examples/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/ComplexND.kt

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ fun main() {
 
     val complexTime = measureTimeMillis {
         complexField.run {
-            var res = one
+            var res: NDBuffer<Complex> = one
             repeat(n) {
                 res += 1.0
             }

examples/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDField.kt

@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ fun main() {
 
     measureAndPrint("Automatic field addition") {
         autoField.run {
-            var res = one
+            var res: NDBuffer<Double> = one
             repeat(n) {
-                res += 1.0
+                res += number(1.0)
             }
         }
     }
 
-    measureAndPrint("Element addition"){
+    measureAndPrint("Element addition") {
         var res = genericField.one
         repeat(n) {
             res += 1.0
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ fun main() {
         genericField.run {
             var res: NDBuffer<Double> = one
             repeat(n) {
-                res += 1.0
+                res += one // con't avoid using `one` due to resolution ambiguity
             }
         }
     }

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/ast/MST.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.ast
 
+import scientifik.kmath.operations.Algebra
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.RealField
 
@@ -40,12 +41,14 @@ sealed class MST {
 
 //TODO add a function with named arguments
 
-fun <T> NumericAlgebra<T>.evaluate(node: MST): T {
+fun <T> Algebra<T>.evaluate(node: MST): T {
     return when (node) {
-        is MST.Numeric -> number(node.value)
+        is MST.Numeric -> (this as? NumericAlgebra<T>)?.number(node.value)
+            ?: error("Numeric nodes are not supported by $this")
         is MST.Symbolic -> symbol(node.value)
         is MST.Unary -> unaryOperation(node.operation, evaluate(node.value))
         is MST.Binary -> when {
+            this !is NumericAlgebra -> binaryOperation(node.operation, evaluate(node.left), evaluate(node.right))
             node.left is MST.Numeric && node.right is MST.Numeric -> {
                 val number = RealField.binaryOperation(
                     node.operation,
@@ -60,3 +63,5 @@ fun <T> NumericAlgebra<T>.evaluate(node: MST): T {
         }
     }
 }
+
+fun <T> MST.compile(algebra: Algebra<T>): T = algebra.evaluate(this)

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/ast/MSTAlgebra.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+@file:Suppress("DELEGATED_MEMBER_HIDES_SUPERTYPE_OVERRIDE")
+
+package scientifik.kmath.ast
+
+import scientifik.kmath.operations.*
+
+object MSTAlgebra : NumericAlgebra<MST> {
+    override fun symbol(value: String): MST = MST.Symbolic(value)
+
+    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: MST): MST = MST.Unary(operation, arg)
+
+    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: MST, right: MST): MST = MST.Binary(operation, left, right)
+
+    override fun number(value: Number): MST = MST.Numeric(value)
+}
+
+object MSTSpace : Space<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> by MSTAlgebra {
+    override val zero: MST = number(0.0)
+
+    override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST = binaryOperation(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION, a, b)
+
+    override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST = binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION, a, number(k))
+}
+
+object MSTRing : Ring<MST>, Space<MST> by MSTSpace {
+    override val one: MST = number(1.0)
+
+    override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST = binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION, a, b)
+}
+
+object MSTField : Field<MST>, Ring<MST> by MSTRing {
+    override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST = binaryOperation(FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION, a, b)
+}

