Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/dev' into nd4j

# Conflicts:
#	examples/build.gradle.kts
#	kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferedNDAlgebra.kt

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 - Minor exceptions refactor (throwing `IllegalArgumentException` by argument checks instead of `IllegalStateException`)
 - `Polynomial` secondary constructor made function.
 - Kotlin version: 1.3.72 -> 1.4.20-M1
+- `kmath-ast` doesn't depend on heavy `kotlin-reflect` library.
 
 ### Deprecated
 

build.gradle.kts

@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ plugins {
     id("ru.mipt.npm.project")
 }
 
-val kmathVersion by extra("0.2.0-dev-2")
+val kmathVersion: String by extra("0.2.0-dev-2")
-val bintrayRepo by extra("kscience")
+val bintrayRepo: String by extra("kscience")
-val githubProject by extra("kmath")
+val githubProject: String by extra("kmath")
 
 allprojects {
     repositories {

docs/linear.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Two major contexts used for linear algebra and hyper-geometry:
 * `VectorSpace` forms a mathematical space on top of array-like structure (`Buffer` and its type alias `Point` used for geometry). 
 
 * `MatrixContext` forms a space-like context for 2d-structures. It does not store matrix size and therefore does not implement
-`Space` interface (it is not possible to create zero element without knowing the matrix size). 
+`Space` interface (it is impossible to create zero element without knowing the matrix size). 
 
 ## Vector spaces
 

examples/build.gradle.kts

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ dependencies {
     implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-io:0.2.0-npm-dev-11")
     implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx.benchmark.runtime:0.2.0-dev-20")
     implementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-simple:1.7.30")
-    implementation("org.nd4j:nd4j-native-platform:1.0.0-beta7")
     "benchmarksImplementation"("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx.benchmark.runtime-jvm:0.2.0-dev-8")
     "benchmarksImplementation"(sourceSets.main.get().output + sourceSets.main.get().runtimeClasspath)
 }

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/ArrayBenchmark.kt

@@ -6,34 +6,33 @@ import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 import java.nio.IntBuffer
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-class ArrayBenchmark {
+internal class ArrayBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
     fun benchmarkArrayRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1.._root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size) res += _root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.array[_root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size - i]
+        for (i in 1..size) res += array[size - i]
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun benchmarkBufferRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1.._root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size) res += _root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.arrayBuffer.get(
+        for (i in 1..size) res += arrayBuffer.get(
-            _root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size - i)
+            size - i
+        )
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun nativeBufferRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1.._root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size) res += _root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.nativeBuffer.get(
+        for (i in 1..size) res += nativeBuffer.get(
-            _root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size - i)
+            size - i
+        )
     }
 
     companion object {
         const val size: Int = 1000
-        val array: IntArray = IntArray(_root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size) { it }
+        val array: IntArray = IntArray(size) { it }
-        val arrayBuffer: IntBuffer = IntBuffer.wrap(_root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.array)
+        val arrayBuffer: IntBuffer = IntBuffer.wrap(array)
-
+        val nativeBuffer: IntBuffer = IntBuffer.allocate(size).also { for (i in 0 until size) it.put(i, i) }
-        val nativeBuffer: IntBuffer = IntBuffer.allocate(_root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size).also {
-            for (i in 0 until _root_ide_package_.kscience.kmath.structures.ArrayBenchmark.Companion.size) it.put(i, i)
-        }
     }
 }

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferBenchmark.kt

@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-class BufferBenchmark {
+internal class BufferBenchmark {
-
     @Benchmark
     fun genericRealBufferReadWrite() {
         val buffer = RealBuffer(size) { it.toDouble() }
@@ -28,6 +27,6 @@ class BufferBenchmark {
     }
 
     companion object {
-        const val size = 100
+        const val size: Int = 100
     }
 }

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/NDFieldBenchmark.kt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-class NDFieldBenchmark {
+internal class NDFieldBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
     fun autoFieldAdd() {
         bufferedField {
@@ -40,11 +40,10 @@ class NDFieldBenchmark {
     }
 
     companion object {
-        val dim = 1000
+        const val dim: Int = 1000
-        val n = 100
+        const val n: Int = 100
-
+        val bufferedField: BufferedNDField<Double, RealField> = NDField.auto(RealField, dim, dim)
-        val bufferedField = NDField.auto(RealField, dim, dim)
+        val specializedField: RealNDField = NDField.real(dim, dim)
-        val specializedField = NDField.real(dim, dim)
+        val genericField: BoxingNDField<Double, RealField> = NDField.boxing(RealField, dim, dim)
-        val genericField = NDField.boxing(RealField, dim, dim)
     }
 }

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/ViktorBenchmark.kt

@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-class ViktorBenchmark {
+internal class ViktorBenchmark {
-    final val dim = 1000
+    final val dim: Int = 1000
-    final val n = 100
+    final val n: Int = 100
 
     // automatically build context most suited for given type.
     final val autoField: BufferedNDField<Double, RealField> = NDField.auto(RealField, dim, dim)
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class ViktorBenchmark {
     }
 
     @Benchmark
-    fun realdFieldLog() {
+    fun realFieldLog() {
         realField {
             val fortyTwo = produce { 42.0 }
             var res = one

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark.kt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//package kscience.kmath.ast
+package kscience.kmath.ast
 //
 //import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
 //import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/commons/prob/DistributionBenchmark.kt

@@ -10,17 +10,14 @@ import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
 
-
+private fun runChain(): Duration {
-private suspend fun runChain(): Duration {
     val generator = RandomGenerator.fromSource(RandomSource.MT, 123L)
-
     val normal = Distribution.normal(NormalSamplerMethod.Ziggurat)
     val chain = normal.sample(generator) as BlockingRealChain
-
     val startTime = Instant.now()
     var sum = 0.0
-    repeat(10000001) { counter ->
 
