Specify type explicitly EVERYWHERE in kmath-core, add newlines at ends of files, refactor minor problems, improve documentation

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/domains/Domain.kt

@@ -3,13 +3,18 @@ package scientifik.kmath.domains
 import scientifik.kmath.linear.Point
 
 /**
- * A simple geometric domain
+ * A simple geometric domain.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this domain.
  */
 interface Domain<T : Any> {
+    /**
+     * Checks if the specified point is contained in this domain.
+     */
     operator fun contains(point: Point<T>): Boolean
 
     /**
-     * Number of hyperspace dimensions
+     * Number of hyperspace dimensions.
      */
     val dimension: Int
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt

@@ -42,13 +42,14 @@ class HyperSquareDomain(private val lower: RealBuffer, private val upper: RealBu
     override fun getUpperBound(num: Int): Double? = upper[num]
 
     override fun nearestInDomain(point: Point<Double>): Point<Double> {
-        val res: DoubleArray = DoubleArray(point.size) { i ->
+        val res = DoubleArray(point.size) { i ->
             when {
                 point[i] < lower[i] -> lower[i]
                 point[i] > upper[i] -> upper[i]
                 else -> point[i]
             }
         }
+
         return RealBuffer(*res)
     }
 
@@ -64,4 +65,4 @@ class HyperSquareDomain(private val lower: RealBuffer, private val upper: RealBu
         }
         return res
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/domains/RealDomain.kt

@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ import scientifik.kmath.linear.Point
  *
  * @author Alexander Nozik
  */
-interface RealDomain: Domain<Double> {
+interface RealDomain : Domain<Double> {
-
     fun nearestInDomain(point: Point<Double>): Point<Double>
 
     /**
@@ -61,5 +60,4 @@ interface RealDomain: Domain<Double> {
      * @return
      */
     fun volume(): Double
-
+}
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/domains/UnconstrainedDomain.kt

@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ package scientifik.kmath.domains
 import scientifik.kmath.linear.Point
 
 class UnconstrainedDomain(override val dimension: Int) : RealDomain {
-
     override operator fun contains(point: Point<Double>): Boolean = true
 
     override fun getLowerBound(num: Int, point: Point<Double>): Double? = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
@@ -32,5 +31,4 @@ class UnconstrainedDomain(override val dimension: Int) : RealDomain {
     override fun nearestInDomain(point: Point<Double>): Point<Double> = point
 
     override fun volume(): Double = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY
-
+}
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/domains/UnivariateDomain.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import scientifik.kmath.linear.Point
 import scientifik.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 
 inline class UnivariateDomain(val range: ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>) : RealDomain {
-
     operator fun contains(d: Double): Boolean = range.contains(d)
 
     override operator fun contains(point: Point<Double>): Boolean {
@@ -15,10 +14,10 @@ inline class UnivariateDomain(val range: ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>) : Rea
     override fun nearestInDomain(point: Point<Double>): Point<Double> {
         require(point.size == 1)
         val value = point[0]
-        return when{
+        return when {
             value in range -> point
             value >= range.endInclusive -> doubleArrayOf(range.endInclusive).asBuffer()
-            else ->  doubleArrayOf(range.start).asBuffer()
+            else -> doubleArrayOf(range.start).asBuffer()
         }
     }
 
@@ -45,4 +44,4 @@ inline class UnivariateDomain(val range: ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>) : Rea
     override fun volume(): Double = range.endInclusive - range.start
 
     override val dimension: Int get() = 1
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/expressions/Expression.kt

@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ interface Expression<T> {
 /**
  * Create simple lazily evaluated expression inside given algebra
  */
-fun <T> Algebra<T>.expression(block:  Algebra<T>.(arguments: Map<String, T>) -> T): Expression<T> = object: Expression<T> {
+fun <T> Algebra<T>.expression(block: Algebra<T>.(arguments: Map<String, T>) -> T): Expression<T> =
-    override fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = block(arguments)
+    object : Expression<T> {
-}
+        override fun invoke(arguments: Map<String, T>): T = block(arguments)
+    }
 
 operator fun <T> Expression<T>.invoke(vararg pairs: Pair<String, T>): T = invoke(mapOf(*pairs))
 
@@ -33,4 +34,4 @@ interface ExpressionAlgebra<T, E> : Algebra<E> {
      * A constant expression which does not depend on arguments
      */
     fun const(value: T): E
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt

@@ -143,4 +143,4 @@ inline fun <T, A : Ring<T>> A.expressionInRing(block: FunctionalExpressionRing<T
     FunctionalExpressionRing(this).block()
 
 inline fun <T, A : Field<T>> A.expressionInField(block: FunctionalExpressionField<T, A>.() -> Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-    FunctionalExpressionField(this).block()
+    FunctionalExpressionField(this).block()

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix.kt

@@ -19,22 +19,20 @@ class BufferMatrixContext<T : Any, R : Ring<T>>(
 
     override fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Point<T> = bufferFactory(size, initializer)
 
-    companion object {
+    companion object
-
-    }
 }
 
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
 object RealMatrixContext : GenericMatrixContext<Double, RealField> {
 
-    override val elementContext get() = RealField
+    override val elementContext: RealField get() = RealField
 
     override inline fun produce(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): Matrix<Double> {
         val buffer = RealBuffer(rows * columns) { offset -> initializer(offset / columns, offset % columns) }
         return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
     }
 
-    override inline fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): Point<Double> = RealBuffer(size,initializer)
+    override inline fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): Point<Double> = RealBuffer(size, initializer)
 }
 
 class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
@@ -52,7 +50,7 @@ class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
 
     override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
 
-    override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature) =
+    override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): BufferMatrix<T> =
         BufferMatrix(rowNum, colNum, buffer, this.features + features)
 
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T = get(index[0], index[1])
@@ -84,8 +82,8 @@ class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
     override fun toString(): String {
         return if (rowNum <= 5 && colNum <= 5) {
             "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum, features=$features)\n" +
-                    rows.asSequence().joinToString(prefix = "(", postfix = ")", separator = "\n ") {
+                    rows.asSequence().joinToString(prefix = "(", postfix = ")", separator = "\n ") { buffer ->
-                        it.asSequence().joinToString(separator = "\t") { it.toString() }
+                        buffer.asSequence().joinToString(separator = "\t") { it.toString() }
                     }
         } else {
             "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum, features=$features)"
@@ -121,4 +119,4 @@ infix fun BufferMatrix<Double>.dot(other: BufferMatrix<Double>): BufferMatrix<Do
 
     val buffer = RealBuffer(array)
     return BufferMatrix(rowNum, other.colNum, buffer)
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/FeaturedMatrix.kt

@@ -23,12 +23,10 @@ interface FeaturedMatrix<T : Any> : Matrix<T> {
      */
     fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): FeaturedMatrix<T>
 
-    companion object {
+    companion object
-
-    }
 }
 
-fun Structure2D.Companion.real(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double) =
+fun Structure2D.Companion.real(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double): Matrix<Double> =
     MatrixContext.real.produce(rows, columns, initializer)
 
 /**
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.square(vararg elements: T): FeaturedMatrix<T
     return BufferMatrix(size, size, buffer)
 }
 
-val Matrix<*>.features get() = (this as? FeaturedMatrix)?.features?: emptySet()
+val Matrix<*>.features: Set<MatrixFeature> get() = (this as? FeaturedMatrix)?.features ?: emptySet()
 
 /**
  * Check if matrix has the given feature class
@@ -68,7 +66,7 @@ fun <T : Any, R : Ring<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, R>.one(rows: Int, columns: In
  * A virtual matrix of zeroes
  */
 fun <T : Any, R : Ring<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, R>.zero(rows: Int, columns: Int): FeaturedMatrix<T> =
-    VirtualMatrix<T>(rows, columns) { _, _ -> elementContext.zero }
+    VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { _, _ -> elementContext.zero }
 
 class TransposedFeature<T : Any>(val original: Matrix<T>) : MatrixFeature
 
@@ -83,4 +81,4 @@ fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.transpose(): Matrix<T> {
     ) { i, j -> get(j, i) }
 }
 
-infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = with(MatrixContext.real) { dot(other) }
+infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = with(MatrixContext.real) { dot(other) }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/LUPDecomposition.kt

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class LUPDecomposition<T : Any>(
     private val even: Boolean
 ) : LUPDecompositionFeature<T>, DeterminantFeature<T> {
 
-    val elementContext get() = context.elementContext
+    val elementContext: Field<T> get() = context.elementContext
 
     /**
      * Returns the matrix L of the decomposition.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ class LUPDecomposition<T : Any>(
 
 }
 
-fun <T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F>.abs(value: T) =
+fun <T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F>.abs(value: T): T =
     if (value > elementContext.zero) value else with(elementContext) { -value }
 
 
@@ -169,9 +169,10 @@ fun <T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F>.lup(
 inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F>.lup(
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean
-) = lup(T::class, matrix, checkSingular)
+): LUPDecomposition<T> = lup(T::class, matrix, checkSingular)
 
-fun GenericMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.lup(matrix: Matrix<Double>) = lup(Double::class, matrix) { it < 1e-11 }
+fun GenericMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.lup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): LUPDecomposition<Double> =
+    lup(Double::class, matrix) { it < 1e-11 }
 
 fun <T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solve(type: KClass<T>, matrix: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> {
 
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ fun <T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solve(type: KClass<T>, matrix: Matrix<T>): Mat
             // Apply permutations to b
             val bp = create { _, _ -> zero }
 
-            for (row in 0 until pivot.size) {
+            for (row in pivot.indices) {
                 val bpRow = bp.row(row)
                 val pRow = pivot[row]
                 for (col in 0 until matrix.colNum) {
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@ fun <T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solve(type: KClass<T>, matrix: Matrix<T>): Mat
             }
 
             // Solve LY = b
-            for (col in 0 until pivot.size) {
+            for (col in pivot.indices) {
                 val bpCol = bp.row(col)
                 for (i in col + 1 until pivot.size) {
                     val bpI = bp.row(i)
@@ -225,7 +226,7 @@ fun <T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solve(type: KClass<T>, matrix: Matrix<T>): Mat
     }
 }
 
-inline fun <reified T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solve(matrix: Matrix<T>) = solve(T::class, matrix)
+inline fun <reified T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solve(matrix: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> = solve(T::class, matrix)
 
 /**
  * Solve a linear equation **a*x = b**
@@ -240,13 +241,12 @@ inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F>.
     return decomposition.solve(T::class, b)
 }
 
