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.ejml.EjmlMatrixContext
+import space.kscience.kmath.ejml.EjmlLinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.BufferMatrixContext
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.RealMatrixContext
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import kotlin.random.Random
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
@@ -21,47 +18,47 @@ internal class DotBenchmark {
         const val dim = 1000
 
         //creating invertible matrix
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.real(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
+        val matrix1 = LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
-        val matrix2 = Matrix.real(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
+        val matrix2 = LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
 
-        val cmMatrix1 = CMMatrixContext { matrix1.toCM() }
+        val cmMatrix1 = CMLinearSpace { matrix1.toCM() }
-        val cmMatrix2 = CMMatrixContext { matrix2.toCM() }
+        val cmMatrix2 = CMLinearSpace { matrix2.toCM() }
 
-        val ejmlMatrix1 = EjmlMatrixContext { matrix1.toEjml() }
+        val ejmlMatrix1 = EjmlLinearSpace { matrix1.toEjml() }
-        val ejmlMatrix2 = EjmlMatrixContext { matrix2.toEjml() }
+        val ejmlMatrix2 = EjmlLinearSpace { matrix2.toEjml() }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun cmDot(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        CMMatrixContext {
+        CMLinearSpace.run {
             blackhole.consume(cmMatrix1 dot cmMatrix2)
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun ejmlDot(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        EjmlMatrixContext {
+        EjmlLinearSpace {
             blackhole.consume(ejmlMatrix1 dot ejmlMatrix2)
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun ejmlDotWithConversion(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        EjmlMatrixContext {
+        EjmlLinearSpace {
             blackhole.consume(matrix1 dot matrix2)
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun bufferedDot(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        BufferMatrixContext(RealField, Buffer.Companion::real).invoke {
+        LinearSpace.auto(RealField).invoke {
             blackhole.consume(matrix1 dot matrix2)
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun realDot(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        RealMatrixContext {
+        LinearSpace.real {
             blackhole.consume(matrix1 dot matrix2)
         }
     }

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark.kt

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
     fun mstExpression(blackhole: Blackhole) {
         val expr = algebra.mstInField {
             val x = bindSymbol(x)
-            x * 2.0 + 2.0 / x - 16.0
+            x * 2.0 + number(2.0) / x - 16.0
         }
 
         invokeAndSum(expr, blackhole)
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
     fun asmExpression(blackhole: Blackhole) {
         val expr = algebra.mstInField {
             val x = bindSymbol(x)
-            x * 2.0 + 2.0 / x - 16.0
+            x * 2.0 + number(2.0) / x - 16.0
         }.compile()
 
         invokeAndSum(expr, blackhole)

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/MatrixInverseBenchmark.kt

@@ -4,44 +4,44 @@ import kotlinx.benchmark.Benchmark
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Blackhole
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Scope
 import kotlinx.benchmark.State
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext
+import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMLinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext.dot
 import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.inverse
-import space.kscience.kmath.ejml.EjmlMatrixContext
+import space.kscience.kmath.ejml.EjmlLinearSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.ejml.inverse
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixContext
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.inverseWithLup
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.real
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.invoke
 import kotlin.random.Random
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-internal class LinearAlgebraBenchmark {
+internal class MatrixInverseBenchmark {
     companion object {
         val random = Random(1224)
         const val dim = 100
 
+        private val space = LinearSpace.real
+
         //creating invertible matrix
-        val u = Matrix.real(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
+        val u = space.buildMatrix(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
-        val l = Matrix.real(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i >= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
+        val l = space.buildMatrix(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i >= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
-        val matrix = l dot u
+        val matrix = space { l dot u }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun kmathLupInversion(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        blackhole.consume(MatrixContext.real.inverseWithLup(matrix))
+        blackhole.consume(LinearSpace.real.inverseWithLup(matrix))
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun cmLUPInversion(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        with(CMMatrixContext) {
+        with(CMLinearSpace) {
             blackhole.consume(inverse(matrix))
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun ejmlInverse(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        with(EjmlMatrixContext) {
+        with(EjmlLinearSpace) {
             blackhole.consume(inverse(matrix))
         }
     }

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorLogBenchmark.kt

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.viktor.ViktorNDField
 internal class ViktorLogBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
     fun realFieldLog(blackhole: Blackhole) {
-        with(realField) {
+        with(realNdField) {
             val fortyTwo = produce { 42.0 }
             var res = one
             repeat(n) { res = ln(fortyTwo) }
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ internal class ViktorLogBenchmark {
 
         // automatically build context most suited for given type.
         private val autoField = NDAlgebra.auto(RealField, dim, dim)
-        private val realField = NDAlgebra.real(dim, dim)
+        private val realNdField = NDAlgebra.real(dim, dim)
         private val viktorField = ViktorNDField(intArrayOf(dim, dim))
     }
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/gradient.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.linear
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.real.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
+
+fun main() {
+    val x0 = Point(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
+    val sigma = Point(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
+
+    val gaussian: (Point<Double>) -> Double = { x ->
+        require(x.size == x0.size)
+        kotlin.math.exp(-((x - x0) / sigma).square().sum())
+    }
+
+    fun ((Point<Double>) -> Double).grad(x: Point<Double>): Point<Double> {
+        require(x.size == x0.size)
+        return RealBuffer(x.size) { i ->
+            val h = sigma[i] / 5
+            val dVector = RealBuffer(x.size) { if (it == i) h else 0.0 }
+            val f1 = invoke(x + dVector / 2)
+            val f0 = invoke(x - dVector / 2)
+            (f1 - f0) / h
+        }
+    }
+
+    println(gaussian.grad(x0))
+
+}

examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
-    val structure = NDStructure.build(intArrayOf(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
+    val structure = NDStructure.buffered(intArrayOf(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
     structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 } // warm-up
     val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 } }
     println("Structure mapping finished in $time1 millis")

examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/typeSafeDimensions.kt

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.dimensions.D3
 import space.kscience.kmath.dimensions.DMatrixContext
 import space.kscience.kmath.dimensions.Dimension
 
-private fun DMatrixContext<Double>.simple() {
+private fun DMatrixContext<Double, *>.simple() {
     val m1 = produce<D2, D3> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val m2 = produce<D3, D2> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ private object D5 : Dimension {
     override val dim: UInt = 5u
 }
 
-private fun DMatrixContext<Double>.custom() {
+private fun DMatrixContext<Double, *>.custom() {
     val m1 = produce<D2, D5> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val m2 = produce<D5, D2> { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }
     val m3 = produce<D2, D2> { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/MstAlgebra.kt

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public object MstRing : Ring<MST>, NumbersAddOperations<MST>, ScaleOperations<MS
     public override val one: MST.Numeric = number(1.0)
 
     public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstGroup.number(value)
-    public override fun bindSymbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstGroup.bindSymbol(value)
+    public override fun bindSymbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstAlgebra.bindSymbol(value)
     public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstGroup.add(a, b)
 
     public override fun scale(a: MST, value: Double): MST.Binary =
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public object MstField : Field<MST>, NumbersAddOperations<MST>, ScaleOperations<
 
     public override val one: MST.Numeric get() = MstRing.one
 
-    public override fun bindSymbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstRing.bindSymbol(value)
+    public override fun bindSymbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstAlgebra.bindSymbol(value)
     public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstRing.number(value)
     public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstRing.add(a, b)
 
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ public object MstExtendedField : ExtendedField<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
     public override val zero: MST.Numeric get() = MstField.zero
     public override val one: MST.Numeric get() = MstField.one
 
-    public override fun bindSymbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstField.bindSymbol(value)
+    public override fun bindSymbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstAlgebra.bindSymbol(value)
     public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstRing.number(value)
     public override fun sin(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION)(arg)
     public override fun cos(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION)(arg)

kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/linear/CMMatrix.kt

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear
 import org.apache.commons.math3.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 import kotlin.reflect.cast
 
-public inline class CMMatrix(public val origin: RealMatrix) : Matrix<Double> {
+public class CMMatrix(public val origin: RealMatrix) : Matrix<Double> {
     public override val rowNum: Int get() = origin.rowDimension
     public override val colNum: Int get() = origin.columnDimension
 
@@ -50,12 +52,17 @@ public inline class CMMatrix(public val origin: RealMatrix) : Matrix<Double> {
     }?.let(type::cast)
 
     public override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): Double = origin.getEntry(i, j)
+
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+        if (this === other) return true
+        if (other !is NDStructure<*>) return false
+        return NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other)
     }
 
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = origin.hashCode()
+}
 
-public fun RealMatrix.asMatrix(): CMMatrix = CMMatrix(this)
+public inline class CMVector(public val origin: RealVector) : Point<Double> {
-
-public class CMVector(public val origin: RealVector) : Point<Double> {
     public override val size: Int get() = origin.dimension
 
     public override operator fun get(index: Int): Double = origin.getEntry(index)
@@ -63,16 +70,17 @@ public class CMVector(public val origin: RealVector) : Point<Double> {
     public override operator fun iterator(): Iterator<Double> = origin.toArray().iterator()
 }
 
-public fun Point<Double>.toCM(): CMVector = if (this is CMVector) this else {
-    val array = DoubleArray(size) { this[it] }
-    CMVector(ArrayRealVector(array))
-}
-
 public fun RealVector.toPoint(): CMVector = CMVector(this)
 
-public object CMMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, CMMatrix> {
+public object CMLinearSpace : LinearSpace<Double, RealField> {
-    public override fun produce(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): CMMatrix {
+    override val elementAlgebra: RealField get() = RealField
-        val array = Array(rows) { i -> DoubleArray(columns) { j -> initializer(i, j) } }
+
+    public override fun buildMatrix(
+        rows: Int,
+        columns: Int,
+        initializer: RealField.(i: Int, j: Int) -> Double,
+    ): CMMatrix {
+        val array = Array(rows) { i -> DoubleArray(columns) { j -> RealField.initializer(i, j) } }
         return CMMatrix(Array2DRowRealMatrix(array))
     }
 
@@ -82,33 +90,50 @@ public object CMMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, CMMatrix> {
         else -> {
             //TODO add feature analysis
             val array = Array(rowNum) { i -> DoubleArray(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
-            CMMatrix(Array2DRowRealMatrix(array))
+            Array2DRowRealMatrix(array).wrap()
         }
     }
 
-    override fun scale(a: Matrix<Double>, value: Double): Matrix<Double> = a.toCM().times(value)
+    public fun Point<Double>.toCM(): CMVector = if (this is CMVector) this else {
+        val array = DoubleArray(size) { this[it] }
+        ArrayRealVector(array).wrap()
+    }
 
+    internal fun RealMatrix.wrap(): CMMatrix = CMMatrix(this)
+    internal fun RealVector.wrap(): CMVector = CMVector(this)
+
+    override fun buildVector(size: Int, initializer: RealField.(Int) -> Double): Point<Double> =
+        ArrayRealVector(DoubleArray(size) { RealField.initializer(it) }).wrap()
+
+    override fun Matrix<Double>.plus(other: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
+        toCM().origin.add(other.toCM().origin).wrap()
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.plus(other: Point<Double>): CMVector =
+        toCM().origin.add(other.toCM().origin).wrap()
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.minus(other: Point<Double>): CMVector =
+        toCM().origin.subtract(other.toCM().origin).wrap()
 
     public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
-        CMMatrix(toCM().origin.multiply(other.toCM().origin))
+        toCM().origin.multiply(other.toCM().origin).wrap()
 
     public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(vector: Point<Double>): CMVector =
-        CMVector(toCM().origin.preMultiply(vector.toCM().origin))
+        toCM().origin.preMultiply(vector.toCM().origin).wrap()
 