+    repeat(10000001) { counter ->
         sum += chain.nextDouble()
 
         if (counter % 100000 == 0) {
@@ -29,6 +26,7 @@ private suspend fun runChain(): Duration {
             println("Chain sampler completed $counter elements in $duration: $meanValue")
         }
     }
+
     return Duration.between(startTime, Instant.now())
 }
 
@@ -36,10 +34,9 @@ private fun runDirect(): Duration {
     val provider = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.MT, 123L)
     val sampler = ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler(provider)
     val startTime = Instant.now()
-
     var sum = 0.0
-    repeat(10000001) { counter ->
 
+    repeat(10000001) { counter ->
         sum += sampler.sample()
 
         if (counter % 100000 == 0) {
@@ -48,6 +45,7 @@ private fun runDirect(): Duration {
             println("Direct sampler completed $counter elements in $duration: $meanValue")
         }
     }
+
     return Duration.between(startTime, Instant.now())
 }
 
@@ -56,16 +54,9 @@ private fun runDirect(): Duration {
  */
 fun main() {
     runBlocking(Dispatchers.Default) {
-        val chainJob = async {
+        val chainJob = async { runChain() }
-            runChain()
+        val directJob = async { runDirect() }
-        }
-
-        val directJob = async {
-            runDirect()
-        }
-
         println("Chain: ${chainJob.await()}")
         println("Direct: ${directJob.await()}")
     }
-
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/commons/prob/DistributionDemo.kt

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import kscience.kmath.prob.Distribution
 import kscience.kmath.prob.RandomGenerator
 import kscience.kmath.prob.normal
 
-data class AveragingChainState(var num: Int = 0, var value: Double = 0.0)
+private data class AveragingChainState(var num: Int = 0, var value: Double = 0.0)
 
-fun Chain<Double>.mean(): Chain<Double> = collectWithState(AveragingChainState(), { it.copy() }) { chain ->
+private fun Chain<Double>.mean(): Chain<Double> = collectWithState(AveragingChainState(), { it.copy() }) { chain ->
     val next = chain.next()
     num++
     value += next

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/BigIntDemo.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package kscience.kmath.operations
 
 fun main() {
-    val res = BigIntField {
+    val res = BigIntField { number(1) * 2 }
-        number(1) * 2
-    }
     println("bigint:$res")
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/ComplexDemo.kt

@@ -5,15 +5,19 @@ import kscience.kmath.structures.NDField
 import kscience.kmath.structures.complex
 
 fun main() {
+    // 2d element
     val element = NDElement.complex(2, 2) { index: IntArray ->
         Complex(index[0].toDouble() - index[1].toDouble(), index[0].toDouble() + index[1].toDouble())
     }
+    println(element)
 
-    val compute = (NDField.complex(8)) {
+    // 1d element operation
+    val result = with(NDField.complex(8)) {
         val a = produce { (it) -> i * it - it.toDouble() }
         val b = 3
         val c = Complex(1.0, 1.0)
 
         (a pow b) + c
     }
+    println(result)
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt

@@ -4,32 +4,30 @@ import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
-
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
     val buffer = RealBuffer(array)
     val strides = DefaultStrides(intArrayOf(n, n))
-
     val structure = BufferNDStructure(strides, buffer)
 
     measureTimeMillis {
-        var res: Double = 0.0
+        var res = 0.0
         strides.indices().forEach { res = structure[it] }
     } // warmup
 
     val time1 = measureTimeMillis {
-        var res: Double = 0.0
+        var res = 0.0
         strides.indices().forEach { res = structure[it] }
     }
     println("Structure reading finished in $time1 millis")
 
     val time2 = measureTimeMillis {
-        var res: Double = 0.0
+        var res = 0.0
         strides.indices().forEach { res = buffer[strides.offset(it)] }
     }
     println("Buffer reading finished in $time2 millis")
 
     val time3 = measureTimeMillis {
-        var res: Double = 0.0
+        var res = 0.0
         strides.indices().forEach { res = array[strides.offset(it)] }
     }
     println("Array reading finished in $time3 millis")

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt

@@ -4,24 +4,17 @@ import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
-
     val structure = NDStructure.build(intArrayOf(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
-
     structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 } // warm-up
-
+    val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 } }
-    val time1 = measureTimeMillis {
-        val res = structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 }
-    }
     println("Structure mapping finished in $time1 millis")
-
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
 
     val time2 = measureTimeMillis {
         val target = DoubleArray(n * n)
-        val res = array.forEachIndexed { index, value ->
+        val res = array.forEachIndexed { index, value -> target[index] = value + 1 }
-            target[index] = value + 1
-        }
     }
+
     println("Array mapping finished in $time2 millis")
 
     val buffer = RealBuffer(DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 })

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/typeSafeDimensions.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import kscience.kmath.dimensions.DMatrixContext
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.Dimension
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 
-fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.simple() {
+private fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.simple() {
     val m1 = produce<D2, D3> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val m2 = produce<D3, D2> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
 
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@ fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.simple() {
     m1.transpose() + m2
 }
 
-
+private object D5 : Dimension {
-object D5 : Dimension {
     override val dim: UInt = 5u
 }
 
-fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.custom() {
+private fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.custom() {
     val m1 = produce<D2, D5> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val m2 = produce<D5, D2> { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }
     val m3 = produce<D2, D2> { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }

kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
             implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm:8.0.1")
             implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:8.0.1")
             implementation("com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse:better-parse:0.4.0")
-            implementation(kotlin("reflect"))
         }
     }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MstExpression
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 /**
  * Compiles given MST to an Expression using AST compiler.
@@ -18,7 +17,8 @@ import kotlin.reflect.KClass
  * @return the compiled expression.
  * @author Alexander Nozik
  */
-public fun <T : Any> MST.compileWith(type: KClass<T>, algebra: Algebra<T>): Expression<T> {
+@PublishedApi
+internal fun <T : Any> MST.compileWith(type: Class<T>, algebra: Algebra<T>): Expression<T> {
     fun AsmBuilder<T>.visit(node: MST): Unit = when (node) {
         is MST.Symbolic -> {
             val symbol = try {
@@ -61,11 +61,12 @@ public fun <T : Any> MST.compileWith(type: KClass<T>, algebra: Algebra<T>): Expr
  *
  * @author Alexander Nozik.
  */
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> Algebra<T>.expression(mst: MST): Expression<T> = mst.compileWith(T::class, this)
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> Algebra<T>.expression(mst: MST): Expression<T> =
+    mst.compileWith(T::class.java, this)
 