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/asm/AsmExpressions.kt

@@ -1,292 +0,0 @@
-package scientifik.kmath.asm
-
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.hasSpecific
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.optimize
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.tryInvokeSpecific
-import scientifik.kmath.expressions.Expression
-import scientifik.kmath.expressions.ExpressionAlgebra
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.*
-import kotlin.reflect.KClass
-
-/**
- * A function declaration that could be compiled to [AsmBuilder].
- *
- * @param T the type the stored function returns.
- */
-sealed class AsmExpression<T : Any>: Expression<T> {
-    abstract val type: KClass<out T>
-
-    abstract val algebra: Algebra<T>
-
-    /**
-     * Tries to evaluate this function without its variables. This method is intended for optimization.
-     *
-     * @return `null` if the function depends on its variables, the value if the function is a constant.
-     */
-    internal open fun tryEvaluate(): T? = null
-
-    /**
-     * Compiles this declaration.
-     *
-     * @param gen the target [AsmBuilder].
-     */
-    internal abstract fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>)
-
-    /**
-     * Compile and cache the expression
-     */
-    private val compiledExpression by lazy{
-        val builder = AsmBuilder(type.java, algebra, buildName(this))
-        this.appendTo(builder)
-        builder.generate()
-    }
-
-    override fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = compiledExpression.invoke(arguments)
-}
-
-internal class AsmUnaryOperation<T : Any>(
-    override val type: KClass<out T>,
-    override val algebra: Algebra<T>,
-    private val name: String,
-    expr: AsmExpression<T>
-) : AsmExpression<T>() {
-    private val expr: AsmExpression<T> = expr.optimize()
-    override fun tryEvaluate(): T? = algebra { unaryOperation(name, expr.tryEvaluate() ?: return@algebra null) }
-
-    override fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>) {
-        gen.visitLoadAlgebra()
-
-        if (!hasSpecific(algebra, name, 1))
-            gen.visitStringConstant(name)
-
-        expr.appendTo(gen)
-
-        if (gen.tryInvokeSpecific(algebra, name, 1))
-            return
-
-        gen.visitAlgebraOperation(
-            owner = AsmBuilder.ALGEBRA_CLASS,
-            method = "unaryOperation",
-            descriptor = "(L${AsmBuilder.STRING_CLASS};" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};)" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};"
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-internal class AsmBinaryOperation<T : Any>(
-    override val type: KClass<out T>,
-    override val algebra: Algebra<T>,
-    private val name: String,
-    first: AsmExpression<T>,
-    second: AsmExpression<T>
-) : AsmExpression<T>() {
-    private val first: AsmExpression<T> = first.optimize()
-    private val second: AsmExpression<T> = second.optimize()
-
-    override fun tryEvaluate(): T? = algebra {
-        binaryOperation(
-            name,
-            first.tryEvaluate() ?: return@algebra null,
-            second.tryEvaluate() ?: return@algebra null
-        )
-    }
-
-    override fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>) {
-        gen.visitLoadAlgebra()
-
-        if (!hasSpecific(algebra, name, 2))
-            gen.visitStringConstant(name)
-
-        first.appendTo(gen)
-        second.appendTo(gen)
-
-        if (gen.tryInvokeSpecific(algebra, name, 2))
-            return
-
-        gen.visitAlgebraOperation(
-            owner = AsmBuilder.ALGEBRA_CLASS,
-            method = "binaryOperation",
-            descriptor = "(L${AsmBuilder.STRING_CLASS};" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};)" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};"
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-internal class AsmVariableExpression<T : Any>(
-    override val type: KClass<out T>,
-    override val algebra: Algebra<T>,
-    private val name: String,
-    private val default: T? = null
-) : AsmExpression<T>() {
-    override fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>): Unit = gen.visitLoadFromVariables(name, default)
-}
-
-internal class AsmConstantExpression<T : Any>(
-    override val type: KClass<out T>,
-    override val algebra: Algebra<T>,
-    private val value: T
-) : AsmExpression<T>() {
-    override fun tryEvaluate(): T = value
-    override fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>): Unit = gen.visitLoadFromConstants(value)
-}
-
-internal class AsmConstProductExpression<T : Any>(
-    override val type: KClass<out T>,
-    override val algebra: Space<T>,
-    expr: AsmExpression<T>,
-    private val const: Number
-) : AsmExpression<T>() {
-    private val expr: AsmExpression<T> = expr.optimize()
-
-    override fun tryEvaluate(): T? = algebra { (expr.tryEvaluate() ?: return@algebra null) * const }
-
-    override fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>) {
-        gen.visitLoadAlgebra()
-        gen.visitNumberConstant(const)
-        expr.appendTo(gen)
-
-        gen.visitAlgebraOperation(
-            owner = AsmBuilder.SPACE_OPERATIONS_CLASS,
-            method = "multiply",
-            descriptor = "(L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.NUMBER_CLASS};)" +
-                    "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};"
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-internal class AsmNumberExpression<T : Any>(
-    override val type: KClass<out T>,
-    override val algebra: NumericAlgebra<T>,
-    private val value: Number
-) : AsmExpression<T>() {
-    override fun tryEvaluate(): T? = algebra.number(value)
-
-    override fun appendTo(gen: AsmBuilder<T>): Unit = gen.visitNumberConstant(value)
-}
-
-internal abstract class FunctionalCompiledExpression<T> internal constructor(