-fun RealMatrixContext.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>) =
+fun RealMatrixContext.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = solve(a, b) { it < 1e-11 }
-    solve(a, b) { it < 1e-11 }
 
 inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F>.inverse(
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean
-) = solve(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum), checkSingular)
+): Matrix<T> = solve(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum), checkSingular)
 
-fun RealMatrixContext.inverse(matrix: Matrix<Double>) =
+fun RealMatrixContext.inverse(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> =
-    solve(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum)) { it < 1e-11 }
+    solve(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum)) { it < 1e-11 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/LinearAlgebra.kt

@@ -25,4 +25,4 @@ fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.asPoint(): Point<T> =
         error("Can't convert matrix with more than one column to vector")
     }
 
-fun <T : Any> Point<T>.asMatrix() = VirtualMatrix(size, 1) { i, _ -> get(i) }
+fun <T : Any> Point<T>.asMatrix(): VirtualMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(size, 1) { i, _ -> get(i) }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/MatrixContext.kt

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ interface MatrixContext<T : Any> : SpaceOperations<Matrix<T>> {
         /**
          * Non-boxing double matrix
          */
-        val real = RealMatrixContext
+        val real: RealMatrixContext = RealMatrixContext
 
         /**
          * A structured matrix with custom buffer
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ interface GenericMatrixContext<T : Any, R : Ring<T>> : MatrixContext<T> {
         }
     }
 
-    override operator fun Matrix<T>.unaryMinus() =
+    override operator fun Matrix<T>.unaryMinus(): Matrix<T> =
         produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> elementContext.run { -get(i, j) } }
 
     override fun add(a: Matrix<T>, b: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> {
         if (a.rowNum != b.rowNum || a.colNum != b.colNum) error("Matrix operation dimension mismatch. [${a.rowNum},${a.colNum}] + [${b.rowNum},${b.colNum}]")
-        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext.run { a.get(i, j) + b[i, j] } }
+        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext.run { a[i, j] + b[i, j] } }
     }
 
     override operator fun Matrix<T>.minus(b: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ interface GenericMatrixContext<T : Any, R : Ring<T>> : MatrixContext<T> {
     }
 
     override fun multiply(a: Matrix<T>, k: Number): Matrix<T> =
-        produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext.run { a.get(i, j) * k } }
+        produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext.run { a[i, j] * k } }
 
     operator fun Number.times(matrix: FeaturedMatrix<T>): Matrix<T> = matrix * this
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/MatrixFeatures.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.linear
 
 /**
- * A marker interface representing some matrix feature like diagonal, sparce, zero, etc. Features used to optimize matrix
+ * A marker interface representing some matrix feature like diagonal, sparse, zero, etc. Features used to optimize matrix
  * operations performance in some cases.
  */
 interface MatrixFeature
@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ interface DeterminantFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
 }
 
 @Suppress("FunctionName")
-fun <T: Any> DeterminantFeature(determinant: T) = object: DeterminantFeature<T>{
+fun <T : Any> DeterminantFeature(determinant: T): DeterminantFeature<T> = object : DeterminantFeature<T> {
     override val determinant: T = determinant
 }
 
 /**
  * Lower triangular matrix
  */
-object LFeature: MatrixFeature
+object LFeature : MatrixFeature
 
 /**
  * Upper triangular feature
  */
-object UFeature: MatrixFeature
+object UFeature : MatrixFeature
 
 /**
  * TODO add documentation
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ interface LUPDecompositionFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
     val p: FeaturedMatrix<T>
 }
 
-//TODO add sparse matrix feature
+//TODO add sparse matrix feature

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/VectorSpace.kt

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ interface VectorSpace<T : Any, S : Space<T>> : Space<Point<T>> {
             size: Int,
             space: S,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing
-        ) = BufferVectorSpace(size, space, bufferFactory)
+        ): BufferVectorSpace<T, S> = BufferVectorSpace(size, space, bufferFactory)
 
         /**
          * Automatic buffered vector, unboxed if it is possible
@@ -70,6 +70,6 @@ class BufferVectorSpace<T : Any, S : Space<T>>(
     override val space: S,
     val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>
 ) : VectorSpace<T, S> {
-    override fun produce(initializer: (Int) -> T) = bufferFactory(size, initializer)
+    override fun produce(initializer: (Int) -> T): Buffer<T> = bufferFactory(size, initializer)
     //override fun produceElement(initializer: (Int) -> T): Vector<T, S> = BufferVector(this, produce(initializer))
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class VirtualMatrix<T : Any>(
 
     override fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = generator(i, j)
 
-    override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature) =
+    override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): VirtualMatrix<T> =
         VirtualMatrix(rowNum, colNum, this.features + features, generator)
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
@@ -56,4 +56,4 @@ class VirtualMatrix<T : Any>(
             }
         }
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/misc/AutoDiff.kt

@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ class DerivationResult<T : Any>(
     val deriv: Map<Variable<T>, T>,
     val context: Field<T>
 ) : Variable<T>(value) {
-    fun deriv(variable: Variable<T>) = deriv[variable] ?: context.zero
+    fun deriv(variable: Variable<T>): T = deriv[variable] ?: context.zero
 
     /**
      * compute divergence
      */
-    fun div() = context.run { sum(deriv.values) }
+    fun div(): T = context.run { sum(deriv.values) }
 
