From 46eacbb7506d40962fa91f70cc0a047d63ed5a17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Nov 2023 09:56:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH] 0.4 WIP

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   9 +-
 .../space/kscience/attributes/SafeType.kt     |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/data/XYColumnarData.kt     |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt   |   4 +-
 .../FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt            |   4 +
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/MstAlgebra.kt  |  25 ++-
 .../kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt       |  32 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace.kt      |   9 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt |  26 ++-
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt    |  11 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt    |   6 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/linear/Transposed.kt |   4 +
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt    |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/matrixAttributes.kt |   8 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/misc/sorting.kt      |  17 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt      |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt      |   5 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt       |  11 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt  |   4 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt    |  15 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt    |  23 ++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt    | 105 ++++++------
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt   |   7 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt   |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt      |  26 ++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt |   9 +-
 .../kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt         |   5 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/operations/LogicAlgebra.kt |   4 +
 .../kmath/operations/integerFields.kt         |  12 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/operations/numbers.kt      |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt | 154 ++++++++++--------
 .../kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt      |  14 +-
 .../kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt         |   5 +
 .../kmath/structures/Float32Buffer.kt         |   5 +
 .../kmath/structures/Float64Buffer.kt         |   5 +
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/Int16Buffer.kt  |   4 +
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/Int32Buffer.kt  |   5 +
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/Int64Buffer.kt  |   5 +
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/Int8Buffer.kt   |   5 +
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/ListBuffer.kt   |  37 +++--
 .../kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt         |  60 +++----
 .../kmath/linear/DoubleLUSolverTest.kt        |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/ejml/_generated.kt   |  10 +-
 .../histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt      |   4 +-
 44 files changed, 451 insertions(+), 269 deletions(-)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index a1b23d817..ef5e0490c 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
 ## Unreleased
 
 ### Added
-- Integer division algebras
-- Float32 geometries
-- New Attributes-kt module that could be used as stand-alone. It declares type-safe attributes containers.
-- Explicit `mutableStructureND` builders for mutable structures
+- Explicit `SafeType` for algebras and buffers.
+- Integer division algebras.
+- Float32 geometries.
+- New Attributes-kt module that could be used as stand-alone. It declares. type-safe attributes containers.
+- Explicit `mutableStructureND` builders for mutable structures.
 
 ### Changed
 - Default naming for algebra and buffers now uses IntXX/FloatXX notation instead of Java types.
diff --git a/attributes-kt/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/attributes/SafeType.kt b/attributes-kt/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/attributes/SafeType.kt
index 7225d1a6b..0fac2477c 100644
--- a/attributes-kt/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/attributes/SafeType.kt
+++ b/attributes-kt/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/attributes/SafeType.kt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import kotlin.reflect.typeOf
  * @param kType raw [KType]
  */
 @JvmInline
-public value class SafeType<T> @PublishedApi internal constructor(public val kType: KType)
+public value class SafeType<out T> @PublishedApi internal constructor(public val kType: KType)
 
 public inline fun <reified T> safeTypeOf(): SafeType<T> = SafeType(typeOf<T>())
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/data/XYColumnarData.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/data/XYColumnarData.kt
index 23cbcd0c7..b06ce1349 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/data/XYColumnarData.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/data/XYColumnarData.kt
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@ public interface XYColumnarData<out T, out X : T, out Y : T> : ColumnarData<T> {
          * Create two-column data from a list of row-objects (zero-copy)
          */
         @UnstableKMathAPI
-        public fun <I, T, X : T, Y : T> ofList(
+        public inline fun <I, T, reified X : T, reified Y : T> ofList(
             list: List<I>,
-            xConverter: (I) -> X,
-            yConverter: (I) -> Y,
+            noinline xConverter: (I) -> X,
+            noinline yConverter: (I) -> Y,
         ): XYColumnarData<T, X, Y> = object : XYColumnarData<T, X, Y> {
             override val size: Int get() = list.size
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
index 63f96b0af..817f38ff0 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
-import kotlin.reflect.KType
-import kotlin.reflect.typeOf
 
 /**
  * Class representing both the value and the differentials of a function.
@@ -84,6 +82,8 @@ public abstract class DSAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     bindings: Map<Symbol, T>,
 ) : ExpressionAlgebra<T, DS<T, A>>, SymbolIndexer {
 
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<DS<T, A>> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     /**
      * Get the compiler for number of free parameters and order.
      *
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt
index 8e37f3d32..5b4dcd638 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
 
@@ -17,6 +18,8 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
 public abstract class FunctionalExpressionAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>>(
     public val algebra: A,
 ) : ExpressionAlgebra<T, Expression<T>> {
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Expression<T>> = MutableBufferFactory<Expression<T>>()
+
     /**
      * Builds an Expression of constant expression that does not depend on arguments.
      */
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ public abstract class FunctionalExpressionAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>>(
 public open class FunctionalExpressionGroup<T, out A : Group<T>>(
     algebra: A,
 ) : FunctionalExpressionAlgebra<T, A>(algebra), Group<Expression<T>> {
+
     override val zero: Expression<T> get() = const(algebra.zero)
 
     override fun Expression<T>.unaryMinus(): Expression<T> =
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/MstAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/MstAlgebra.kt
index c894cf00a..c568eece0 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/MstAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/MstAlgebra.kt
@@ -7,11 +7,14 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 
 /**
  * [Algebra] over [MST] nodes.
  */
 public object MstNumericAlgebra : NumericAlgebra<MST> {
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<MST> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MST.Numeric(value)
     override fun bindSymbolOrNull(value: String): Symbol = StringSymbol(value)
     override fun bindSymbol(value: String): Symbol = bindSymbolOrNull(value)
@@ -27,6 +30,9 @@ public object MstNumericAlgebra : NumericAlgebra<MST> {
  * [Group] over [MST] nodes.
  */
 public object MstGroup : Group<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST>, ScaleOperations<MST> {
+
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<MST> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override val zero: MST.Numeric = number(0.0)
 
     override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstNumericAlgebra.number(value)
@@ -57,7 +63,11 @@ public object MstGroup : Group<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST>, ScaleOperations<MST> {
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public object MstRing : Ring<MST>, NumbersAddOps<MST>, ScaleOperations<MST> {
+
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<MST> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override inline val zero: MST.Numeric get() = MstGroup.zero
+
     override val one: MST.Numeric = number(1.0)
 
     override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstGroup.number(value)
@@ -87,7 +97,11 @@ public object MstRing : Ring<MST>, NumbersAddOps<MST>, ScaleOperations<MST> {
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public object MstField : Field<MST>, NumbersAddOps<MST>, ScaleOperations<MST> {
+
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<MST> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override inline val zero: MST.Numeric get() = MstRing.zero
+
     override inline val one: MST.Numeric get() = MstRing.one
 
     override fun bindSymbolOrNull(value: String): Symbol = MstNumericAlgebra.bindSymbolOrNull(value)
@@ -117,7 +131,11 @@ public object MstField : Field<MST>, NumbersAddOps<MST>, ScaleOperations<MST> {
  */
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
 public object MstExtendedField : ExtendedField<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
+
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<MST> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override inline val zero: MST.Numeric get() = MstField.zero
+
     override inline val one: MST.Numeric get() = MstField.one
 
     override fun bindSymbolOrNull(value: String): Symbol = MstNumericAlgebra.bindSymbolOrNull(value)
@@ -164,6 +182,9 @@ public object MstExtendedField : ExtendedField<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public object MstLogicAlgebra : LogicAlgebra<MST> {
+
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<MST> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override fun bindSymbolOrNull(value: String): MST = super.bindSymbolOrNull(value) ?: StringSymbol(value)
 
     override fun const(boolean: Boolean): Symbol = if (boolean) {
@@ -176,7 +197,7 @@ public object MstLogicAlgebra : LogicAlgebra<MST> {
 
     override fun MST.and(other: MST): MST = MST.Binary(Boolean::and.name, this, other)
 