-    @JvmField protected val algebra: Algebra<T>,
-    @JvmField protected val constants: Array<Any>
-) : Expression<T> {
-    abstract override fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T
-}
-
-/**
- * A context class for [AsmExpression] construction.
- *
- * @param  algebra The algebra to provide for AsmExpressions built.
- */
-open class AsmExpressionAlgebra<T : Any, A : NumericAlgebra<T>>(val type: KClass<out T>, val algebra: A) :
-    NumericAlgebra<AsmExpression<T>>, ExpressionAlgebra<T, AsmExpression<T>> {
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression to wrap a number.
-     */
-    override fun number(value: Number): AsmExpression<T> = AsmNumberExpression(type, algebra, value)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of constant expression which does not depend on arguments.
-     */
-    override fun const(value: T): AsmExpression<T> = AsmConstantExpression(type, algebra, value)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression to access a variable.
-     */
-    override fun variable(name: String, default: T?): AsmExpression<T> = AsmVariableExpression(type, algebra, name, default)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right].
-     */
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: AsmExpression<T>, right: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        AsmBinaryOperation(type, algebra, operation, left, right)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of dynamic call of unary operation with name [operation] on [arg].
-     */
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        AsmUnaryOperation(type, algebra, operation, arg)
-}
-
-/**
- * A context class for [AsmExpression] construction for [Space] algebras.
- */
-open class AsmExpressionSpace<T : Any, A>(type: KClass<out T>, algebra: A) : AsmExpressionAlgebra<T, A>(type, algebra),
-    Space<AsmExpression<T>> where  A : Space<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
-    override val zero: AsmExpression<T> get() = const(algebra.zero)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of addition of two another expressions.
-     */
-    override fun add(a: AsmExpression<T>, b: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        AsmBinaryOperation(type, algebra, SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION, a, b)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of multiplication of expression by number.
-     */
-    override fun multiply(a: AsmExpression<T>, k: Number): AsmExpression<T> = AsmConstProductExpression(type, algebra, a, k)
-
-    operator fun AsmExpression<T>.plus(arg: T): AsmExpression<T> = this + const(arg)
-    operator fun AsmExpression<T>.minus(arg: T): AsmExpression<T> = this - const(arg)
-    operator fun T.plus(arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> = arg + this
-    operator fun T.minus(arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> = arg - this
-
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        super<AsmExpressionAlgebra>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
-
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: AsmExpression<T>, right: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        super<AsmExpressionAlgebra>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
-}
-
-/**
- * A context class for [AsmExpression] construction for [Ring] algebras.
- */
-open class AsmExpressionRing<T : Any, A>(type: KClass<out T>, algebra: A) : AsmExpressionSpace<T, A>(type, algebra),
-    Ring<AsmExpression<T>> where  A : Ring<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
-    override val one: AsmExpression<T> get() = const(algebra.one)
-
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of multiplication of two expressions.
-     */
-    override fun multiply(a: AsmExpression<T>, b: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        AsmBinaryOperation(type, algebra, RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION, a, b)
-
-    operator fun AsmExpression<T>.times(arg: T): AsmExpression<T> = this * const(arg)
-    operator fun T.times(arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> = arg * this
-
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        super<AsmExpressionSpace>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
-
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: AsmExpression<T>, right: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        super<AsmExpressionSpace>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
-
-    override fun number(value: Number): AsmExpression<T> = super<AsmExpressionSpace>.number(value)
-}
-
-/**
- * A context class for [AsmExpression] construction for [Field] algebras.
- */
-open class AsmExpressionField<T : Any, A>(type: KClass<out T>, algebra: A) :
-    AsmExpressionRing<T, A>(type, algebra),
-    Field<AsmExpression<T>> where A : Field<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
-    /**
-     * Builds an AsmExpression of division an expression by another one.
-     */
-    override fun divide(a: AsmExpression<T>, b: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        AsmBinaryOperation(type, algebra, FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION, a, b)
-
-    operator fun AsmExpression<T>.div(arg: T): AsmExpression<T> = this / const(arg)
-    operator fun T.div(arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> = arg / this
-
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        super<AsmExpressionRing>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
-
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: AsmExpression<T>, right: AsmExpression<T>): AsmExpression<T> =
-        super<AsmExpressionRing>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
-
-    override fun number(value: Number): AsmExpression<T> = super<AsmExpressionRing>.number(value)
-}