     /**
      * Compute a gradient for variables in given order
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class DerivationResult<T : Any>(
  * ```
  */
 fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> F.deriv(body: AutoDiffField<T, F>.() -> Variable<T>): DerivationResult<T> =
-    AutoDiffContext<T, F>(this).run {
+    AutoDiffContext(this).run {
         val result = body()
         result.d = context.one// computing derivative w.r.t result
         runBackwardPass()
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ abstract class AutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>> : Field<Variable<T>> {
 
     abstract fun variable(value: T): Variable<T>
 
-    inline fun variable(block: F.() -> T) = variable(context.block())
+    inline fun variable(block: F.() -> T): Variable<T> = variable(context.block())
 
     // Overloads for Double constants
 
@@ -236,4 +236,4 @@ fun <T : Any, F : ExtendedField<T>> AutoDiffField<T, F>.sin(x: Variable<T>): Var
 fun <T : Any, F : ExtendedField<T>> AutoDiffField<T, F>.cos(x: Variable<T>): Variable<T> =
     derive(variable { cos(x.value) }) { z ->
         x.d -= z.d * sin(x.value)
-    }
+    }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/misc/Grids.kt

@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ fun ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>.toSequenceWithPoints(numPoints: Int): Seque
 fun ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>.toGrid(numPoints: Int): DoubleArray {
     if (numPoints < 2) error("Can't create generic grid with less than two points")
     return DoubleArray(numPoints) { i -> start + (endInclusive - start) / (numPoints - 1) * i }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/misc/cumulative.kt

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.misc
 
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.Space
+import scientifik.kmath.operations.invoke
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
-
 /**
- * Generic cumulative operation on iterator
+ * Generic cumulative operation on iterator.
- * @param T type of initial iterable
+ *
- * @param R type of resulting iterable
+ * @param T the type of initial iterable.
- * @param initial lazy evaluated
+ * @param R the type of resulting iterable.
+ * @param initial lazy evaluated.
  */
 fun <T, R> Iterator<T>.cumulative(initial: R, operation: (R, T) -> R): Iterator<R> = object : Iterator<R> {
     var state: R = initial
@@ -36,41 +37,41 @@ fun <T, R> List<T>.cumulative(initial: R, operation: (R, T) -> R): List<R> =
 /**
  * Cumulative sum with custom space
  */
-fun <T> Iterable<T>.cumulativeSum(space: Space<T>) = with(space) {
+fun <T> Iterable<T>.cumulativeSum(space: Space<T>): Iterable<T> = space {
     cumulative(zero) { element: T, sum: T -> sum + element }
 }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfDouble")
-fun Iterable<Double>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0.0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun Iterable<Double>.cumulativeSum(): Iterable<Double> = this.cumulative(0.0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfInt")
-fun Iterable<Int>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun Iterable<Int>.cumulativeSum(): Iterable<Int> = this.cumulative(0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfLong")
-fun Iterable<Long>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0L) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun Iterable<Long>.cumulativeSum(): Iterable<Long> = this.cumulative(0L) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
-fun <T> Sequence<T>.cumulativeSum(space: Space<T>) = with(space) {
+fun <T> Sequence<T>.cumulativeSum(space: Space<T>): Sequence<T> = with(space) {
     cumulative(zero) { element: T, sum: T -> sum + element }
 }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfDouble")
-fun Sequence<Double>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0.0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun Sequence<Double>.cumulativeSum(): Sequence<Double> = this.cumulative(0.0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfInt")
-fun Sequence<Int>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun Sequence<Int>.cumulativeSum(): Sequence<Int> = this.cumulative(0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfLong")
-fun Sequence<Long>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0L) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun Sequence<Long>.cumulativeSum(): Sequence<Long> = this.cumulative(0L) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
-fun <T> List<T>.cumulativeSum(space: Space<T>) = with(space) {
+fun <T> List<T>.cumulativeSum(space: Space<T>): List<T> = with(space) {
     cumulative(zero) { element: T, sum: T -> sum + element }
 }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfDouble")
-fun List<Double>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0.0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun List<Double>.cumulativeSum(): List<Double> = this.cumulative(0.0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfInt")
-fun List<Int>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun List<Int>.cumulativeSum(): List<Int> = this.cumulative(0) { element, sum -> sum + element }
 
 @JvmName("cumulativeSumOfLong")
-fun List<Long>.cumulativeSum() = this.cumulative(0L) { element, sum -> sum + element }
+fun List<Long>.cumulativeSum(): List<Long> = this.cumulative(0L) { element, sum -> sum + element }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.operations
 
+/**
+ * Stub for DSL the [Algebra] is.
+ */
 @DslMarker
 annotation class KMathContext
 
 /**
- * Marker interface for any algebra
+ * Represents an algebraic structure.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this structure.
  */
 interface Algebra<T> {
     /**
@@ -24,50 +29,122 @@ interface Algebra<T> {
 }
 
 /**
- * An algebra with numeric representation of members
+ * An algebraic structure where elements can have numeric representation.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this structure.
  */
 interface NumericAlgebra<T> : Algebra<T> {
     /**
-     * Wrap a number
+     * Wraps a number.
      */
     fun number(value: Number): T
 
+    /**
+     * Dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right] where left element is [Number].
+     */
     fun leftSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: Number, right: T): T =
         binaryOperation(operation, number(left), right)
 
+    /**
+     * Dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right] where right element is [Number].
+     */
     fun rightSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: Number): T =
         leftSideNumberOperation(operation, right, left)
 }
 
 /**
- * Call a block with an [Algebra] as receiver
+ * Call a block with an [Algebra] as receiver.
  */
 inline operator fun <A : Algebra<*>, R> A.invoke(block: A.() -> R): R = run(block)
 
 /**
- * Space-like operations without neutral element
+ * Represents semigroup, i.e. algebraic structure with associative binary operation called "addition".
+ *
+ * In KMath groups are called spaces, and also define multiplication of element by [Number].
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this semigroup.
  */
 interface SpaceOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
     /**
-     * Addition operation for two context elements
+     * Addition of two elements.
+     *
+     * @param a the addend.
+     * @param b the augend.
+     * @return the sum.
      */
     fun add(a: T, b: T): T
 
     /**
-     * Multiplication operation for context element and real number
+     * Multiplication of element by scalar.
+     *
+     * @param a the multiplier.
+     * @param k the multiplicand.
+     * @return the produce.
      */
     fun multiply(a: T, k: Number): T
 
-    //Operation to be performed in this context. Could be moved to extensions in case of KEEP-176
+    // Operations to be performed in this context. Could be moved to extensions in case of KEEP-176
+
+    /**
+     * The negation of this element.
+     *
+     * @receiver this value.
+     * @return the additive inverse of this value.
+     */
     operator fun T.unaryMinus(): T = multiply(this, -1.0)
 
+    /**
+     * Returns this value.
+     *
+     * @receiver this value.
+     * @return this value.
+     */
     operator fun T.unaryPlus(): T = this
 
+    /**
+     * Addition of two elements.
+     *
+     * @receiver the addend.
+     * @param b the augend.
+     * @return the sum.
+     */
     operator fun T.plus(b: T): T = add(this, b)
+
+    /**
+     * Subtraction of two elements.
+     *
+     * @receiver the minuend.
+     * @param b the subtrahend.
+     * @return the difference.
+     */
     operator fun T.minus(b: T): T = add(this, -b)
-    operator fun T.times(k: Number) = multiply(this, k.toDouble())
+
-    operator fun T.div(k: Number) = multiply(this, 1.0 / k.toDouble())
+    /**
-    operator fun Number.times(b: T) = b * this
+     * Multiplication of this element by a scalar.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplier.
+     * @param k the multiplicand.
+     * @return the product.
+     */
+    operator fun T.times(k: Number): T = multiply(this, k.toDouble())
+
+    /**
+     * Division of this element by scalar.
+     *
+     * @receiver the dividend.
+     * @param k the divisor.
+     * @return the quotient.
+     */
+    operator fun T.div(k: Number): T = multiply(this, 1.0 / k.toDouble())
+
+    /**
+     * Multiplication of this number by element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplier.
+     * @param b the multiplicand.
+     * @return the product.
+     */
+    operator fun Number.times(b: T): T = b * this
 
     override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: T): T = when (operation) {
         PLUS_OPERATION -> arg
@@ -82,37 +159,56 @@ interface SpaceOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
     }
 
     companion object {
-        const val PLUS_OPERATION = "+"
+        /**
-        const val MINUS_OPERATION = "-"
+         * The identifier of addition.
-        const val NOT_OPERATION = "!"
+         */
+        const val PLUS_OPERATION: String = "+"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of subtraction (and negation).
+         */
+        const val MINUS_OPERATION: String = "-"
+
+        const val NOT_OPERATION: String = "!"
     }
 }
 
-
 /**
- * A general interface representing linear context of some kind.
+ * Represents group, i.e. algebraic structure with associative binary operation called "addition" and its neutral
- * The context defines sum operation for its elements and multiplication by real value.
+ * element.
- * One must note that in some cases context is a singleton class, but in some cases it
- * works as a context for operations inside it.
  *
- * TODO do we need non-commutative context?
+ * In KMath groups are called spaces, and also define multiplication of element by [Number].
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this group.
  */
 interface Space<T> : SpaceOperations<T> {
     /**
-     * Neutral element for sum operation
+     * The neutral element of addition.
      */
     val zero: T
 }
 
 /**
- * Operations on ring without multiplication neutral element
+ * Represents semiring, i.e. algebraic structure with two associative binary operations called "addition" and
+ * "multiplication".
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this semiring.
  */
 interface RingOperations<T> : SpaceOperations<T> {
     /**
-     * Multiplication for two field elements
+     * Multiplies two elements.
+     *
+     * @param a the multiplier.
+     * @param b the multiplicand.
      */
     fun multiply(a: T, b: T): T
 
+    /**
+     * Multiplies this element by scalar.
+     *
+     * @receiver the multiplier.
+     * @param b the multiplicand.
+     */
     operator fun T.times(b: T): T = multiply(this, b)
 
     override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T = when (operation) {
@@ -121,12 +217,18 @@ interface RingOperations<T> : SpaceOperations<T> {
     }
 
     companion object {
-        const val TIMES_OPERATION = "*"
+        /**
+         * The identifier of multiplication.
+         */
+        const val TIMES_OPERATION: String = "*"
     }
 }
 
 /**
- * The same as {@link Space} but with additional multiplication operation
+ * Represents ring, i.e. algebraic structure with two associative binary operations called "addition" and
+ * "multiplication" and their neutral elements.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this ring.
  */
 interface Ring<T> : Space<T>, RingOperations<T>, NumericAlgebra<T> {
     /**
@@ -150,20 +252,64 @@ interface Ring<T> : Space<T>, RingOperations<T>, NumericAlgebra<T> {