-    override fun MST.or(other: MST): MST  = MST.Binary(Boolean::or.name, this, other)
+    override fun MST.or(other: MST): MST = MST.Binary(Boolean::or.name, this, other)
 
-    override fun MST.xor(other: MST): MST  = MST.Binary(Boolean::xor.name, this, other)
+    override fun MST.xor(other: MST): MST = MST.Binary(Boolean::xor.name, this, other)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt
index 2bb5043b7..6d22b18dc 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
@@ -30,9 +32,10 @@ public open class AutoDiffValue<out T>(public val value: T)
  */
 public class DerivationResult<T : Any>(
     public val value: T,
+    override val type: SafeType<T>,
     private val derivativeValues: Map<String, T>,
     public val context: Field<T>,
-) {
+) : WithType<T> {
     /**
      * Returns derivative of [variable] or returns [Ring.zero] in [context].
      */
@@ -49,19 +52,23 @@ public class DerivationResult<T : Any>(
  */
 public fun <T : Any> DerivationResult<T>.grad(vararg variables: Symbol): Point<T> {
     check(variables.isNotEmpty()) { "Variable order is not provided for gradient construction" }
-    return variables.map(::derivative).asBuffer()
+    return variables.map(::derivative).asBuffer(type)
 }
 
 /**
- * Represents field in context of which functions can be derived.
+ * Represents field. Function derivatives could be computed in this field
  */
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
-    public val context: F,
+    public val algebra: F,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, T>,
 ) : Field<AutoDiffValue<T>>, ExpressionAlgebra<T, AutoDiffValue<T>>, NumbersAddOps<AutoDiffValue<T>> {
-    override val zero: AutoDiffValue<T> get() = const(context.zero)
-    override val one: AutoDiffValue<T> get() = const(context.one)
+
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<AutoDiffValue<T>> = MutableBufferFactory<AutoDiffValue<T>>()
+
+    override val zero: AutoDiffValue<T> get() = const(algebra.zero)
+
+    override val one: AutoDiffValue<T> get() = const(algebra.one)
 
     // this stack contains pairs of blocks and values to apply them to
     private var stack: Array<Any?> = arrayOfNulls<Any?>(8)
@@ -69,7 +76,7 @@ public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
     private val derivatives: MutableMap<AutoDiffValue<T>, T> = hashMapOf()
 
     private val bindings: Map<String, AutoDiffVariableWithDerivative<T>> = bindings.entries.associate {
-        it.key.identity to AutoDiffVariableWithDerivative(it.key.identity, it.value, context.zero)
+        it.key.identity to AutoDiffVariableWithDerivative(it.key.identity, it.value, algebra.zero)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -92,7 +99,7 @@ public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
     override fun bindSymbolOrNull(value: String): AutoDiffValue<T>? = bindings[value]
 
     private fun getDerivative(variable: AutoDiffValue<T>): T =
-        (variable as? AutoDiffVariableWithDerivative)?.d ?: derivatives[variable] ?: context.zero
+        (variable as? AutoDiffVariableWithDerivative)?.d ?: derivatives[variable] ?: algebra.zero
 
     private fun setDerivative(variable: AutoDiffValue<T>, value: T) {
         if (variable is AutoDiffVariableWithDerivative) variable.d = value else derivatives[variable] = value
@@ -103,7 +110,7 @@ public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
         while (sp > 0) {
             val value = stack[--sp]
             val block = stack[--sp] as F.(Any?) -> Unit
-            context.block(value)
+            algebra.block(value)
         }
     }
 
@@ -130,7 +137,6 @@ public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
      * }
      * ```
      */
-    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
     public fun <R> derive(value: R, block: F.(R) -> Unit): R {
         // save block to stack for backward pass
         if (sp >= stack.size) stack = stack.copyOf(stack.size * 2)
@@ -142,9 +148,9 @@ public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
 
     internal fun differentiate(function: SimpleAutoDiffField<T, F>.() -> AutoDiffValue<T>): DerivationResult<T> {
         val result = function()
-        result.d = context.one // computing derivative w.r.t result
+        result.d = algebra.one // computing derivative w.r.t result
         runBackwardPass()
-        return DerivationResult(result.value, bindings.mapValues { it.value.d }, context)
+        return DerivationResult(result.value, algebra.type, bindings.mapValues { it.value.d }, algebra)
     }
 
 //    // Overloads for Double constants
@@ -194,7 +200,7 @@ public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
 
 public inline fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> SimpleAutoDiffField<T, F>.const(block: F.() -> T): AutoDiffValue<T> {
     contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return const(context.block())
+    return const(algebra.block())
 }
 
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace.kt
index 0780be29a..ddf4f17d4 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LinearSpace.kt
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferRingOps
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithType
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import kotlin.reflect.KType
-import kotlin.reflect.typeOf
 
 /**
  * Alias for [Structure2D] with more familiar name.
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ public typealias Point<T> = Buffer<T>
  * A marker interface for algebras that operate on matrices
  * @param T type of matrix element
  */
-public interface MatrixOperations<T>
+public interface MatrixOperations<T> : WithType<T>
 
 /**
  * Basic operations on matrices and vectors.
@@ -45,6 +44,8 @@ public interface MatrixOperations<T>
 public interface LinearSpace<T, out A : Ring<T>> : MatrixOperations<T> {
     public val elementAlgebra: A
 
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = elementAlgebra.type
+
     /**
      * Produces a matrix with this context and given dimensions.
      */
@@ -212,4 +213,4 @@ public fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.asVector(): Point<T> =
  * @receiver a buffer.
  * @return the new matrix.
  */
-public fun <T : Any> Point<T>.asMatrix(): VirtualMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(size, 1) { i, _ -> get(i) }
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun <T : Any> Point<T>.asMatrix(): VirtualMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(type, size, 1) { i, _ -> get(i) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt
index 9fe8397d8..1ac2ca5c6 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt
@@ -22,11 +22,27 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
  * @param l The lower triangular matrix in this decomposition. It may have [LowerTriangular].
  * @param u The upper triangular matrix in this decomposition. It may have [UpperTriangular].
  */
-public data class LupDecomposition<T>(
+public class LupDecomposition<T>(
+    public val linearSpace: LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>,
     public val l: Matrix<T>,
     public val u: Matrix<T>,
     public val pivot: IntBuffer,
-)
+) {
+    public val elementAlgebra: Ring<T> get() = linearSpace.elementAlgebra
+
+    public val pivotMatrix: VirtualMatrix<T>
+        get() = VirtualMatrix(linearSpace.type, l.rowNum, l.colNum) { row, column ->
+            if (column == pivot[row]) elementAlgebra.one else elementAlgebra.zero
+        }
+
+    public val <T> LupDecomposition<T>.determinant by lazy {
+        elementAlgebra { (0 until l.shape[0]).fold(if (even) one else -one) { value, i -> value * lu[i, i] } }
+    }
+
+}
+
+
+
 
 
 public class LupDecompositionAttribute<T>(type: SafeType<LupDecomposition<T>>) :
@@ -168,7 +184,7 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.lup(
                 for (row in col + 1 until m) lu[row, col] /= luDiag
             }
 