-    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.unaryMinus(): CMMatrix =
+    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.minus(other: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
-        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> -get(i, j) }
+        toCM().origin.subtract(other.toCM().origin).wrap()
-
-    public override fun add(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
-        CMMatrix(a.toCM().origin.multiply(b.toCM().origin))
-
-    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.minus(b: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
-        CMMatrix(toCM().origin.subtract(b.toCM().origin))
-
-//    public override fun multiply(a: Matrix<Double>, k: Number): CMMatrix =
-//        CMMatrix(a.toCM().origin.scalarMultiply(k.toDouble()))
 
     public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.times(value: Double): CMMatrix =
-        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) * value }
+        toCM().origin.scalarMultiply(value).wrap()
+
+    override fun Double.times(m: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
+        m * this
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.times(value: Double): CMVector =
+        toCM().origin.mapMultiply(value).wrap()
+
+    override fun Double.times(v: Point<Double>): CMVector =
+        v * this
 }
 
 public operator fun CMMatrix.plus(other: CMMatrix): CMMatrix =

kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/linear/CMSolver.kt

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ public enum class CMDecomposition {
     CHOLESKY
 }
 
-public fun CMMatrixContext.solver(
+public fun CMLinearSpace.solver(
     a: Matrix<Double>,
     decomposition: CMDecomposition = CMDecomposition.LUP
 ): DecompositionSolver = when (decomposition) {
@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ public fun CMMatrixContext.solver(
     CMDecomposition.CHOLESKY -> CholeskyDecomposition(a.toCM().origin).solver
 }
 
-public fun CMMatrixContext.solve(
+public fun CMLinearSpace.solve(
     a: Matrix<Double>,
     b: Matrix<Double>,
     decomposition: CMDecomposition = CMDecomposition.LUP
-): CMMatrix = solver(a, decomposition).solve(b.toCM().origin).asMatrix()
+): CMMatrix = solver(a, decomposition).solve(b.toCM().origin).wrap()
 
-public fun CMMatrixContext.solve(
+public fun CMLinearSpace.solve(
     a: Matrix<Double>,
     b: Point<Double>,
     decomposition: CMDecomposition = CMDecomposition.LUP
 ): CMVector = solver(a, decomposition).solve(b.toCM().origin).toPoint()
 
-public fun CMMatrixContext.inverse(
+public fun CMLinearSpace.inverse(
     a: Matrix<Double>,
     decomposition: CMDecomposition = CMDecomposition.LUP
-): CMMatrix = solver(a, decomposition).inverse.asMatrix()
+): CMMatrix = solver(a, decomposition).inverse.wrap()

kmath-core/api/kmath-core.api

@@ -432,106 +432,23 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/expressions/SymbolIndexerKt {
 	public static final fun withSymbols ([Lspace/kscience/kmath/expressions/Symbol;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Ljava/lang/Object;
 }
 
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix : space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D {
+public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferLinearSpace : space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace {
-	public fun <init> (IILspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)V
-	public fun elements ()Lkotlin/sequences/Sequence;
-	public fun equals (Ljava/lang/Object;)Z
-	public fun get (II)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun get ([I)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public final fun getBuffer ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun getColNum ()I
-	public fun getColumns ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun getDimension ()I
-	public fun getRowNum ()I
-	public fun getRows ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun getShape ()[I
-	public fun hashCode ()I
-	public fun toString ()Ljava/lang/String;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrixContext : space/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext {
-	public static final field Companion Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrixContext$Companion;
 	public fun <init> (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)V
-	public synthetic fun add (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+	public fun buildMatrix (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function3;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
+	public fun buildVector (ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun binaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun binaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun binaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public synthetic fun bindSymbol (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun bindSymbol (Ljava/lang/String;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun div (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Number;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun div (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun getElementContext ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;
+	public fun getElementAlgebra ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;
-	public synthetic fun minus (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+	public fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public final fun one (II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun plus (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun point (ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun produce (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun produce (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun scale (Ljava/lang/Object;D)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun scale (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;D)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Number;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun times (Ljava/lang/Number;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Number;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun unaryMinus (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun unaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun unaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;
-	public synthetic fun unaryPlus (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryPlus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrixContext$Companion {
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferVectorSpace : space/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace {
-	public fun <init> (ILspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)V
-	public synthetic fun add (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun binaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun binaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun binaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public synthetic fun bindSymbol (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun bindSymbol (Ljava/lang/String;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun div (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Number;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun div (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun getAlgebra ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;
-	public final fun getBufferFactory ()Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public fun getSize ()I
-	public synthetic fun getZero ()Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun getZero ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun minus (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun plus (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+	public fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun produce (Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun scale (Ljava/lang/Object;D)Ljava/lang/Object;
+	public fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun scale (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;D)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Number;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun times (Ljava/lang/Number;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Number;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun unaryMinus (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun unaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun unaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;
-	public synthetic fun unaryPlus (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryPlus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
 }
 
 public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/CholeskyDecompositionFeature : space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeature {
@@ -549,37 +466,6 @@ public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/DiagonalFeature : sp
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/DiagonalFeature$Companion : space/kscience/kmath/linear/DiagonalFeature {
 }
 
-public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext : space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext {
-	public abstract fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun getElementContext ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;
-	public abstract fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext$DefaultImpls {
-	public static fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun binaryOperation (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun binaryOperationFunction (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public static fun bindSymbol (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun div (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun point (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/Number;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun unaryOperation (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun unaryOperationFunction (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;
-	public static fun unaryPlus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-}
-
 public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/InverseMatrixFeature : space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeature {
 	public abstract fun getInverse ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 }
@@ -588,11 +474,6 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LFeature : space/kscience/kmath/l
 	public static final field INSTANCE Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LFeature;
 }
 
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearAlgebraKt {
-	public static final fun asMatrix (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix;
-	public static final fun asPoint (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-}
-
 public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSolver {
 	public abstract fun inverse (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public abstract fun solve (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
@@ -603,9 +484,58 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSolver$DefaultImpls {
 	public static fun solve (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSolver;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
 }
 
+public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSolverKt {
+	public static final fun asMatrix (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix;
+	public static final fun asVector (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+}
+
+public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace {
+	public static final field Companion Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace$Companion;
+	public abstract fun buildMatrix (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function3;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun buildVector (ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun getElementAlgebra ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;
+	public abstract fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public abstract fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+}
+
+public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace$Companion {
+	public final fun buffered (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;
+	public static synthetic fun buffered$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;
+	public final fun getReal ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;
+}
+
+public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace$DefaultImpls {
+	public static fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+}
+
+public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpaceKt {
+	public static final fun invoke (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+}
+
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition : space/kscience/kmath/linear/DeterminantFeature, space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecompositionFeature {
-	public fun <init> (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Field;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;[IZ)V
+	public fun <init> (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Field;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;[IZ)V
-	public final fun getContext ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;
+	public final fun getContext ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;
 	public fun getDeterminant ()Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public final fun getElementContext ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Field;
 	public fun getL ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
@@ -622,57 +552,27 @@ public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecompositionFeat
 }
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecompositionKt {
-	public static final fun abs (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;Ljava/lang/Comparable;)Ljava/lang/Comparable;
+	public static final fun abs (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Ljava/lang/Comparable;)Ljava/lang/Comparable;
-	public static final fun inverseWithLup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static final fun inverseWithLup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static final fun lup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Field;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition;
+	public static final fun lup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition;
-	public static final fun lup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition;
+	public static final fun lup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition;
+	public static final fun solveWithLup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public static final fun solveWithLup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static final fun solveWithLup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 }
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder {
-	public fun <init> (II)V
+	public fun <init> (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;II)V
 	public final fun getColumns ()I
+	public final fun getLinearSpace ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;
 	public final fun getRows ()I
 	public final fun invoke ([Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 }
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilderKt {
-	public static final fun build (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D$Companion;II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder;
+	public static final fun column (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static final fun column (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D$Companion;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static final fun column (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static final fun row (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D$Companion;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static final fun row (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-}
+	public static final fun row (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-
-public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext : space/kscience/kmath/operations/GroupOperations, space/kscience/kmath/operations/ScaleOperations {
-	public static final field Companion Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext$Companion;
-	public abstract fun binaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public abstract fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun point (ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun produce (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public abstract fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext$Companion {
-	public final fun buffered (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;
-	public static synthetic fun buffered$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext$DefaultImpls {
-	public static fun binaryOperation (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun binaryOperationFunction (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public static fun bindSymbol (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun div (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun point (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/Number;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun unaryOperation (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static fun unaryOperationFunction (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;
-	public static fun unaryPlus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 }
 
 public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeature {
@@ -688,12 +588,12 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper : space/kscience/km
 	public fun get (II)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public fun get ([I)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public fun getColNum ()I
-	public fun getColumns ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun getColumns ()Ljava/util/List;
 	public fun getDimension ()I
 	public final fun getFeatures ()Ljava/util/Set;
 	public final fun getOrigin ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public fun getRowNum ()I
-	public fun getRows ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun getRows ()Ljava/util/List;
 	public fun getShape ()[I
 	public fun hashCode ()I
 	public fun toString ()Ljava/lang/String;
@@ -701,12 +601,11 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper : space/kscience/km
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapperKt {
 	public static final fun getOrigin (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static final fun one (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static final fun one (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public static final fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/util/Collection;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper;
 	public static final fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeature;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper;
-	public static final fun square (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D$Companion;[Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public static final fun transpose (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public static final fun zero (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/GenericMatrixContext;II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
+	public static final fun zero (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace;II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 }
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/OrthogonalFeature : space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeature {
@@ -718,52 +617,6 @@ public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/QRDecompositionFeatu
 	public abstract fun getR ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 }
 
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext : space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext, space/kscience/kmath/operations/ScaleOperations {
-	public static final field INSTANCE Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext;
-	public synthetic fun add (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun binaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun binaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun binaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public synthetic fun bindSymbol (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun bindSymbol (Ljava/lang/String;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun div (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Number;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun div (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun dot (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public synthetic fun minus (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public final fun one (II)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun plus (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun point (ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public fun produce (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun produce (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun scale (Ljava/lang/Object;D)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun scale (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;D)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public fun times (DLspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Number;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun times (Ljava/lang/Number;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Ljava/lang/Number;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public synthetic fun times (Ljava/lang/Object;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;D)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public final fun toBufferMatrix (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
-	public synthetic fun unaryMinus (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public synthetic fun unaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryOperation (Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-	public fun unaryOperationFunction (Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;
-	public synthetic fun unaryPlus (Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public fun unaryPlus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContextKt {
-	public static final fun getReal (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext$Companion;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext;
-}
-
 public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/SingularValueDecompositionFeature : space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeature {
 	public abstract fun getS ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;
 	public abstract fun getSingularValues ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
@@ -784,41 +637,6 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/UnitFeature : space/kscience/kmat
 	public static final field INSTANCE Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/UnitFeature;
 }
 
