benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark.kt

@@ -14,22 +14,51 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bindSymbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import kotlin.math.sin
 import kotlin.random.Random
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
 internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
+    /**
+     * Benchmark case for [Expression] created with [expressionInExtendedField].
+     */
     @Benchmark
     fun functionalExpression(blackhole: Blackhole) = invokeAndSum(functional, blackhole)
 
+    /**
+     * Benchmark case for [Expression] created with [toExpression].
+     */
     @Benchmark
     fun mstExpression(blackhole: Blackhole) = invokeAndSum(mst, blackhole)
 
+    /**
+     * Benchmark case for [Expression] created with [compileToExpression].
+     */
     @Benchmark
     fun asmExpression(blackhole: Blackhole) = invokeAndSum(asm, blackhole)
 
+    /**
+     * Benchmark case for [Expression] implemented manually with `kotlin.math` functions.
+     */
     @Benchmark
     fun rawExpression(blackhole: Blackhole) = invokeAndSum(raw, blackhole)
 
+    /**
+     * Benchmark case for direct computation w/o [Expression].
+     */
+    @Benchmark
+    fun justCalculate(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val random = Random(0)
+        var sum = 0.0
+
+        repeat(times) {
+            val x = random.nextDouble()
+            sum += x * 2.0 + 2.0 / x - 16.0 / sin(x)
+        }
+
+        blackhole.consume(sum)
+    }
+
     private fun invokeAndSum(expr: Expression<Double>, blackhole: Blackhole) {
         val random = Random(0)
         var sum = 0.0
@@ -42,23 +71,24 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
     }
 
     private companion object {
-        private val x: Symbol by symbol
+        private val x by symbol
-        private val algebra: DoubleField = DoubleField
+        private val algebra = DoubleField
         private const val times = 1_000_000
 
-        private val functional: Expression<Double> = DoubleField.expressionInExtendedField {
+        private val functional = DoubleField.expressionInExtendedField {
             bindSymbol(x) * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / bindSymbol(x) - number(16.0) / sin(bindSymbol(x))
         }
 
         private val node = MstExtendedField {
-            bindSymbol(x) * 2.0 + number(2.0) / bindSymbol(x) - number(16.0) / sin(bindSymbol(x))
+            x * 2.0 + number(2.0) / x - number(16.0) / sin(x)
         }
 
-        private val mst: Expression<Double> = node.toExpression(DoubleField)
+        private val mst = node.toExpression(DoubleField)
-        private val asm: Expression<Double> = node.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+        private val asm = node.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 
-        private val raw: Expression<Double> = Expression { args ->
+        private val raw = Expression<Double> { args ->
-            args.getValue(x) * 2.0 + 2.0 / args.getValue(x) - 16.0 / kotlin.math.sin(args.getValue(x))
+            val x = args[x]!!
+            x * 2.0 + 2.0 / x - 16.0 / sin(x)
         }
     }
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/expressions.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.MstField
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.interpret
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bindSymbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 
 fun main() {
     val expr = MstField {
-        val x = bindSymbol(x)
         x * 2.0 + number(2.0) / x - 16.0
     }
 

kmath-ast/README.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Performance and visualization extensions to MST API.
 
 ## Artifact:
 
-The Maven coordinates of this project are `space.kscience:kmath-ast:0.3.0-dev-11`.
+The Maven coordinates of this project are `space.kscience:kmath-ast:0.3.0-dev-13`.
 
 **Gradle:**
 ```gradle
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation 'space.kscience:kmath-ast:0.3.0-dev-11'
+    implementation 'space.kscience:kmath-ast:0.3.0-dev-13'
 }
 ```
 **Gradle Kotlin DSL:**
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ repositories {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    implementation("space.kscience:kmath-ast:0.3.0-dev-11")
+    implementation("space.kscience:kmath-ast:0.3.0-dev-13")
 }
 ```
 
@@ -45,11 +45,12 @@ special implementation of `Expression<T>` with implemented `invoke` function.
 For example, the following builder:
 
 ```kotlin
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.asm.*
 
-MstField { bindSymbol("x") + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+MstField { x + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 ``` 
 
 ... leads to generation of bytecode, which can be decompiled to the following Java class:
@@ -89,11 +90,12 @@ public final class AsmCompiledExpression_45045_0 implements Expression<Double> {
 A similar feature is also available on JS.
 
 ```kotlin
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.estree.*
 
-MstField { bindSymbol("x") + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+MstField { x + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 ``` 
 
 The code above returns expression implemented with such a JS function:
@@ -108,11 +110,12 @@ JS also supports very experimental expression optimization with [WebAssembly](ht
 Currently, only expressions inside `DoubleField` and `IntRing` are supported.
 