-            val l: MatrixWrapper<T> = VirtualMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
+            val l: MatrixWrapper<T> = VirtualMatrix(type, rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
                 when {
                     j < i -> lu[i, j]
                     j == i -> one
@@ -176,7 +192,7 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.lup(
                 }
             }.withAttribute(LowerTriangular)
 
-            val u = VirtualMatrix(rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
+            val u = VirtualMatrix(type, rowNum, colNum) { i, j ->
                 if (j >= i) lu[i, j] else zero
             }.withAttribute(UpperTriangular)
 //
@@ -184,7 +200,7 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Field<T>>.lup(
 //                if (j == pivot[i]) one else zero
 //            }.withAttribute(Determinant, if (even) one else -one)
 
-            return LupDecomposition(l, u, pivot.asBuffer())
+            return LupDecomposition(this@lup, l, u, pivot.asBuffer())
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt
index 7b6c36dfc..9543555e0 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt
@@ -6,16 +6,21 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.attributes.FlagAttribute
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithType
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferAccessor2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 
 public class MatrixBuilder<T : Any, out A : Ring<T>>(
     public val linearSpace: LinearSpace<T, A>,
     public val rows: Int,
     public val columns: Int,
-) {
+) : WithType<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = linearSpace.type
+
     public operator fun invoke(vararg elements: T): Matrix<T> {
         require(rows * columns == elements.size) { "The number of elements ${elements.size} is not equal $rows * $columns" }
         return linearSpace.buildMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j -> elements[i * columns + j] }
@@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ public fun <T : Any, A : Ring<T>> MatrixBuilder<T, A>.symmetric(
     builder: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T,
 ): Matrix<T> {
     require(columns == rows) { "In order to build symmetric matrix, number of rows $rows should be equal to number of columns $columns" }
-    return with(BufferAccessor2D<T?>(rows, rows, MutableBuffer.Companion::boxing)) {
+    return with(BufferAccessor2D<T?>(rows, rows, MutableBufferFactory(type))) {
         val cache = factory(rows * rows) { null }
         linearSpace.buildMatrix(rows, rows) { i, j ->
             val cached = cache[i, j]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt
index a129b04f0..9d89f7636 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public fun <T : Any, A : Attribute<T>> Matrix<T>.withAttribute(
     attribute: A,
     attrValue: T,
 ): MatrixWrapper<T> = if (this is MatrixWrapper) {
-    MatrixWrapper(origin, attributes.withAttribute(attribute,attrValue))
+    MatrixWrapper(origin, attributes.withAttribute(attribute, attrValue))
 } else {
     MatrixWrapper(this, Attributes(attribute, attrValue))
 }
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.modifyAttributes(modifier: (Attributes) -> Attrib
 public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.one(
     rows: Int,
     columns: Int,
-): MatrixWrapper<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
+): MatrixWrapper<T> = VirtualMatrix(type, rows, columns) { i, j ->
     if (i == j) elementAlgebra.one else elementAlgebra.zero
 }.withAttribute(IsUnit)
 
@@ -79,6 +79,6 @@ public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.one(
 public fun <T : Any> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.zero(
     rows: Int,
     columns: Int,
-): MatrixWrapper<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { _, _ ->
+): MatrixWrapper<T> = VirtualMatrix(type, rows, columns) { _, _ ->
     elementAlgebra.zero
 }.withAttribute(IsZero)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/Transposed.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/Transposed.kt
index 3e93a2a23..2cc566f92 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/Transposed.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/Transposed.kt
@@ -6,10 +6,14 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.attributes.Attributes
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 
 
 public class TransposedMatrix<T>(public val origin: Matrix<T>) : Matrix<T> {
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = origin.type
+
     override val rowNum: Int get() = origin.colNum
+
     override val colNum: Int get() = origin.rowNum
 
     override fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = origin[j, i]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
index 97de82c7a..9cb7c5771 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.attributes.Attributes
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 
 
@@ -14,7 +15,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
  *
  * @property generator the function that provides elements.
  */
-public class VirtualMatrix<out T : Any>(
+public class VirtualMatrix<out T>(
+    override val type: SafeType<T>,
     override val rowNum: Int,
     override val colNum: Int,
     override val attributes: Attributes = Attributes.EMPTY,
@@ -29,4 +31,4 @@ public class VirtualMatrix<out T : Any>(
 public fun <T : Any> MatrixBuilder<T, *>.virtual(
     attributes: Attributes = Attributes.EMPTY,
     generator: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T,
-): VirtualMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns, attributes, generator)
+): VirtualMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(type, rows, columns, attributes, generator)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/matrixAttributes.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/matrixAttributes.kt
index 5bb35edef..8787d0e09 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/matrixAttributes.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/matrixAttributes.kt
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
-@file:OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 @file:Suppress("UnusedReceiverParameter")
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.attributes.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureAttribute
 
 /**
@@ -51,9 +49,11 @@ public val <T> MatrixOperations<T>.Inverted: Inverted<T> get() = Inverted(safeTy
  *
  * @param T the type of matrices' items.
  */
-public class Determinant<T> : MatrixAttribute<T>
+public class Determinant<T>(type: SafeType<T>) :
+    PolymorphicAttribute<T>(type),
+    MatrixAttribute<T>
 
-public val <T> MatrixOperations<T>.Determinant: Determinant<T> get() = Determinant()
+public val <T> MatrixOperations<T>.Determinant: Determinant<T> get() = Determinant(type)
 
 /**
  * Matrices with this feature are lower triangular ones.
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/sorting.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/sorting.kt
index f369f0614..0c0ef82fb 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/sorting.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/sorting.kt
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
  */
 
 
+@file:OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.misc
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
@@ -22,10 +24,9 @@ public fun <V : Comparable<V>> Buffer<V>.indicesSorted(): IntArray = permSortInd
 /**
  * Create a zero-copy virtual buffer that contains the same elements but in ascending order
  */
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public fun <V : Comparable<V>> Buffer<V>.sorted(): Buffer<V> {
     val permutations = indicesSorted()
-    return VirtualBuffer(size) { this[permutations[it]] }
+    return VirtualBuffer(type, size) { this[permutations[it]] }
 }
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
@@ -35,30 +36,27 @@ public fun <V : Comparable<V>> Buffer<V>.indicesSortedDescending(): IntArray =
 /**
  * Create a zero-copy virtual buffer that contains the same elements but in descending order
  */
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public fun <V : Comparable<V>> Buffer<V>.sortedDescending(): Buffer<V> {
     val permutations = indicesSortedDescending()
-    return VirtualBuffer(size) { this[permutations[it]] }
+    return VirtualBuffer(type, size) { this[permutations[it]] }
 }
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public fun <V, C : Comparable<C>> Buffer<V>.indicesSortedBy(selector: (V) -> C): IntArray =
     permSortIndicesWith(compareBy { selector(get(it)) })
 