-public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace : space/kscience/kmath/operations/Group, space/kscience/kmath/operations/ScaleOperations {
-	public static final field Companion Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace$Companion;
-	public abstract fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun getAlgebra ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;
-	public abstract fun getSize ()I
-	public abstract fun getZero ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun produce (Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun scale (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;D)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public abstract fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace$Companion {
-	public final fun buffered (ILspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferVectorSpace;
-	public static synthetic fun buffered$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace$Companion;ILspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferVectorSpace;
-	public final fun real (I)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferVectorSpace;
-}
-
-public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace$DefaultImpls {
-	public static fun add (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun binaryOperation (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun binaryOperationFunction (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
-	public static fun bindSymbol (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Ljava/lang/String;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun div (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun getZero (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun minus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun plus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun scale (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;D)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Ljava/lang/Number;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun times (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;Ljava/lang/Number;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun unaryMinus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun unaryOperation (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Ljava/lang/String;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-	public static fun unaryOperationFunction (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Ljava/lang/String;)Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;
-	public static fun unaryPlus (Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace;Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
-}
-
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix : space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D {
 	public fun <init> (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)V
 	public fun elements ()Lkotlin/sequences/Sequence;
@@ -826,11 +644,11 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix : space/kscience/km
 	public fun get (II)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public fun get ([I)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public fun getColNum ()I
-	public fun getColumns ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun getColumns ()Ljava/util/List;
 	public fun getDimension ()I
 	public final fun getGenerator ()Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;
 	public fun getRowNum ()I
-	public fun getRows ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public fun getRows ()Ljava/util/List;
 	public fun getShape ()[I
 	public fun hashCode ()I
 }
@@ -882,11 +700,11 @@ public final class space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferNDAlgebra$DefaultImpls {
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferNDAlgebraKt {
 	public static final fun field (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDAlgebra$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Field;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[I)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferedNDField;
+	public static final fun group (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDAlgebra$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[I)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferedNDGroup;
 	public static final fun ndField (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Field;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Ljava/lang/Object;
+	public static final fun ndGroup (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public static final fun ndRing (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public static final fun ndSpace (Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public static final fun ring (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDAlgebra$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Ring;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[I)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferedNDRing;
-	public static final fun space (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDAlgebra$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/operations/Group;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;[I)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferedNDGroup;
 }
 
 public class space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferedNDField : space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferedNDRing, space/kscience/kmath/nd/NDField {
@@ -1147,10 +965,10 @@ public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure {
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure$Companion {
 	public final fun auto (Lkotlin/reflect/KClass;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Strides;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
 	public final fun auto (Lkotlin/reflect/KClass;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
-	public final fun build (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Strides;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
+	public final fun buffered (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Strides;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
-	public final fun build ([ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
+	public final fun buffered ([ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
-	public static synthetic fun build$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Strides;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
+	public static synthetic fun buffered$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure$Companion;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Strides;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
-	public static synthetic fun build$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure$Companion;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
+	public static synthetic fun buffered$default (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure$Companion;[ILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;Lkotlin/jvm/functions/Function1;ILjava/lang/Object;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDBuffer;
 	public final fun contentEquals (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure;Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure;)Z
 }
 
@@ -1307,22 +1125,21 @@ public abstract interface class space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D : space/ksci
 	public abstract fun get (II)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public abstract fun get ([I)Ljava/lang/Object;
 	public abstract fun getColNum ()I
-	public abstract fun getColumns ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun getColumns ()Ljava/util/List;
 	public abstract fun getRowNum ()I
-	public abstract fun getRows ()Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public abstract fun getRows ()Ljava/util/List;
 	public abstract fun getShape ()[I
 }
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D$Companion {
-	public final fun real (IILkotlin/jvm/functions/Function2;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix;
 }
 
 public final class space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D$DefaultImpls {
 	public static fun elements (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lkotlin/sequences/Sequence;
 	public static fun get (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;[I)Ljava/lang/Object;
-	public static fun getColumns (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun getColumns (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Ljava/util/List;
 	public static fun getDimension (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)I
-	public static fun getRows (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Lspace/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer;
+	public static fun getRows (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)Ljava/util/List;
 	public static fun getShape (Lspace/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D;)[I
 }
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferLinearSpace.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.linear
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
+
+
+public class BufferLinearSpace<T : Any, A : Ring<T>>(
+    override val elementAlgebra: A,
+    private val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
+) : LinearSpace<T, A> {
+
+    private fun ndRing(
+        rows: Int,
+        cols: Int,
+    ): BufferedNDRing<T, A> = NDAlgebra.ring(elementAlgebra, bufferFactory, rows, cols)
+
+    override fun buildMatrix(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: A.(i: Int, j: Int) -> T): Matrix<T> =
+        ndRing(rows, columns).produce { (i, j) -> elementAlgebra.initializer(i, j) }.as2D()
+
+    override fun buildVector(size: Int, initializer: A.(Int) -> T): Point<T> =
+        bufferFactory(size) { elementAlgebra.initializer(it) }
+
+    override fun Matrix<T>.unaryMinus(): Matrix<T> = ndRing(rowNum, colNum).run {
+        unwrap().map { -it }.as2D()
+    }
+
+    override fun Matrix<T>.plus(other: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> = ndRing(rowNum, colNum).run {
+        require(shape.contentEquals(other.shape)) { "Shape mismatch on Matrix::plus. Expected $shape but found ${other.shape}" }
+        unwrap().plus(other.unwrap()).as2D()
+    }
+
+    override fun Matrix<T>.minus(other: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> = ndRing(rowNum, colNum).run {
+        require(shape.contentEquals(other.shape)) { "Shape mismatch on Matrix::minus. Expected $shape but found ${other.shape}" }
+        unwrap().minus(other.unwrap()).as2D()
+    }
+
+    private fun Buffer<T>.linearize() = if (this is VirtualBuffer) {
+        buildVector(size) { get(it) }
+    } else {
+        this
+    }
+
+    override fun Matrix<T>.dot(other: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> {
+        require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
+        return elementAlgebra {
+            val rows = this@dot.rows.map{it.linearize()}
+            val columns = other.columns.map { it.linearize() }
+            buildMatrix(rowNum, other.colNum) { i, j ->
+                val r = rows[i]
+                val c = columns[j]
+                var res = zero
+                for (l in r.indices) {
+                    res += r[l] * c[l]
+                }
+                res
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun Matrix<T>.dot(vector: Point<T>): Point<T> {
+        require(colNum == vector.size) { "Matrix dot vector operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${vector.size})" }
+        return elementAlgebra {
+            val rows = this@dot.rows.map { it.linearize() }
+            buildVector(rowNum) { i ->
+                val r = rows[i]
+                var res = zero
+                for (j in r.indices) {
+                    res += r[j] * vector[j]
+                }
+                res
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun Matrix<T>.times(value: T): Matrix<T> = ndRing(rowNum, colNum).run {
+        unwrap().map { it * value }.as2D()
+    }
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix.kt

@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-package space.kscience.kmath.linear
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
-
-/**
- * Alias for [Structure2D] with more familiar name.
- *
- * @param T the type of items.
- */
-public typealias Matrix<T> = Structure2D<T>
-
-/**
- * Basic implementation of Matrix space based on [NDStructure]
- */
-public class BufferMatrixContext<T : Any, A>(
-    public override val elementContext: A,
-    private val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
-) : GenericMatrixContext<T, A, BufferMatrix<T>> where A : Ring<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> {
-
-    public override fun produce(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T): BufferMatrix<T> {
-        val buffer = bufferFactory(rows * columns) { offset -> initializer(offset / columns, offset % columns) }
-        return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
-    }
-
-    override fun scale(a: Matrix<T>, value: Double): Matrix<T> = elementContext {
-        produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j ->
-            a[i, j] * value
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Point<T> = bufferFactory(size, initializer)
-
-    private fun Matrix<T>.toBufferMatrix(): BufferMatrix<T> = if (this is BufferMatrix) this else {
-        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
-    }
-
-    public fun one(rows: Int, columns: Int): Matrix<Double> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
-        if (i == j) 1.0 else 0.0
-    } + DiagonalFeature
-
-    public override infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(other: Matrix<T>): BufferMatrix<T> {
-        require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
-        val bufferMatrix = toBufferMatrix()
-        val otherBufferMatrix = other.toBufferMatrix()
-        return elementContext {
-            produce(rowNum, other.colNum) { i, j ->
-                var res = one
-                for (l in 0 until colNum) {
-                    res += bufferMatrix[i, l] * otherBufferMatrix[l, j]
-                }
-                res
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(vector: Point<T>): Point<T> {
-        require(colNum == vector.size) { "Matrix dot vector operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${vector.size})" }
-        val bufferMatrix = toBufferMatrix()
-        return elementContext {
-            bufferFactory(rowNum) { i ->
-                var res = one
-                for (j in 0 until colNum) {
-                    res += bufferMatrix[i, j] * vector[j]
-                }
-                res
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun add(a: Matrix<T>, b: Matrix<T>): BufferMatrix<T> {
-        require(a.rowNum == b.rowNum) { "Row number mismatch in matrix addition. Left side: ${a.rowNum}, right side: ${b.rowNum}" }
-        require(a.colNum == b.colNum) { "Column number mismatch in matrix addition. Left side: ${a.colNum}, right side: ${b.colNum}" }
-        val aBufferMatrix = a.toBufferMatrix()
-        val bBufferMatrix = b.toBufferMatrix()
-        return elementContext {
-            produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j ->
-                aBufferMatrix[i, j] + bBufferMatrix[i, j]
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-//    override fun multiply(a: Matrix<T>, k: Number): BufferMatrix<T> {
-//        val aBufferMatrix = a.toBufferMatrix()
-//        return elementContext {
-//            produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> aBufferMatrix[i, j] * k.toDouble() }
-//        }
-//    }
-
-    public companion object
-}
-
-public class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
-    public override val rowNum: Int,
-    public override val colNum: Int,
-    public val buffer: Buffer<T>,
-) : Matrix<T> {
-
-    init {
-        require(buffer.size == rowNum * colNum) { "Dimension mismatch for matrix structure" }
-    }
-
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
-
-    public override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = get(index[0], index[1])
-    public override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = buffer[i * colNum + j]
-
-    public override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = sequence {
-        for (i in 0 until rowNum) for (j in 0 until colNum) yield(intArrayOf(i, j) to get(i, j))
-    }
-
-    public override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (this === other) return true
-
-        return when (other) {
-            is NDStructure<*> -> NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other)
-            else -> false
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun hashCode(): Int {
-        var result = rowNum
-        result = 31 * result + colNum
-        result = 31 * result + buffer.hashCode()
-        return result
-    }
-
-    public override fun toString(): String {
-        return if (rowNum <= 5 && colNum <= 5)
-            "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum)\n" +
-                    rows.asSequence().joinToString(prefix = "(", postfix = ")", separator = "\n ") { buffer ->
-                        buffer.asSequence().joinToString(separator = "\t") { it.toString() }
-                    }
-        else "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum)"
-    }
-
-
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSolver.kt

@@ -1,25 +1,22 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
-
-public typealias Point<T> = Buffer<T>
 