 /**
  * Optimizes performance of an [MstExpression] using ASM codegen.
  *
  * @author Alexander Nozik.
  */
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> MstExpression<T>.compile(): Expression<T> = mst.compileWith(T::class, algebra)
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> MstExpression<T>.compile(): Expression<T> = mst.compileWith(T::class.java, algebra)

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/AsmBuilder.kt

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes.*
 import org.objectweb.asm.commons.InstructionAdapter
 import java.util.*
 import java.util.stream.Collectors
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 /**
  * ASM Builder is a structure that abstracts building a class designated to unwrap [MST] to plain Java expression.
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ import kotlin.reflect.KClass
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
 internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
-    private val classOfT: KClass<*>,
+    private val classOfT: Class<*>,
     private val algebra: Algebra<T>,
     private val className: String,
     private val invokeLabel0Visitor: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      * Internal classloader of [AsmBuilder] with alias to define class from byte array.
      */
     private class ClassLoader(parent: java.lang.ClassLoader) : java.lang.ClassLoader(parent) {
-        internal fun defineClass(name: String?, b: ByteArray): Class<*> = defineClass(name, b, 0, b.size)
+        fun defineClass(name: String?, b: ByteArray): Class<*> = defineClass(name, b, 0, b.size)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
     /**
      * ASM Type for [algebra].
      */
-    private val tAlgebraType: Type = algebra::class.asm
+    private val tAlgebraType: Type = algebra.javaClass.asm
 
     /**
      * ASM type for [T].
@@ -55,16 +54,6 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      */
     private val classType: Type = Type.getObjectType(className.replace(oldChar = '.', newChar = '/'))!!
 
-    /**
-     * Index of `this` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
-     */
-    private val invokeThisVar: Int = 0
-
-    /**
-     * Index of `arguments` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
-     */
-    private val invokeArgumentsVar: Int = 1
-
     /**
      * List of constants to provide to the subclass.
      */
@@ -76,22 +65,22 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
     private lateinit var invokeMethodVisitor: InstructionAdapter
 
     /**
-     * State if this [AsmBuilder] needs to generate constants field.
+     * States whether this [AsmBuilder] needs to generate constants field.
      */
     private var hasConstants: Boolean = true
 
     /**
-     * State if [T] a primitive type, so [AsmBuilder] may generate direct primitive calls.
+     * States whether [T] a primitive type, so [AsmBuilder] may generate direct primitive calls.
      */
     internal var primitiveMode: Boolean = false
 
     /**
-     * Primitive type to apple for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
+     * Primitive type to apply for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
      */
     internal var primitiveMask: Type = OBJECT_TYPE
 
     /**
-     * Boxed primitive type to apple for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
+     * Boxed primitive type to apply for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
      */
     internal var primitiveMaskBoxed: Type = OBJECT_TYPE
 
@@ -103,7 +92,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
     /**
      * Stack of useful objects types on stack expected by algebra calls.
      */
-    internal val expectationStack: ArrayDeque<Type> = ArrayDeque(listOf(tType))
+    internal val expectationStack: ArrayDeque<Type> = ArrayDeque<Type>(1).also { it.push(tType) }
 
     /**
      * The cache for instance built by this builder.
@@ -361,7 +350,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      * from it).
      */
     private fun loadNumberConstant(value: Number, mustBeBoxed: Boolean) {
-        val boxed = value::class.asm
+        val boxed = value.javaClass.asm
         val primitive = BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES[boxed]
 
         if (primitive != null) {
@@ -475,17 +464,27 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
     internal fun loadStringConstant(string: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.aconst(string)
 
     internal companion object {
+        /**
+         * Index of `this` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
+         */
+        private const val invokeThisVar: Int = 0
+
+        /**
+         * Index of `arguments` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
+         */
+        private const val invokeArgumentsVar: Int = 1
+
         /**
          * Maps JVM primitive numbers boxed types to their primitive ASM types.
          */
-        private val SIGNATURE_LETTERS: Map<KClass<out Any>, Type> by lazy {
+        private val SIGNATURE_LETTERS: Map<Class<out Any>, Type> by lazy {
             hashMapOf(
-                java.lang.Byte::class to Type.BYTE_TYPE,
+                java.lang.Byte::class.java to Type.BYTE_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Short::class to Type.SHORT_TYPE,
+                java.lang.Short::class.java to Type.SHORT_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Integer::class to Type.INT_TYPE,
+                java.lang.Integer::class.java to Type.INT_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Long::class to Type.LONG_TYPE,
+                java.lang.Long::class.java to Type.LONG_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Float::class to Type.FLOAT_TYPE,
+                java.lang.Float::class.java to Type.FLOAT_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Double::class to Type.DOUBLE_TYPE
+                java.lang.Double::class.java to Type.DOUBLE_TYPE
             )
         }
 