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public fun <V, C : Comparable<C>> Buffer<V>.sortedBy(selector: (V) -> C): Buffer<V> {
     val permutations = indicesSortedBy(selector)
-    return VirtualBuffer(size) { this[permutations[it]] }
+    return VirtualBuffer(type, size) { this[permutations[it]] }
 }
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public fun <V, C : Comparable<C>> Buffer<V>.indicesSortedByDescending(selector: (V) -> C): IntArray =
     permSortIndicesWith(compareByDescending { selector(get(it)) })
 
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public fun <V, C : Comparable<C>> Buffer<V>.sortedByDescending(selector: (V) -> C): Buffer<V> {
     val permutations = indicesSortedByDescending(selector)
-    return VirtualBuffer(size) { this[permutations[it]] }
+    return VirtualBuffer(type, size) { this[permutations[it]] }
 }
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
@@ -68,10 +66,9 @@ public fun <V> Buffer<V>.indicesSortedWith(comparator: Comparator<V>): IntArray
 /**
  * Create virtual zero-copy buffer with elements sorted by [comparator]
  */
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public fun <V> Buffer<V>.sortedWith(comparator: Comparator<V>): Buffer<V> {
     val permutations = indicesSortedWith(comparator)
-    return VirtualBuffer(size) { this[permutations[it]] }
+    return VirtualBuffer(type,size) { this[permutations[it]] }
 }
 
 private fun <V> Buffer<V>.permSortIndicesWith(comparator: Comparator<Int>): IntArray {
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
index 0611225c1..88aa52387 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 
 /**
  * The base interface for all ND-algebra implementations.
@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ public interface AlgebraND<T, out C : Algebra<T>> : Algebra<StructureND<T>> {
  * @param A the type of group over structure elements.
  */
 public interface GroupOpsND<T, out A : GroupOps<T>> : GroupOps<StructureND<T>>, AlgebraND<T, A> {
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<StructureND<T>> get() = MutableBufferFactory<StructureND<T>>()
+
     /**
      * Element-wise addition.
      *
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
index 78bc83826..365d013f9 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
@@ -105,6 +107,9 @@ public open class BufferedGroupNDOps<T, out A : Group<T>>(
     override val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
     override val indexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : GroupOpsND<T, A>, BufferAlgebraND<T, A> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<StructureND<T>> get() = safeTypeOf<StructureND<T>>()
+
     override fun StructureND<T>.unaryMinus(): StructureND<T> = map { -it }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
index 461a82e0a..1caf0c662 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@ public open class BufferND<out T>(
     public open val buffer: Buffer<T>,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
 
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = buffer.type
+
     @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = buffer[indices.offset(index)]
 
@@ -36,7 +39,7 @@ public open class BufferND<out T>(
  */
 public inline fun <reified T> BufferND(
     shape: ShapeND,
-    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory.auto<T>(),
+    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory<T>(),
     crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
 ): BufferND<T> {
     val strides = Strides(shape)
@@ -84,10 +87,10 @@ public open class MutableBufferND<T>(
 /**
  * Create a generic [BufferND] using provided [initializer]
  */
-public fun <T> MutableBufferND(
+public inline fun <reified T> MutableBufferND(
     shape: ShapeND,
-    bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBufferFactory.boxing(),
-    initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+    bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBufferFactory(),
+    crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
 ): MutableBufferND<T> {
     val strides = Strides(shape)
     return MutableBufferND(strides, bufferFactory(strides.linearSize) { initializer(strides.index(it)) })
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
index 6c35e2f44..56ccf2df8 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 
 
@@ -13,6 +14,8 @@ public class PermutedStructureND<T>(
     public val permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
 
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = origin.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND
         get() = origin.shape
 
@@ -32,6 +35,7 @@ public class PermutedMutableStructureND<T>(
     public val permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
 ) : MutableStructureND<T> {
 
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = origin.type
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
index 984b5ad0f..ee9eff8dc 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
@@ -46,6 +47,9 @@ public interface MutableStructure1D<T> : Structure1D<T>, MutableStructureND<T>,
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Structure1DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = structure.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 
@@ -60,6 +64,9 @@ private value class Structure1DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : S
  * A 1D wrapper for a mutable nd-structure
  */
 private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>) : MutableStructure1D<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = structure.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 
@@ -79,7 +86,7 @@ private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>)
         .elements()
         .map(Pair<IntArray, T>::second)
         .toMutableList()
-        .asMutableBuffer()
+        .asMutableBuffer(type)
 
     override fun toString(): String = Buffer.toString(this)
 }
@@ -90,6 +97,9 @@ private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>)
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Buffer1DWrapper<out T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = buffer.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(buffer.size)
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
@@ -102,6 +112,9 @@ private value class Buffer1DWrapper<out T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<
 }
 
 internal class MutableBuffer1DWrapper<T>(val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>) : MutableStructure1D<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = buffer.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(buffer.size)
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
index eff58acc3..49e8c7dd7 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
 import space.kscience.attributes.Attributes
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableListBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 /**
  * A structure that is guaranteed to be two-dimensional.
@@ -33,18 +32,18 @@ public interface Structure2D<out T> : StructureND<T> {
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(rowNum, colNum)
 
     /**
-     * The buffer of rows of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
+     * The buffer of rows for this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
     public val rows: List<Buffer<T>>
-        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
+        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> VirtualBuffer(type, colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
 
     /**
-     * The buffer of columns of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
+     * The buffer of columns for this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
     public val columns: List<Buffer<T>>
-        get() = List(colNum) { j -> VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
+        get() = List(colNum) { j -> VirtualBuffer(type, rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
 
     /**
      * Retrieves an element from the structure by two indices.
@@ -88,14 +87,14 @@ public interface MutableStructure2D<T> : Structure2D<T>, MutableStructureND<T> {
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
     override val rows: List<MutableBuffer<T>>
-        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> MutableListBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
+        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> MutableBuffer(type, colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
 
     /**
-     * The buffer of columns of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
+     * The buffer of columns for this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
     override val columns: List<MutableBuffer<T>>
-        get() = List(colNum) { j -> MutableListBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
+        get() = List(colNum) { j -> MutableBuffer(type, rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -103,6 +102,9 @@ public interface MutableStructure2D<T> : Structure2D<T>, MutableStructureND<T> {
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Structure2DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : Structure2D<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = structure.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
 
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
@@ -122,6 +124,9 @@ private value class Structure2DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : S
  * A 2D wrapper for a mutable nd-structure
  */
 private class MutableStructure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>) : MutableStructure2D<T> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = structure.type
+
     override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
 