 /**
  * A group of methods to resolve equation A dot X = B, where A and B are matrices or vectors
  */
 public interface LinearSolver<T : Any> {
     public fun solve(a: Matrix<T>, b: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T>
-    public fun solve(a: Matrix<T>, b: Point<T>): Point<T> = solve(a, b.asMatrix()).asPoint()
+    public fun solve(a: Matrix<T>, b: Point<T>): Point<T> = solve(a, b.asMatrix()).asVector()
     public fun inverse(a: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T>
 }
 
 /**
  * Convert matrix to vector if it is possible
  */
-public fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.asPoint(): Point<T> =
+public fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.asVector(): Point<T> =
     if (this.colNum == 1)
-        VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { get(it, 0) }
+        as1D()
     else
         error("Can't convert matrix with more than one column to vector")
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.linear
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
+
+/**
+ * Alias for [Structure2D] with more familiar name.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of items.
+ */
+public typealias Matrix<T> = Structure2D<T>
+
+/**
+ * Alias or using [Buffer] as a point/vector in a many-dimensional space.
+ */
+public typealias Point<T> = Buffer<T>
+
+/**
+ * Basic operations on matrices and vectors. Operates on [Matrix].
+ *
+ * @param T the type of items in the matrices.
+ * @param M the type of operated matrices.
+ */
+public interface LinearSpace<T : Any, out A : Ring<T>> {
+    public val elementAlgebra: A
+
+    /**
+     * Produces a matrix with this context and given dimensions.
+     */
+    public fun buildMatrix(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: A.(i: Int, j: Int) -> T): Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Produces a point compatible with matrix space (and possibly optimized for it).
+     */
+    public fun buildVector(size: Int, initializer: A.(Int) -> T): Point<T>
+
+    public operator fun Matrix<T>.unaryMinus(): Matrix<T> = buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
+        -get(i, j)
+    }
+
+    public operator fun Point<T>.unaryMinus(): Point<T> = buildVector(size) {
+        -get(it)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Matrix sum
+     */
+    public operator fun Matrix<T>.plus(other: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> = buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
+        get(i, j) + other[i, j]
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Vector sum
+     */
+    public operator fun Point<T>.plus(other: Point<T>): Point<T> = buildVector(size) {
+        get(it) + other[it]
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Matrix subtraction
+     */
+    public operator fun Matrix<T>.minus(other: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> = buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
+        get(i, j) - other[i, j]
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Vector subtraction
+     */
+    public operator fun Point<T>.minus(other: Point<T>): Point<T> = buildVector(size) {
+        get(it) - other[it]
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the dot product of this matrix and another one.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplicand.
+     * @param other the multiplier.
+     * @return the dot product.
+     */
+    public infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(other: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> {
+        require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
+        return elementAlgebra {
+            buildMatrix(rowNum, other.colNum) { i, j ->
+                var res = zero
+                for (l in 0 until colNum) {
+                    res += this@dot[i, l] * other[l, j]
+                }
+                res
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the dot product of this matrix and a vector.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplicand.
+     * @param vector the multiplier.
+     * @return the dot product.
+     */
+    public infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(vector: Point<T>): Point<T> {
+        require(colNum == vector.size) { "Matrix dot vector operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${vector.size})" }
+        return elementAlgebra {
+            buildVector(rowNum) { i ->
+                var res = one
+                for (j in 0 until colNum) {
+                    res += this@dot[i, j] * vector[j]
+                }
+                res
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies a matrix by its element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplicand.
+     * @param value the multiplier.
+     * @receiver the product.
+     */
+    public operator fun Matrix<T>.times(value: T): Matrix<T> =
+        buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) * value }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies an element by a matrix of it.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplicand.
+     * @param m the multiplier.
+     * @receiver the product.
+     */
+    public operator fun T.times(m: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> = m * this
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies a vector by its element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplicand.
+     * @param value the multiplier.
+     * @receiver the product.
+     */
+    public operator fun Point<T>.times(value: T): Point<T> =
+        buildVector(size) { i -> get(i) * value }
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplies an element by a vector of it.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplicand.
+     * @param v the multiplier.
+     * @receiver the product.
+     */
+    public operator fun T.times(v: Point<T>): Point<T> = v * this
+
+    /**
+     * Gets a feature from the matrix. This function may return some additional features to
+     * [space.kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure.getFeature].
+     *
+     * @param F the type of feature.
+     * @param m the matrix.
+     * @param type the [KClass] instance of [F].
+     * @return a feature object or `null` if it isn't present.
+     */
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    public fun <F : Any> getFeature(m: Matrix<T>, type: KClass<F>): F? = m.getFeature(type)
+
+    public companion object {
+
+        /**
+         * A structured matrix with custom buffer
+         */
+        public fun <T : Any, A : Ring<T>> buffered(
+            algebra: A,
+            bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
+        ): LinearSpace<T, A> = BufferLinearSpace(algebra,bufferFactory)
+
+        public val real: LinearSpace<Double, RealField> = buffered(RealField, Buffer.Companion::real)
+
+        /**
+         * Automatic buffered matrix, unboxed if it is possible
+         */
+        public inline fun <reified T : Any, A : Ring<T>> auto(ring: A): LinearSpace<T, A> =
+            buffered(ring, Buffer.Companion::auto)
+    }
+}
+
+public operator fun <LS : LinearSpace<*, *>, R> LS.invoke(block: LS.() -> R): R = run(block)
+
+/**
+ * Gets a feature from the matrix. This function may return some additional features to
+ * [space.kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure.getFeature].
+ *
+ * @param T the type of items in the matrices.
+ * @param M the type of operated matrices.
+ * @param F the type of feature.
+ * @receiver the [LinearSpace] of [T].
+ * @param m the matrix.
+ * @return a feature object or `null` if it isn't present.
+ */
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public inline fun <T : Any, reified F : Any> LinearSpace<T, *>.getFeature(m: Matrix<T>): F? = getFeature(m, F::class)
+

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
  * Common implementation of [LupDecompositionFeature].
  */
 public class LupDecomposition<T : Any>(
-    public val context: MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>,
+    public val context: LinearSpace<T, *>,
     public val elementContext: Field<T>,
     public val lu: Matrix<T>,
     public val pivot: IntArray,
@@ -62,15 +62,14 @@ public class LupDecomposition<T : Any>(
 }
 
 @PublishedApi
-internal fun <T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, *>.abs(value: T): T =
+internal fun <T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.abs(value: T): T =
-    if (value > elementContext.zero) value else elementContext { -value }
+    if (value > elementAlgebra.zero) value else elementAlgebra { -value }
 
 /**
  * Create a lup decomposition of generic matrix.
  */
-public fun <T : Comparable<T>> MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>.lup(
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.lup(
     factory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
-    elementContext: Field<T>,
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
 ): LupDecomposition<T> {
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>.lup(
 
     //TODO just waits for KEEP-176
     BufferAccessor2D(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum, factory).run {
-        elementContext {
+        elementAlgebra {
             val lu = create(matrix)
 
             // Initialize permutation array and parity
@@ -142,18 +141,18 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>.lup(
                 for (row in col + 1 until m) lu[row, col] /= luDiag
             }
 
-            return LupDecomposition(this@lup, elementContext, lu.collect(), pivot, even)
+            return LupDecomposition(this@lup, elementAlgebra, lu.collect(), pivot, even)
         }
     }
 }
 
-public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, Matrix<T>>.lup(
+public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.lup(
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
-): LupDecomposition<T> = lup(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto, elementContext, matrix, checkSingular)
+): LupDecomposition<T> = lup(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto, matrix, checkSingular)
 
-public fun MatrixContext<Double, Matrix<Double>>.lup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): LupDecomposition<Double> =
+public fun LinearSpace<Double, RealField>.lup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): LupDecomposition<Double> =
-    lup(Buffer.Companion::real, RealField, matrix) { it < 1e-11 }
+    lup(Buffer.Companion::real, matrix) { it < 1e-11 }
 
 public fun <T : Any> LupDecomposition<T>.solveWithLup(
     factory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ public fun <T : Any> LupDecomposition<T>.solveWithLup(
                 }
             }
 
-            return context.produce(pivot.size, matrix.colNum) { i, j -> bp[i, j] }
+            return context.buildMatrix(pivot.size, matrix.colNum) { i, j -> bp[i, j] }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -210,18 +209,18 @@ public inline fun <reified T : Any> LupDecomposition<T>.solveWithLup(matrix: Mat
  * Solves a system of linear equations *ax = b** using LUP decomposition.
  */
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, Matrix<T>>.solveWithLup(
+public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.solveWithLup(
     a: Matrix<T>,
     b: Matrix<T>,
     noinline bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBuffer.Companion::auto,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
 ): Matrix<T> {
     // Use existing decomposition if it is provided by matrix
-    val decomposition = a.getFeature() ?: lup(bufferFactory, elementContext, a, checkSingular)
+    val decomposition = a.getFeature() ?: lup(bufferFactory, a, checkSingular)
     return decomposition.solveWithLup(bufferFactory, b)
 }
 
-public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, Matrix<T>>.inverseWithLup(
+public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.inverseWithLup(
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     noinline bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBuffer.Companion::auto,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
@@ -229,15 +228,15 @@ public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext
 
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-public fun RealMatrixContext.solveWithLup(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> {
+public fun LinearSpace<Double, RealField>.solveWithLup(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> {
     // Use existing decomposition if it is provided by matrix
     val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Double> = MutableBuffer.Companion::real
-    val decomposition: LupDecomposition<Double> = a.getFeature() ?: lup(bufferFactory, RealField, a) { it < 1e-11 }
+    val decomposition: LupDecomposition<Double> = a.getFeature() ?: lup(bufferFactory, a) { it < 1e-11 }
     return decomposition.solveWithLup(bufferFactory, b)
 }
 
 /**
  * Inverses a square matrix using LUP decomposition. Non square matrix will throw a error.
  */
-public fun RealMatrixContext.inverseWithLup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> =
+public fun LinearSpace<Double, RealField>.inverseWithLup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> =
     solveWithLup(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum))

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt

@@ -1,46 +1,43 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 
-public class MatrixBuilder(public val rows: Int, public val columns: Int) {
+public class MatrixBuilder<T : Any, A : Ring<T>>(
-    public operator fun <T : Any> invoke(vararg elements: T): Matrix<T> {
+    public val linearSpace: LinearSpace<T, A>,
+    public val rows: Int,
+    public val columns: Int,
+) {
+    public operator fun invoke(vararg elements: T): Matrix<T> {
         require(rows * columns == elements.size) { "The number of elements ${elements.size} is not equal $rows * $columns" }
-        val buffer = elements.asBuffer()
+        return linearSpace.buildMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j -> elements[i * columns + j] }
-        return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
     }
 
     //TODO add specific matrix builder functions like diagonal, etc
 }
 
-public fun Structure2D.Companion.build(rows: Int, columns: Int): MatrixBuilder = MatrixBuilder(rows, columns)
+/**
+ * Create a matrix builder with given number of rows and columns
+ */
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public fun <T : Any, A : Ring<T>> LinearSpace<T, A>.matrix(rows: Int, columns: Int): MatrixBuilder<T, A> =
+    MatrixBuilder(this, rows, columns)
 