 ```kotlin
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.wasm.*
 
-MstField { bindSymbol("x") + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+MstField { x + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 ```
 
 An example of emitted Wasm IR in the form of WAT:

kmath-ast/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md

@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@ special implementation of `Expression<T>` with implemented `invoke` function.
 For example, the following builder:
 
 ```kotlin
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.asm.*
 
-MstField { bindSymbol("x") + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+MstField { x + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 ``` 
 
 ... leads to generation of bytecode, which can be decompiled to the following Java class:
@@ -60,11 +61,12 @@ public final class AsmCompiledExpression_45045_0 implements Expression<Double> {
 A similar feature is also available on JS.
 
 ```kotlin
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.estree.*
 
-MstField { bindSymbol("x") + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+MstField { x + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 ``` 
 
 The code above returns expression implemented with such a JS function:
@@ -79,11 +81,12 @@ JS also supports very experimental expression optimization with [WebAssembly](ht
 Currently, only expressions inside `DoubleField` and `IntRing` are supported.
 
 ```kotlin
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.wasm.*
 
-MstField { bindSymbol("x") + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+MstField { x + 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
 ```
 
 An example of emitted Wasm IR in the form of WAT:

kmath-ast/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/TestCompilerConsistencyWithInterpreter.kt

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ internal class TestCompilerConsistencyWithInterpreter {
         val mst = MstRing {
             binaryOperationFunction("+")(
                 unaryOperationFunction("+")(
-                    (bindSymbol(x) - (2.toByte() + (scale(
+                    (x - (2.toByte() + (scale(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2.0,
                     ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ internal class TestCompilerConsistencyWithInterpreter {
     fun doubleField() = runCompilerTest {
         val mst = MstField {
             +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
-                (3.0 - (bindSymbol(x) + (scale(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2.0) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                (3.0 - (x + (scale(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2.0) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
                         + number(1),
                 number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one,
             ) + zero

kmath-ast/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/TestCompilerOperations.kt

@@ -47,19 +47,19 @@ internal class TestCompilerOperations {
 
     @Test
     fun testSubtract() = runCompilerTest {
-        val expr = MstExtendedField { bindSymbol(x) - bindSymbol(x) }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+        val expr = MstExtendedField { x - x }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
         assertEquals(0.0, expr(x to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDivide() = runCompilerTest {
-        val expr = MstExtendedField { bindSymbol(x) / bindSymbol(x) }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+        val expr = MstExtendedField { x / x }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
         assertEquals(1.0, expr(x to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testPower() = runCompilerTest {
-        val expr = MstExtendedField { bindSymbol(x) pow 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+        val expr = MstExtendedField { x pow 2 }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
         assertEquals(4.0, expr(x to 2.0))
     }
 }

kmath-ast/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/TestCompilerVariables.kt

@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 internal class TestCompilerVariables {
     @Test
     fun testVariable() = runCompilerTest {
-        val expr = MstRing { bindSymbol(x) }.compileToExpression(IntRing)
+        val expr = MstRing { x }.compileToExpression(IntRing)
         assertEquals(1, expr(x to 1))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testUndefinedVariableFails() = runCompilerTest {
-        val expr = MstRing { bindSymbol(x) }.compileToExpression(IntRing)
+        val expr = MstRing { x }.compileToExpression(IntRing)
         assertFailsWith<NoSuchElementException> { expr() }
     }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/wasm/internal/WasmBuilder.kt

@@ -27,11 +27,7 @@ internal sealed class WasmBuilder<T>(
     lateinit var ctx: BinaryenModule
 
     open fun visitSymbolic(mst: Symbol): ExpressionRef {
-        try {
+        algebra.bindSymbolOrNull(mst)?.let { return visitNumeric(Numeric(it)) }
-            algebra.bindSymbol(mst)
-        } catch (ignored: Throwable) {
-            null
-        }?.let { return visitNumeric(Numeric(it)) }
 
         var idx = keys.indexOf(mst)
 

kmath-ast/src/jsTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ast/TestExecutionTime.kt

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.ast
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bindSymbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import kotlin.math.sin
@@ -17,18 +16,19 @@ import kotlin.time.measureTime
 import space.kscience.kmath.estree.compileToExpression as estreeCompileToExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.wasm.compileToExpression as wasmCompileToExpression
 
+// TODO move to benchmarks when https://github.com/Kotlin/kotlinx-benchmark/pull/38 or similar feature is merged
 internal class TestExecutionTime {
     private companion object {
         private const val times = 1_000_000
         private val x by symbol
-        private val algebra: ExtendedField<Double> = DoubleField
+        private val algebra = DoubleField
 
         private val functional = DoubleField.expressionInExtendedField {
             bindSymbol(x) * const(2.0) + const(2.0) / bindSymbol(x) - const(16.0) / sin(bindSymbol(x))
         }
 
         private val node = MstExtendedField {
-            bindSymbol(x) * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / bindSymbol(x) - number(16.0) / sin(bindSymbol(x))
+            x * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / x - number(16.0) / sin(x)
         }
 
         private val mst = node.toExpression(DoubleField)
@@ -43,7 +43,13 @@ internal class TestExecutionTime {
         //  };
 
         private val raw = Expression<Double> { args ->
-            args.getValue(x) * 2.0 + 2.0 / args.getValue(x) - 16.0 / sin(args.getValue(x))
+            val x = args[x]!!
+            x * 2.0 + 2.0 / x - 16.0 / sin(x)
+        }
+
+        private val justCalculate = { args: dynamic ->
+            val x = args[x].unsafeCast<Double>()
+            x * 2.0 + 2.0 / x - 16.0 / sin(x)
         }
     }
 