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
index bc86f62ae..d0d078609 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.LinearSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithType
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
@@ -28,9 +29,9 @@ public interface StructureAttribute<T> : Attribute<T>
  *
  * @param T the type of items.
  */
-public interface StructureND<out T> : AttributeContainer, WithShape {
+public interface StructureND<out T> : AttributeContainer, WithShape, WithType<T> {
     /**
-     * The shape of structure i.e., non-empty sequence of non-negative integers that specify sizes of dimensions of
+     * The shape of structure i.e., non-empty sequence of non-negative integers that specify sizes of dimensions for
      * this structure.
      */
     override val shape: ShapeND
@@ -117,57 +118,61 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : AttributeContainer, WithShape {
             return "$className(shape=${structure.shape}, buffer=$bufferRepr)"
         }
 
-        /**
-         * Creates a NDStructure with explicit buffer factory.
-         *
-         * Strides should be reused if possible.
-         */
-        public fun <T> buffered(
-            strides: Strides,
-            initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer.boxing(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
-
-
-        public fun <T> buffered(
-            shape: ShapeND,
-            initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = buffered(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
-
-        /**
-         * Inline create NDStructure with non-boxing buffer implementation if it is possible
-         */
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
-            strides: Strides,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer.auto(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
-
-        public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
-            type: SafeType<T>,
-            strides: Strides,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer.auto(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
-
-
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
-            shape: ShapeND,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = auto(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
-
-        @JvmName("autoVarArg")
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
-            vararg shape: Int,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> =
-            auto(ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)), initializer)
-
-        public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
-            type: SafeType<T>,
-            vararg shape: Int,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)), initializer)
     }
 }
 
+
+/**
+ * Creates a NDStructure with explicit buffer factory.
+ *
+ * Strides should be reused if possible.
+ */
+public fun <T> BufferND(
+    type: SafeType<T>,
+    strides: Strides,
+    initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
+
+
+public fun <T> BufferND(
+    type: SafeType<T>,
+    shape: ShapeND,
+    initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(type, ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
+
+/**
+ * Inline create NDStructure with non-boxing buffer implementation if it is possible
+ */
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> BufferND(
+    strides: Strides,
+    crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
+
+public inline fun <T : Any> BufferND(
+    type: SafeType<T>,
+    strides: Strides,
+    crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
+
+
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> BufferND(
+    shape: ShapeND,
+    crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
+
+@JvmName("autoVarArg")
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> BufferND(
+    vararg shape: Int,
+    crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)), initializer)
+
+public inline fun <T : Any> BufferND(
+    type: SafeType<T>,
+    vararg shape: Int,
+    crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> = BufferND(type, ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)), initializer)
+
+
 /**
  * Indicates whether some [StructureND] is equal to another one.
  */
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
index 606b9a631..824d82b06 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 
 public open class VirtualStructureND<T>(
+    override val type: SafeType<T>,
     override val shape: ShapeND,
     public val producer: (IntArray) -> T,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
@@ -24,10 +27,10 @@ public open class VirtualStructureND<T>(
 public class VirtualDoubleStructureND(
     shape: ShapeND,
     producer: (IntArray) -> Double,
-) : VirtualStructureND<Double>(shape, producer)
+) : VirtualStructureND<Double>(safeTypeOf(), shape, producer)
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public class VirtualIntStructureND(
     shape: ShapeND,
     producer: (IntArray) -> Int,
-) : VirtualStructureND<Int>(shape, producer)
\ No newline at end of file
+) : VirtualStructureND<Int>(safeTypeOf(), shape, producer)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt
index 40db5187f..0376da116 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.PerformancePitfall
 @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public fun <T> StructureND<T>.roll(axis: Int, step: Int = 1): StructureND<T> {
     require(axis in shape.indices) { "Axis $axis is outside of shape dimensions: [0, ${shape.size})" }
-    return VirtualStructureND(shape) { index ->
+    return VirtualStructureND(type, shape) { index ->
         val newIndex: IntArray = IntArray(index.size) { indexAxis ->
             if (indexAxis == axis) {
                 (index[indexAxis] + step).mod(shape[indexAxis])
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public fun <T> StructureND<T>.roll(axis: Int, step: Int = 1): StructureND<T> {
 public fun <T> StructureND<T>.roll(pair: Pair<Int, Int>, vararg others: Pair<Int, Int>): StructureND<T> {
     val axisMap: Map<Int, Int> = mapOf(pair, *others)
     require(axisMap.keys.all { it in shape.indices }) { "Some of axes ${axisMap.keys} is outside of shape dimensions: [0, ${shape.size})" }
-    return VirtualStructureND(shape) { index ->
+    return VirtualStructureND(type, shape) { index ->
         val newIndex: IntArray = IntArray(index.size) { indexAxis ->
             val offset = axisMap[indexAxis] ?: 0
             (index[indexAxis] + offset).mod(shape[indexAxis])
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt
index ca8a4f59d..44e9a0b17 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt
@@ -5,22 +5,32 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring.Companion.optimizedPower
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
-import kotlin.reflect.KType
+
+/**
+ * An interface containing [type] for dynamic type checking.
+ */
+public interface WithType<out T> {
+    public val type: SafeType<T>
+}
+
 
 /**
  * Represents an algebraic structure.
  *
  * @param T the type of element which Algebra operates on.
  */
-public interface Algebra<T> {
+public interface Algebra<T> : WithType<T> {
     /**
      * Provide a factory for buffers, associated with this [Algebra]
      */
-    public val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> get() = MutableBufferFactory.boxing()
+    public val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T>
+
+    override val type: SafeType<T> get() = bufferFactory.type
 
     /**
      * Wraps a raw string to [T] object. This method is designed for three purposes:
@@ -265,7 +275,7 @@ public interface Ring<T> : Group<T>, RingOps<T> {
      */
     public fun power(arg: T, pow: UInt): T = optimizedPower(arg, pow)
 
-    public companion object{
+    public companion object {
         /**
          * Raises [arg] to the non-negative integer power [exponent].
          *
@@ -348,7 +358,7 @@ public interface Field<T> : Ring<T>, FieldOps<T>, ScaleOperations<T>, NumericAlg
 
     public fun power(arg: T, pow: Int): T = optimizedPower(arg, pow)
 
-    public companion object{
+    public companion object {
         /**
          * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
          *
@@ -361,7 +371,11 @@ public interface Field<T> : Ring<T>, FieldOps<T>, ScaleOperations<T>, NumericAlg
          * @author Iaroslav Postovalov, Evgeniy Zhelenskiy
          */
         private fun <T> Field<T>.optimizedPower(arg: T, exponent: Int): T = when {
-            exponent < 0 -> one / (this as Ring<T>).optimizedPower(arg, if (exponent == Int.MIN_VALUE) Int.MAX_VALUE.toUInt().inc() else (-exponent).toUInt())
+            exponent < 0 -> one / (this as Ring<T>).optimizedPower(
+                arg,
+                if (exponent == Int.MIN_VALUE) Int.MAX_VALUE.toUInt().inc() else (-exponent).toUInt()
+            )
+
             else -> (this as Ring<T>).optimizedPower(arg, exponent.toUInt())
         }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt
index 34a6d4a80..25554477c 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferedRingOpsND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BigInt.Companion.BASE
@@ -26,6 +28,9 @@ private typealias TBase = ULong
  */
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public object BigIntField : Field<BigInt>, NumbersAddOps<BigInt>, ScaleOperations<BigInt> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<BigInt> = safeTypeOf()
+
     override val zero: BigInt = BigInt.ZERO
     override val one: BigInt = BigInt.ONE
 
