examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark.kt

@@ -4,13 +4,19 @@ import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.expressionInField
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Field
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 import kotlin.random.Random
-import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
 internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
     private val algebra: Field<Double> = RealField
+
+    @Benchmark
     fun functionalExpression() {
         val expr = algebra.expressionInField {
             symbol("x") * const(2.0) + const(2.0) / symbol("x") - const(16.0)
@@ -19,6 +25,7 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
         invokeAndSum(expr)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
     fun mstExpression() {
         val expr = algebra.mstInField {
             symbol("x") * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / symbol("x") - number(16.0)
@@ -27,6 +34,7 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
         invokeAndSum(expr)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
     fun asmExpression() {
         val expr = algebra.mstInField {
             symbol("x") * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / symbol("x") - number(16.0)
@@ -35,6 +43,13 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
         invokeAndSum(expr)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
+    fun rawExpression() {
+        val x by symbol
+        val expr = Expression<Double> { args -> args.getValue(x) * 2.0 + 2.0 / args.getValue(x) - 16.0 }
+        invokeAndSum(expr)
+    }
+
     private fun invokeAndSum(expr: Expression<Double>) {
         val random = Random(0)
         var sum = 0.0
@@ -46,35 +61,3 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
         println(sum)
     }
 }
-
-/**
- * This benchmark compares basically evaluation of simple function with MstExpression interpreter, ASM backend and
- * core FunctionalExpressions API.
- *
- * The expected rating is:
- *
- * 1. ASM.
- * 2. MST.
- * 3. FE.
- */
-fun main() {
-    val benchmark = ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark()
-
-    val fe = measureTimeMillis {
-        benchmark.functionalExpression()
-    }
-
-    println("fe=$fe")
-
-    val mst = measureTimeMillis {
-        benchmark.mstExpression()
-    }
-
-    println("mst=$mst")
-
-    val asm = measureTimeMillis {
-        benchmark.asmExpression()
-    }
-
-    println("asm=$asm")
-}

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/ArrayBenchmark.kt

@@ -16,17 +16,13 @@ internal class ArrayBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
     fun benchmarkBufferRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1..size) res += arrayBuffer.get(
-            size - i
-        )
+        for (i in 1..size) res += arrayBuffer[size - i]
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun nativeBufferRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1..size) res += nativeBuffer.get(
-            size - i
-        )
+        for (i in 1..size) res += nativeBuffer[size - i]
     }
 
     companion object {

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/ViktorBenchmark.kt

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ internal class ViktorBenchmark {
 
     @Benchmark
     fun rawViktor() {
-        val one = F64Array.full(init = 1.0, shape = *intArrayOf(dim, dim))
+        val one = F64Array.full(init = 1.0, shape = intArrayOf(dim, dim))
         var res = one
         repeat(n) { res = res + one }
     }

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt

@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ public fun <T> Algebra<T>.evaluate(node: MST): T = when (node) {
 
         node.left is MST.Numeric && node.right is MST.Numeric -> {
             val number = RealField
-                .binaryOperation(node.operation)(node.left.value.toDouble(), node.right.value.toDouble())
+                .binaryOperation(node.operation)
+                .invoke(node.left.value.toDouble(), node.right.value.toDouble())
 
             number(number)
         }

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstAlgebra.kt

@@ -24,13 +24,17 @@ public object MstSpace : Space<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
 
     public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstAlgebra.number(value)
     public override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstAlgebra.symbol(value)
-    override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION)(a, b)
-    override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION)(a, number(k))
+    public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION)(a, b)
+    public override fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST = unaryOperation(SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION)(this)
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
+    public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary =
+        binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION)(a, number(k))
+
+    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
         MstAlgebra.binaryOperation(operation)
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary = MstAlgebra.unaryOperation(operation)
+    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary =
+        MstAlgebra.unaryOperation(operation)
 }
 