         else -> super.rightSideNumberOperation(operation, left, right)
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Addition of element and scalar.
+     *
+     * @receiver the addend.
+     * @param b the augend.
+     */
+    operator fun T.plus(b: Number): T = this + number(b)
 
-    operator fun T.plus(b: Number) = this.plus(number(b))
+    /**
-    operator fun Number.plus(b: T) = b + this
+     * Addition of scalar and element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the addend.
+     * @param b the augend.
+     */
+    operator fun Number.plus(b: T): T = b + this
 
-    operator fun T.minus(b: Number) = this.minus(number(b))
+    /**
-    operator fun Number.minus(b: T) = -b + this
+     * Subtraction of element from number.
+     *
+     * @receiver the minuend.
+     * @param b the subtrahend.
+     * @receiver the difference.
+     */
+    operator fun T.minus(b: Number): T = this - number(b)
+
+    /**
+     * Subtraction of number from element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the minuend.
+     * @param b the subtrahend.
+     * @receiver the difference.
+     */
+    operator fun Number.minus(b: T): T = -b + this
 }
 
 /**
- * All ring operations but without neutral elements
+ * Represents semifield, i.e. algebraic structure with three operations: associative "addition" and "multiplication",
+ * and "division".
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this semifield.
  */
 interface FieldOperations<T> : RingOperations<T> {
+    /**
+     * Division of two elements.
+     *
+     * @param a the dividend.
+     * @param b the divisor.
+     * @return the quotient.
+     */
     fun divide(a: T, b: T): T
 
+    /**
+     * Division of two elements.
+     *
+     * @receiver the dividend.
+     * @param b the divisor.
+     * @return the quotient.
+     */
     operator fun T.div(b: T): T = divide(this, b)
 
     override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T = when (operation) {
@@ -172,13 +318,26 @@ interface FieldOperations<T> : RingOperations<T> {
     }
 
     companion object {
-        const val DIV_OPERATION = "/"
+        /**
+         * The identifier of division.
+         */
+        const val DIV_OPERATION: String = "/"
     }
 }
 
 /**
- * Four operations algebra
+ * Represents field, i.e. algebraic structure with three operations: associative "addition" and "multiplication",
+ * and "division" and their neutral elements.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this semifield.
  */
 interface Field<T> : Ring<T>, FieldOperations<T> {
-    operator fun Number.div(b: T) = this * divide(one, b)
+    /**
+     * Division of element by scalar.
+     *
+     * @receiver the dividend.
+     * @param b the divisor.
+     * @return the quotient.
+     */
+    operator fun Number.div(b: T): T = this * divide(one, b)
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/AlgebraElements.kt

@@ -2,13 +2,12 @@ package scientifik.kmath.operations
 
 /**
  * The generic mathematics elements which is able to store its context
- * @param T the type of space operation results
+ *
- * @param I self type of the element. Needed for static type checking
+ * @param C the type of mathematical context for this element.
- * @param C the type of mathematical context for this element
  */
 interface MathElement<C> {
     /**
-     * The context this element belongs to
+     * The context this element belongs to.
      */
     val context: C
 }
@@ -25,18 +24,17 @@ interface MathWrapper<T, I> {
  * @param S the type of space
  */
 interface SpaceElement<T, I : SpaceElement<T, I, S>, S : Space<T>> : MathElement<S>, MathWrapper<T, I> {
-
+    operator fun plus(b: T): I = context.add(unwrap(), b).wrap()
-    operator fun plus(b: T) = context.add(unwrap(), b).wrap()
+    operator fun minus(b: T): I = context.add(unwrap(), context.multiply(b, -1.0)).wrap()
-    operator fun minus(b: T) = context.add(unwrap(), context.multiply(b, -1.0)).wrap()
+    operator fun times(k: Number): I = context.multiply(unwrap(), k.toDouble()).wrap()
-    operator fun times(k: Number) = context.multiply(unwrap(), k.toDouble()).wrap()
+    operator fun div(k: Number): I = context.multiply(unwrap(), 1.0 / k.toDouble()).wrap()
-    operator fun div(k: Number) = context.multiply(unwrap(), 1.0 / k.toDouble()).wrap()
 }
 
 /**
  * Ring element
  */
 interface RingElement<T, I : RingElement<T, I, R>, R : Ring<T>> : SpaceElement<T, I, R> {
-    operator fun times(b: T) = context.multiply(unwrap(), b).wrap()
+    operator fun times(b: T): I = context.multiply(unwrap(), b).wrap()
 }
 
 /**
@@ -44,5 +42,5 @@ interface RingElement<T, I : RingElement<T, I, R>, R : Ring<T>> : SpaceElement<T
  */
 interface FieldElement<T, I : FieldElement<T, I, F>, F : Field<T>> : RingElement<T, I, F> {
     override val context: F
-    operator fun div(b: T) = context.divide(unwrap(), b).wrap()
+    operator fun div(b: T): I = context.divide(unwrap(), b).wrap()
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/AlgebraExtensions.kt

@@ -12,4 +12,4 @@ fun <T> RingOperations<T>.power(arg: T, power: Int): T {
         res *= arg
     }
     return res
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt

@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@ class BigInt internal constructor(
     }
 
     infix fun or(other: BigInt): BigInt {
-        if (this == ZERO) return other;
+        if (this == ZERO) return other
-        if (other == ZERO) return this;
+        if (other == ZERO) return this
         val resSize = max(this.magnitude.size, other.magnitude.size)
         val newMagnitude: Magnitude = Magnitude(resSize)
         for (i in 0 until resSize) {
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ class BigInt internal constructor(
     }
 
     infix fun and(other: BigInt): BigInt {
-        if ((this == ZERO) or (other == ZERO)) return ZERO;
+        if ((this == ZERO) or (other == ZERO)) return ZERO
         val resSize = min(this.magnitude.size, other.magnitude.size)
         val newMagnitude: Magnitude = Magnitude(resSize)
         for (i in 0 until resSize) {
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ class BigInt internal constructor(
     }
 
     companion object {
-        const val BASE = 0xffffffffUL
+        const val BASE: ULong = 0xffffffffUL
         const val BASE_SIZE: Int = 32
         val ZERO: BigInt = BigInt(0, uintArrayOf())
         val ONE: BigInt = BigInt(1, uintArrayOf(1u))
@@ -394,12 +394,12 @@ fun abs(x: BigInt): BigInt = x.abs()
 /**
  * Convert this [Int] to [BigInt]
  */
-fun Int.toBigInt() = BigInt(sign.toByte(), uintArrayOf(kotlin.math.abs(this).toUInt()))
+fun Int.toBigInt(): BigInt = BigInt(sign.toByte(), uintArrayOf(kotlin.math.abs(this).toUInt()))
 
 /**
  * Convert this [Long] to [BigInt]
  */
-fun Long.toBigInt() = BigInt(
+fun Long.toBigInt(): BigInt = BigInt(
     sign.toByte(), stripLeadingZeros(
         uintArrayOf(
             (kotlin.math.abs(this).toULong() and BASE).toUInt(),
@@ -411,17 +411,17 @@ fun Long.toBigInt() = BigInt(
 /**
  * Convert UInt to [BigInt]
  */
-fun UInt.toBigInt() = BigInt(1, uintArrayOf(this))
+fun UInt.toBigInt(): BigInt = BigInt(1, uintArrayOf(this))
 
 /**
  * Convert ULong to [BigInt]
  */
-fun ULong.toBigInt() = BigInt(
+fun ULong.toBigInt(): BigInt = BigInt(
     1,
     stripLeadingZeros(
         uintArrayOf(
-            (this and BigInt.BASE).toUInt(),
+            (this and BASE).toUInt(),
-            ((this shr BigInt.BASE_SIZE) and BigInt.BASE).toUInt()
+            ((this shr BASE_SIZE) and BASE).toUInt()
         )
     )
 )
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ fun UIntArray.toBigInt(sign: Byte): BigInt {
     return BigInt(sign, this.copyOf())
 }
 
-val hexChToInt = hashMapOf(
+val hexChToInt: MutableMap<Char, Int> = hashMapOf(
     '0' to 0, '1' to 1, '2' to 2, '3' to 3,
     '4' to 4, '5' to 5, '6' to 6, '7' to 7,
     '8' to 8, '9' to 9, 'A' to 10, 'B' to 11,
@@ -497,4 +497,4 @@ fun NDElement.Companion.bigInt(
     vararg shape: Int,
     initializer: BigIntField.(IntArray) -> BigInt
 ): BufferedNDRingElement<BigInt, BigIntField> =
-    NDAlgebra.bigInt(*shape).produce(initializer)
+    NDAlgebra.bigInt(*shape).produce(initializer)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/Complex.kt

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ object ComplexField : ExtendedField<Complex> {
 
     override val one: Complex = Complex(1.0, 0.0)
 
-    val i = Complex(0.0, 1.0)
+    val i: Complex = Complex(0.0, 1.0)
 
     override fun add(a: Complex, b: Complex): Complex = Complex(a.re + b.re, a.im + b.im)
 
@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@ object ComplexField : ExtendedField<Complex> {
 
     override fun ln(arg: Complex): Complex = ln(arg.r) + i * atan2(arg.im, arg.re)
 
-    operator fun Double.plus(c: Complex) = add(this.toComplex(), c)
+    operator fun Double.plus(c: Complex): Complex = add(this.toComplex(), c)
 
-    operator fun Double.minus(c: Complex) = add(this.toComplex(), -c)
+    operator fun Double.minus(c: Complex): Complex = add(this.toComplex(), -c)
 
-    operator fun Complex.plus(d: Double) = d + this
+    operator fun Complex.plus(d: Double): Complex = d + this
 
-    operator fun Complex.minus(d: Double) = add(this, -d.toComplex())
+    operator fun Complex.minus(d: Double): Complex = add(this, -d.toComplex())
 
-    operator fun Double.times(c: Complex) = Complex(c.re * this, c.im * this)
+    operator fun Double.times(c: Complex): Complex = Complex(c.re * this, c.im * this)
 
     override fun symbol(value: String): Complex = if (value == "i") {
         i
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ val Complex.r: Double get() = sqrt(re * re + im * im)
  */
 val Complex.theta: Double get() = atan(im / re)
 
-fun Double.toComplex() = Complex(this, 0.0)
+fun Double.toComplex(): Complex = Complex(this, 0.0)
 
 inline fun Buffer.Companion.complex(size: Int, crossinline init: (Int) -> Complex): Buffer<Complex> {
     return MemoryBuffer.create(Complex, size, init)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/NumberAlgebra.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.operations
 
-import scientifik.kmath.operations.RealField.pow
 import kotlin.math.abs
 import kotlin.math.pow as kpow
 
@@ -38,6 +37,8 @@ interface ExtendedField<T> : ExtendedFieldOperations<T>, Field<T> {
 /**
  * Real field element wrapping double.
  *
+ * @property value the [Double] value wrapped by this [Real].
+ *
  * TODO inline does not work due to compiler bug. Waiting for fix for KT-27586
  */
 inline class Real(val value: Double) : FieldElement<Double, Real, RealField> {
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ inline class Real(val value: Double) : FieldElement<Double, Real, RealField> {
 
     override fun Double.wrap(): Real = Real(value)
 
-    override val context get() = RealField
+    override val context: RealField get() = RealField
 
     companion object
 }
@@ -56,36 +57,36 @@ inline class Real(val value: Double) : FieldElement<Double, Real, RealField> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 object RealField : ExtendedField<Double>, Norm<Double, Double> {
     override val zero: Double = 0.0
-    override inline fun add(a: Double, b: Double) = a + b
+    override inline fun add(a: Double, b: Double): Double = a + b
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Double, b: Double) = a * b
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Double, b: Double): Double = a * b
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Double, k: Number) = a * k.toDouble()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Double, k: Number): Double = a * k.toDouble()
 
     override val one: Double = 1.0
-    override inline fun divide(a: Double, b: Double) = a / b
+    override inline fun divide(a: Double, b: Double): Double = a / b
 
-    override inline fun sin(arg: Double) = kotlin.math.sin(arg)
+    override inline fun sin(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.sin(arg)
-    override inline fun cos(arg: Double) = kotlin.math.cos(arg)
+    override inline fun cos(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.cos(arg)
     override inline fun tan(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.tan(arg)
     override inline fun acos(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.acos(arg)
     override inline fun asin(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.asin(arg)
     override inline fun atan(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.atan(arg)
 
-    override inline fun power(arg: Double, pow: Number) = arg.kpow(pow.toDouble())
+    override inline fun power(arg: Double, pow: Number): Double = arg.kpow(pow.toDouble())
 
-    override inline fun exp(arg: Double) = kotlin.math.exp(arg)