@@ -528,10 +533,10 @@ public fun String.parseBigInteger(): BigInt? {
 public val BigInt.algebra: BigIntField get() = BigIntField
 
 public inline fun BigInt.Companion.buffer(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> BigInt): Buffer<BigInt> =
-    Buffer.boxing(size, initializer)
+    Buffer(size, initializer)
 
 public inline fun BigInt.Companion.mutableBuffer(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> BigInt): Buffer<BigInt> =
-    Buffer.boxing(size, initializer)
+    Buffer(size, initializer)
 
 public val BigIntField.nd: BufferedRingOpsND<BigInt, BigIntField>
     get() = BufferedRingOpsND(BufferRingOps(BigIntField))
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
index 526d024ca..5a8b26571 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
-import kotlin.reflect.KType
 
 public interface WithSize {
     public val size: Int
@@ -20,6 +21,8 @@ public interface WithSize {
 public interface BufferAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : Algebra<Buffer<T>> {
     public val elementAlgebra: A
 
+    override val type: SafeType<Buffer<T>> get() = safeTypeOf<Buffer<T>>()
+
     public val elementBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> get() = elementAlgebra.bufferFactory
 
     public fun buffer(size: Int, vararg elements: T): Buffer<T> {
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/LogicAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/LogicAlgebra.kt
index d8bf0fb57..312fd1396 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/LogicAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/LogicAlgebra.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
 
@@ -72,6 +74,8 @@ public interface LogicAlgebra<T : Any> : Algebra<T> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER")
 public object BooleanAlgebra : LogicAlgebra<Boolean> {
 
+    override val type: SafeType<Boolean> get() = safeTypeOf()
+
     override fun const(boolean: Boolean): Boolean = boolean
 
     override fun Boolean.not(): Boolean = !this
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/integerFields.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/integerFields.kt
index 72e33c523..a3a819a9b 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/integerFields.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/integerFields.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,10 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Int16Field.div
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Int32Field.div
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Int64Field.div
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Int16
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Int32
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Int64
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 import kotlin.math.roundToInt
 import kotlin.math.roundToLong
 
@@ -22,7 +25,7 @@ import kotlin.math.roundToLong
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER")
 public object Int16Field : Field<Int16>, Norm<Int16, Int16>, NumericAlgebra<Int16> {
-    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Int16> = MutableBufferFactory(::Int16Buffer)
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Int16> = MutableBufferFactory<Int16>()
     override val zero: Int16 get() = 0
     override val one: Int16 get() = 1
 
@@ -45,7 +48,8 @@ public object Int16Field : Field<Int16>, Norm<Int16, Int16>, NumericAlgebra<Int1
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER")
 public object Int32Field : Field<Int32>, Norm<Int32, Int32>, NumericAlgebra<Int32> {
-    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Int> = MutableBufferFactory(::Int32Buffer)
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Int> = MutableBufferFactory()
+
     override val zero: Int get() = 0
     override val one: Int get() = 1
 
@@ -68,7 +72,7 @@ public object Int32Field : Field<Int32>, Norm<Int32, Int32>, NumericAlgebra<Int3
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER")
 public object Int64Field : Field<Int64>, Norm<Int64, Int64>, NumericAlgebra<Int64> {
-    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Int64> = MutableBufferFactory(::Int64Buffer)
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Int64> = MutableBufferFactory()
     override val zero: Int64 get() = 0L
     override val one: Int64 get() = 1L
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/numbers.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/numbers.kt
index 0b7bef852..7d8e12139 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/numbers.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/numbers.kt
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ public interface ExtendedField<T> : ExtendedFieldOps<T>, Field<T>, NumericAlgebr
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER")
 public object Float64Field : ExtendedField<Double>, Norm<Double, Double>, ScaleOperations<Double> {
-    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Double> = MutableBufferFactory(::Float64Buffer)
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Double> = MutableBufferFactory()
 
     override val zero: Double get() = 0.0
     override val one: Double get() = 1.0
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
index 91baac2bf..c3dbfbfe2 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
 import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithSize
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithType
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 import kotlin.reflect.typeOf
 
 /**
@@ -17,35 +17,46 @@ import kotlin.reflect.typeOf
  *
  * @param T the type of buffer.
  */
-public fun interface BufferFactory<T> {
+public interface BufferFactory<T> : WithType<T> {
+
     public operator fun invoke(size: Int, builder: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T>
-
-    public companion object{
-        public inline fun <reified T> auto(): BufferFactory<T> =
-            BufferFactory(Buffer.Companion::auto)
-
-        public fun <T> boxing(): BufferFactory<T> =
-            BufferFactory(Buffer.Companion::boxing)
-    }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a [BufferFactory] for given [type], using primitive storage if possible
+ */
+public fun <T> BufferFactory(type: SafeType<T>): BufferFactory<T> = object : BufferFactory<T> {
+    override val type: SafeType<T> = type
+    override fun invoke(size: Int, builder: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> = Buffer(type, size, builder)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create [BufferFactory] using the reified type
+ */
+public inline fun <reified T> BufferFactory(): BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory(safeTypeOf())
+
 /**
  * Function that produces [MutableBuffer] from its size and function that supplies values.
  *
  * @param T the type of buffer.
  */
-public fun interface MutableBufferFactory<T> : BufferFactory<T> {
+public interface MutableBufferFactory<T> : BufferFactory<T> {
     override fun invoke(size: Int, builder: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T>
-
-    public companion object {
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(): MutableBufferFactory<T> =
-            MutableBufferFactory(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto)
-
-        public fun <T> boxing(): MutableBufferFactory<T> =
-            MutableBufferFactory(MutableBuffer.Companion::boxing)
-    }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a [MutableBufferFactory] for given [type], using primitive storage if possible
+ */
+public fun <T> MutableBufferFactory(type: SafeType<T>): MutableBufferFactory<T> = object : MutableBufferFactory<T> {
+    override val type: SafeType<T> = type
+    override fun invoke(size: Int, builder: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> = MutableBuffer(type, size, builder)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create [BufferFactory] using the reified type
+ */
+public inline fun <reified T> MutableBufferFactory(): MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBufferFactory(safeTypeOf())
+
 /**
  * A generic read-only random-access structure for both primitives and objects.
  *
@@ -53,14 +64,14 @@ public fun interface MutableBufferFactory<T> : BufferFactory<T> {
  *
  * @param T the type of elements contained in the buffer.
  */
-public interface Buffer<out T> : WithSize {
+public interface Buffer<out T> : WithSize, WithType<T> {
     /**
      * The size of this buffer.
      */
     override val size: Int
 
     /**
-     * Gets element at given index.
+     * Gets an element at given index.
      */
     public operator fun get(index: Int): T
 
@@ -87,41 +98,48 @@ public interface Buffer<out T> : WithSize {
             return true
         }
 