 /**
@@ -47,6 +51,7 @@ public object MstRing : Ring<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
     public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstSpace.add(a, b)
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstSpace.multiply(a, k)
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION)(a, b)
+    public override fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST = MstSpace.unaryOperation(SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION)(this)
 
     public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
         MstSpace.binaryOperation(operation)
@@ -71,6 +76,7 @@ public object MstField : Field<MST> {
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstRing.multiply(a, k)
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstRing.multiply(a, b)
     public override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION)(a, b)
+    public override fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST = MstSpace.unaryOperation(SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION)(this)
 
     public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
         MstRing.binaryOperation(operation)
@@ -105,6 +111,7 @@ public object MstExtendedField : ExtendedField<MST> {
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstField.multiply(a, k)
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.multiply(a, b)
     public override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.divide(a, b)
+    public override fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST = MstSpace.unaryOperation(SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION)(this)
 
     public override fun power(arg: MST, pow: Number): MST.Binary =
         binaryOperation(PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION)(arg, number(pow))

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstExpression.kt

@@ -15,7 +15,12 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
  */
 public class MstExpression<T, out A : Algebra<T>>(public val algebra: A, public val mst: MST) : Expression<T> {
     private inner class InnerAlgebra(val arguments: Map<Symbol, T>) : NumericAlgebra<T> {
-        override fun symbol(value: String): T = arguments[StringSymbol(value)] ?: algebra.symbol(value)
+        override fun symbol(value: String): T = try {
+            algebra.symbol(value)
+        } catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
+            null
+        } ?: arguments.getValue(StringSymbol(value))
+
         override fun unaryOperation(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T = algebra.unaryOperation(operation)
         override fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T = algebra.binaryOperation(operation)
 

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 package kscience.kmath.asm
 
 import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder
-import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.MstType
-import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.buildAlgebraOperationCall
 import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.buildName
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MstExpression
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
+import kscience.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 
 /**
  * Compiles given MST to an Expression using AST compiler.
@@ -23,37 +23,46 @@ internal fun <T : Any> MST.compileWith(type: Class<T>, algebra: Algebra<T>): Exp
         is MST.Symbolic -> {
             val symbol = try {
                 algebra.symbol(node.value)
-            } catch (ignored: Throwable) {
+            } catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
                 null
             }
 
             if (symbol != null)
-                loadTConstant(symbol)
+                loadObjectConstant(symbol as Any)
             else
                 loadVariable(node.value)
         }
 
-        is MST.Numeric -> loadNumeric(node.value)
+        is MST.Numeric -> loadNumberConstant(node.value)
+        is MST.Unary -> buildCall(algebra.unaryOperation(node.operation)) { visit(node.value) }
 
-        is MST.Unary -> buildAlgebraOperationCall(
-            context = algebra,
-            name = node.operation,
-            fallbackMethodName = "unaryOperation",
-            parameterTypes = arrayOf(MstType.fromMst(node.value))
-        ) { visit(node.value) }
+        is MST.Binary -> when {
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra<T> && node.left is MST.Numeric && node.right is MST.Numeric -> loadObjectConstant(
+                algebra.number(
+                    RealField
+                        .binaryOperation(node.operation)
+                        .invoke(node.left.value.toDouble(), node.right.value.toDouble())
+                )
+            )
 
-        is MST.Binary -> buildAlgebraOperationCall(
-            context = algebra,
-            name = node.operation,
-            fallbackMethodName = "binaryOperation",
-            parameterTypes = arrayOf(MstType.fromMst(node.left), MstType.fromMst(node.right))
-        ) {
-            visit(node.left)
-            visit(node.right)
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra<T> && node.left is MST.Numeric -> buildCall(algebra.leftSideNumberOperation(node.operation)) {
+                visit(node.left)
+                visit(node.right)
+            }
+
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra<T> && node.right is MST.Numeric -> buildCall(algebra.rightSideNumberOperation(node.operation)) {
+                visit(node.left)
+                visit(node.right)
+            }
+
+            else -> buildCall(algebra.binaryOperation(node.operation)) {
+                visit(node.left)
+                visit(node.right)
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    return AsmBuilder(type, algebra, buildName(this)) { visit(this@compileWith) }.getInstance()
+    return AsmBuilder<T>(type, buildName(this)) { visit(this@compileWith) }.instance
 }
 