-public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.row(vararg values: T): Matrix<T> {
+@UnstableKMathAPI
-    val buffer = values.asBuffer()
+public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.vector(vararg elements: T): Point<T> {
-    return BufferMatrix(1, values.size, buffer)
+    return buildVector(elements.size) { elements[it] }
 }
 
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.row(
+public inline fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.row(
     size: Int,
-    factory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
+    crossinline builder: (Int) -> T,
-    noinline builder: (Int) -> T,
+): Matrix<T> = buildMatrix(1, size) { _, j -> builder(j) }
-): Matrix<T> {
-    val buffer = factory(size, builder)
-    return BufferMatrix(1, size, buffer)
-}
 
-public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.column(vararg values: T): Matrix<T> {
+public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.row(vararg values: T): Matrix<T> = row(values.size, values::get)
-    val buffer = values.asBuffer()
-    return BufferMatrix(values.size, 1, buffer)
-}
 
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.column(
+public inline fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.column(
     size: Int,
-    factory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
+    crossinline builder: (Int) -> T,
-    noinline builder: (Int) -> T,
+): Matrix<T> = buildMatrix(size, 1) { i, _ -> builder(i) }
-): Matrix<T> {
+
-    val buffer = factory(size, builder)
+public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.column(vararg values: T): Matrix<T> = column(values.size, values::get)
-    return BufferMatrix(size, 1, buffer)
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext.kt

@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-package space.kscience.kmath.linear
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
-
-/**
- * Basic operations on matrices. Operates on [Matrix].
- *
- * @param T the type of items in the matrices.
- * @param M the type of operated matrices.
- */
-public interface MatrixContext<T : Any, out M : Matrix<T>> : GroupOperations<Matrix<T>>, ScaleOperations<Matrix<T>> {
-    /**
-     * Produces a matrix with this context and given dimensions.
-     */
-    public fun produce(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T): M
-
-    /**
-     * Produces a point compatible with matrix space (and possibly optimized for it).
-     */
-    public fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Point<T> = Buffer.boxing(size, initializer)
-
-    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Matrix<T>, right: Matrix<T>) -> M =
-        when (operation) {
-            "dot" -> { left, right -> left dot right }
-            else -> super<GroupOperations>.binaryOperationFunction(operation) as (Matrix<T>, Matrix<T>) -> M
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the dot product of this matrix and another one.
-     *
-     * @receiver the multiplicand.
-     * @param other the multiplier.
-     * @return the dot product.
-     */
-    public infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(other: Matrix<T>): M
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the dot product of this matrix and a vector.
-     *
-     * @receiver the multiplicand.
-     * @param vector the multiplier.
-     * @return the dot product.
-     */
-    public infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(vector: Point<T>): Point<T>
-
-    /**
-     * Multiplies a matrix by its element.
-     *
-     * @receiver the multiplicand.
-     * @param value the multiplier.
-     * @receiver the product.
-     */
-    public operator fun Matrix<T>.times(value: T): M
-
-    /**
-     * Multiplies an element by a matrix of it.
-     *
-     * @receiver the multiplicand.
-     * @param m the multiplier.
-     * @receiver the product.
-     */
-    public operator fun T.times(m: Matrix<T>): M = m * this
-
-    /**
-     * Gets a feature from the matrix. This function may return some additional features to
-     * [kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure.getFeature].
-     *
-     * @param F the type of feature.
-     * @param m the matrix.
-     * @param type the [KClass] instance of [F].
-     * @return a feature object or `null` if it isn't present.
-     */
-    @UnstableKMathAPI
-    public fun <F : Any> getFeature(m: Matrix<T>, type: KClass<F>): F? = m.getFeature(type)
-
-    public companion object {
-
-        /**
-         * A structured matrix with custom buffer
-         */
-        public fun <T : Any, A> buffered(
-            ring: A,
-            bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
-        ): GenericMatrixContext<T, A, BufferMatrix<T>> where A : Ring<T>, A: ScaleOperations<T> = BufferMatrixContext(ring, bufferFactory)
-
-        /**
-         * Automatic buffered matrix, unboxed if it is possible
-         */
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any, A> auto(ring: A): GenericMatrixContext<T, A, BufferMatrix<T>> where A : Ring<T>, A: ScaleOperations<T> =
-            buffered(ring, Buffer.Companion::auto)
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Gets a feature from the matrix. This function may return some additional features to
- * [kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure.getFeature].
- *
- * @param T the type of items in the matrices.
- * @param M the type of operated matrices.
- * @param F the type of feature.
- * @receiver the [MatrixContext] of [T].
- * @param m the matrix.
- * @return a feature object or `null` if it isn't present.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <T : Any, reified F : Any> MatrixContext<T, *>.getFeature(m: Matrix<T>): F? =
-    getFeature(m, F::class)
-
-/**
- * Partial implementation of [MatrixContext] for matrices of [Ring].
- *
- * @param T the type of items in the matrices.
- * @param A the type of ring of matrix elements.
- * @param M the type of operated matrices.
- */
-public interface GenericMatrixContext<T : Any, A, out M : Matrix<T>> : MatrixContext<T, M> where A : Ring<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T>{
-    /**
-     * The ring over matrix elements.
-     */
-    public val elementContext: A
-
-    public override infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(other: Matrix<T>): M {
-        //TODO add typed error
-        require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
-
-        return produce(rowNum, other.colNum) { i, j ->
-            val row = rows[i]
-            val column = other.columns[j]
-            elementContext { sum(row.asSequence().zip(column.asSequence(), ::multiply)) }
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(vector: Point<T>): Point<T> {
-        //TODO add typed error
-        require(colNum == vector.size) { "Matrix dot vector operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${vector.size})" }
-
-        return point(rowNum) { i ->
-            val row = rows[i]
-            elementContext { sum(row.asSequence().zip(vector.asSequence(), ::multiply)) }
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override operator fun Matrix<T>.unaryMinus(): M =
-        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { -get(i, j) } }
-
-    public override fun add(a: Matrix<T>, b: Matrix<T>): M {
-        require(a.rowNum == b.rowNum && a.colNum == b.colNum) {
-            "Matrix operation dimension mismatch. [${a.rowNum},${a.colNum}] + [${b.rowNum},${b.colNum}]"
-        }
-
-        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { a[i, j] + b[i, j] } }
-    }
-
-    public override operator fun Matrix<T>.minus(b: Matrix<T>): M {
-        require(rowNum == b.rowNum && colNum == b.colNum) {
-            "Matrix operation dimension mismatch. [$rowNum,$colNum] - [${b.rowNum},${b.colNum}]"
-        }
-
-        return produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { get(i, j) + b[i, j] } }
-    }
-//
-//    public override fun multiply(a: Matrix<T>, k: Number): M =
-//        produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { a[i, j] * k } }
-
-    public override operator fun Matrix<T>.times(value: T): M =
-        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { get(i, j) * value } }
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt

@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.getFeature
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import kotlin.math.sqrt
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
-import kotlin.reflect.safeCast
 
 /**
  * A [Matrix] that holds [MatrixFeature] objects.
@@ -24,7 +19,8 @@ public class MatrixWrapper<T : Any> internal constructor(
      * Get the first feature matching given class. Does not guarantee that matrix has only one feature matching the criteria
      */
     @UnstableKMathAPI
-    override fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = type.safeCast(features.find { type.isInstance(it) })
+    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+    override fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = features.singleOrNull { type.isInstance(it) } as? T
         ?: origin.getFeature(type)
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = origin == other
@@ -61,35 +57,25 @@ public operator fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.plus(newFeatures: Collection<MatrixFeatu
         MatrixWrapper(this, newFeatures.toSet())
     }
 
-/**
- * Build a square matrix from given elements.
- */
-public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.square(vararg elements: T): Matrix<T> {
-    val size: Int = sqrt(elements.size.toDouble()).toInt()
-    require(size * size == elements.size) { "The number of elements ${elements.size} is not a full square" }
-    val buffer = elements.asBuffer()
-    return BufferMatrix(size, size, buffer)
-}
-
 /**
  * Diagonal matrix of ones. The matrix is virtual no actual matrix is created
  */
-public fun <T : Any, A> GenericMatrixContext<T, A, *>.one(
+public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.one(
     rows: Int,
     columns: Int,
-): Matrix<T> where A : Ring<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
+): Matrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
-    if (i == j) elementContext.one else elementContext.zero
+    if (i == j) elementAlgebra.one else elementAlgebra.zero
 } + UnitFeature
 
 
 /**
  * A virtual matrix of zeroes
  */
-public fun <T : Any, A> GenericMatrixContext<T, A, *>.zero(
+public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.zero(
     rows: Int,
     columns: Int,
-): Matrix<T> where A : Ring<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { _, _ ->
+): Matrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { _, _ ->
-    elementContext.zero
+    elementAlgebra.zero
 } + ZeroFeature
 
 public class TransposedFeature<T : Any>(public val original: Matrix<T>) : MatrixFeature

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext.kt

@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-package space.kscience.kmath.linear
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
-
-public object RealMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, BufferMatrix<Double>>, ScaleOperations<Matrix<Double>> {
-
-    public override fun produce(
-        rows: Int,
-        columns: Int,
-        initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double,
-    ): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-        val buffer = RealBuffer(rows * columns) { offset -> initializer(offset / columns, offset % columns) }
-        return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
-    }
-
-    public fun Matrix<Double>.toBufferMatrix(): BufferMatrix<Double> = if (this is BufferMatrix) this else {
-        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
-    }
-
-    public fun one(rows: Int, columns: Int): Matrix<Double> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
-        if (i == j) 1.0 else 0.0
-    } + DiagonalFeature
-
-    override fun Matrix<Double>.unaryMinus(): Matrix<Double> = produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> -get(i, j) }
-
-    public override infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-        require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
-        val bufferMatrix = toBufferMatrix()
-        val otherBufferMatrix = other.toBufferMatrix()
-        return produce(rowNum, other.colNum) { i, j ->
-            var res = 0.0
-            for (l in 0 until colNum) {
-                res += bufferMatrix[i, l] * otherBufferMatrix[l, j]
-            }
-            res
-        }
-    }
-
-    public override infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(vector: Point<Double>): Point<Double> {
-        require(colNum == vector.size) { "Matrix dot vector operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${vector.size})" }
-        val bufferMatrix = toBufferMatrix()
-        return RealBuffer(rowNum) { i ->
-            var res = 0.0
-            for (j in 0 until colNum) {
-                res += bufferMatrix[i, j] * vector[j]
-            }
-            res
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun add(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-        require(a.rowNum == b.rowNum) { "Row number mismatch in matrix addition. Left side: ${a.rowNum}, right side: ${b.rowNum}" }
-        require(a.colNum == b.colNum) { "Column number mismatch in matrix addition. Left side: ${a.colNum}, right side: ${b.colNum}" }
-        val aBufferMatrix = a.toBufferMatrix()
-        val bBufferMatrix = b.toBufferMatrix()
-        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j ->
-            aBufferMatrix[i, j] + bBufferMatrix[i, j]
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun scale(a: Matrix<Double>, value: Double): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-        val bufferMatrix = a.toBufferMatrix()
-        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> bufferMatrix[i, j] * value }
-    }
-
-    override fun Matrix<Double>.times(value: Double): BufferMatrix<Double> = scale(this, value)
-
-//
-//    override fun multiply(a: Matrix<Double>, k: Number): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-//        val aBufferMatrix = a.toBufferMatrix()
-//        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> aBufferMatrix[i, j] * k.toDouble() }
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun divide(a: Matrix<Double>, k: Number): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-//        val aBufferMatrix = a.toBufferMatrix()
-//        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> aBufferMatrix[i, j] / k.toDouble() }
-//    }
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Partially optimized real-valued matrix
- */
-public val MatrixContext.Companion.real: RealMatrixContext get() = RealMatrixContext