+    override inline fun exp(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.exp(arg)
-    override inline fun ln(arg: Double) = kotlin.math.ln(arg)
+    override inline fun ln(arg: Double): Double = kotlin.math.ln(arg)
 
-    override inline fun norm(arg: Double) = abs(arg)
+    override inline fun norm(arg: Double): Double = abs(arg)
 
-    override inline fun Double.unaryMinus() = -this
+    override inline fun Double.unaryMinus(): Double = -this
 
-    override inline fun Double.plus(b: Double) = this + b
+    override inline fun Double.plus(b: Double): Double = this + b
 
-    override inline fun Double.minus(b: Double) = this - b
+    override inline fun Double.minus(b: Double): Double = this - b
 
-    override inline fun Double.times(b: Double) = this * b
+    override inline fun Double.times(b: Double): Double = this * b
 
-    override inline fun Double.div(b: Double) = this / b
+    override inline fun Double.div(b: Double): Double = this / b
 
     override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Double, right: Double): Double = when (operation) {
         PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> left pow right
@@ -96,36 +97,36 @@ object RealField : ExtendedField<Double>, Norm<Double, Double> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 object FloatField : ExtendedField<Float>, Norm<Float, Float> {
     override val zero: Float = 0f
-    override inline fun add(a: Float, b: Float) = a + b
+    override inline fun add(a: Float, b: Float): Float = a + b
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Float, b: Float) = a * b
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Float, b: Float): Float = a * b
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Float, k: Number) = a * k.toFloat()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Float, k: Number): Float = a * k.toFloat()
 
     override val one: Float = 1f
-    override inline fun divide(a: Float, b: Float) = a / b
+    override inline fun divide(a: Float, b: Float): Float = a / b
 
-    override inline fun sin(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.sin(arg)
+    override inline fun sin(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.sin(arg)
-    override inline fun cos(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.cos(arg)
+    override inline fun cos(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.cos(arg)
-    override inline fun tan(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.tan(arg)
+    override inline fun tan(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.tan(arg)
-    override inline fun acos(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.acos(arg)
+    override inline fun acos(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.acos(arg)
-    override inline fun asin(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.asin(arg)
+    override inline fun asin(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.asin(arg)
-    override inline fun atan(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.atan(arg)
+    override inline fun atan(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.atan(arg)
 
-    override inline fun power(arg: Float, pow: Number) = arg.pow(pow.toFloat())
+    override inline fun power(arg: Float, pow: Number): Float = arg.pow(pow.toFloat())
 
-    override inline fun exp(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.exp(arg)
+    override inline fun exp(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.exp(arg)
-    override inline fun ln(arg: Float) = kotlin.math.ln(arg)
+    override inline fun ln(arg: Float): Float = kotlin.math.ln(arg)
 
-    override inline fun norm(arg: Float) = abs(arg)
+    override inline fun norm(arg: Float): Float = abs(arg)
 
-    override inline fun Float.unaryMinus() = -this
+    override inline fun Float.unaryMinus(): Float = -this
 
-    override inline fun Float.plus(b: Float) = this + b
+    override inline fun Float.plus(b: Float): Float = this + b
 
-    override inline fun Float.minus(b: Float) = this - b
+    override inline fun Float.minus(b: Float): Float = this - b
 
-    override inline fun Float.times(b: Float) = this * b
+    override inline fun Float.times(b: Float): Float = this * b
 
-    override inline fun Float.div(b: Float) = this / b
+    override inline fun Float.div(b: Float): Float = this / b
 }
 
 /**
@@ -134,14 +135,14 @@ object FloatField : ExtendedField<Float>, Norm<Float, Float> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 object IntRing : Ring<Int>, Norm<Int, Int> {
     override val zero: Int = 0
-    override inline fun add(a: Int, b: Int) = a + b
+    override inline fun add(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a + b
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Int, b: Int) = a * b
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a * b
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Int, k: Number) = k.toInt() * a
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Int, k: Number): Int = k.toInt() * a
     override val one: Int = 1
 
-    override inline fun norm(arg: Int) = abs(arg)
+    override inline fun norm(arg: Int): Int = abs(arg)
 
-    override inline fun Int.unaryMinus() = -this
+    override inline fun Int.unaryMinus(): Int = -this
 
     override inline fun Int.plus(b: Int): Int = this + b
 
@@ -156,20 +157,20 @@ object IntRing : Ring<Int>, Norm<Int, Int> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 object ShortRing : Ring<Short>, Norm<Short, Short> {
     override val zero: Short = 0
-    override inline fun add(a: Short, b: Short) = (a + b).toShort()
+    override inline fun add(a: Short, b: Short): Short = (a + b).toShort()
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Short, b: Short) = (a * b).toShort()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Short, b: Short): Short = (a * b).toShort()
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Short, k: Number) = (a * k.toShort()).toShort()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Short, k: Number): Short = (a * k.toShort()).toShort()
     override val one: Short = 1
 
     override fun norm(arg: Short): Short = if (arg > 0) arg else (-arg).toShort()
 
-    override inline fun Short.unaryMinus() = (-this).toShort()
+    override inline fun Short.unaryMinus(): Short = (-this).toShort()
 
-    override inline fun Short.plus(b: Short) = (this + b).toShort()
+    override inline fun Short.plus(b: Short): Short = (this + b).toShort()
 
-    override inline fun Short.minus(b: Short) = (this - b).toShort()
+    override inline fun Short.minus(b: Short): Short = (this - b).toShort()
 
-    override inline fun Short.times(b: Short) = (this * b).toShort()
+    override inline fun Short.times(b: Short): Short = (this * b).toShort()
 }
 
 /**
@@ -178,20 +179,20 @@ object ShortRing : Ring<Short>, Norm<Short, Short> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 object ByteRing : Ring<Byte>, Norm<Byte, Byte> {
     override val zero: Byte = 0
-    override inline fun add(a: Byte, b: Byte) = (a + b).toByte()
+    override inline fun add(a: Byte, b: Byte): Byte = (a + b).toByte()
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Byte, b: Byte) = (a * b).toByte()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Byte, b: Byte): Byte = (a * b).toByte()
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Byte, k: Number) = (a * k.toByte()).toByte()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Byte, k: Number): Byte = (a * k.toByte()).toByte()
     override val one: Byte = 1
 
     override fun norm(arg: Byte): Byte = if (arg > 0) arg else (-arg).toByte()
 
-    override inline fun Byte.unaryMinus() = (-this).toByte()
+    override inline fun Byte.unaryMinus(): Byte = (-this).toByte()
 
-    override inline fun Byte.plus(b: Byte) = (this + b).toByte()
+    override inline fun Byte.plus(b: Byte): Byte = (this + b).toByte()
 
-    override inline fun Byte.minus(b: Byte) = (this - b).toByte()
+    override inline fun Byte.minus(b: Byte): Byte = (this - b).toByte()
 
-    override inline fun Byte.times(b: Byte) = (this * b).toByte()
+    override inline fun Byte.times(b: Byte): Byte = (this * b).toByte()
 }
 
 /**
@@ -200,18 +201,18 @@ object ByteRing : Ring<Byte>, Norm<Byte, Byte> {
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 object LongRing : Ring<Long>, Norm<Long, Long> {
     override val zero: Long = 0
-    override inline fun add(a: Long, b: Long) = (a + b)
+    override inline fun add(a: Long, b: Long): Long = (a + b)
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Long, b: Long) = (a * b)
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Long, b: Long): Long = (a * b)
-    override inline fun multiply(a: Long, k: Number) = a * k.toLong()
+    override inline fun multiply(a: Long, k: Number): Long = a * k.toLong()
     override val one: Long = 1
 
     override fun norm(arg: Long): Long = abs(arg)
 
-    override inline fun Long.unaryMinus() = (-this)
+    override inline fun Long.unaryMinus(): Long = (-this)
 
-    override inline fun Long.plus(b: Long) = (this + b)
+    override inline fun Long.plus(b: Long): Long = (this + b)
 
-    override inline fun Long.minus(b: Long) = (this - b)
+    override inline fun Long.minus(b: Long): Long = (this - b)
 
-    override inline fun Long.times(b: Long) = (this * b)
+    override inline fun Long.times(b: Long): Long = (this * b)
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/OptionalOperations.kt

@@ -1,84 +1,210 @@
 package scientifik.kmath.operations
 
-
-/* Trigonometric operations */
-
 /**
- * A container for trigonometric operations for specific type. Trigonometric operations are limited to fields.
+ * A container for trigonometric operations for specific type. They are limited to semifields.
  *
  * The operations are not exposed to class directly to avoid method bloat but instead are declared in the field.
- * It also allows to override behavior for optional operations
+ * It also allows to override behavior for optional operations.
- *
  */
 interface TrigonometricOperations<T> : FieldOperations<T> {
+    /**
+     * Computes the sine of [arg].
+     */
     fun sin(arg: T): T
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the cosine of [arg].
+     */
     fun cos(arg: T): T
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the tangent of [arg].
+     */
     fun tan(arg: T): T
 
     companion object {
-        const val SIN_OPERATION = "sin"
+        /**
-        const val COS_OPERATION = "cos"
+         * The identifier of sine.
-        const val TAN_OPERATION = "tan"
+         */
+        const val SIN_OPERATION: String = "sin"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of cosine.
+         */
+        const val COS_OPERATION: String = "cos"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of tangent.
+         */
+        const val TAN_OPERATION: String = "tan"
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * A container for inverse trigonometric operations for specific type. They are limited to semifields.
+ *
+ * The operations are not exposed to class directly to avoid method bloat but instead are declared in the field.
+ * It also allows to override behavior for optional operations.
+ */
 interface InverseTrigonometricOperations<T> : TrigonometricOperations<T> {
+    /**
+     * Computes the inverse sine of [arg].
+     */
     fun asin(arg: T): T
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the inverse cosine of [arg].
+     */
     fun acos(arg: T): T
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the inverse tangent of [arg].
+     */
     fun atan(arg: T): T
 
     companion object {
-        const val ASIN_OPERATION = "asin"
+        /**
-        const val ACOS_OPERATION = "acos"
+         * The identifier of inverse sine.
-        const val ATAN_OPERATION = "atan"
+         */
+        const val ASIN_OPERATION: String = "asin"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of inverse cosine.
+         */
+        const val ACOS_OPERATION: String = "acos"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of inverse tangent.
+         */
+        const val ATAN_OPERATION: String = "atan"
     }
 }
 
-fun <T : MathElement<out TrigonometricOperations<T>>> sin(arg: T): T = arg.context.sin(arg)
-fun <T : MathElement<out TrigonometricOperations<T>>> cos(arg: T): T = arg.context.cos(arg)
-fun <T : MathElement<out TrigonometricOperations<T>>> tan(arg: T): T = arg.context.tan(arg)
-fun <T : MathElement<out InverseTrigonometricOperations<T>>> asin(arg: T): T = arg.context.asin(arg)
-fun <T : MathElement<out InverseTrigonometricOperations<T>>> acos(arg: T): T = arg.context.acos(arg)
-fun <T : MathElement<out InverseTrigonometricOperations<T>>> atan(arg: T): T = arg.context.atan(arg)
-