 /**

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/AsmBuilder.kt

@@ -4,26 +4,24 @@ import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder.ClassLoader
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
-import kscience.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
 import org.objectweb.asm.*
 import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes.*
 import org.objectweb.asm.commons.InstructionAdapter
-import java.util.*
-import java.util.stream.Collectors
+import java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap
+import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
+import kotlin.contracts.contract
 
 /**
  * ASM Builder is a structure that abstracts building a class designated to unwrap [MST] to plain Java expression.
  * This class uses [ClassLoader] for loading the generated class, then it is able to instantiate the new class.
  *
  * @property T the type of AsmExpression to unwrap.
- * @property algebra the algebra the applied AsmExpressions use.
  * @property className the unique class name of new loaded class.
  * @property invokeLabel0Visitor the function to apply to this object when generating invoke method, label 0.
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
 internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
-    private val classOfT: Class<*>,
-    private val algebra: Algebra<T>,
+    classOfT: Class<*>,
     private val className: String,
     private val invokeLabel0Visitor: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit,
 ) {
@@ -39,15 +37,10 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      */
     private val classLoader: ClassLoader = ClassLoader(javaClass.classLoader)
 
-    /**
-     * ASM Type for [algebra].
-     */
-    private val tAlgebraType: Type = algebra.javaClass.asm
-
     /**
      * ASM type for [T].
      */
-    internal val tType: Type = classOfT.asm
+    private val tType: Type = classOfT.asm
 
     /**
      * ASM type for new class.
@@ -69,51 +62,13 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      */
     private var hasConstants: Boolean = true
 
-    /**
-     * States whether [T] a primitive type, so [AsmBuilder] may generate direct primitive calls.
-     */
-    internal var primitiveMode: Boolean = false
-
-    /**
-     * Primitive type to apply for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
-     */
-    internal var primitiveMask: Type = OBJECT_TYPE
-
-    /**
-     * Boxed primitive type to apply for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
-     */
-    internal var primitiveMaskBoxed: Type = OBJECT_TYPE
-
-    /**
-     * Stack of useful objects types on stack to verify types.
-     */
-    private val typeStack: ArrayDeque<Type> = ArrayDeque()
-
-    /**
-     * Stack of useful objects types on stack expected by algebra calls.
-     */
-    internal val expectationStack: ArrayDeque<Type> = ArrayDeque<Type>(1).also { it.push(tType) }
-
-    /**
-     * The cache for instance built by this builder.
-     */
-    private var generatedInstance: Expression<T>? = null
-
     /**
      * Subclasses, loads and instantiates [Expression] for given parameters.
      *
      * The built instance is cached.
      */
     @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-    internal fun getInstance(): Expression<T> {
-        generatedInstance?.let { return it }
-
-        if (SIGNATURE_LETTERS.containsKey(classOfT)) {
-            primitiveMode = true
-            primitiveMask = SIGNATURE_LETTERS.getValue(classOfT)
-            primitiveMaskBoxed = tType
-        }
-
+    val instance: Expression<T> by lazy {
         val classWriter = ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES) {
             visit(
                 V1_8,
@@ -192,15 +147,6 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
 
             hasConstants = constants.isNotEmpty()
 