@@ -51,21 +57,56 @@ internal class TestExecutionTime {
         println(name)
         val rng = Random(0)
         var sum = 0.0
-        measureTime { repeat(times) { sum += expr(x to rng.nextDouble()) } }.also(::println)
+        measureTime {
+            repeat(times) { sum += expr(x to rng.nextDouble()) }
+        }.also(::println)
     }
 
+    /**
+     * [Expression] created with [expressionInExtendedField].
+     */
     @Test
     fun functionalExpression() = invokeAndSum("functional", functional)
 
+    /**
+     * [Expression] created with [mstExpression].
+     */
     @Test
     fun mstExpression() = invokeAndSum("mst", mst)
 
+    /**
+     * [Expression] created with [wasmCompileToExpression].
+     */
     @Test
     fun wasmExpression() = invokeAndSum("wasm", wasm)
 
+    /**
+     * [Expression] created with [estreeCompileToExpression].
+     */
     @Test
     fun estreeExpression() = invokeAndSum("estree", wasm)
 
+    /**
+     * [Expression] implemented manually with `kotlin.math`.
+     */
     @Test
     fun rawExpression() = invokeAndSum("raw", raw)
+
+    /**
+     * Direct computation w/o [Expression].
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun justCalculateExpression() {
+        println("justCalculate")
+        val rng = Random(0)
+        var sum = 0.0
+        measureTime {
+            repeat(times) {
+                val arg = rng.nextDouble()
+                val o = js("{}")
+                o["x"] = arg
+                sum += justCalculate(o)
+            }
+        }.also(::println)
+    }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jsTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/wasm/TestWasmSpecific.kt

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ internal class TestWasmSpecific {
 
     @Test
     fun argsPassing() {
-        val res = MstExtendedField { bindSymbol(y) + bindSymbol(x).pow(10) }.compile(
+        val res = MstExtendedField { y + x.pow(10) }.compile(
             DoubleField,
             x to 2.0,
             y to 100000000.0,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ internal class TestWasmSpecific {
 
     @Test
     fun powFunction() {
-        val expr = MstExtendedField { bindSymbol(x).pow(1.0 / 6.0) }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
+        val expr = MstExtendedField { x.pow(1.0 / 6.0) }.compileToExpression(DoubleField)
         assertEquals(0.9730585187140817, expr(x to 0.8488554755054833))
     }
 

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/codegenUtils.kt

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ internal fun MethodVisitor.label(): Label = Label().also(::visitLabel)
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
 internal tailrec fun buildName(mst: MST, collision: Int = 0): String {
-    val name = "kscience.kmath.asm.generated.AsmCompiledExpression_${mst.hashCode()}_$collision"
+    val name = "space.kscience.kmath.asm.generated.AsmCompiledExpression_${mst.hashCode()}_$collision"
 
     try {
         Class.forName(name)

kmath-kotlingrad/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/kotlingrad/AdaptingTests.kt

@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@ import kotlin.test.fail
 internal class AdaptingTests {
     @Test
     fun symbol() {
-        val c1 = MstNumericAlgebra.bindSymbol(x.identity)
+        assertEquals(x.identity, x.toSVar<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>().name)
-        assertEquals(x.identity, c1.toSVar<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>().name)
         val c2 = "kitten".parseMath().toSFun<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
         if (c2 is SVar) assertTrue(c2.name == "kitten") else fail()
     }
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ internal class AdaptingTests {
 
     @Test
     fun simpleFunctionDerivative() {
-        val xSVar = MstNumericAlgebra.bindSymbol(x.identity).toSVar<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
+        val xSVar = x.toSVar<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
         val quadratic = "x^2-4*x-44".parseMath().toSFun<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
         val actualDerivative = quadratic.d(xSVar).toMst().compileToExpression(DoubleField)
         val expectedDerivative = "2*x-4".parseMath().compileToExpression(DoubleField)
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ internal class AdaptingTests {
 
     @Test
     fun moreComplexDerivative() {
-        val xSVar = MstNumericAlgebra.bindSymbol(x.identity).toSVar<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
+        val xSVar = x.toSVar<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
         val composition = "-sqrt(sin(x^2)-cos(x)^2-16*x)".parseMath().toSFun<KMathNumber<Double, DoubleField>>()
         val actualDerivative = composition.d(xSVar).toMst().compileToExpression(DoubleField)