@@ -523,43 +522,43 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
         /**
          * Provides boxed number types values of which can be stored in JVM bytecode constant pool.
          */
-        private val INLINABLE_NUMBERS: Set<KClass<out Any>> by lazy { SIGNATURE_LETTERS.keys }
+        private val INLINABLE_NUMBERS: Set<Class<out Any>> by lazy { SIGNATURE_LETTERS.keys }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [Expression].
          */
-        internal val EXPRESSION_TYPE: Type by lazy { Expression::class.asm }
+        internal val EXPRESSION_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.lang.Number].
          */
-        internal val NUMBER_TYPE: Type by lazy { java.lang.Number::class.asm }
+        internal val NUMBER_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/lang/Number") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.util.Map].
          */
-        internal val MAP_TYPE: Type by lazy { java.util.Map::class.asm }
+        internal val MAP_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/util/Map") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.lang.Object].
          */
-        internal val OBJECT_TYPE: Type by lazy { java.lang.Object::class.asm }
+        internal val OBJECT_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/lang/Object") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for array of [java.lang.Object].
          */
         @Suppress("PLATFORM_CLASS_MAPPED_TO_KOTLIN", "RemoveRedundantQualifierName")
-        internal val OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE: Type by lazy { Array<java.lang.Object>::class.asm }
+        internal val OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getType("[Ljava/lang/Object;") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [Algebra].
          */
-        internal val ALGEBRA_TYPE: Type by lazy { Algebra::class.asm }
+        internal val ALGEBRA_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.lang.String].
          */
-        internal val STRING_TYPE: Type by lazy { java.lang.String::class.asm }
+        internal val STRING_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/lang/String") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for MapIntrinsics.

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/codegenUtils.kt

@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ import org.objectweb.asm.*
 import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL
 import org.objectweb.asm.commons.InstructionAdapter
 import java.lang.reflect.Method
+import java.util.*
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 private val methodNameAdapters: Map<Pair<String, Int>, String> by lazy {
     hashMapOf(
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ private val methodNameAdapters: Map<Pair<String, Int>, String> by lazy {
 }
 
 /**
- * Returns ASM [Type] for given [KClass].
+ * Returns ASM [Type] for given [Class].
  *
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
-internal val KClass<*>.asm: Type
+internal inline val Class<*>.asm: Type
-    get() = Type.getType(java)
+    get() = Type.getType(this)
 
 /**
  * Returns singleton array with this value if the [predicate] is true, returns empty array otherwise.
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.buildExpectationStack(
     if (specific != null)
         mapTypes(specific, parameterTypes).reversed().forEach { expectationStack.push(it) }
     else
-        repeat(arity) { expectationStack.push(tType) }
+        expectationStack.addAll(Collections.nCopies(arity, tType))
 
     return specific != null
 }
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.tryInvokeSpecific(
     val arity = parameterTypes.size
     val theName = methodNameAdapters[name to arity] ?: name
     val spec = findSpecific(context, theName, parameterTypes) ?: return false
-    val owner = context::class.asm
+    val owner = context.javaClass.asm
 
     invokeAlgebraOperation(
         owner = owner.internalName,

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/parser.kt

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.grammar.parser
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.grammar.tryParseToEnd
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.lexer.Token
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.lexer.TokenMatch
+import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.lexer.literalToken
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.lexer.regexToken
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.parser.ParseResult
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.parser.Parser
@@ -23,14 +24,14 @@ public object ArithmeticsEvaluator : Grammar<MST>() {
     // TODO replace with "...".toRegex() when better-parse 0.4.1 is released
     private val num: Token by regexToken("[\\d.]+(?:[eE][-+]?\\d+)?")
     private val id: Token by regexToken("[a-z_A-Z][\\da-z_A-Z]*")
-    private val lpar: Token by regexToken("\\(")
+    private val lpar: Token by literalToken("(")
-    private val rpar: Token by regexToken("\\)")
+    private val rpar: Token by literalToken(")")
-    private val comma: Token by regexToken(",")
+    private val comma: Token by literalToken(",")
-    private val mul: Token by regexToken("\\*")
+    private val mul: Token by literalToken("*")
-    private val pow: Token by regexToken("\\^")
+    private val pow: Token by literalToken("^")
-    private val div: Token by regexToken("/")
+    private val div: Token by literalToken("/")
-    private val minus: Token by regexToken("-")
+    private val minus: Token by literalToken("-")
-    private val plus: Token by regexToken("\\+")
+    private val plus: Token by literalToken("+")
     private val ws: Token by regexToken("\\s+", ignore = true)
 
     private val number: Parser<MST> by num use { MST.Numeric(text.toDouble()) }

kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DiffExpression.kt

@@ -9,14 +9,17 @@ import org.apache.commons.math3.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure
 import kotlin.properties.ReadOnlyProperty
 
 /**
- * A field wrapping commons-math derivative structures
+ * A field over commons-math [DerivativeStructure].
+ *
+ * @property order The derivation order.
+ * @property parameters The map of free parameters.
  */
 public class DerivativeStructureField(
     public val order: Int,
     public val parameters: Map<String, Double>
 ) : ExtendedField<DerivativeStructure> {
-    public override val zero: DerivativeStructure by lazy { DerivativeStructure(order, parameters.size) }
+    public override val zero: DerivativeStructure by lazy { DerivativeStructure(parameters.size, order) }
-    public override val one: DerivativeStructure by lazy { DerivativeStructure(order, parameters.size, 1.0) }
+    public override val one: DerivativeStructure by lazy { DerivativeStructure(parameters.size, order, 1.0) }
 
     private val variables: Map<String, DerivativeStructure> = parameters.mapValues { (key, value) ->
         DerivativeStructure(parameters.size, order, parameters.keys.indexOf(key), value)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import kscience.kmath.operations.*
 
 internal class FunctionalUnaryOperation<T>(val context: Algebra<T>, val name: String, private val expr: Expression<T>) :
     Expression<T> {
-    public override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T =
+    override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T =
         context.unaryOperation(name, expr.invoke(arguments))
 }
 
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@ internal class FunctionalBinaryOperation<T>(
     val first: Expression<T>,
     val second: Expression<T>
 ) : Expression<T> {
-    public override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T =
+    override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T =
         context.binaryOperation(name, first.invoke(arguments), second.invoke(arguments))
 }
 
 internal class FunctionalVariableExpression<T>(val name: String, val default: T? = null) : Expression<T> {
-    public override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T =
+    override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T =
         arguments[name] ?: default ?: error("Parameter not found: $name")
 }
 
 internal class FunctionalConstantExpression<T>(val value: T) : Expression<T> {
-    public override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = value
+    override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = value
 }
 
 internal class FunctionalConstProductExpression<T>(
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ internal class FunctionalConstProductExpression<T>(
     private val expr: Expression<T>,
     val const: Number
 ) : Expression<T> {
-    public override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = context.multiply(expr.invoke(arguments), const)
+    override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = context.multiply(expr.invoke(arguments), const)
 }
 