-            visitField(
-                access = ACC_PRIVATE or ACC_FINAL,
-                name = "algebra",
-                descriptor = tAlgebraType.descriptor,
-                signature = null,
-                value = null,
-                block = FieldVisitor::visitEnd
-            )
-
             if (hasConstants)
                 visitField(
                     access = ACC_PRIVATE or ACC_FINAL,
@@ -214,25 +160,17 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
             visitMethod(
                 ACC_PUBLIC,
                 "<init>",
-
-                Type.getMethodDescriptor(
-                    Type.VOID_TYPE,
-                    tAlgebraType,
-                    *OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants }),
-
+                Type.getMethodDescriptor(Type.VOID_TYPE, *OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants }),
                 null,
                 null
             ).instructionAdapter {
                 val thisVar = 0
-                val algebraVar = 1
-                val constantsVar = 2
+                val constantsVar = 1
                 val l0 = label()
                 load(thisVar, classType)
                 invokespecial(OBJECT_TYPE.internalName, "<init>", Type.getMethodDescriptor(Type.VOID_TYPE), false)
                 label()
                 load(thisVar, classType)
-                load(algebraVar, tAlgebraType)
-                putfield(classType.internalName, "algebra", tAlgebraType.descriptor)
 
                 if (hasConstants) {
                     label()
@@ -246,15 +184,6 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
                 val l4 = label()
                 visitLocalVariable("this", classType.descriptor, null, l0, l4, thisVar)
 
-                visitLocalVariable(
-                    "algebra",
-                    tAlgebraType.descriptor,
-                    null,
-                    l0,
-                    l4,
-                    algebraVar
-                )
-
                 if (hasConstants)
                     visitLocalVariable("constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor, null, l0, l4, constantsVar)
 
@@ -265,33 +194,55 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
             visitEnd()
         }
 
-        val new = classLoader
+//        java.io.File("dump.class").writeBytes(classWriter.toByteArray())
+
+        classLoader
             .defineClass(className, classWriter.toByteArray())
             .constructors
             .first()
-            .newInstance(algebra, *(constants.toTypedArray().wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants })) as Expression<T>
-
-        generatedInstance = new
-        return new
+            .newInstance(*(constants.toTypedArray().wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants })) as Expression<T>
     }
 
     /**
-     * Loads a [T] constant from [constants].
+     * Loads [java.lang.Object] constant from constants.
      */
-    internal fun loadTConstant(value: T) {
-        if (classOfT in INLINABLE_NUMBERS) {
-            val expectedType = expectationStack.pop()
-            val mustBeBoxed = expectedType.sort == Type.OBJECT
-            loadNumberConstant(value as Number, mustBeBoxed)
+    fun loadObjectConstant(value: Any, type: Type = tType): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
+        val idx = if (value in constants) constants.indexOf(value) else constants.also { it += value }.lastIndex
+        loadThis()
+        getfield(classType.internalName, "constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor)
+        iconst(idx)
+        visitInsn(AALOAD)
+        checkcast(type)
+    }
 
-            if (mustBeBoxed)
-                invokeMethodVisitor.checkcast(tType)
+    /**
+     * Loads `this` variable.
+     */
+    private fun loadThis(): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.load(invokeThisVar, classType)
 
-            if (mustBeBoxed) typeStack.push(tType) else typeStack.push(primitiveMask)
+    /**
+     * Either loads a numeric constant [value] from the class's constants field or boxes a primitive
+     * constant from the constant pool.
+     */
+    fun loadNumberConstant(value: Number) {
+        val boxed = value.javaClass.asm
+        val primitive = BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES[boxed]
+
+        if (primitive != null) {
+            when (primitive) {
+                Type.BYTE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
+                Type.DOUBLE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.dconst(value.toDouble())
+                Type.FLOAT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.fconst(value.toFloat())
+                Type.LONG_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.lconst(value.toLong())
+                Type.INT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
+                Type.SHORT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
+            }
+
+            box(primitive)
             return
         }
 
-        loadObjectConstant(value as Any, tType)
+        loadObjectConstant(value, boxed)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -309,77 +260,9 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
     }
 