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VectorSpace.kt

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-package space.kscience.kmath.linear
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Group
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-
-/**
- * A linear space for vectors.
- * Could be used on any point-like structure
- */
-public interface VectorSpace<T : Any, A> : Group<Point<T>>, ScaleOperations<Point<T>>
-        where A : Group<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> {
-    public val size: Int
-    public val algebra: A
-    override val zero: Point<T> get() = produce { algebra.zero }
-
-    public fun produce(initializer: A.(Int) -> T): Point<T>
-
-    override fun add(a: Point<T>, b: Point<T>): Point<T> = produce { algebra { a[it] + b[it] } }
-
-    override fun scale(a: Point<T>, value: Double): Point<T> = produce { algebra.scale(a[it], value) }
-
-    override fun Point<T>.unaryMinus(): Point<T> = produce { -get(it) }
-
-    //TODO add basis
-
-    public companion object {
-        private val realSpaceCache: MutableMap<Int, BufferVectorSpace<Double, RealField>> = hashMapOf()
-
-        /**
-         * Non-boxing double vector space
-         */
-        public fun real(size: Int): BufferVectorSpace<Double, RealField> = realSpaceCache.getOrPut(size) {
-            BufferVectorSpace(
-                size,
-                RealField,
-                Buffer.Companion::auto
-            )
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * A structured vector space with custom buffer
-         */
-        public fun <T : Any, A> buffered(
-            size: Int,
-            space: A,
-            bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
-        ): BufferVectorSpace<T, A> where A : Group<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> =
-            BufferVectorSpace(size, space, bufferFactory)
-
-        /**
-         * Automatic buffered vector, unboxed if it is possible
-         */
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any, A> auto(
-            size: Int,
-            space: A,
-        ): VectorSpace<T, A> where A : Group<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> =
-            buffered(size, space, Buffer.Companion::auto)
-    }
-}
-
-
-public class BufferVectorSpace<T : Any, A>(
-    override val size: Int,
-    override val algebra: A,
-    public val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
-) : VectorSpace<T, A> where A : Group<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> {
-    override fun produce(initializer: A.(Int) -> T): Buffer<T> = bufferFactory(size) { algebra.initializer(it) }
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure
+
 /**
  * The matrix where each element is evaluated each time when is being accessed.
  *
@@ -17,12 +19,8 @@ public class VirtualMatrix<T : Any>(
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
-        if (other !is Matrix<*>) return false
+        if (other !is NDStructure<*>) return false
-
+        return NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other)
-        if (rowNum != other.rowNum) return false
-        if (colNum != other.colNum) return false
-
-        return elements().all { (index, value) -> value == other[index] }
     }
 
     override fun hashCode(): Int {
@@ -31,6 +29,4 @@ public class VirtualMatrix<T : Any>(
         result = 31 * result + generator.hashCode()
         return result
     }
-
-
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferNDAlgebra.kt

@@ -79,20 +79,20 @@ public open class BufferedNDField<T, R : Field<T>>(
     override fun scale(a: NDStructure<T>, value: Double): NDStructure<T> = a.map { it * value }
 }
 
-// space factories
+// group factories
-public fun <T, A : Group<T>> NDAlgebra.Companion.space(
+public fun <T, A : Group<T>> NDAlgebra.Companion.group(
     space: A,
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
     vararg shape: Int,
 ): BufferedNDGroup<T, A> = BufferedNDGroup(shape, space, bufferFactory)
 
-public inline fun <T, A : Group<T>, R> A.ndSpace(
+public inline fun <T, A : Group<T>, R> A.ndGroup(
     noinline bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
     vararg shape: Int,
     action: BufferedNDGroup<T, A>.() -> R,
 ): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return NDAlgebra.space(this, bufferFactory, *shape).run(action)
+    return NDAlgebra.group(this, bufferFactory, *shape).run(action)
 }
 
 //ring factories

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/NDStructure.kt

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
      * optimize operations and performance. If the feature is not present, null is defined.
      */
     @UnstableKMathAPI
-    public fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = null
+    public fun <F : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<F>): F? = null
 
     public companion object {
         /**
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
          *
          * Strides should be reused if possible.
          */
-        public fun <T> build(
+        public fun <T> buffered(
             strides: Strides,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
@@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): NDBuffer<T> = NDBuffer(strides, Buffer.auto(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
-        public fun <T> build(
+        public fun <T> buffered(
             shape: IntArray,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): NDBuffer<T> = build(DefaultStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
+        ): NDBuffer<T> = buffered(DefaultStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
 
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
             shape: IntArray,

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt

@@ -45,10 +45,12 @@ private inline class Buffer1DWrapper<T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<T>
 /**
  * Represent a [NDStructure] as [Structure1D]. Throw error in case of dimension mismatch
  */
-public fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as1D(): Structure1D<T> = if (shape.size == 1) {
+public fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as1D(): Structure1D<T> = this as? Structure1D<T> ?: if (shape.size == 1) {
-    if (this is NDBuffer) Buffer1DWrapper(this.buffer) else Structure1DWrapper(this)
+    when (this) {
-} else
+        is NDBuffer -> Buffer1DWrapper(this.buffer)
-    error("Can't create 1d-structure from ${shape.size}d-structure")
+        else -> Structure1DWrapper(this)
+    }
+} else error("Can't create 1d-structure from ${shape.size}d-structure")
 
 /**
  * Represent this buffer as 1D structure

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.BufferMatrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.RealMatrixContext
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 /**
  * A structure that is guaranteed to be two-dimensional.
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ public interface Structure2D<T> : NDStructure<T> {
     /**
      * The buffer of rows of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
-    public val rows: Buffer<Buffer<T>>
+    public val rows: List<Buffer<T>>
-        get() = VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
+        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
 
     /**
      * The buffer of columns of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
-    public val columns: Buffer<Buffer<T>>
+    public val columns: List<Buffer<T>>
-        get() = VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
+        get() = List(colNum) { j -> VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
 
     /**
      * Retrieves an element from the structure by two indices.
@@ -54,21 +54,13 @@ public interface Structure2D<T> : NDStructure<T> {
             for (j in 0 until colNum) yield(intArrayOf(i, j) to get(i, j))
     }
 
-    public companion object {
+    public companion object
-        public inline fun real(
-            rows: Int,
-            columns: Int,
-            crossinline init: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double,
-        ): BufferMatrix<Double> = RealMatrixContext.produce(rows,columns) { i, j ->
-            init(i, j)
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 /**
  * A 2D wrapper for nd-structure
  */
-private inline class Structure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure2D<T> {
+private class Structure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure2D<T> {
     override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
 
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
@@ -76,20 +68,22 @@ private inline class Structure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Stru
 
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
 
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun <F : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<F>): F? = structure.getFeature(type)
+
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = structure.elements()
+
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = structure == other
+
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = structure.hashCode()
 }
 
 /**
  * Represent a [NDStructure] as [Structure1D]. Throw error in case of dimension mismatch
  */
-public fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as2D(): Structure2D<T> = if (shape.size == 2)
+public fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as2D(): Structure2D<T> = this as? Structure2D<T> ?: when (shape.size) {
-    Structure2DWrapper(this)
+    2 -> Structure2DWrapper(this)
-else
+    else -> error("Can't create 2d-structure from ${shape.size}d-structure")
-    error("Can't create 2d-structure from ${shape.size}d-structure")
+}
 
-/**
+internal fun <T> Structure2D<T>.unwrap(): NDStructure<T> = if (this is Structure2DWrapper) structure else this
- * Alias for [Structure2D] with more familiar name.
- *
- * @param T the type of items in the matrix.
- */
-public typealias Matrix<T> = Structure2D<T>

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt

@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ internal class BufferAccessor2D<T : Any>(
     public val colNum: Int,
     val factory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
 ) {
-    public operator fun Buffer<T>.get(i: Int, j: Int): T = get(i + colNum * j)
+    public operator fun Buffer<T>.get(i: Int, j: Int): T = get(i*colNum + j)
 
     public operator fun MutableBuffer<T>.set(i: Int, j: Int, value: T) {
-        set(i + colNum * j, value)
+        set(i*colNum + j, value)
     }
 
     public inline fun create(crossinline init: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ internal class BufferAccessor2D<T : Any>(
     public fun create(mat: Structure2D<T>): MutableBuffer<T> = create { i, j -> mat[i, j] }
 
     //TODO optimize wrapper
-    public fun MutableBuffer<T>.collect(): Structure2D<T> = NDStructure.build(
+    public fun MutableBuffer<T>.collect(): Structure2D<T> = NDStructure.buffered(
         DefaultStrides(intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)),
         factory
     ) { (i, j) ->

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferOperation.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.structures
+
+
+public inline fun <T : Any, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(
+    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
+    crossinline block: (T) -> R,
+): Buffer<R> = bufferFactory(size) { block(get(it)) }

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixTest.kt

@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.NDStructure
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
+@UnstableKMathAPI
 @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 class MatrixTest {
     @Test
     fun testTranspose() {
-        val matrix = MatrixContext.real.one(3, 3)
+        val matrix = LinearSpace.real.one(3, 3)
         val transposed = matrix.transpose()
         assertEquals(matrix, transposed)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBuilder() {
-        val matrix = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix = LinearSpace.real.matrix(2, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
             0.0, 1.0, 2.0
         )
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class MatrixTest {
         infix fun Matrix<Double>.pow(power: Int): Matrix<Double> {
             var res = this
             repeat(power - 1) {
-                res = RealMatrixContext.invoke { res dot this@pow }
+                res = LinearSpace.real.run { res dot this@pow }
             }
             return res
         }
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ class MatrixTest {
         val firstMatrix = NDStructure.auto(2, 3) { (i, j) -> (i + j).toDouble() }.as2D()
         val secondMatrix = NDStructure.auto(3, 2) { (i, j) -> (i + j).toDouble() }.as2D()
 
-        MatrixContext.real.run {
+        LinearSpace.real.run {
 //            val firstMatrix = produce(2, 3) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
 //            val secondMatrix = produce(3, 2) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
             val result = firstMatrix dot secondMatrix

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/RealLUSolverTest.kt

@@ -1,29 +1,31 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
+@UnstableKMathAPI
 class RealLUSolverTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testInvertOne() {
-        val matrix = MatrixContext.real.one(2, 2)
+        val matrix = LinearSpace.real.one(2, 2)
-        val inverted = MatrixContext.real.inverseWithLup(matrix)
+        val inverted = LinearSpace.real.inverseWithLup(matrix)
         assertEquals(matrix, inverted)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDecomposition() {
-        val matrix = Matrix.square(
+        LinearSpace.real.run {
+            val matrix = matrix(2,2)(
                 3.0, 1.0,
-            1.0, 3.0
+                2.0, 3.0
             )
 