 /**
@@ -139,16 +139,27 @@ public open class FunctionalExpressionField<T, A>(algebra: A) :
 public open class FunctionalExpressionExtendedField<T, A>(algebra: A) :
     FunctionalExpressionField<T, A>(algebra),
     ExtendedField<Expression<T>> where A : ExtendedField<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
-    public override fun sin(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION, arg)
+    public override fun sin(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-    public override fun cos(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION, arg)
-    public override fun asin(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION, arg)
+
-    public override fun acos(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION, arg)
+    public override fun cos(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-    public override fun atan(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION, arg)
+
+    public override fun asin(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
+        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION, arg)
+
+    public override fun acos(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
+        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION, arg)
+
+    public override fun atan(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
+        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION, arg)
 
     public override fun power(arg: Expression<T>, pow: Number): Expression<T> =
         binaryOperation(PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION, arg, number(pow))
 
-    public override fun exp(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION, arg)
+    public override fun exp(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
+        unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION, arg)
+
     public override fun ln(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION, arg)
 
     public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/FeaturedMatrix.kt

@@ -24,7 +24,11 @@ public interface FeaturedMatrix<T : Any> : Matrix<T> {
     public companion object
 }
 
-public inline fun Structure2D.Companion.real(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double): Matrix<Double> =
+public inline fun Structure2D.Companion.real(
+    rows: Int,
+    columns: Int,
+    initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double
+): Matrix<Double> =
     MatrixContext.real.produce(rows, columns, initializer)
 
 /**

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/misc/AutoDiff.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 package kscience.kmath.misc
 
 import kscience.kmath.linear.Point
-import kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
+import kscience.kmath.operations.*
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Field
-import kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kscience.kmath.operations.sum
 import kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
@@ -17,23 +14,37 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
 /**
  * Differentiable variable with value and derivative of differentiation ([deriv]) result
  * with respect to this variable.
+ *
+ * @param T the non-nullable type of value.
+ * @property value The value of this variable.
  */
 public open class Variable<T : Any>(public val value: T)
 
+/**
+ * Represents result of [deriv] call.
+ *
+ * @param T the non-nullable type of value.
+ * @param value the value of result.
+ * @property deriv The mapping of differentiated variables to their derivatives.
+ * @property context The field over [T].
+ */
 public class DerivationResult<T : Any>(
     value: T,
     public val deriv: Map<Variable<T>, T>,
     public val context: Field<T>
 ) : Variable<T>(value) {
+    /**
+     * Returns derivative of [variable] or returns [Ring.zero] in [context].
+     */
     public fun deriv(variable: Variable<T>): T = deriv[variable] ?: context.zero
 
     /**
-     * compute divergence
+     * Computes the divergence.
      */
     public fun div(): T = context { sum(deriv.values) }
 