     /**
-     * Unboxes the current boxed value and pushes it.
+     * Loads a variable [name] from arguments [Map] parameter of [Expression.invoke].
      */
-    private fun unboxTo(primitive: Type) = invokeMethodVisitor.invokevirtual(
-        NUMBER_TYPE.internalName,
-        NUMBER_CONVERTER_METHODS.getValue(primitive),
-        Type.getMethodDescriptor(primitive),
-        false
-    )
-
-    /**
-     * Loads [java.lang.Object] constant from constants.
-     */
-    private fun loadObjectConstant(value: Any, type: Type): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
-        val idx = if (value in constants) constants.indexOf(value) else constants.apply { add(value) }.lastIndex
-        loadThis()
-        getfield(classType.internalName, "constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor)
-        iconst(idx)
-        visitInsn(AALOAD)
-        checkcast(type)
-    }
-
-    internal fun loadNumeric(value: Number) {
-        if (expectationStack.peek() == NUMBER_TYPE) {
-            loadNumberConstant(value, true)
-            expectationStack.pop()
-            typeStack.push(NUMBER_TYPE)
-        } else (algebra as? NumericAlgebra<T>)?.number(value)?.let { loadTConstant(it) }
-            ?: error("Cannot resolve numeric $value since target algebra is not numeric, and the current operation doesn't accept numbers.")
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loads this variable.
-     */
-    private fun loadThis(): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.load(invokeThisVar, classType)
-
-    /**
-     * Either loads a numeric constant [value] from the class's constants field or boxes a primitive
-     * constant from the constant pool (some numbers with special opcodes like [Opcodes.ICONST_0] aren't even loaded
-     * from it).
-     */
-    private fun loadNumberConstant(value: Number, mustBeBoxed: Boolean) {
-        val boxed = value.javaClass.asm
-        val primitive = BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES[boxed]
-
-        if (primitive != null) {
-            when (primitive) {
-                Type.BYTE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
-                Type.DOUBLE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.dconst(value.toDouble())
-                Type.FLOAT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.fconst(value.toFloat())
-                Type.LONG_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.lconst(value.toLong())
-                Type.INT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
-                Type.SHORT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
-            }
-
-            if (mustBeBoxed)
-                box(primitive)
-
-            return
-        }
-
-        loadObjectConstant(value, boxed)
-
-        if (!mustBeBoxed)
-            unboxTo(primitiveMask)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loads a variable [name] from arguments [Map] parameter of [Expression.invoke]. The [defaultValue] may be
-     * provided.
-     */
-    internal fun loadVariable(name: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
+    fun loadVariable(name: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
         load(invokeArgumentsVar, MAP_TYPE)
         aconst(name)
 
@@ -391,70 +274,28 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
         )
 
         checkcast(tType)
-        val expectedType = expectationStack.pop()
-
-        if (expectedType.sort == Type.OBJECT)
-            typeStack.push(tType)
-        else {
-            unboxTo(primitiveMask)
-            typeStack.push(primitiveMask)
-        }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Loads algebra from according field of the class and casts it to class of [algebra] provided.
-     */
-    internal fun loadAlgebra() {
-        loadThis()
-        invokeMethodVisitor.getfield(classType.internalName, "algebra", tAlgebraType.descriptor)
-    }
+    inline fun buildCall(function: Function<T>, parameters: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit) {
+        contract { callsInPlace(parameters, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
+        val `interface` = function.javaClass.interfaces.first { it.interfaces.contains(Function::class.java) }
 
-    /**
-     * Writes a method instruction of opcode with its [owner], [method] and its [descriptor]. The default opcode is
-     * [Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE], since most Algebra functions are declared in interfaces. [loadAlgebra] should be
-     * called before the arguments and this operation.
-     *
-     * The result is casted to [T] automatically.
-     */
-    internal fun invokeAlgebraOperation(
-        owner: String,
-        method: String,
-        descriptor: String,
-        expectedArity: Int,
-        opcode: Int = INVOKEINTERFACE,
-    ) {
-        run loop@{
-            repeat(expectedArity) {
-                if (typeStack.isEmpty()) return@loop
-                typeStack.pop()
-            }
-        }
+        val arity = `interface`.methods.find { it.name == "invoke" }?.parameterCount
+            ?: error("Provided function object doesn't contain invoke method")
 