-        MatrixContext.real.run {
             val lup = lup(matrix)
 
             //Check determinant
-            assertEquals(8.0, lup.determinant)
+            assertEquals(7.0, lup.determinant)
 
             assertEquals(lup.p dot matrix, lup.l dot lup.u)
         }
@@ -31,14 +33,14 @@ class RealLUSolverTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testInvert() {
-        val matrix = Matrix.square(
+        val matrix = LinearSpace.real.matrix(2,2)(
             3.0, 1.0,
             1.0, 3.0
         )
 
-        val inverted = MatrixContext.real.inverseWithLup(matrix)
+        val inverted = LinearSpace.real.inverseWithLup(matrix)
 
-        val expected = Matrix.square(
+        val expected = LinearSpace.real.matrix(2,2)(
             0.375, -0.125,
             -0.125, 0.375
         )

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
@@ -33,7 +34,9 @@ class NumberNDFieldTest {
     @Test
     fun testGeneration() {
 
-        val array = Structure2D.real(3, 3) { i, j -> (i * 10 + j).toDouble() }
+        val array = LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(3, 3) { i, j ->
+            (i * 10 + j).toDouble()
+        }
 
         for (i in 0..2) {
             for (j in 0..2) {

kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.dimensions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
 
 /**
  * A matrix with compile-time controlled dimension
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@ public inline class DPointWrapper<T, D : Dimension>(public val point: Point<T>)
 /**
  * Basic operations on dimension-safe matrices. Operates on [Matrix]
  */
-public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any>(public val context: MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>) {
+public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any, out A : Ring<T>>(public val context: LinearSpace<T, A>) {
     public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> Matrix<T>.coerce(): DMatrix<T, R, C> {
         require(rowNum == Dimension.dim<R>().toInt()) {
             "Row number mismatch: expected ${Dimension.dim<R>()} but found $rowNum"
@@ -93,17 +94,19 @@ public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any>(public val context: MatrixContext<T,
     /**
      * Produce a matrix with this context and given dimensions
      */
-    public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> produce(noinline initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T): DMatrix<T, R, C> {
+    public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> produce(
+        noinline initializer: A.(i: Int, j: Int) -> T
+    ): DMatrix<T, R, C> {
         val rows = Dimension.dim<R>()
         val cols = Dimension.dim<C>()
-        return context.produce(rows.toInt(), cols.toInt(), initializer).coerce<R, C>()
+        return context.buildMatrix(rows.toInt(), cols.toInt(), initializer).coerce<R, C>()
     }
 
-    public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> point(noinline initializer: (Int) -> T): DPoint<T, D> {
+    public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> point(noinline initializer: A.(Int) -> T): DPoint<T, D> {
         val size = Dimension.dim<D>()
 
         return DPoint.coerceUnsafe(
-            context.point(
+            context.buildVector(
                 size.toInt(),
                 initializer
             )
@@ -112,31 +115,31 @@ public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any>(public val context: MatrixContext<T,
 
     public inline infix fun <reified R1 : Dimension, reified C1 : Dimension, reified C2 : Dimension> DMatrix<T, R1, C1>.dot(
         other: DMatrix<T, C1, C2>,
-    ): DMatrix<T, R1, C2> = context { this@dot dot other }.coerce()
+    ): DMatrix<T, R1, C2> = context.run { this@dot dot other }.coerce()
 
     public inline infix fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, R, C>.dot(vector: DPoint<T, C>): DPoint<T, R> =
-        DPoint.coerceUnsafe(context { this@dot dot vector })
+        DPoint.coerceUnsafe(context.run { this@dot dot vector })
 
     public inline operator fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, R, C>.times(value: T): DMatrix<T, R, C> =
-        context { this@times.times(value) }.coerce()
+        context.run { this@times.times(value) }.coerce()
 
     public inline operator fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> T.times(m: DMatrix<T, R, C>): DMatrix<T, R, C> =
         m * this
 
     public inline operator fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, C, R>.plus(other: DMatrix<T, C, R>): DMatrix<T, C, R> =
-        context { this@plus + other }.coerce()
+        context.run { this@plus + other }.coerce()
 
     public inline operator fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, C, R>.minus(other: DMatrix<T, C, R>): DMatrix<T, C, R> =
-        context { this@minus + other }.coerce()
+        context.run { this@minus + other }.coerce()
 
     public inline operator fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, C, R>.unaryMinus(): DMatrix<T, C, R> =
-        context { this@unaryMinus.unaryMinus() }.coerce()
+        context.run { this@unaryMinus.unaryMinus() }.coerce()
 
     public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, C, R>.transpose(): DMatrix<T, R, C> =
-        context { (this@transpose as Matrix<T>).transpose() }.coerce()
+        context.run { (this@transpose as Matrix<T>).transpose() }.coerce()
 
     public companion object {
-        public val real: DMatrixContext<Double> = DMatrixContext(MatrixContext.real)
+        public val real: DMatrixContext<Double, RealField> = DMatrixContext(LinearSpace.real)
     }
 }
 
@@ -144,11 +147,11 @@ public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any>(public val context: MatrixContext<T,
 /**
  * A square unit matrix
  */
-public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> DMatrixContext<Double>.one(): DMatrix<Double, D, D> = produce { i, j ->
+public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.one(): DMatrix<Double, D, D> = produce { i, j ->
     if (i == j) 1.0 else 0.0
 }
 
-public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrixContext<Double>.zero(): DMatrix<Double, R, C> =
+public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.zero(): DMatrix<Double, R, C> =
     produce { _, _ ->
         0.0
     }

kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlLinearSpace.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.ejml
+
+import org.ejml.simple.SimpleMatrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.getFeature
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+
+/**
+ * Represents context of basic operations operating with [EjmlMatrix].
+ *
+ * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
+ */
+public object EjmlLinearSpace : LinearSpace<Double, RealField> {
+
+    override val elementAlgebra: RealField get() = RealField
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this matrix to EJML one.
+     */
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    public fun Matrix<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlMatrix = when (val matrix = origin) {
+        is EjmlMatrix -> matrix
+        else -> buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts this vector to EJML one.
+     */
+    public fun Point<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlVector = when (this) {
+        is EjmlVector -> this
+        else -> EjmlVector(SimpleMatrix(size, 1).also {
+            (0 until it.numRows()).forEach { row -> it[row, 0] = get(row) }
+        })
+    }
+
+    override fun buildMatrix(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: RealField.(i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): EjmlMatrix =
+        EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(rows, columns).also {
+            (0 until rows).forEach { row ->
+                (0 until columns).forEach { col -> it[row, col] = RealField.initializer(row, col) }
+            }
+        })
+
+    override fun buildVector(size: Int, initializer: RealField.(Int) -> Double): Point<Double> =
+        EjmlVector(SimpleMatrix(size, 1).also {
+            (0 until it.numRows()).forEach { row -> it[row, 0] = RealField.initializer(row) }
+        })
+
+    private fun SimpleMatrix.wrapMatrix() = EjmlMatrix(this)
+    private fun SimpleMatrix.wrapVector() = EjmlVector(this)
+
+    override fun Matrix<Double>.unaryMinus(): Matrix<Double> = this * (-1.0)
+
+    public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
+        EjmlMatrix(toEjml().origin.mult(other.toEjml().origin))
+
+    public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(vector: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
+        EjmlVector(toEjml().origin.mult(vector.toEjml().origin))
+
+    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.minus(other: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
+        (toEjml().origin - other.toEjml().origin).wrapMatrix()
+
+    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.times(value: Double): EjmlMatrix =
+        toEjml().origin.scale(value).wrapMatrix()
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.unaryMinus(): EjmlVector =
+        toEjml().origin.negative().wrapVector()
+
+    override fun Matrix<Double>.plus(other: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
+        (toEjml().origin + other.toEjml().origin).wrapMatrix()
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.plus(other: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
+        (toEjml().origin + other.toEjml().origin).wrapVector()
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.minus(other: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
+        (toEjml().origin - other.toEjml().origin).wrapVector()
+
+    override fun Double.times(m: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
+        m.toEjml().origin.scale(this).wrapMatrix()
+
+    override fun Point<Double>.times(value: Double): EjmlVector =
+        toEjml().origin.scale(value).wrapVector()
+
+    override fun Double.times(v: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
+        v.toEjml().origin.scale(this).wrapVector()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Solves for X in the following equation: x = a^-1*b, where 'a' is base matrix and 'b' is an n by p matrix.
+ *
+ * @param a the base matrix.
+ * @param b n by p matrix.
+ * @return the solution for 'x' that is n by p.
+ * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
+ */
+public fun EjmlLinearSpace.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
+    EjmlMatrix(a.toEjml().origin.solve(b.toEjml().origin))
+
+/**
+ * Solves for X in the following equation: x = a^(-1)*b, where 'a' is base matrix and 'b' is an n by p matrix.
+ *
+ * @param a the base matrix.
+ * @param b n by p vector.
+ * @return the solution for 'x' that is n by p.
+ * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
+ */
+public fun EjmlLinearSpace.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
+    EjmlVector(a.toEjml().origin.solve(b.toEjml().origin))
+
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun EjmlMatrix.inverted(): EjmlMatrix = getFeature<InverseMatrixFeature<Double>>()!!.inverse as EjmlMatrix
+
+public fun EjmlLinearSpace.inverse(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = matrix.toEjml().inverted()

kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrix.kt

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public class EjmlMatrix(public val origin: SimpleMatrix) : Matrix<Double> {
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
-        if (other !is Matrix<*>) return false
+        if (other !is NDStructure<*>) return false
         return NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other)
     }
 

kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixContext.kt

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-package space.kscience.kmath.ejml
-
-import org.ejml.simple.SimpleMatrix
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.getFeature
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
-
-/**
- * Represents context of basic operations operating with [EjmlMatrix].
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-public object EjmlMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, EjmlMatrix>, ScaleOperations<Matrix<Double>> {
-
-    /**
-     * Converts this matrix to EJML one.
-     */
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    public fun Matrix<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlMatrix = when (val matrix = origin) {
-        is EjmlMatrix -> matrix
-        else -> produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts this vector to EJML one.
-     */
-    public fun Point<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlVector =
-        if (this is EjmlVector) this else EjmlVector(SimpleMatrix(size, 1).also {
-            (0 until it.numRows()).forEach { row -> it[row, 0] = get(row) }
-        })
-
-    override fun produce(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): EjmlMatrix =
-        EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(rows, columns).also {
-            (0 until rows).forEach { row ->
-                (0 until columns).forEach { col -> it[row, col] = initializer(row, col) }
-            }
-        })
-
-    override fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): Point<Double> =
-        EjmlVector(SimpleMatrix(size, 1).also {
-            (0 until it.numRows()).forEach { row -> it[row, 0] = initializer(row) }
-        })
-
-
-    override fun Matrix<Double>.unaryMinus(): Matrix<Double>  = this*(-1)
-
-    public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
-        EjmlMatrix(toEjml().origin.mult(other.toEjml().origin))
-
-    public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(vector: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
-        EjmlVector(toEjml().origin.mult(vector.toEjml().origin))
-
-    public override fun add(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
-        EjmlMatrix(a.toEjml().origin + b.toEjml().origin)
-
-    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.minus(b: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
-        EjmlMatrix(toEjml().origin - b.toEjml().origin)
-
-    public override fun scale(a: Matrix<Double>, value: Double): EjmlMatrix =
-        produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> a[i, j] * value }
-
-    public override operator fun Matrix<Double>.times(value: Double): EjmlMatrix =
-        EjmlMatrix(toEjml().origin.scale(value))
-}
-
-/**
- * Solves for X in the following equation: x = a^-1*b, where 'a' is base matrix and 'b' is an n by p matrix.
- *
- * @param a the base matrix.
- * @param b n by p matrix.
- * @return the solution for 'x' that is n by p.
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-public fun EjmlMatrixContext.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
-    EjmlMatrix(a.toEjml().origin.solve(b.toEjml().origin))
-
-/**
- * Solves for X in the following equation: x = a^(-1)*b, where 'a' is base matrix and 'b' is an n by p matrix.
- *
- * @param a the base matrix.
- * @param b n by p vector.
- * @return the solution for 'x' that is n by p.
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-public fun EjmlMatrixContext.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
-    EjmlVector(a.toEjml().origin.solve(b.toEjml().origin))
-
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-public fun EjmlMatrix.inverted(): EjmlMatrix = getFeature<InverseMatrixFeature<Double>>()!!.inverse as EjmlMatrix
-
-public fun EjmlMatrixContext.inverse(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = matrix.toEjml().inverted()

kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.real
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
@@ -21,15 +22,19 @@ import kotlin.math.pow
 
 public typealias RealMatrix = Matrix<Double>
 
-public fun realMatrix(rowNum: Int, colNum: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): RealMatrix =
+public fun realMatrix(rowNum: Int, colNum: Int, initializer: RealField.(i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum, initializer)
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum, initializer)
+
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun realMatrix(rowNum: Int, colNum: Int): MatrixBuilder<Double, RealField> =
+    LinearSpace.real.matrix(rowNum, colNum)
 
 public fun Array<DoubleArray>.toMatrix(): RealMatrix {
-    return MatrixContext.real.produce(size, this[0].size) { row, col -> this[row][col] }
+    return LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(size, this[0].size) { row, col -> this@toMatrix[row][col] }
 }
 
 public fun Sequence<DoubleArray>.toMatrix(): RealMatrix = toList().let {
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(it.size, it[0].size) { row, col -> it[row][col] }
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(it.size, it[0].size) { row, col -> it[row][col] }
 }
 
 public fun RealMatrix.repeatStackVertical(n: Int): RealMatrix =
@@ -42,38 +47,38 @@ public fun RealMatrix.repeatStackVertical(n: Int): RealMatrix =
  */
 
 public operator fun RealMatrix.times(double: Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
-        this[row, col] * double
+        get(row, col) * double
     }
 
 public operator fun RealMatrix.plus(double: Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
-        this[row, col] + double
+        get(row, col) + double
     }
 
 public operator fun RealMatrix.minus(double: Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
-        this[row, col] - double
+        get(row, col) - double
     }
 
 public operator fun RealMatrix.div(double: Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { row, col ->
-        this[row, col] / double
+        get(row, col) / double
     }
 
 public operator fun Double.times(matrix: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum) { row, col ->
-        this * matrix[row, col]
+        this@times * matrix[row, col]
     }
 
 public operator fun Double.plus(matrix: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum) { row, col ->
-        this + matrix[row, col]
+        this@plus + matrix[row, col]
     }
 
 public operator fun Double.minus(matrix: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum) { row, col ->
-        this - matrix[row, col]
+        this@minus - matrix[row, col]
     }
 
 // TODO: does this operation make sense? Should it be 'this/matrix[row, col]'?
@@ -87,29 +92,29 @@ public operator fun Double.minus(matrix: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public operator fun RealMatrix.times(other: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { row, col -> this[row, col] * other[row, col] }
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { row, col -> this@times[row, col] * other[row, col] }
 
 public operator fun RealMatrix.plus(other: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.add(this, other)
+    LinearSpace.real.run { this@plus + other }
 
 public operator fun RealMatrix.minus(other: RealMatrix): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { row, col -> this[row, col] - other[row, col] }
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { row, col -> this@minus[row, col] - other[row, col] }
 
 /*
  *  Operations on columns
  */
 
 public inline fun RealMatrix.appendColumn(crossinline mapper: (Buffer<Double>) -> Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum + 1) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum + 1) { row, col ->
         if (col < colNum)
-            this[row, col]
+            get(row, col)
         else
             mapper(rows[row])
     }
 
 public fun RealMatrix.extractColumns(columnRange: IntRange): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, columnRange.count()) { row, col ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, columnRange.count()) { row, col ->
-        this[row, columnRange.first + col]
+        this@extractColumns[row, columnRange.first + col]
     }
 
 public fun RealMatrix.extractColumn(columnIndex: Int): RealMatrix =
@@ -141,14 +146,14 @@ public fun RealMatrix.max(): Double? = elements().map { (_, value) -> value }.ma
 public fun RealMatrix.average(): Double = elements().map { (_, value) -> value }.average()
 
 public inline fun RealMatrix.map(crossinline transform: (Double) -> Double): RealMatrix =
-    MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
+    LinearSpace.real.buildMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
         transform(get(i, j))
     }
 
 /**
  * Inverse a square real matrix using LUP decomposition
  */
-public fun RealMatrix.inverseWithLup(): RealMatrix = MatrixContext.real.inverseWithLup(this)
+public fun RealMatrix.inverseWithLup(): RealMatrix = LinearSpace.real.inverseWithLup(this)
 
 //extended operations
 

kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
 
@@ -88,3 +89,13 @@ public fun tan(vector: RealVector): RealVector = vector.map { kotlin.math.tan(it
 public fun ln(vector: RealVector): RealVector = vector.map { kotlin.math.ln(it) }
 
 public fun log10(vector: RealVector): RealVector = vector.map { kotlin.math.log10(it) }
+
+// reductions methods
+
+public fun RealVector.sum(): Double {
+    var res = 0.0
+    for (i in indices) {
+        res += get(i)
+    }
+    return res
+}

kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/dot.kt

@@ -1,31 +1,12 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.real
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.BufferMatrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
 
 
 /**
  * Optimized dot product for real matrices
  */
-public infix fun BufferMatrix<Double>.dot(other: BufferMatrix<Double>): BufferMatrix<Double> {
+public infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = LinearSpace.real.run{
-    require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
+    this@dot dot other
-    val resultArray = DoubleArray(this.rowNum * other.colNum)
-
-    //convert to array to insure there is no memory indirection
-    fun Buffer<Double>.unsafeArray() = if (this is RealBuffer)
-        this.array
-    else
-        DoubleArray(size) { get(it) }
-
-    val a = this.buffer.unsafeArray()
-    val b = other.buffer.unsafeArray()
-
-    for (i in (0 until rowNum))
-        for (j in (0 until other.colNum))
-            for (k in (0 until colNum))
-                resultArray[i * other.colNum + j] += a[i * colNum + k] * b[k * other.colNum + j]
-
-    val buffer = RealBuffer(resultArray)
-    return BufferMatrix(rowNum, other.colNum, buffer)
 }

kmath-for-real/src/commonTest/kotlin/kaceince/kmath/real/RealMatrixTest.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package kaceince.kmath.real
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.build
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.matrix
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.contentEquals
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
+@UnstableKMathAPI
 internal class RealMatrixTest {
     @Test
     fun testSum() {
@@ -30,11 +31,11 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testRepeatStackVertical() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix1 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
             0.0, 1.0, 2.0
         )
-        val matrix2 = Matrix.build(6, 3)(
+        val matrix2 = realMatrix(6, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
             0.0, 1.0, 2.0,
             1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
@@ -47,12 +48,12 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testMatrixAndDouble() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix1 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 3.0,
             4.0, 6.0, 2.0
         )
         val matrix2 = (matrix1 * 2.5 + 1.0 - 2.0) / 2.0
-        val expectedResult = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val expectedResult = LinearSpace.real.matrix(2, 3)(
             0.75, -0.5, 3.25,
             4.5, 7.0, 2.0
         )
@@ -61,13 +62,13 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testDoubleAndMatrix() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix1 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 3.0,
             4.0, 6.0, 2.0
         )
         val matrix2 = 20.0 - (10.0 + (5.0 * matrix1))
         //val matrix2 = 10.0 + (5.0 * matrix1)
-        val expectedResult = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val expectedResult = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             5.0, 10.0, -5.0,
             -10.0, -20.0, 0.0
         )
@@ -76,15 +77,15 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testSquareAndPower() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix1 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             -1.0, 0.0, 3.0,
             4.0, -6.0, -2.0
         )
-        val matrix2 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix2 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 9.0,
             16.0, 36.0, 4.0
         )
-        val matrix3 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix3 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             -1.0, 0.0, 27.0,
             64.0, -216.0, -8.0
         )
@@ -95,16 +96,16 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
     @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
     @Test
     fun testTwoMatrixOperations() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix1 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             -1.0, 0.0, 3.0,
             4.0, -6.0, 7.0
         )
-        val matrix2 = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val matrix2 = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             1.0, 0.0, 3.0,
             4.0, 6.0, -2.0
         )
         val result = matrix1 * matrix2 + matrix1 - matrix2
-        val expectedResult = Matrix.build(2, 3)(
+        val expectedResult = realMatrix(2, 3)(
             -3.0, 0.0, 9.0,
             16.0, -48.0, -5.0
         )
@@ -113,16 +114,16 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testColumnOperations() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 4)(
+        val matrix1 = realMatrix(2, 4)(
             -1.0, 0.0, 3.0, 15.0,
             4.0, -6.0, 7.0, -11.0
         )
-        val matrix2 = Matrix.build(2, 5)(
+        val matrix2 = realMatrix(2, 5)(
             -1.0, 0.0, 3.0, 15.0, -1.0,
             4.0, -6.0, 7.0, -11.0, 4.0
         )
-        val col1 = Matrix.build(2, 1)(0.0, -6.0)
+        val col1 = realMatrix(2, 1)(0.0, -6.0)
-        val cols1to2 = Matrix.build(2, 2)(
+        val cols1to2 = realMatrix(2, 2)(
             0.0, 3.0,
             -6.0, 7.0
         )
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testAllElementOperations() {
-        val matrix1 = Matrix.build(2, 4)(
+        val matrix1 = LinearSpace.real.matrix(2, 4)(
             -1.0, 0.0, 3.0, 15.0,
             4.0, -6.0, 7.0, -11.0
         )

kmath-for-real/src/commonTest/kotlin/kaceince/kmath/real/RealVectorTest.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 package kaceince.kmath.real
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixContext
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.asMatrix
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.real
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.transpose
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.plus
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
@@ -32,7 +30,7 @@ internal class RealVectorTest {
         val vector2 =  Buffer.real(5) { 5 - it.toDouble() }
         val matrix1 = vector1.asMatrix()
         val matrix2 = vector2.asMatrix().transpose()
-        val product = MatrixContext.real { matrix1 dot matrix2 }
+        val product = LinearSpace.real.run { matrix1 dot matrix2 }
         assertEquals(5.0, product[1, 0])
         assertEquals(6.0, product[2, 2])
     }