     /**
-     * Compute a gradient for variables in given order
+     * Computes the gradient for variables in given order.
      */
     public fun grad(vararg variables: Variable<T>): Point<T> {
         check(variables.isNotEmpty()) { "Variable order is not provided for gradient construction" }
@@ -53,6 +64,9 @@ public class DerivationResult<T : Any>(
  * assertEquals(17.0, y.x) // the value of result (y)
  * assertEquals(9.0, x.d)  // dy/dx
  * ```
+ *
+ * @param body the action in [AutoDiffField] context returning [Variable] to differentiate with respect to.
+ * @return the result of differentiation.
  */
 public inline fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> F.deriv(body: AutoDiffField<T, F>.() -> Variable<T>): DerivationResult<T> {
     contract { callsInPlace(body, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
@@ -65,12 +79,15 @@ public inline fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> F.deriv(body: AutoDiffField<T, F>.() -
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Represents field in context of which functions can be derived.
+ */
 public abstract class AutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>> : Field<Variable<T>> {
     public abstract val context: F
 
     /**
      * A variable accessing inner state of derivatives.
-     * Use this function in inner builders to avoid creating additional derivative bindings
+     * Use this value in inner builders to avoid creating additional derivative bindings.
      */
     public abstract var Variable<T>.d: T
 
@@ -87,6 +104,9 @@ public abstract class AutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>> : Field<Variable<T>>
      */
     public abstract fun <R> derive(value: R, block: F.(R) -> Unit): R
 
+    /**
+     *
+     */
     public abstract fun variable(value: T): Variable<T>
 
     public inline fun variable(block: F.() -> T): Variable<T> = variable(context.block())

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt

@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ public class BigInt internal constructor(
 
             for (i in mag.indices) {
                 val cur: ULong = carry + mag[i].toULong() * x.toULong()
-                result[i] = (cur and BASE.toULong()).toUInt()
+                result[i] = (cur and BASE).toUInt()
                 carry = cur shr BASE_SIZE
             }
             result[resultLength - 1] = (carry and BASE).toUInt()
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public class BigInt internal constructor(
 
                 for (j in mag2.indices) {
                     val cur: ULong = result[i + j].toULong() + mag1[i].toULong() * mag2[j].toULong() + carry
-                    result[i + j] = (cur and BASE.toULong()).toUInt()
+                    result[i + j] = (cur and BASE).toUInt()
                     carry = cur shr BASE_SIZE
                 }
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/Complex.kt

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import kscience.kmath.memory.MemoryWriter
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import kscience.kmath.structures.MemoryBuffer
 import kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
+import kscience.kmath.structures.MutableMemoryBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ public object ComplexField : ExtendedField<Complex>, Norm<Complex, Complex> {
 }
 
 /**
- * Represents complex number.
+ * Represents `double`-based complex number.
  *
  * @property re The real part.
  * @property im The imaginary part.
@@ -176,11 +177,16 @@ public data class Complex(val re: Double, val im: Double) : FieldElement<Complex
 
     override fun compareTo(other: Complex): Int = r.compareTo(other.r)
 
-    public companion object : MemorySpec<Complex> {
+    override fun toString(): String {
-        override val objectSize: Int = 16
+        return "($re + i*$im)"
+    }
 
-        override fun MemoryReader.read(offset: Int): Complex =
+
-            Complex(readDouble(offset), readDouble(offset + 8))
+    public companion object : MemorySpec<Complex> {
+        override val objectSize: Int
+            get() = 16
+
+        override fun MemoryReader.read(offset: Int): Complex = Complex(readDouble(offset), readDouble(offset + 8))
 
         override fun MemoryWriter.write(offset: Int, value: Complex) {
             writeDouble(offset, value.re)
@@ -197,8 +203,16 @@ public data class Complex(val re: Double, val im: Double) : FieldElement<Complex
  */
 public fun Number.toComplex(): Complex = Complex(this, 0.0)
 
+/**
+ * Creates a new buffer of complex numbers with the specified [size], where each element is calculated by calling the
+ * specified [init] function.
+ */
 public inline fun Buffer.Companion.complex(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Complex): Buffer<Complex> =
     MemoryBuffer.create(Complex, size, init)
 
-public inline fun MutableBuffer.Companion.complex(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Complex): Buffer<Complex> =
+/**
-    MemoryBuffer.create(Complex, size, init)
+ * Creates a new buffer of complex numbers with the specified [size], where each element is calculated by calling the
+ * specified [init] function.
+ */
+public inline fun MutableBuffer.Companion.complex(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Complex): MutableBuffer<Complex> =
+    MutableMemoryBuffer.create(Complex, size, init)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferedNDAlgebra.kt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ public interface BufferedNDAlgebra<T, C> : NDAlgebra<T, C, NDBuffer<T>> {
     public val strides: Strides
 
     public override fun check(vararg elements: NDBuffer<T>): Array<out NDBuffer<T>> {
-        require(elements.all { it.strides == strides }) { ("Strides mismatch") }
+        require(elements.all { it.strides == strides }) { "Strides mismatch" }
         return elements
     }
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffers.kt

@@ -46,35 +46,48 @@ public interface Buffer<T> {
         asSequence().mapIndexed { index, value -> value == other[index] }.all { it }
 
     public companion object {
-        public inline fun real(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): RealBuffer {
+        /**
-            val array = DoubleArray(size) { initializer(it) }
+         * Creates a [RealBuffer] with the specified [size], where each element is calculated by calling the specified
-            return RealBuffer(array)
+         * [initializer] function.
-        }
+         */
+        public inline fun real(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): RealBuffer =
+            RealBuffer(size) { initializer(it) }
 
         /**
-         * Create a boxing buffer of given type
+         * Creates a [ListBuffer] of given type [T] with given [size]. Each element is calculated by calling the
+         * specified [initializer] function.
          */
         public inline fun <T> boxing(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
             ListBuffer(List(size, initializer))
 
-        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-        public inline fun <T : Any> auto(type: KClass<T>, size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> {
         // TODO add resolution based on Annotation or companion resolution
-            return when (type) {
+
-                Double::class -> RealBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { initializer(it) as Double }) as Buffer<T>
+        /**
-                Short::class -> ShortBuffer(ShortArray(size) { initializer(it) as Short }) as Buffer<T>
+         * Creates a [Buffer] of given [type]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used ([IntBuffer],
-                Int::class -> IntBuffer(IntArray(size) { initializer(it) as Int }) as Buffer<T>
+         * [RealBuffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
-                Long::class -> LongBuffer(LongArray(size) { initializer(it) as Long }) as Buffer<T>
+         *
+         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
+         */
+        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
+        public inline fun <T : Any> auto(type: KClass<T>, size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
+            when (type) {
+                Double::class -> RealBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as Buffer<T>
+                Short::class -> ShortBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as Buffer<T>
+                Int::class -> IntBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as Buffer<T>
+                Long::class -> LongBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as Buffer<T>
+                Float::class -> FloatBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as Buffer<T>
                 Complex::class -> complex(size) { initializer(it) as Complex } as Buffer<T>