-        invokeMethodVisitor.visitMethodInsn(
-            opcode,
-            owner,
-            method,
-            descriptor,
-            opcode == INVOKEINTERFACE
+        val type = Type.getType(`interface`)
+        loadObjectConstant(function, type)
+        parameters(this)
+
+        invokeMethodVisitor.invokeinterface(
+            type.internalName,
+            "invoke",
+            Type.getMethodDescriptor(OBJECT_TYPE, *Array(arity) { OBJECT_TYPE}),
         )
 
         invokeMethodVisitor.checkcast(tType)
-        val isLastExpr = expectationStack.size == 1
-        val expectedType = expectationStack.pop()
-
-        if (expectedType.sort == Type.OBJECT || isLastExpr)
-            typeStack.push(tType)
-        else {
-            unboxTo(primitiveMask)
-            typeStack.push(primitiveMask)
-        }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Writes a LDC Instruction with string constant provided.
-     */
-    internal fun loadStringConstant(string: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.aconst(string)
-
     internal companion object {
         /**
          * Index of `this` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
@@ -490,32 +331,13 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
          */
         private val PRIMITIVES_TO_BOXED: Map<Type, Type> by lazy {
             BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES.entries.stream().collect(
-                Collectors.toMap(
+                toMap(
                     Map.Entry<Type, Type>::value,
                     Map.Entry<Type, Type>::key
                 )
             )
         }
 
-        /**
-         * Maps primitive ASM types to [Number] functions unboxing them.
-         */
-        private val NUMBER_CONVERTER_METHODS: Map<Type, String> by lazy {
-            hashMapOf(
-                Type.BYTE_TYPE to "byteValue",
-                Type.SHORT_TYPE to "shortValue",
-                Type.INT_TYPE to "intValue",
-                Type.LONG_TYPE to "longValue",
-                Type.FLOAT_TYPE to "floatValue",
-                Type.DOUBLE_TYPE to "doubleValue"
-            )
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Provides boxed number types values of which can be stored in JVM bytecode constant pool.
-         */
-        private val INLINABLE_NUMBERS: Set<Class<out Any>> by lazy { SIGNATURE_LETTERS.keys }
-
         /**
          * ASM type for [Expression].
          */

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/MstType.kt

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package kscience.kmath.asm.internal
-
-import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
-
-/**
- * Represents types known in [MST], numbers and general values.
- */
-internal enum class MstType {
-    GENERAL,
-    NUMBER;
-
-    companion object {
-        fun fromMst(mst: MST): MstType {
-            if (mst is MST.Numeric)
-                return NUMBER
-
-            return GENERAL
-        }
-    }
-}

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/codegenUtils.kt

@@ -2,29 +2,11 @@ package kscience.kmath.asm.internal
 
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
-import kscience.kmath.operations.FieldOperations
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RingOperations
-import kscience.kmath.operations.SpaceOperations
 import org.objectweb.asm.*
-import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL
 import org.objectweb.asm.commons.InstructionAdapter
-import java.lang.reflect.Method
-import java.util.*
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
 
-private val methodNameAdapters: Map<Pair<String, Int>, String> by lazy {
-    hashMapOf(
-        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION to 2 to "add",
-        RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION to 2 to "multiply",
-        FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION to 2 to "divide",
-        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION to 1 to "unaryPlus",
-        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION to 1 to "unaryMinus",
-        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION to 2 to "minus"
-    )
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns ASM [Type] for given [Class].
  *
@@ -110,106 +92,4 @@ internal inline fun ClassWriter.visitField(
     return visitField(access, name, descriptor, signature, value).apply(block)
 }
 