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/asm/asm.kt

@@ -1,47 +1,103 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.asm
 
+import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder
+import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.hasSpecific
+import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.tryInvokeSpecific
 import scientifik.kmath.ast.MST
-import scientifik.kmath.ast.evaluate
+import scientifik.kmath.ast.MSTField
+import scientifik.kmath.ast.MSTRing
+import scientifik.kmath.ast.MSTSpace
 import scientifik.kmath.expressions.Expression
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.Field
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.Ring
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.Space
+import scientifik.kmath.operations.*
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
-internal fun buildName(expression: AsmExpression<*>, collision: Int = 0): String {
-    val name = "scientifik.kmath.expressions.generated.AsmCompiledExpression_${expression.hashCode()}_$collision"
 
-    try {
-        Class.forName(name)
-    } catch (ignored: ClassNotFoundException) {
-        return name
+/**
+ * Compile given MST to an Expression using AST compiler
+ */
+fun <T : Any> MST.compileWith(type: KClass<T>, algebra: Algebra<T>): Expression<T> {
+
+    fun buildName(mst: MST, collision: Int = 0): String {
+        val name = "scientifik.kmath.expressions.generated.AsmCompiledExpression_${mst.hashCode()}_$collision"
+
+        try {
+            Class.forName(name)
+        } catch (ignored: ClassNotFoundException) {
+            return name
+        }
+
+        return buildName(mst, collision + 1)
     }
 
-    return buildName(expression, collision + 1)
+    fun AsmBuilder<T>.visit(node: MST): Unit {
+        when (node) {
+            is MST.Symbolic -> visitLoadFromVariables(node.value)
+            is MST.Numeric -> {
+                val constant = if (algebra is NumericAlgebra<T>) {
+                    algebra.number(node.value)
+                } else {
+                    error("Number literals are not supported in $algebra")
+                }
+                visitLoadFromConstants(constant)
+            }
+            is MST.Unary -> {
+                visitLoadAlgebra()
+
+                if (!hasSpecific(algebra, node.operation, 1)) visitStringConstant(node.operation)
+
+                visit(node.value)
+
+                if (!tryInvokeSpecific(algebra, node.operation, 1)) {
+                    visitAlgebraOperation(
+                        owner = AsmBuilder.ALGEBRA_CLASS,
+                        method = "unaryOperation",
+                        descriptor = "(L${AsmBuilder.STRING_CLASS};" +
+                                "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};)" +
+                                "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};"
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            is MST.Binary -> {
+                visitLoadAlgebra()
+
+                if (!hasSpecific(algebra, node.operation, 2))
+                    visitStringConstant(node.operation)
+
+                visit(node.left)
+                visit(node.right)
+
+                if (!tryInvokeSpecific(algebra, node.operation, 2)) {
+
+                    visitAlgebraOperation(
+                        owner = AsmBuilder.ALGEBRA_CLASS,
+                        method = "binaryOperation",
+                        descriptor = "(L${AsmBuilder.STRING_CLASS};" +
+                                "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};" +
+                                "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};)" +
+                                "L${AsmBuilder.OBJECT_CLASS};"
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    val builder = AsmBuilder(type.java, algebra, buildName(this))
+    builder.visit(this)
+    return builder.generate()
 }
 
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A : NumericAlgebra<T>, E : AsmExpressionAlgebra<T, A>> A.asm(
-    expressionAlgebra: E,
-    block: E.() -> AsmExpression<T>
-): Expression<T> = expressionAlgebra.block()
+inline fun <reified T : Any> Algebra<T>.compile(mst: MST): Expression<T> = mst.compileWith(T::class, this)
 
-inline fun <reified T : Any> NumericAlgebra<T>.asm(ast: MST): Expression<T> =
-    AsmExpressionAlgebra(T::class, this).evaluate(ast)
+inline fun <reified T : Any, A : Algebra<T>, E : Algebra<MST>> A.asm(
+    mstAlgebra: E,
+    block: E.() -> MST
+): Expression<T> = mstAlgebra.block().compileWith(T::class, this)
 
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A> A.asmSpace(block: AsmExpressionSpace<T, A>.() -> AsmExpression<T>): Expression<T> where A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : Space<T> =
-    AsmExpressionSpace<T, A>(T::class, this).block()
+inline fun <reified T : Any, A : Space<T>> A.asmInSpace(block: MSTSpace.() -> MST): Expression<T> =
+    MSTSpace.block().compileWith(T::class, this)
 