-/* Power and roots */
-
 /**
- * A context extension to include power operations like square roots, etc
+ * Computes the sine of [arg].
+ */
+fun <T : MathElement<out TrigonometricOperations<T>>> sin(arg: T): T = arg.context.sin(arg)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the cosine of [arg].
+ */
+fun <T : MathElement<out TrigonometricOperations<T>>> cos(arg: T): T = arg.context.cos(arg)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the tangent of [arg].
+ */
+fun <T : MathElement<out TrigonometricOperations<T>>> tan(arg: T): T = arg.context.tan(arg)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the inverse sine of [arg].
+ */
+fun <T : MathElement<out InverseTrigonometricOperations<T>>> asin(arg: T): T = arg.context.asin(arg)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the inverse cosine of [arg].
+ */
+fun <T : MathElement<out InverseTrigonometricOperations<T>>> acos(arg: T): T = arg.context.acos(arg)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the inverse tangent of [arg].
+ */
+fun <T : MathElement<out InverseTrigonometricOperations<T>>> atan(arg: T): T = arg.context.atan(arg)
+
+/**
+ * A context extension to include power operations based on exponentiation.
  */
 interface PowerOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
+    /**
+     * Raises [arg] to the power [pow].
+     */
     fun power(arg: T, pow: Number): T
-    fun sqrt(arg: T) = power(arg, 0.5)
 
-    infix fun T.pow(pow: Number) = power(this, pow)
+    /**
+     * Computes the square root of the value [arg].
+     */
+    fun sqrt(arg: T): T = power(arg, 0.5)
+
+    /**
+     * Raises this value to the power [pow].
+     */
+    infix fun T.pow(pow: Number): T = power(this, pow)
 
     companion object {
-        const val POW_OPERATION = "pow"
+        /**
-        const val SQRT_OPERATION = "sqrt"
+         * The identifier of exponentiation.
+         */
+        const val POW_OPERATION: String = "pow"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of square root.
+         */
+        const val SQRT_OPERATION: String = "sqrt"
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Raises [arg] to the power [pow].
+ */
 infix fun <T : MathElement<out PowerOperations<T>>> T.pow(power: Double): T = context.power(this, power)
+
+/**
+ * Computes the square root of the value [arg].
+ */
 fun <T : MathElement<out PowerOperations<T>>> sqrt(arg: T): T = arg pow 0.5
+
+/**
+ * Computes the square of the value [arg].
+ */
 fun <T : MathElement<out PowerOperations<T>>> sqr(arg: T): T = arg pow 2.0
 
-/* Exponential */
+/**
-
+ * A container for operations related to `exp` and `ln` functions.
+ */
 interface ExponentialOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
+    /**
+     * Computes Euler's number `e` raised to the power of the value [arg].
+     */
     fun exp(arg: T): T
+
+    /**
+     * Computes the natural logarithm (base `e`) of the value [arg].
+     */
     fun ln(arg: T): T
 
     companion object {
-        const val EXP_OPERATION = "exp"
+        /**
-        const val LN_OPERATION = "ln"
+         * The identifier of exponential function.
+         */
+        const val EXP_OPERATION: String = "exp"
+
+        /**
+         * The identifier of natural logarithm.
+         */
+        const val LN_OPERATION: String = "ln"
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * The identifier of exponential function.
+ */
 fun <T : MathElement<out ExponentialOperations<T>>> exp(arg: T): T = arg.context.exp(arg)
+
+/**
+ * The identifier of natural logarithm.
+ */
 fun <T : MathElement<out ExponentialOperations<T>>> ln(arg: T): T = arg.context.ln(arg)
 
+/**
+ * A container for norm functional on element.
+ */
 interface Norm<in T : Any, out R> {
+    /**
+     * Computes the norm of [arg] (i.e. absolute value or vector length).
+     */
     fun norm(arg: T): R
 }
 
+/**
+ * Computes the norm of [arg] (i.e. absolute value or vector length).
+ */
 fun <T : MathElement<out Norm<T, R>>, R> norm(arg: T): R = arg.context.norm(arg)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/BoxingNDField.kt

@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@ class BoxingNDField<T, F : Field<T>>(
         if (!elements.all { it.strides == this.strides }) error("Element strides are not the same as context strides")
     }
 
-    override val zero by lazy { produce { zero } }
+    override val zero: BufferedNDFieldElement<T, F> by lazy { produce { zero } }
-    override val one by lazy { produce { one } }
+    override val one: BufferedNDFieldElement<T, F> by lazy { produce { one } }
 
-    override fun produce(initializer: F.(IntArray) -> T) =
+    override fun produce(initializer: F.(IntArray) -> T): BufferedNDFieldElement<T, F> =
         BufferedNDFieldElement(
             this,
             buildBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> elementContext.initializer(strides.index(offset)) })
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ inline fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>, R> F.nd(
 ): R {
     val ndfield: BoxingNDField<T, F> = NDField.boxing(this, *shape, bufferFactory = bufferFactory)
     return ndfield.action()
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/BoxingNDRing.kt

@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ class BoxingNDRing<T, R : Ring<T>>(
         if (!elements.all { it.strides == this.strides }) error("Element strides are not the same as context strides")
     }
 
-    override val zero by lazy { produce { zero } }
+    override val zero: BufferedNDRingElement<T, R> by lazy { produce { zero } }
-    override val one by lazy { produce { one } }
+    override val one: BufferedNDRingElement<T, R> by lazy { produce { one } }
 
-    override fun produce(initializer: R.(IntArray) -> T) =
+    override fun produce(initializer: R.(IntArray) -> T): BufferedNDRingElement<T, R> =
         BufferedNDRingElement(
             this,
             buildBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> elementContext.initializer(strides.index(offset)) })
@@ -69,4 +69,4 @@ class BoxingNDRing<T, R : Ring<T>>(
 
     override fun NDBuffer<T>.toElement(): RingElement<NDBuffer<T>, *, out BufferedNDRing<T, R>> =
         BufferedNDRingElement(this@BoxingNDRing, buffer)
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt

@@ -7,16 +7,16 @@ import kotlin.reflect.KClass
  */
 class BufferAccessor2D<T : Any>(val type: KClass<T>, val rowNum: Int, val colNum: Int) {
 
-    operator fun Buffer<T>.get(i: Int, j: Int) = get(i + colNum * j)
+    operator fun Buffer<T>.get(i: Int, j: Int): T = get(i + colNum * j)
 
     operator fun MutableBuffer<T>.set(i: Int, j: Int, value: T) {
         set(i + colNum * j, value)
     }
 
-    inline fun create(init: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T) =
+    inline fun create(init: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
         MutableBuffer.auto(type, rowNum * colNum) { offset -> init(offset / colNum, offset % colNum) }
 
-    fun create(mat: Structure2D<T>) = create { i, j -> mat[i, j] }
+    fun create(mat: Structure2D<T>): MutableBuffer<T> = create { i, j -> mat[i, j] }
 
     //TODO optimize wrapper
     fun MutableBuffer<T>.collect(): Structure2D<T> =
@@ -41,5 +41,5 @@ class BufferAccessor2D<T : Any>(val type: KClass<T>, val rowNum: Int, val colNum
     /**
      * Get row
      */
-    fun MutableBuffer<T>.row(i: Int) = Row(this, i)
+    fun MutableBuffer<T>.row(i: Int): Row = Row(this, i)
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/BufferedNDAlgebra.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package scientifik.kmath.structures
 
 import scientifik.kmath.operations.*
 
-interface BufferedNDAlgebra<T, C>: NDAlgebra<T, C, NDBuffer<T>>{
+interface BufferedNDAlgebra<T, C> : NDAlgebra<T, C, NDBuffer<T>> {
     val strides: Strides
 
     override fun check(vararg elements: NDBuffer<T>) {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ interface BufferedNDAlgebra<T, C>: NDAlgebra<T, C, NDBuffer<T>>{
 }
 
 
-interface BufferedNDSpace<T, S : Space<T>> : NDSpace<T, S, NDBuffer<T>>, BufferedNDAlgebra<T,S>  {
+interface BufferedNDSpace<T, S : Space<T>> : NDSpace<T, S, NDBuffer<T>>, BufferedNDAlgebra<T, S> {
     override fun NDBuffer<T>.toElement(): SpaceElement<NDBuffer<T>, *, out BufferedNDSpace<T, S>>
 }
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/BufferedNDElement.kt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import scientifik.kmath.operations.*
 abstract class BufferedNDElement<T, C> : NDBuffer<T>(), NDElement<T, C, NDBuffer<T>> {
     abstract override val context: BufferedNDAlgebra<T, C>
 
-    override val strides get() = context.strides
+    override val strides: Strides get() = context.strides
 
     override val shape: IntArray get() = context.shape
 }
@@ -54,9 +54,9 @@ class BufferedNDFieldElement<T, F : Field<T>>(
 
 
 /**
- * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array. Just like in numpy
+ * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array. Just like in numpy.
  */
-operator fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> Function1<T, T>.invoke(ndElement: BufferedNDElement<T, F>) =
+operator fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> Function1<T, T>.invoke(ndElement: BufferedNDElement<T, F>): MathElement<out BufferedNDAlgebra<T, F>> =
     ndElement.context.run { map(ndElement) { invoke(it) }.toElement() }
 
 /* plus and minus */
@@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ operator fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> Function1<T, T>.invoke(ndElement: BufferedN
 /**
  * Summation operation for [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T : Any, F : Space<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.plus(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T : Any, F : Space<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.plus(arg: T): NDElement<T, F, NDBuffer<T>> =
     context.map(this) { it + arg }.wrap()
 
 /**
  * Subtraction operation between [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T : Any, F : Space<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.minus(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T : Any, F : Space<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.minus(arg: T): NDElement<T, F, NDBuffer<T>> =
     context.map(this) { it - arg }.wrap()
 
 /* prod and div */
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ operator fun <T : Any, F : Space<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.minus(arg: T) =
 /**
  * Product operation for [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T : Any, F : Ring<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.times(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T : Any, F : Ring<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.times(arg: T): NDElement<T, F, NDBuffer<T>> =
     context.map(this) { it * arg }.wrap()
 
 /**
  * Division operation between [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.div(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> BufferedNDElement<T, F>.div(arg: T): NDElement<T, F, NDBuffer<T>> =
-    context.map(this) { it / arg }.wrap()
+    context.map(this) { it / arg }.wrap()

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/Buffers.kt

@@ -15,22 +15,22 @@ typealias MutableBufferFactory<T> = (Int, (Int) -> T) -> MutableBuffer<T>
 interface Buffer<T> {
 
     /**
-     * The size of the buffer
+     * The size of this buffer.
      */
     val size: Int
 
     /**
-     * Get element at given index
+     * Gets element at given index.
      */
     operator fun get(index: Int): T
 
     /**
-     * Iterate over all elements
+     * Iterates over all elements.
      */
     operator fun iterator(): Iterator<T>
 
     /**
-     * Check content eqiality with another buffer
+     * Checks content equality with another buffer.
      */
     fun contentEquals(other: Buffer<*>): Boolean =
         asSequence().mapIndexed { index, value -> value == other[index] }.all { it }
@@ -124,10 +124,9 @@ inline class ListBuffer<T>(val list: List<T>) : Buffer<T> {
     override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = list.iterator()
 }
 
-fun <T> List<T>.asBuffer() = ListBuffer<T>(this)
+fun <T> List<T>.asBuffer(): ListBuffer<T> = ListBuffer(this)
 
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
+inline fun <T> ListBuffer(size: Int, init: (Int) -> T): ListBuffer<T> = List(size, init).asBuffer()
-inline fun <T> ListBuffer(size: Int, init: (Int) -> T) = List(size, init).asBuffer()
 
 inline class MutableListBuffer<T>(val list: MutableList<T>) : MutableBuffer<T> {
 
@@ -165,13 +164,13 @@ fun <T> Array<T>.asBuffer(): ArrayBuffer<T> = ArrayBuffer(this)