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.findSpecific(context: Algebra<T>, name: String, parameterTypes: Array<MstType>): Method? =
-    context.javaClass.methods.find { method ->
-        val nameValid = method.name == name
-        val arityValid = method.parameters.size == parameterTypes.size
-        val notBridgeInPrimitive = !(primitiveMode && method.isBridge)
 
-        val paramsValid = method.parameterTypes.zip(parameterTypes).all { (type, mstType) ->
-            !(mstType != MstType.NUMBER && type == java.lang.Number::class.java)
-        }
-
-        nameValid && arityValid && notBridgeInPrimitive && paramsValid
-    }
-
-/**
- * Checks if the target [context] for code generation contains a method with needed [name] and arity, also builds
- * type expectation stack for needed arity.
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.buildExpectationStack(
-    context: Algebra<T>,
-    name: String,
-    parameterTypes: Array<MstType>
-): Boolean {
-    val arity = parameterTypes.size
-    val specific = findSpecific(context, methodNameAdapters[name to arity] ?: name, parameterTypes)
-
-    if (specific != null)
-        mapTypes(specific, parameterTypes).reversed().forEach { expectationStack.push(it) }
-    else
-        expectationStack.addAll(Collections.nCopies(arity, tType))
-
-    return specific != null
-}
-
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.mapTypes(method: Method, parameterTypes: Array<MstType>): List<Type> = method
-    .parameterTypes
-    .zip(parameterTypes)
-    .map { (type, mstType) ->
-        when {
-            type == java.lang.Number::class.java && mstType == MstType.NUMBER -> AsmBuilder.NUMBER_TYPE
-            else -> if (primitiveMode) primitiveMask else primitiveMaskBoxed
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Checks if the target [context] for code generation contains a method with needed [name] and arity and inserts
- * [AsmBuilder.invokeAlgebraOperation] of this method.
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.tryInvokeSpecific(
-    context: Algebra<T>,
-    name: String,
-    parameterTypes: Array<MstType>
-): Boolean {
-    val arity = parameterTypes.size
-    val theName = methodNameAdapters[name to arity] ?: name
-    val spec = findSpecific(context, theName, parameterTypes) ?: return false
-    val owner = context.javaClass.asm
-
-    invokeAlgebraOperation(
-        owner = owner.internalName,
-        method = theName,
-        descriptor = Type.getMethodDescriptor(primitiveMaskBoxed, *mapTypes(spec, parameterTypes).toTypedArray()),
-        expectedArity = arity,
-        opcode = INVOKEVIRTUAL
-    )
-
-    return true
-}
-
-/**
- * Builds specialized [context] call with option to fallback to generic algebra operation accepting [String].
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-internal inline fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.buildAlgebraOperationCall(
-    context: Algebra<T>,
-    name: String,
-    fallbackMethodName: String,
-    parameterTypes: Array<MstType>,
-    parameters: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit
-) {
-    contract { callsInPlace(parameters, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    val arity = parameterTypes.size
-    loadAlgebra()
-    if (!buildExpectationStack(context, name, parameterTypes)) loadStringConstant(name)
-    parameters()
-
-    if (!tryInvokeSpecific(context, name, parameterTypes)) invokeAlgebraOperation(
-        owner = AsmBuilder.ALGEBRA_TYPE.internalName,
-        method = fallbackMethodName,
-
-        descriptor = Type.getMethodDescriptor(
-            AsmBuilder.OBJECT_TYPE,
-            AsmBuilder.STRING_TYPE,
-            *Array(arity) { AsmBuilder.OBJECT_TYPE }
-        ),
-
-        expectedArity = arity
-    )
-}

