diff --git a/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt b/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt
index 4b74cbc7a..0a1d6f221 100644
--- a/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt
+++ b/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ interface SpaceElement<S : SpaceElement<S>> {
      */
     val self: S
 
-    operator fun plus(b: S): S = with(context) { self + b }
-    operator fun minus(b: S): S = with(context) { self - b }
-    operator fun times(k: Number): S = with(context) { self * k }
-    operator fun div(k: Number): S = with(context) { self / k }
+    operator fun plus(b: S): S = context.add(self, b)
+    operator fun minus(b: S): S = context.add(self, context.multiply(b, -1.0))
+    operator fun times(k: Number): S = context.multiply(self, k.toDouble())
+    operator fun div(k: Number): S = context.multiply(self, 1.0 / k.toDouble())
 }
 
 /**
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ interface Ring<T> : Space<T> {
 interface RingElement<S : RingElement<S>> : SpaceElement<S> {
     override val context: Ring<S>
 
-    operator fun times(b: S): S = with(context) { self * b }
+    operator fun times(b: S): S = context.multiply(self, b)
 }
 
 /**
@@ -99,5 +99,5 @@ interface Field<T> : Ring<T> {
 interface FieldElement<S : FieldElement<S>> : RingElement<S> {
     override val context: Field<S>
 
-    operator fun div(b: S): S = with(context) { self / b }
+    operator fun div(b: S): S = context.divide(self, b)
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDArray.kt b/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDArray.kt
index 4ab01da56..5a4e14a36 100644
--- a/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDArray.kt
+++ b/common/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDArray.kt
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ interface NDArray<T : FieldElement<T>> : FieldElement<NDArray<T>>, Iterable<Pair
             return if (shape.size == 1) {
                 (0 until shape[0]).asSequence().map { listOf(it) }
             } else {
-                val tailShape = ArrayList(shape).apply { remove(0) }
+                val tailShape = ArrayList(shape).apply { removeAt(0) }
                 val tailSequence: List<List<Int>> = iterateIndexes(tailShape).toList()
                 (0 until shape[0]).asSequence().map { firstIndex ->
                     //adding first element to each of provided index lists
@@ -116,5 +116,15 @@ interface NDArray<T : FieldElement<T>> : FieldElement<NDArray<T>>, Iterable<Pair
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a platform-specific NDArray of doubles
+ */
+expect fun realNDArray(shape: List<Int>, initializer: (List<Int>) -> Double = { 0.0 }): NDArray<Real>
 
-expect fun RealNDArray(shape: List<Int>, initializer: (List<Int>) -> Double): NDArray<Real>
\ No newline at end of file
+fun real2DArray(dim1: Int, dim2: Int, initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double = { _, _ -> 0.0 }): NDArray<Real> {
+    return realNDArray(listOf(dim1, dim2)) { initializer(it[0], it[1]) }
+}
+
+fun real3DArray(dim1: Int, dim2: Int, dim3: Int, initializer: (Int, Int, Int) -> Double = { _, _, _ -> 0.0 }): NDArray<Real> {
+    return realNDArray(listOf(dim1, dim2, dim3)) { initializer(it[0], it[1], it[2]) }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jvm/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDArray.kt b/jvm/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDArray.kt
index 3d00b79d5..c25dcde07 100644
--- a/jvm/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDArray.kt
+++ b/jvm/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDArray.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.structures
 
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.Field
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.Real
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.RealField
 import java.nio.DoubleBuffer
@@ -13,8 +12,9 @@ private class RealNDField(shape: List<Int>) : NDField<Real>(shape, RealField) {
     private val strides: List<Int> by lazy {
         ArrayList<Int>(shape.size).apply {
             var current = 1
-            shape.forEach{
-                current *=it
+            add(0)
+            shape.forEach {
+                current *= it
                 add(current)
             }
         }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ private class RealNDField(shape: List<Int>) : NDField<Real>(shape, RealField) {
     }
 
     val capacity: Int
-        get() = strides[shape.size - 1]
+        get() = strides[shape.size]
 
 
     override fun produce(initializer: (List<Int>) -> Real): NDArray<Real> {
@@ -39,26 +39,42 @@ private class RealNDField(shape: List<Int>) : NDField<Real>(shape, RealField) {
         NDArray.iterateIndexes(shape).forEach {
             buffer.put(offset(it), initializer(it).value)
         }
-        return RealNDArray(buffer)
+        return RealNDArray(this, buffer)
     }
 
-    inner class RealNDArray(val data: DoubleBuffer) : NDArray<Real> {
-
-        override val context: Field<NDArray<Real>>
-            get() = this@RealNDField
+    class RealNDArray(override val context: RealNDField, val data: DoubleBuffer) : NDArray<Real> {
 
         override fun get(vararg index: Int): Real {
-            return Real(data.get(offset(index.asList())))
+            return Real(data.get(context.offset(index.asList())))
         }
 
-        override val self: NDArray<Real>
-            get() = this
-    }
+        override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+            if (this === other) return true
+            if (javaClass != other?.javaClass) return false
 
+            other as RealNDArray
+
+            if (context.shape != other.context.shape) return false
+            if (data != other.data) return false
+
+            return true
+        }
+
+        override fun hashCode(): Int {
+            var result = context.shape.hashCode()
+            result = 31 * result + data.hashCode()
+            return result
+        }
+
+        //TODO generate fixed hash code for quick comparison?
+
+
+        override val self: NDArray<Real> = this
+    }
 }
 
 
-actual fun RealNDArray(shape: List<Int>, initializer: (List<Int>) -> Double): NDArray<Real> {
+actual fun realNDArray(shape: List<Int>, initializer: (List<Int>) -> Double): NDArray<Real> {
     //TODO cache fields?
     return RealNDField(shape).produce { Real(initializer(it)) }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jvm/src/test/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDFieldTest.kt b/jvm/src/test/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDFieldTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f65642f63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jvm/src/test/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDFieldTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+package scientifik.kmath.structures
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.Test
+
+class RealNDFieldTest {
+    val array1 = real2DArray(3, 3) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
+    val array2 = real2DArray(3, 3) { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSum() {
+        val sum = array1 + array2
+        assertEquals(4.0, sum[2, 2].value, 0.1)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file