 inline class ReadOnlyBuffer<T>(val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>) : Buffer<T> {
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
-    override fun get(index: Int): T = buffer.get(index)
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = buffer[index]
 
-    override fun iterator() = buffer.iterator()
+    override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = buffer.iterator()
 }
 
 /**
- * A buffer with content calculated on-demand. The calculated contect is not stored, so it is recalculated on each call.
+ * A buffer with content calculated on-demand. The calculated content is not stored, so it is recalculated on each call.
  * Useful when one needs single element from the buffer.
  */
 class VirtualBuffer<T>(override val size: Int, private val generator: (Int) -> T) : Buffer<T> {
@@ -205,4 +204,4 @@ fun <T> Buffer<T>.asReadOnly(): Buffer<T> = if (this is MutableBuffer) {
  */
 typealias BufferTransform<T, R> = (Buffer<T>) -> Buffer<R>
 
-typealias SuspendBufferTransform<T, R> = suspend (Buffer<T>) -> Buffer<R>
+typealias SuspendBufferTransform<T, R> = suspend (Buffer<T>) -> Buffer<R>

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/ComplexNDField.kt

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ class ComplexNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override val strides: Strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
 
     override val elementContext: ComplexField get() = ComplexField
-    override val zero by lazy { produce { zero } }
+    override val zero: ComplexNDElement by lazy { produce { zero } }
-    override val one by lazy { produce { one } }
+    override val one: ComplexNDElement by lazy { produce { one } }
 
     inline fun buildBuffer(size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> Complex): Buffer<Complex> =
         Buffer.complex(size) { initializer(it) }
@@ -69,23 +69,23 @@ class ComplexNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override fun NDBuffer<Complex>.toElement(): FieldElement<NDBuffer<Complex>, *, out BufferedNDField<Complex, ComplexField>> =
         BufferedNDFieldElement(this@ComplexNDField, buffer)
 
-    override fun power(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>, pow: Number) = map(arg) { power(it, pow) }
+    override fun power(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>, pow: Number): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { power(it, pow) }
 
-    override fun exp(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>) = map(arg) { exp(it) }
+    override fun exp(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { exp(it) }
 
-    override fun ln(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>) = map(arg) { ln(it) }
+    override fun ln(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { ln(it) }
 
-    override fun sin(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>) = map(arg) { sin(it) }
+    override fun sin(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { sin(it) }
 
-    override fun cos(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>) = map(arg) { cos(it) }
+    override fun cos(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { cos(it) }
 
-    override fun tan(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): NDBuffer<Complex> = map(arg) { tan(it) }
+    override fun tan(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { tan(it) }
 
-    override fun asin(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): NDBuffer<Complex> = map(arg) { asin(it) }
+    override fun asin(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { asin(it) }
 
-    override fun acos(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): NDBuffer<Complex> = map(arg) {acos(it)}
+    override fun acos(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { acos(it) }
 
-    override fun atan(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): NDBuffer<Complex> = map(arg) {atan(it)}
+    override fun atan(arg: NDBuffer<Complex>): ComplexNDElement = map(arg) { atan(it) }
 }
 
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ inline fun BufferedNDField<Complex, ComplexField>.produceInline(crossinline init
 /**
  * Map one [ComplexNDElement] using function with indexes
  */
-inline fun ComplexNDElement.mapIndexed(crossinline transform: ComplexField.(index: IntArray, Complex) -> Complex) =
+inline fun ComplexNDElement.mapIndexed(crossinline transform: ComplexField.(index: IntArray, Complex) -> Complex): ComplexNDElement =
     context.produceInline { offset -> transform(strides.index(offset), buffer[offset]) }
 
 /**
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ inline fun ComplexNDElement.map(crossinline transform: ComplexField.(Complex) ->
 /**
  * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array. Just like in numpy
  */
-operator fun Function1<Complex, Complex>.invoke(ndElement: ComplexNDElement) =
+operator fun Function1<Complex, Complex>.invoke(ndElement: ComplexNDElement): ComplexNDElement =
     ndElement.map { this@invoke(it) }
 
 
@@ -123,19 +123,18 @@ operator fun Function1<Complex, Complex>.invoke(ndElement: ComplexNDElement) =
 /**
  * Summation operation for [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun ComplexNDElement.plus(arg: Complex) =
+operator fun ComplexNDElement.plus(arg: Complex): ComplexNDElement = map { it + arg }
-    map { it + arg }
 
 /**
  * Subtraction operation between [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun ComplexNDElement.minus(arg: Complex) =
+operator fun ComplexNDElement.minus(arg: Complex): ComplexNDElement =
     map { it - arg }
 
-operator fun ComplexNDElement.plus(arg: Double) =
+operator fun ComplexNDElement.plus(arg: Double): ComplexNDElement =
     map { it + arg }
 
-operator fun ComplexNDElement.minus(arg: Double) =
+operator fun ComplexNDElement.minus(arg: Double): ComplexNDElement =
     map { it - arg }
 
 fun NDField.Companion.complex(vararg shape: Int): ComplexNDField = ComplexNDField(shape)
@@ -148,4 +147,4 @@ fun NDElement.Companion.complex(vararg shape: Int, initializer: ComplexField.(In
  */
 inline fun <R> ComplexField.nd(vararg shape: Int, action: ComplexNDField.() -> R): R {
     return NDField.complex(*shape).run(action)
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/ExtendedNDField.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import scientifik.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
 
 interface ExtendedNDField<T : Any, F : ExtendedField<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : NDField<T, F, N>, ExtendedField<N>
 
-
 ///**
 // * NDField that supports [ExtendedField] operations on its elements
 // */
@@ -36,5 +35,3 @@ interface ExtendedNDField<T : Any, F : ExtendedField<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : N
 //        return produce { with(elementContext) { cos(arg[it]) } }
 //    }
 //}
-
-

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/FlaggedBuffer.kt

@@ -19,11 +19,11 @@ interface FlaggedBuffer<T> : Buffer<T> {
 /**
  * The value is valid if all flags are down
  */
-fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.isValid(index: Int) = getFlag(index) != 0.toByte()
+fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.isValid(index: Int): Boolean = getFlag(index) != 0.toByte()
 
-fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.hasFlag(index: Int, flag: ValueFlag) = (getFlag(index) and flag.mask) != 0.toByte()
+fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.hasFlag(index: Int, flag: ValueFlag): Boolean = (getFlag(index) and flag.mask) != 0.toByte()
 
-fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.isMissing(index: Int) = hasFlag(index, ValueFlag.MISSING)
+fun FlaggedBuffer<*>.isMissing(index: Int): Boolean = hasFlag(index, ValueFlag.MISSING)
 
 /**
  * A real buffer which supports flags for each value like NaN or Missing
@@ -45,9 +45,9 @@ class FlaggedRealBuffer(val values: DoubleArray, val flags: ByteArray) : Flagged
 }
 
 inline fun FlaggedRealBuffer.forEachValid(block: (Double) -> Unit) {
-    for(i in indices){
+    for (i in indices) {
-        if(isValid(i)){
+        if (isValid(i)) {
             block(values[i])
         }
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/IntBuffer.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@ inline class IntBuffer(val array: IntArray) : MutableBuffer<Int> {
         array[index] = value
     }
 
-    override fun iterator() = array.iterator()
+    override fun iterator(): IntIterator = array.iterator()
 
     override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Int> =
         IntBuffer(array.copyOf())
 
 }
 
-
+fun IntArray.asBuffer(): IntBuffer = IntBuffer(this)
-fun IntArray.asBuffer() = IntBuffer(this)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/LongBuffer.kt

@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ inline class LongBuffer(val array: LongArray) : MutableBuffer<Long> {
         array[index] = value
     }
 
-    override fun iterator() = array.iterator()
+    override fun iterator(): LongIterator = array.iterator()
 
     override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Long> =
         LongBuffer(array.copyOf())
 
 }
 
-fun LongArray.asBuffer() = LongBuffer(this)
+fun LongArray.asBuffer(): LongBuffer = LongBuffer(this)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/MemoryBuffer.kt

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ package scientifik.kmath.structures
 import scientifik.memory.*
 
 /**
- * A non-boxing buffer based on [ByteBuffer] storage
+ * A non-boxing buffer over [Memory] object.
  */
 open class MemoryBuffer<T : Any>(protected val memory: Memory, protected val spec: MemorySpec<T>) : Buffer<T> {
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ open class MemoryBuffer<T : Any>(protected val memory: Memory, protected val spe
 
 
     companion object {
-        fun <T : Any> create(spec: MemorySpec<T>, size: Int) =
+        fun <T : Any> create(spec: MemorySpec<T>, size: Int): MemoryBuffer<T> =
             MemoryBuffer(Memory.allocate(size * spec.objectSize), spec)
 
         inline fun <T : Any> create(
@@ -36,25 +36,25 @@ open class MemoryBuffer<T : Any>(protected val memory: Memory, protected val spe
 class MutableMemoryBuffer<T : Any>(memory: Memory, spec: MemorySpec<T>) : MemoryBuffer<T>(memory, spec),
     MutableBuffer<T> {
 
-    private val writer = memory.writer()
+    private val writer: MemoryWriter = memory.writer()
 
-    override fun set(index: Int, value: T) = writer.write(spec, spec.objectSize * index, value)
+    override fun set(index: Int, value: T): Unit = writer.write(spec, spec.objectSize * index, value)
 
     override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<T> = MutableMemoryBuffer(memory.copy(), spec)
 
     companion object {
-        fun <T : Any> create(spec: MemorySpec<T>, size: Int) =
+        fun <T : Any> create(spec: MemorySpec<T>, size: Int): MutableMemoryBuffer<T> =
             MutableMemoryBuffer(Memory.allocate(size * spec.objectSize), spec)
 
         inline fun <T : Any> create(
             spec: MemorySpec<T>,
             size: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (Int) -> T
-        ) =
+        ): MutableMemoryBuffer<T> =
             MutableMemoryBuffer(Memory.allocate(size * spec.objectSize), spec).also { buffer ->
                 (0 until size).forEach {
                     buffer[it] = initializer(it)
                 }
             }
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDAlgebra.kt

@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ interface NDAlgebra<T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> {
     /**
      * element-by-element invoke a function working on [T] on a [NDStructure]
      */
-    operator fun Function1<T, T>.invoke(structure: N) = map(structure) { value -> this@invoke(value) }
+    operator fun Function1<T, T>.invoke(structure: N): N = map(structure) { value -> this@invoke(value) }
 
     companion object
 }
@@ -76,12 +76,12 @@ interface NDSpace<T, S : Space<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : Space<N>, NDAlgebra<T,
     override fun multiply(a: N, k: Number): N = map(a) { multiply(it, k) }
 
     //TODO move to extensions after KEEP-176
-    operator fun N.plus(arg: T) = map(this) { value -> add(arg, value) }
+    operator fun N.plus(arg: T): N = map(this) { value -> add(arg, value) }
 
-    operator fun N.minus(arg: T) = map(this) { value -> add(arg, -value) }
+    operator fun N.minus(arg: T): N = map(this) { value -> add(arg, -value) }
 
-    operator fun T.plus(arg: N) = map(arg) { value -> add(this@plus, value) }
+    operator fun T.plus(arg: N): N = map(arg) { value -> add(this@plus, value) }
-    operator fun T.minus(arg: N) = map(arg) { value -> add(-this@minus, value) }
+    operator fun T.minus(arg: N): N = map(arg) { value -> add(-this@minus, value) }
 