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A> A.asmSpace(ast: MST): Expression<T> where A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : Space<T> =
-    asmSpace { evaluate(ast) }
+inline fun <reified T : Any, A : Ring<T>> A.asmInRing(block: MSTRing.() -> MST): Expression<T> =
+    MSTRing.block().compileWith(T::class, this)
 
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A> A.asmRing(block: AsmExpressionRing<T, A>.() -> AsmExpression<T>): Expression<T> where A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : Ring<T> =
-    AsmExpressionRing(T::class, this).block()
-
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A> A.asmRing(ast: MST): Expression<T> where A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : Ring<T> =
-    asmRing { evaluate(ast) }
-
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A> A.asmField(block: AsmExpressionField<T, A>.() -> AsmExpression<T>): Expression<T> where A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : Field<T> =
-    AsmExpressionField(T::class, this).block()
-
-inline fun <reified T : Any, A> A.asmField(ast: MST): Expression<T> where A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : Field<T> =
-    asmRing { evaluate(ast) }
+inline fun <reified T : Any, A : Field<T>> A.asmInField(block: MSTField.() -> MST): Expression<T> =
+    MSTField.block().compileWith(T::class, this)

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/asm/internal/AsmBuilder.kt

@@ -4,10 +4,19 @@ import org.objectweb.asm.ClassWriter
 import org.objectweb.asm.Label
 import org.objectweb.asm.MethodVisitor
 import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.FunctionalCompiledExpression
 import scientifik.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder.AsmClassLoader
+import scientifik.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.Algebra
 
+
+private abstract class FunctionalCompiledExpression<T> internal constructor(
+    @JvmField protected val algebra: Algebra<T>,
+    @JvmField protected val constants: Array<Any>
+) : Expression<T> {
+    abstract override fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T
+}
+
+
 /**
  * AsmGenerationContext is a structure that abstracts building a class that unwraps [AsmNode] to plain Java
  * expression. This class uses [AsmClassLoader] for loading the generated class, then it is able to instantiate the new
@@ -16,6 +25,8 @@ import scientifik.kmath.operations.Algebra
  * @param T the type of AsmExpression to unwrap.
  * @param algebra the algebra the applied AsmExpressions use.
  * @param className the unique class name of new loaded class.
+ *
+ * @author [Iaroslav Postovalov](https://github.com/CommanderTvis)
  */
 internal class AsmBuilder<T>(
     private val classOfT: Class<*>,
@@ -44,7 +55,6 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T>(
     private val invokeMethodVisitor: MethodVisitor
     private val invokeL0: Label
     private lateinit var invokeL1: Label
-    private var generatedInstance: FunctionalCompiledExpression<T>? = null
 
     init {
         asmCompiledClassWriter.visit(
@@ -113,8 +123,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T>(
     }
 
     @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-    fun generate(): FunctionalCompiledExpression<T> {
-        generatedInstance?.let { return it }
+    fun generate(): Expression<T> {
 
         invokeMethodVisitor.run {
             visitInsn(Opcodes.ARETURN)
@@ -182,7 +191,6 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T>(
             .first()
             .newInstance(algebra, constants.toTypedArray()) as FunctionalCompiledExpression<T>
 
-        generatedInstance = new
         return new
     }
 

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/asm/internal/optimization.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.asm.internal
 
 import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.AsmConstantExpression
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.AsmExpression
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.Algebra
 
 private val methodNameAdapters: Map<String, String> = mapOf("+" to "add", "*" to "multiply", "/" to "divide")
@@ -41,8 +39,8 @@ internal fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.tryInvokeSpecific(context: Algebra<T>, name: Stri
 
     return true
 }
-
-internal fun <T : Any> AsmExpression<T>.optimize(): AsmExpression<T> {
-    val a = tryEvaluate()
-    return if (a == null) this else AsmConstantExpression(type, algebra, a)
-}
+//
+//internal fun <T : Any> AsmExpression<T>.optimize(): AsmExpression<T> {
+//    val a = tryEvaluate()
+//    return if (a == null) this else AsmConstantExpression(type, algebra, a)
+//}

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/scietifik/kmath/asm/TestAsmAlgebras.kt