-        /**
-         * Creates a [ListBuffer] of given type [T] with given [size]. Each element is calculated by calling the
-         * specified [initializer] function.
-         */
-        public inline fun <T> boxing(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
-            List(size, initializer).asBuffer()
-
-        /**
-         * Creates a [Buffer] of given [type]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used ([Int32Buffer],
-         * [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
-         *
-         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
-         */
-        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-        public inline fun <T> auto(type: SafeType<T>, size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
-            when (type.kType) {
-                typeOf<Double>() -> MutableBuffer.double(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as Buffer<T>
-                typeOf<Short>() -> MutableBuffer.short(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as Buffer<T>
-                typeOf<Int>() -> MutableBuffer.int(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as Buffer<T>
-                typeOf<Long>() -> MutableBuffer.long(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as Buffer<T>
-                typeOf<Float>() -> MutableBuffer.float(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as Buffer<T>
-                else -> boxing(size, initializer)
-            }
-
-        /**
-         * Creates a [Buffer] of given type [T]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used ([Int32Buffer],
-         * [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
-         *
-         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
-         */
-        public inline fun <reified T> auto(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
-            auto(safeTypeOf<T>(), size, initializer)
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Creates a [Buffer] of given type [T]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used ([Int32Buffer],
+ * [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
+ */
+@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+public inline fun <reified T> Buffer(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+    val type = safeTypeOf<T>()
+    return when (type.kType) {
+        typeOf<Double>() -> MutableBuffer.double(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as Buffer<T>
+        typeOf<Short>() -> MutableBuffer.short(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as Buffer<T>
+        typeOf<Int>() -> MutableBuffer.int(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as Buffer<T>
+        typeOf<Long>() -> MutableBuffer.long(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as Buffer<T>
+        typeOf<Float>() -> MutableBuffer.float(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as Buffer<T>
+        else -> List(size, initializer).asBuffer(type)
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates a [Buffer] of given [type]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used ([Int32Buffer],
+ * [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
+ */
+@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+public fun <T> Buffer(
+    type: SafeType<T>,
+    size: Int,
+    initializer: (Int) -> T,
+): Buffer<T> = when (type.kType) {
+    typeOf<Double>() -> MutableBuffer.double(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as Buffer<T>
+    typeOf<Short>() -> MutableBuffer.short(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as Buffer<T>
+    typeOf<Int>() -> MutableBuffer.int(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as Buffer<T>
+    typeOf<Long>() -> MutableBuffer.long(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as Buffer<T>
+    typeOf<Float>() -> MutableBuffer.float(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as Buffer<T>
+    else -> List(size, initializer).asBuffer(type)
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns an [IntRange] of the valid indices for this [Buffer].
  */
@@ -144,28 +162,17 @@ public fun <T> Buffer<T>.last(): T {
     return get(size - 1)
 }
 
-/**
- * Immutable wrapper for [MutableBuffer].
- *
- * @param T the type of elements contained in the buffer.
- * @property buffer The underlying buffer.
- */
-@JvmInline
-public value class ReadOnlyBuffer<T>(public val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>) : Buffer<T> {
-    override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
-
-    override operator fun get(index: Int): T = buffer[index]
-
-    override operator fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = buffer.iterator()
-}
-
 /**
  * A buffer with content calculated on-demand. The calculated content is not stored, so it is recalculated on each call.
- * Useful when one needs single element from the buffer.
+ * Useful when one needs a single element from the buffer.
  *
  * @param T the type of elements provided by the buffer.
  */
-public class VirtualBuffer<out T>(override val size: Int, private val generator: (Int) -> T) : Buffer<T> {
+public class VirtualBuffer<out T>(
+    override val type: SafeType<T>,
+    override val size: Int,
+    private val generator: (Int) -> T,
+) : Buffer<T> {
     override operator fun get(index: Int): T {
         if (index < 0 || index >= size) throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Expected index from 0 to ${size - 1}, but found $index")
         return generator(index)
@@ -177,6 +184,9 @@ public class VirtualBuffer<out T>(override val size: Int, private val generator:
 }
 
 /**
- * Convert this buffer to read-only buffer.
+ * Inline builder for [VirtualBuffer]
  */
-public fun <T> Buffer<T>.asReadOnly(): Buffer<T> = if (this is MutableBuffer) ReadOnlyBuffer(this) else this
\ No newline at end of file
+public inline fun <reified T> VirtualBuffer(
+    size: Int,
+    noinline generator: (Int) -> T,
+): VirtualBuffer<T> = VirtualBuffer(safeTypeOf(), size, generator)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
index 3edd7d3b1..a2f01137c 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,13 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
+import kotlin.collections.component1
+import kotlin.collections.component2
 
 /**
  * A context that allows to operate on a [MutableBuffer] as on 2d array
@@ -27,11 +33,13 @@ internal class BufferAccessor2D<T>(
     fun create(mat: Structure2D<T>): MutableBuffer<T> = create { i, j -> mat[i, j] }
 
     //TODO optimize wrapper
-    fun MutableBuffer<T>.toStructure2D(): Structure2D<T> = StructureND.buffered(
-        ColumnStrides(ShapeND(rowNum, colNum))
+    fun MutableBuffer<T>.toStructure2D(): Structure2D<T> = BufferND(
+        type, ShapeND(rowNum, colNum)
     ) { (i, j) -> get(i, j) }.as2D()
 
     inner class Row(val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>, val rowIndex: Int) : MutableBuffer<T> {
+        override val type: SafeType<T> get() = buffer.type
+
         override val size: Int get() = colNum
 
         override operator fun get(index: Int): T = buffer[rowIndex, index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt
index d99e02996..10419a074 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import kotlin.experimental.and
 
 /**
@@ -57,6 +59,9 @@ public class FlaggedDoubleBuffer(
     public val values: DoubleArray,
     public val flags: ByteArray
 ) : FlaggedBuffer<Double?>, Buffer<Double?> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Double?> = safeTypeOf()
+
     init {
         require(values.size == flags.size) { "Values and flags must have the same dimensions" }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float32Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float32Buffer.kt
index 44ef4dcf0..b8fbe3436 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float32Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float32Buffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
@@ -15,6 +17,9 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class Float32Buffer(public val array: FloatArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Float> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Float32> get() =  safeTypeOf<Float32>()
+
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Float = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float64Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float64Buffer.kt
index 0542c1bf4..5837adf83 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float64Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Float64Buffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferTransform
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
@@ -15,6 +17,9 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class Float64Buffer(public val array: DoubleArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Double> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Double> get() = safeTypeOf()
+
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Double = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int16Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int16Buffer.kt
index 1ba40c934..cf3af61a7 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int16Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int16Buffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
@@ -14,6 +16,8 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class Int16Buffer(public val array: ShortArray) : MutableBuffer<Short> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Short> get() = safeTypeOf()
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Short = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int32Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int32Buffer.kt
index afd94e9cd..365ec8688 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int32Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int32Buffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
@@ -14,6 +16,9 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class Int32Buffer(public val array: IntArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Int> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Int> get() = safeTypeOf()
+
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Int = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int64Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int64Buffer.kt
index c67d109aa..5f831ed3e 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int64Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int64Buffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
@@ -14,6 +16,9 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class Int64Buffer(public val array: LongArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Long> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Long> get() = safeTypeOf()
+
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Long = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int8Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int8Buffer.kt
index 923fbec06..e61056979 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int8Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Int8Buffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
@@ -14,6 +16,9 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class Int8Buffer(public val array: ByteArray) : MutableBuffer<Byte> {
+
+    override val type: SafeType<Byte> get() = safeTypeOf()
+
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Byte = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/ListBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/ListBuffer.kt
index fbc9a489b..ad065a0c3 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/ListBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/ListBuffer.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
+import space.kscience.attributes.SafeType
+import space.kscience.attributes.safeTypeOf
 