                 else -> boxing(size, initializer)
             }
-        }
 
         /**
-         * Create most appropriate immutable buffer for given type avoiding boxing wherever possible
+         * Creates a [Buffer] of given type [T]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used ([IntBuffer],
+         * [RealBuffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+         *
+         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
          */
         @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-        public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
+        public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> =
             auto(T::class, size, initializer)
     }
 }
@@ -117,25 +130,40 @@ public interface MutableBuffer<T> : Buffer<T> {
         public inline fun <T> boxing(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
             MutableListBuffer(MutableList(size, initializer))
 
+        /**
+         * Creates a [MutableBuffer] of given [type]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used
+         * ([IntBuffer], [RealBuffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+         *
+         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
+         */
         @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
         public inline fun <T : Any> auto(type: KClass<out T>, size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
             when (type) {
-                Double::class -> RealBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { initializer(it) as Double }) as MutableBuffer<T>
+                Double::class -> RealBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Double } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                Short::class -> ShortBuffer(ShortArray(size) { initializer(it) as Short }) as MutableBuffer<T>
+                Short::class -> ShortBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Short } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                Int::class -> IntBuffer(IntArray(size) { initializer(it) as Int }) as MutableBuffer<T>
+                Int::class -> IntBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Int } as MutableBuffer<T>
-                Long::class -> LongBuffer(LongArray(size) { initializer(it) as Long }) as MutableBuffer<T>
+                Float::class -> FloatBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Float } as MutableBuffer<T>
+                Long::class -> LongBuffer(size) { initializer(it) as Long } as MutableBuffer<T>
+                Complex::class -> complex(size) { initializer(it) as Complex } as MutableBuffer<T>
                 else -> boxing(size, initializer)
             }
 
         /**
-         * Create most appropriate mutable buffer for given type avoiding boxing wherever possible
+         * Creates a [MutableBuffer] of given type [T]. If the type is primitive, specialized buffers are used
+         * ([IntBuffer], [RealBuffer], etc.), [ListBuffer] is returned otherwise.
+         *
+         * The [size] is specified, and each element is calculated by calling the specified [initializer] function.
          */
         @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
             auto(T::class, size, initializer)
 
-        public val real: MutableBufferFactory<Double> =
+        /**
-            { size, initializer -> RealBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { initializer(it) }) }
+         * Creates a [RealBuffer] with the specified [size], where each element is calculated by calling the specified
+         * [initializer] function.
+         */
+        public inline fun real(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): RealBuffer =
+            RealBuffer(size) { initializer(it) }
     }
 }
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ public fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.isMissing(index: Int): Boolean = hasFlag(index, Valu
 /**
  * A real buffer which supports flags for each value like NaN or Missing
  */
-public class FlaggedRealBuffer(public val values: DoubleArray, public val flags: ByteArray) : FlaggedBuffer<Double?>, Buffer<Double?> {
+public class FlaggedRealBuffer(public val values: DoubleArray, public val flags: ByteArray) : FlaggedBuffer<Double?>,
+    Buffer<Double?> {
     init {
         require(values.size == flags.size) { "Values and flags must have the same dimensions" }
     }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/MemoryBuffer.kt

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ public class MutableMemoryBuffer<T : Any>(memory: Memory, spec: MemorySpec<T>) :
         public inline fun <T : Any> create(
             spec: MemorySpec<T>,
             size: Int,
-            crossinline initializer: (Int) -> T
+            initializer: (Int) -> T
         ): MutableMemoryBuffer<T> = MutableMemoryBuffer(Memory.allocate(size * spec.objectSize), spec).also { buffer ->
             (0 until size).forEach { buffer[it] = initializer(it) }
         }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/NDStructure.kt

@@ -38,9 +38,8 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
      */
     public fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>>
 
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean
+    public override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean
-
+    public override fun hashCode(): Int
-    override fun hashCode(): Int
 
     public companion object {
         /**
@@ -50,13 +49,8 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
             if (st1 === st2) return true
 
             // fast comparison of buffers if possible
-            if (
+            if (st1 is NDBuffer && st2 is NDBuffer && st1.strides == st2.strides)
-                st1 is NDBuffer &&
-                st2 is NDBuffer &&
-                st1.strides == st2.strides
-            ) {
                 return st1.buffer.contentEquals(st2.buffer)
-            }
 
             //element by element comparison if it could not be avoided
             return st1.elements().all { (index, value) -> value == st2[index] }
@@ -70,7 +64,7 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
         public fun <T> build(
             strides: Strides,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
-            initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             BufferNDStructure(strides, bufferFactory(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
@@ -79,40 +73,40 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
          */
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
             strides: Strides,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             BufferNDStructure(strides, Buffer.auto(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
         public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
             type: KClass<T>,
             strides: Strides,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             BufferNDStructure(strides, Buffer.auto(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
         public fun <T> build(
             shape: IntArray,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
-            initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> = build(DefaultStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
 
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
             shape: IntArray,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             auto(DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
 
         @JvmName("autoVarArg")
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
             vararg shape: Int,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             auto(DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
 
         public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
             type: KClass<T>,
             vararg shape: Int,
-            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             auto(type, DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
     }
@@ -274,6 +268,22 @@ public abstract class NDBuffer<T> : NDStructure<T> {
         result = 31 * result + buffer.hashCode()
         return result
     }
+
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        val bufferRepr: String = when (shape.size) {
+            1 -> buffer.asSequence().joinToString(prefix = "[", postfix = "]", separator = ", ")
+            2 -> (0 until shape[0]).joinToString(prefix = "[", postfix = "]", separator = ", ") { i ->
+                (0 until shape[1]).joinToString(prefix = "[", postfix = "]", separator = ", ") { j ->
+                    val offset = strides.offset(intArrayOf(i, j))
+                    buffer[offset].toString()
+                }
+            }