@@ -1,75 +1,66 @@
 package scietifik.kmath.asm
 
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.asmField
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.asmRing
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.asmSpace
-import scientifik.kmath.expressions.invoke
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.ByteRing
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.RealField
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class TestAsmAlgebras {
-    @Test
-    fun space() {
-        val res = ByteRing.asmSpace {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
-                    3.toByte() - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
-                        add(const(1), const(1)),
-                        2
-                    ) + 1.toByte()) * 3.toByte() - 1.toByte())
-                ),
-
-                number(1)
-            ) + variable("x") + zero
-        }("x" to 2.toByte())
-
-        assertEquals(16, res)
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun ring() {
-        val res = ByteRing.asmRing {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
-                    (3.toByte() - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
-                        add(const(1), const(1)),
-                        2
-                    ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
-                ),
-
-                number(1)
-            ) * const(2)
-        }()
-
-        assertEquals(24, res)
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun field() {
-        val res = RealField.asmField {
-            divide(binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
-                    (3.0 - (2.0 + (multiply(
-                        add(const(1.0), const(1.0)),
-                        2
-                    ) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
-                ),
-
-                number(1)
-            ) / 2, const(2.0)) * one
-        }()
-
-        assertEquals(3.0, res)
-    }
-}
+//
+//class TestAsmAlgebras {
+//    @Test
+//    fun space() {
+//        val res = ByteRing.asmInRing {
+//            binaryOperation(
+//                "+",
+//
+//                unaryOperation(
+//                    "+",
+//                    3.toByte() - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
+//                        add(number(1), number(1)),
+//                        2
+//                    ) + 1.toByte()) * 3.toByte() - 1.toByte())
+//                ),
+//
+//                number(1)
+//            ) + symbol("x") + zero
+//        }("x" to 2.toByte())
+//
+//        assertEquals(16, res)
+//    }
+//
+//    @Test
+//    fun ring() {
+//        val res = ByteRing.asmInRing {
+//            binaryOperation(
+//                "+",
+//
+//                unaryOperation(
+//                    "+",
+//                    (3.toByte() - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
+//                        add(const(1), const(1)),
+//                        2
+//                    ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
+//                ),
+//
+//                number(1)
+//            ) * const(2)
+//        }()
+//
+//        assertEquals(24, res)
+//    }
+//
+//    @Test
+//    fun field() {
+//        val res = RealField.asmInField {
+//            +(3 - 2 + 2*(number(1)+1.0)
+//
+//                unaryOperation(
+//                    "+",
+//                    (3.0 - (2.0 + (multiply(
+//                        add((1.0), const(1.0)),
+//                        2
+//                    ) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+//                )+
+//
+//                number(1)
+//            ) / 2, const(2.0)) * one
+//        }()
+//
+//        assertEquals(3.0, res)
+//    }
+//}

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/scietifik/kmath/asm/TestAsmExpressions.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package scietifik.kmath.asm
 
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.asmField
+import scientifik.kmath.asm.asmInField
 import scientifik.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.RealField
 import kotlin.test.Test
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 class TestAsmExpressions {
     @Test
     fun testUnaryOperationInvocation() {
-        val res = RealField.asmField { unaryOperation("+", variable("x")) }("x" to 2.0)
-        assertEquals(2.0, res)
+        val res = RealField.asmInField { -symbol("x") }("x" to 2.0)
+        assertEquals(-2.0, res)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testConstProductInvocation() {
-        val res = RealField.asmField { variable("x") * 2 }("x" to 2.0)
+        val res = RealField.asmInField { symbol("x") * 2 }("x" to 2.0)
         assertEquals(4.0, res)
     }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/scietifik/kmath/ast/AsmTest.kt

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 package scietifik.kmath.ast
 
-import scientifik.kmath.asm.asmField
+import scientifik.kmath.asm.compile
 import scientifik.kmath.ast.parseMath
 import scientifik.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.Complex
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.ComplexField
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
 class AsmTest {
     @Test
     fun parsedExpression() {
         val mst = "2+2*(2+2)".parseMath()
-        val res = ComplexField.asmField(mst)()
+        val res = ComplexField.compile(mst)()
         assertEquals(Complex(10.0, 0.0), res)
     }
 }

kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/commons/expressions/DiffExpression.kt

@@ -76,10 +76,10 @@ class DerivativeStructureField(
 
     override fun ln(arg: DerivativeStructure): DerivativeStructure = arg.log()
 