 /**
  * [Buffer] implementation over [List].
@@ -13,9 +14,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  * @param T the type of elements contained in the buffer.
  * @property list The underlying list.
  */
-public class ListBuffer<T>(public val list: List<T>) : Buffer<T> {
-
-    public constructor(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T) : this(List(size, initializer))
+public class ListBuffer<T>(override val type: SafeType<T>, public val list: List<T>) : Buffer<T> {
 
     override val size: Int get() = list.size
 
@@ -29,7 +28,12 @@ public class ListBuffer<T>(public val list: List<T>) : Buffer<T> {
 /**
  * Returns an [ListBuffer] that wraps the original list.
  */
-public fun <T> List<T>.asBuffer(): ListBuffer<T> = ListBuffer(this)
+public fun <T> List<T>.asBuffer(type: SafeType<T>): ListBuffer<T> = ListBuffer(type, this)
+
+/**
+ * Returns an [ListBuffer] that wraps the original list.
+ */
+public inline fun <reified T> List<T>.asBuffer(): ListBuffer<T> = asBuffer(safeTypeOf())
 
 /**
  * [MutableBuffer] implementation over [MutableList].
@@ -37,10 +41,7 @@ public fun <T> List<T>.asBuffer(): ListBuffer<T> = ListBuffer(this)
  * @param T the type of elements contained in the buffer.
  * @property list The underlying list.
  */
-@JvmInline
-public value class MutableListBuffer<T>(public val list: MutableList<T>) : MutableBuffer<T> {
-
-    public constructor(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T) : this(MutableList(size, initializer))
+public class MutableListBuffer<T>(override val type: SafeType<T>, public val list: MutableList<T>) : MutableBuffer<T> {
 
     override val size: Int get() = list.size
 
@@ -51,10 +52,24 @@ public value class MutableListBuffer<T>(public val list: MutableList<T>) : Mutab
     }
 
     override operator fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = list.iterator()
-    override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<T> = MutableListBuffer(ArrayList(list))
+    override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<T> = MutableListBuffer(type, ArrayList(list))
+
+    override fun toString(): String = Buffer.toString(this)
 }
 
+
 /**
  * Returns an [MutableListBuffer] that wraps the original list.
  */
-public fun <T> MutableList<T>.asMutableBuffer(): MutableListBuffer<T> = MutableListBuffer(this)
+public fun <T> MutableList<T>.asMutableBuffer(type: SafeType<T>): MutableListBuffer<T> = MutableListBuffer(
+    type,
+    this
+)
+
+/**
+ * Returns an [MutableListBuffer] that wraps the original list.
+ */
+public inline fun <reified T> MutableList<T>.asMutableBuffer(): MutableListBuffer<T> = MutableListBuffer(
+    safeTypeOf(),
+    this
+)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt
index eb0074734..21d3f9c6f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt
@@ -61,41 +61,35 @@ public interface MutableBuffer<T> : Buffer<T> {
          */
         public inline fun float(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Float): Float32Buffer =
             Float32Buffer(size, initializer)
-
-
-        /**
-         * Create a boxing mutable buffer of given type
-         */
-        public inline fun <T> boxing(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
-            MutableListBuffer(MutableList(size, initializer))
-
-        /**
-         * Creates a [MutableBuffer] of given [type]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used
-         * ([Int32Buffer], [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
-         *
-         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
-         */
-        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-        public inline fun <T> auto(type: SafeType<T>, size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
-            when (type.kType) {
-                typeOf<Double>() -> double(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                typeOf<Short>() -> short(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                typeOf<Int>() -> int(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                typeOf<Float>() -> float(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                typeOf<Long>() -> long(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                else -> boxing(size, initializer)
-            }
-
-        /**
-         * Creates a [MutableBuffer] of given type [T]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used
-         * ([Int32Buffer], [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
-         *
-         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
-         */
-        public inline fun <reified T> auto(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
-            auto(safeTypeOf<T>(), size, initializer)
     }
 }
 
 
+/**
+ * Creates a [MutableBuffer] of given [type]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used
+ * ([Int32Buffer], [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
+ */
+@Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+public inline fun <T> MutableBuffer(type: SafeType<T>, size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
+    when (type.kType) {
+        typeOf<Double>() -> MutableBuffer.double(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as MutableBuffer<T>
+        typeOf<Short>() -> MutableBuffer.short(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as MutableBuffer<T>
+        typeOf<Int>() -> MutableBuffer.int(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as MutableBuffer<T>
+        typeOf<Float>() -> MutableBuffer.float(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as MutableBuffer<T>
+        typeOf<Long>() -> MutableBuffer.long(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as MutableBuffer<T>
+        else -> MutableListBuffer(type, MutableList(size, initializer))
+    }
+
+/**
+ * Creates a [MutableBuffer] of given type [T]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used
+ * ([Int32Buffer], [Float64Buffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+ *
+ * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
+ */
+public inline fun <reified T> MutableBuffer(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
+    MutableBuffer(safeTypeOf<T>(), size, initializer)
+
+
 public sealed interface PrimitiveBuffer<T> : MutableBuffer<T>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLUSolverTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLUSolverTest.kt
index 4d05f9043..17b6d69b8 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLUSolverTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLUSolverTest.kt
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class DoubleLUSolverTest {
         //Check determinant
         assertEquals(7.0, lup.determinant)
 
-        assertMatrixEquals(lup.p dot matrix, lup.l dot lup.u)
+        assertMatrixEquals(lup.pivotMatrix dot matrix, lup.l dot lup.u)
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/_generated.kt b/kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/_generated.kt
index 0cef96f49..881649d01 100644
--- a/kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/_generated.kt
+++ b/kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/_generated.kt
@@ -19,19 +19,13 @@ import org.ejml.sparse.csc.factory.DecompositionFactory_DSCC
 import org.ejml.sparse.csc.factory.DecompositionFactory_FSCC
 import org.ejml.sparse.csc.factory.LinearSolverFactory_DSCC
 import org.ejml.sparse.csc.factory.LinearSolverFactory_FSCC
+import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
-import space.kscience.kmath.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureFeature
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Float64
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Float32
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Float64Field
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Float32Field
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.FloatField
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Float64Field
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Float64Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Float32Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.FloatBuffer
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
index f7094f7a9..f9e2e14f2 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ public fun <V : Any, A : Field<V>> Histogram.Companion.uniformNDFromRanges(
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<V> = valueAlgebraND.elementAlgebra.bufferFactory,
 ): UniformHistogramGroupND<V, A> = UniformHistogramGroupND(
     valueAlgebraND,
-    ListBuffer(
+    DoubleBuffer(
         ranges
             .map(Pair<ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>, Int>::first)
             .map(ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>::start)
     ),
-    ListBuffer(
+    DoubleBuffer(
         ranges
             .map(Pair<ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>, Int>::first)
             .map(ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>::endInclusive)