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmAlgebras.kt

@@ -10,15 +10,11 @@ import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
 internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
-
     @Test
     fun space() {
         val res1 = ByteRing.mstInSpace {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+            binaryOperation("+")(
+                unaryOperation("+")(
                     number(3.toByte()) - (number(2.toByte()) + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
@@ -30,11 +26,8 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
         }("x" to 2.toByte())
 
         val res2 = ByteRing.mstInSpace {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+            binaryOperation("+")(
+                unaryOperation("+")(
                     number(3.toByte()) - (number(2.toByte()) + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
@@ -51,11 +44,8 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
     @Test
     fun ring() {
         val res1 = ByteRing.mstInRing {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+            binaryOperation("+")(
+                unaryOperation("+")(
                     (symbol("x") - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
@@ -67,17 +57,13 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
         }("x" to 3.toByte())
 
         val res2 = ByteRing.mstInRing {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+            binaryOperation("+")(
+                unaryOperation("+")(
                     (symbol("x") - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
                     ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
                 ),
-
                 number(1)
             ) * number(2)
         }.compile()("x" to 3.toByte())
@@ -88,8 +74,7 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
     @Test
     fun field() {
         val res1 = RealField.mstInField {
-            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperation(
-                "+",
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperation("+")(
                 (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
                         + number(1),
                 number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
@@ -97,8 +82,7 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
         }("x" to 2.0)
 
         val res2 = RealField.mstInField {
-            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperation(
-                "+",
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperation("+")(
                 (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
                         + number(1),
                 number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmExpressions.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 package kscience.kmath.asm
 
-import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInExtendedField
 import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
 import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInSpace
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kotlin.random.Random
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
@@ -28,4 +29,13 @@ internal class TestAsmExpressions {
         val res = RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") * 2 }("x" to 2.0)
         assertEquals(4.0, res)
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMultipleCalls() {
+        val e = RealField.mstInExtendedField { sin(symbol("x")).pow(4) - 6 * symbol("x") / tanh(symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val r = Random(0)
+        var s = 0.0
+        repeat(1000000) { s += e("x" to r.nextDouble()) }
+        println(s)
+    }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmSpecialization.kt

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ internal class TestAsmSpecialization {
     @Test
     fun testPower() {
         val expr = RealField
-            .mstInField { binaryOperation("power")(symbol("x"), number(2)) }
+            .mstInField { binaryOperation("pow")(symbol("x"), number(2)) }
             .compile()
 
         assertEquals(4.0, expr("x" to 2.0))

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmVariables.kt

@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ internal class TestAsmVariables {
     @Test
     fun testVariableWithoutDefaultFails() {
         val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }
-        assertFailsWith<IllegalStateException> { expr() }
+        assertFailsWith<NoSuchElementException> { expr() }
     }
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt

@@ -20,12 +20,14 @@ public interface Algebra<T> {
     /**
      * Dynamically dispatches an unary operation with name [operation].
      */
-    public fun unaryOperation(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T
+    public fun unaryOperation(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T =
+        error("Unary operation $operation not defined in $this")
 
     /**
      * Dynamically dispatches a binary operation with name [operation].
      */
-    public fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T
+    public fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T =
+        error("Binary operation $operation not defined in $this")
 }
 
 /**
@@ -161,13 +163,13 @@ public interface SpaceOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
     override fun unaryOperation(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T = when (operation) {
         PLUS_OPERATION -> { arg -> arg }
         MINUS_OPERATION -> { arg -> -arg }
-        else -> error("Unary operation $operation not defined in $this")
+        else -> super.unaryOperation(operation)
     }
 
     override fun binaryOperation(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T = when (operation) {
         PLUS_OPERATION -> ::add
         MINUS_OPERATION -> { left, right -> left - right }
-        else -> error("Binary operation $operation not defined in $this")
+        else -> super.binaryOperation(operation)
     }
 
     public companion object {

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/NumberAlgebra.kt

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public interface ExtendedFieldOperations<T> :
         PowerOperations.SQRT_OPERATION -> ::sqrt
         ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION -> ::exp
         ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION -> ::ln
-        else -> super.unaryOperation(operation)
+        else -> super<FieldOperations>.unaryOperation(operation)
     }
 }