-    operator fun DerivativeStructure.plus(n: Number): DerivativeStructure = add(n.toDouble())
-    operator fun DerivativeStructure.minus(n: Number): DerivativeStructure = subtract(n.toDouble())
-    operator fun Number.plus(s: DerivativeStructure) = s + this
-    operator fun Number.minus(s: DerivativeStructure) = s - this
+    override operator fun DerivativeStructure.plus(b: Number): DerivativeStructure = add(b.toDouble())
+    override operator fun DerivativeStructure.minus(b: Number): DerivativeStructure = subtract(b.toDouble())
+    override operator fun Number.plus(b: DerivativeStructure) = b + this
+    override operator fun Number.minus(b: DerivativeStructure) = b - this
 }
 
 /**

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/misc/AutoDiff.kt

@@ -90,20 +90,20 @@ abstract class AutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>> : Field<Variable<T>> {
 
     // Overloads for Double constants
 
-    operator fun Number.plus(that: Variable<T>): Variable<T> =
-        derive(variable { this@plus.toDouble() * one + that.value }) { z ->
-            that.d += z.d
+    override operator fun Number.plus(b: Variable<T>): Variable<T> =
+        derive(variable { this@plus.toDouble() * one + b.value }) { z ->
+            b.d += z.d
         }
 
-    operator fun Variable<T>.plus(b: Number): Variable<T> = b.plus(this)
+    override operator fun Variable<T>.plus(b: Number): Variable<T> = b.plus(this)
 
-    operator fun Number.minus(that: Variable<T>): Variable<T> =
-        derive(variable { this@minus.toDouble() * one - that.value }) { z ->
-            that.d -= z.d
+    override operator fun Number.minus(b: Variable<T>): Variable<T> =
+        derive(variable { this@minus.toDouble() * one - b.value }) { z ->
+            b.d -= z.d
         }
 
-    operator fun Variable<T>.minus(that: Number): Variable<T> =
-        derive(variable { this@minus.value - one * that.toDouble() }) { z ->
+    override operator fun Variable<T>.minus(b: Number): Variable<T> =
+        derive(variable { this@minus.value - one * b.toDouble() }) { z ->
             this@minus.d += z.d
         }
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt

@@ -12,9 +12,6 @@ interface Algebra<T> {
      */
     fun symbol(value: String): T = error("Wrapping of '$value' is not supported in $this")
 
-    @Deprecated("Symbol is more concise",replaceWith = ReplaceWith("symbol"))
-    fun raw(value: String): T = symbol(value)
-
     /**
      * Dynamic call of unary operation with name [operation] on [arg]
      */
@@ -64,6 +61,8 @@ interface SpaceOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
     //Operation to be performed in this context. Could be moved to extensions in case of KEEP-176
     operator fun T.unaryMinus(): T = multiply(this, -1.0)
 
+    operator fun T.unaryPlus(): T = this
+
     operator fun T.plus(b: T): T = add(this, b)
     operator fun T.minus(b: T): T = add(this, -b)
     operator fun T.times(k: Number) = multiply(this, k.toDouble())
@@ -138,17 +137,25 @@ interface Ring<T> : Space<T>, RingOperations<T>, NumericAlgebra<T> {
     override fun number(value: Number): T = one * value.toDouble()
 
     override fun leftSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: Number, right: T): T = when (operation) {
+        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION -> left + right
+        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION -> left - right
         RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION -> left * right
         else -> super.leftSideNumberOperation(operation, left, right)
     }
 
-    //TODO those operators are blocked by type conflict in RealField
+    override fun rightSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: Number): T = when (operation) {
+        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION -> left + right
+        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION -> left - right
+        RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION -> left * right
+        else -> super.rightSideNumberOperation(operation, left, right)
+    }
 
-//    operator fun T.plus(b: Number) = this.plus(b * one)
-//    operator fun Number.plus(b: T) = b + this
-//
-//    operator fun T.minus(b: Number) = this.minus(b * one)
-//    operator fun Number.minus(b: T) = -b + this
+
+    operator fun T.plus(b: Number) = this.plus(number(b))
+    operator fun Number.plus(b: T) = b + this
+
+    operator fun T.minus(b: Number) = this.minus(number(b))
+    operator fun Number.minus(b: T) = -b + this
 }
 
 /**