+            else -> "..."
+        }
+        return "NDBuffer(shape=${shape.contentToString()}, buffer=$bufferRepr)"
+    }
+
+
 }
 
 /**
@@ -281,7 +291,7 @@ public abstract class NDBuffer<T> : NDStructure<T> {
  */
 public class BufferNDStructure<T>(
     override val strides: Strides,
-    override val buffer: Buffer<T>
+    override val buffer: Buffer<T>,
 ) : NDBuffer<T>() {
     init {
         if (strides.linearSize != buffer.size) {
@@ -295,7 +305,7 @@ public class BufferNDStructure<T>(
  */
 public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> NDStructure<T>.mapToBuffer(
     factory: BufferFactory<R> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
-    crossinline transform: (T) -> R
+    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
 ): BufferNDStructure<R> {
     return if (this is BufferNDStructure<T>)
         BufferNDStructure(this.strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
@@ -310,7 +320,7 @@ public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> NDStructure<T>.mapToBuffer(
  */
 public class MutableBufferNDStructure<T>(
     override val strides: Strides,
-    override val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>
+    override val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>,
 ) : NDBuffer<T>(), MutableNDStructure<T> {
 
     init {
@@ -324,7 +334,7 @@ public class MutableBufferNDStructure<T>(
 
 public inline fun <reified T : Any> NDStructure<T>.combine(
     struct: NDStructure<T>,
-    crossinline block: (T, T) -> T
+    crossinline block: (T, T) -> T,
 ): NDStructure<T> {
     require(shape.contentEquals(struct.shape)) { "Shape mismatch in structure combination" }
     return NDStructure.auto(shape) { block(this[it], struct[it]) }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/Structure1D.kt

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ public interface Structure1D<T> : NDStructure<T>, Buffer<T> {
 /**
  * A 1D wrapper for nd-structure
  */
-private inline class Structure1DWrapper<T>(public val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
+private inline class Structure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
     override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 

kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt

@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ internal class LazyDeferred<T>(val dispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher, val block: s
 }
 
 public class AsyncFlow<T> internal constructor(internal val deferredFlow: Flow<LazyDeferred<T>>) : Flow<T> {
-    override suspend fun collect(collector: FlowCollector<T>): Unit = deferredFlow.collect { collector.emit((it.await())) }
+    override suspend fun collect(collector: FlowCollector<T>): Unit =
+        deferredFlow.collect { collector.emit((it.await())) }
 }
 
 public fun <T, R> Flow<T>.async(

kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Dimensions.kt

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@ package kscience.kmath.dimensions
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 /**
- * An abstract class which is not used in runtime. Designates a size of some structure.
+ * Represents a quantity of dimensions in certain structure.
- * Could be replaced later by fully inline constructs
+ *
+ * @property dim The number of dimensions.
  */
 public interface Dimension {
     public val dim: UInt
@@ -16,18 +17,33 @@ public fun <D : Dimension> KClass<D>.dim(): UInt = Dimension.resolve(this).dim
 
 public expect fun <D : Dimension> Dimension.Companion.resolve(type: KClass<D>): D
 
+/**
+ * Finds or creates [Dimension] with [Dimension.dim] equal to [dim].
+ */
 public expect fun Dimension.Companion.of(dim: UInt): Dimension
 
+/**
+ * Finds [Dimension.dim] of given type [D].
+ */
 public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> Dimension.Companion.dim(): UInt = D::class.dim()
 
+/**
+ * Type representing 1 dimension.
+ */
 public object D1 : Dimension {
     override val dim: UInt get() = 1U
 }
 
+/**
+ * Type representing 2 dimensions.
+ */
 public object D2 : Dimension {
     override val dim: UInt get() = 2U
 }
 
+/**
+ * Type representing 3 dimensions.
+ */
 public object D3 : Dimension {
     override val dim: UInt get() = 3U
 }

kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/histogram/Histogram.kt

@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ import kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
  */
 public interface Bin<T : Any> : Domain<T> {
     /**
-     * The value of this bin
+     * The value of this bin.
      */
     public val value: Number
+
     public val center: Point<T>
 }
 

kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/scietifik/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt

@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ import kscience.kmath.histogram.fill
 import kscience.kmath.histogram.put
 import kscience.kmath.real.RealVector
 import kotlin.random.Random
-import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.*
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertFalse
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 internal class MultivariateHistogramTest {
     @Test
@@ -18,7 +15,7 @@ internal class MultivariateHistogramTest {
             (-1.0..1.0)
         )
         histogram.put(0.55, 0.55)
-        val bin = histogram.find { it.value.toInt() > 0 }!!
+        val bin = histogram.find { it.value.toInt() > 0 } ?: fail()
         assertTrue { bin.contains(RealVector(0.55, 0.55)) }
         assertTrue { bin.contains(RealVector(0.6, 0.5)) }
         assertFalse { bin.contains(RealVector(-0.55, 0.55)) }

kmath-prob/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/prob/RandomGenerator.kt

@@ -3,16 +3,59 @@ package kscience.kmath.prob
 import kotlin.random.Random
 
 /**
- * A basic generator
+ * An interface that is implemented by random number generator algorithms.
  */
 public interface RandomGenerator {
+    /**
+     * Gets the next random [Boolean] value.
+     */
     public fun nextBoolean(): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next random [Double] value uniformly distributed between 0 (inclusive) and 1 (exclusive).
+     */
     public fun nextDouble(): Double
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next random `Int` from the random number generator.
+     *
+     * Generates an `Int` random value uniformly distributed between [Int.MIN_VALUE] and [Int.MAX_VALUE] (inclusive).
+     */
     public fun nextInt(): Int
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next random non-negative `Int` from the random number generator less than the specified [until] bound.
+     *
+     * Generates an `Int` random value uniformly distributed between `0` (inclusive) and the specified [until] bound
+     * (exclusive).
+     */
     public fun nextInt(until: Int): Int
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next random `Long` from the random number generator.
+     *
+     * Generates a `Long` random value uniformly distributed between [Long.MIN_VALUE] and [Long.MAX_VALUE] (inclusive).
+     */
     public fun nextLong(): Long
+
+    /**
+     * Gets the next random non-negative `Long` from the random number generator less than the specified [until] bound.
+     *
+     * Generates a `Long` random value uniformly distributed between `0` (inclusive) and the specified [until] bound (exclusive).
+     */
     public fun nextLong(until: Long): Long
+
+    /**
+     * Fills a subrange of the specified byte [array] starting from [fromIndex] inclusive and ending [toIndex] exclusive
+     * with random bytes.
+     *
+     * @return [array] with the subrange filled with random bytes.
+     */
     public fun fillBytes(array: ByteArray, fromIndex: Int = 0, toIndex: Int = array.size)
+
+    /**
+     * Creates a byte array of the specified [size], filled with random bytes.
+     */
     public fun nextBytes(size: Int): ByteArray = ByteArray(size).also { fillBytes(it) }
 
     /**
@@ -25,12 +68,21 @@ public interface RandomGenerator {
     public fun fork(): RandomGenerator
 
     public companion object {
-        public val default: DefaultGenerator by lazy { DefaultGenerator() }
+        /**
+         * The [DefaultGenerator] instance.
+         */
+        public val default: DefaultGenerator by lazy(::DefaultGenerator)
 
+        /**
+         * Returns [DefaultGenerator] of given [seed].
+         */
         public fun default(seed: Long): DefaultGenerator = DefaultGenerator(Random(seed))
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Implements [RandomGenerator] by delegating all operations to [Random].
+ */
 public inline class DefaultGenerator(public val random: Random = Random) : RandomGenerator {
     public override fun nextBoolean(): Boolean = random.nextBoolean()
     public override fun nextDouble(): Double = random.nextDouble()