     companion object
 }
@@ -97,20 +97,18 @@ interface NDRing<T, R : Ring<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : Ring<N>, NDSpace<T, R, N>
     override fun multiply(a: N, b: N): N = combine(a, b) { aValue, bValue -> multiply(aValue, bValue) }
 
     //TODO move to extensions after KEEP-176
-    operator fun N.times(arg: T) = map(this) { value -> multiply(arg, value) }
+    operator fun N.times(arg: T): N = map(this) { value -> multiply(arg, value) }
 
-    operator fun T.times(arg: N) = map(arg) { value -> multiply(this@times, value) }
+    operator fun T.times(arg: N): N = map(arg) { value -> multiply(this@times, value) }
 
     companion object
 }
 
 /**
  * Field for n-dimensional structures.
- * @param shape - the list of dimensions of the array
+ *
- * @param elementField - operations field defined on individual array element
  * @param T - the type of the element contained in ND structure
  * @param F - field of structure elements
- * @param R - actual nd-element type of this field
  */
 interface NDField<T, F : Field<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : Field<N>, NDRing<T, F, N> {
 
@@ -120,9 +118,9 @@ interface NDField<T, F : Field<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : Field<N>, NDRing<T, F,
     override fun divide(a: N, b: N): N = combine(a, b) { aValue, bValue -> divide(aValue, bValue) }
 
     //TODO move to extensions after KEEP-176
-    operator fun N.div(arg: T) = map(this) { value -> divide(arg, value) }
+    operator fun N.div(arg: T): N = map(this) { value -> divide(arg, value) }
 
-    operator fun T.div(arg: N) = map(arg) { divide(it, this@div) }
+    operator fun T.div(arg: N): N = map(arg) { divide(it, this@div) }
 
     companion object {
 
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@ interface NDField<T, F : Field<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : Field<N>, NDRing<T, F,
         /**
          * Create a nd-field for [Double] values or pull it from cache if it was created previously
          */
-        fun real(vararg shape: Int) = realNDFieldCache.getOrPut(shape) { RealNDField(shape) }
+        fun real(vararg shape: Int): RealNDField = realNDFieldCache.getOrPut(shape) { RealNDField(shape) }
 
         /**
          * Create a nd-field with boxing generic buffer
@@ -140,7 +138,7 @@ interface NDField<T, F : Field<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> : Field<N>, NDRing<T, F,
             field: F,
             vararg shape: Int,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing
-        ) = BoxingNDField(shape, field, bufferFactory)
+        ): BoxingNDField<T, F> = BoxingNDField(shape, field, bufferFactory)
 
         /**
          * Create a most suitable implementation for nd-field using reified class.

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDElement.kt

@@ -23,19 +23,23 @@ interface NDElement<T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> : NDStructure<T> {
         /**
          * Create a optimized NDArray of doubles
          */
-        fun real(shape: IntArray, initializer: RealField.(IntArray) -> Double = { 0.0 }) =
+        fun real(shape: IntArray, initializer: RealField.(IntArray) -> Double = { 0.0 }): RealNDElement =
             NDField.real(*shape).produce(initializer)
 
 
-        fun real1D(dim: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double = { _ -> 0.0 }) =
+        fun real1D(dim: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double = { _ -> 0.0 }): RealNDElement =
             real(intArrayOf(dim)) { initializer(it[0]) }
 
 
-        fun real2D(dim1: Int, dim2: Int, initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double = { _, _ -> 0.0 }) =
+        fun real2D(dim1: Int, dim2: Int, initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double = { _, _ -> 0.0 }): RealNDElement =
             real(intArrayOf(dim1, dim2)) { initializer(it[0], it[1]) }
 
-        fun real3D(dim1: Int, dim2: Int, dim3: Int, initializer: (Int, Int, Int) -> Double = { _, _, _ -> 0.0 }) =
+        fun real3D(
-            real(intArrayOf(dim1, dim2, dim3)) { initializer(it[0], it[1], it[2]) }
+            dim1: Int,
+            dim2: Int,
+            dim3: Int,
+            initializer: (Int, Int, Int) -> Double = { _, _, _ -> 0.0 }
+        ): RealNDElement = real(intArrayOf(dim1, dim2, dim3)) { initializer(it[0], it[1], it[2]) }
 
 
         /**
@@ -62,16 +66,17 @@ interface NDElement<T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> : NDStructure<T> {
 }
 
 
-fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, C, N>.mapIndexed(transform: C.(index: IntArray, T) -> T) =
+fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, C, N>.mapIndexed(transform: C.(index: IntArray, T) -> T): NDElement<T, C, N> =
     context.mapIndexed(unwrap(), transform).wrap()
 
-fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, C, N>.map(transform: C.(T) -> T) = context.map(unwrap(), transform).wrap()
+fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, C, N>.map(transform: C.(T) -> T): NDElement<T, C, N> =
+    context.map(unwrap(), transform).wrap()
 
 
 /**
  * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole [NDElement]
  */
-operator fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> Function1<T, T>.invoke(ndElement: NDElement<T, C, N>) =
+operator fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> Function1<T, T>.invoke(ndElement: NDElement<T, C, N>): NDElement<T, C, N> =
     ndElement.map { value -> this@invoke(value) }
 
 /* plus and minus */
@@ -79,13 +84,13 @@ operator fun <T, C, N : NDStructure<T>> Function1<T, T>.invoke(ndElement: NDElem
 /**
  * Summation operation for [NDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T, S : Space<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, S, N>.plus(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T, S : Space<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, S, N>.plus(arg: T): NDElement<T, S, N> =
     map { value -> arg + value }
 
 /**
  * Subtraction operation between [NDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T, S : Space<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, S, N>.minus(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T, S : Space<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, S, N>.minus(arg: T): NDElement<T, S, N> =
     map { value -> arg - value }
 
 /* prod and div */
@@ -93,13 +98,13 @@ operator fun <T, S : Space<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, S, N>.minus(arg:
 /**
  * Product operation for [NDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T, R : Ring<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, R, N>.times(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T, R : Ring<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, R, N>.times(arg: T): NDElement<T, R, N> =
     map { value -> arg * value }
 
 /**
  * Division operation between [NDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun <T, F : Field<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, F, N>.div(arg: T) =
+operator fun <T, F : Field<T>, N : NDStructure<T>> NDElement<T, F, N>.div(arg: T): NDElement<T, F, N> =
     map { value -> arg / value }
 
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDStructure.kt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ interface NDStructure<T> {
 
     val shape: IntArray
 
-    val dimension get() = shape.size
+    val dimension: Int get() = shape.size
 
     operator fun get(index: IntArray): T
 
@@ -44,32 +44,49 @@ interface NDStructure<T> {
             strides: Strides,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T
-        ) =
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             BufferNDStructure(strides, bufferFactory(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
         /**
          * Inline create NDStructure with non-boxing buffer implementation if it is possible
          */
-        inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(strides: Strides, crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T) =
+        inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
+            strides: Strides,
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             BufferNDStructure(strides, Buffer.auto(strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
-        inline fun <T : Any> auto(type: KClass<T>, strides: Strides, crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T) =
+        inline fun <T : Any> auto(
+            type: KClass<T>,
+            strides: Strides,
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             BufferNDStructure(strides, Buffer.auto(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
         fun <T> build(
             shape: IntArray,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::boxing,
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T
-        ) = build(DefaultStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> = build(DefaultStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
 
-        inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(shape: IntArray, crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T) =
+        inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
+            shape: IntArray,
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             auto(DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
 
         @JvmName("autoVarArg")
-        inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(vararg shape: Int, crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T) =
+        inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
+            vararg shape: Int,
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             auto(DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
 
-        inline fun <T : Any> auto(type: KClass<T>, vararg shape: Int, crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T) =
+        inline fun <T : Any> auto(
+            type: KClass<T>,
+            vararg shape: Int,
+            crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T
+        ): BufferNDStructure<T> =
             auto(type, DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
     }
 }
@@ -128,7 +145,7 @@ class DefaultStrides private constructor(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides
     /**
      * Strides for memory access
      */
-    override val strides by lazy {
+    override val strides: List<Int> by lazy {
         sequence {
             var current = 1
             yield(1)
@@ -238,7 +255,7 @@ inline fun <T, reified R : Any> NDStructure<T>.mapToBuffer(
 }
 
 /**
- * Mutable ND buffer based on linear [autoBuffer]
+ * Mutable ND buffer based on linear [MutableBuffer].
  */
 class MutableBufferNDStructure<T>(
     override val strides: Strides,
@@ -251,7 +268,7 @@ class MutableBufferNDStructure<T>(
         }
     }
 
-    override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) = buffer.set(strides.offset(index), value)
+    override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T): Unit = buffer.set(strides.offset(index), value)
 }
 
 inline fun <reified T : Any> NDStructure<T>.combine(
@@ -260,4 +277,4 @@ inline fun <reified T : Any> NDStructure<T>.combine(
 ): NDStructure<T> {
     if (!this.shape.contentEquals(struct.shape)) error("Shape mismatch in structure combination")
     return NDStructure.auto(shape) { block(this[it], struct[it]) }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealBuffer.kt

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ inline class RealBuffer(val array: DoubleArray) : MutableBuffer<Double> {
         array[index] = value
     }
 
-    override fun iterator() = array.iterator()
+    override fun iterator(): DoubleIterator = array.iterator()
 
     override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Double> =
         RealBuffer(array.copyOf())
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ val MutableBuffer<out Double>.array: DoubleArray
         DoubleArray(size) { get(it) }
     }
 
-fun DoubleArray.asBuffer() = RealBuffer(this)
+fun DoubleArray.asBuffer(): RealBuffer = RealBuffer(this)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/RealNDField.kt

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class RealNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override val strides: Strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
 
     override val elementContext: RealField get() = RealField
-    override val zero by lazy { produce { zero } }
+    override val zero: RealNDElement by lazy { produce { zero } }
-    override val one by lazy { produce { one } }
+    override val one: RealNDElement by lazy { produce { one } }
 
     inline fun buildBuffer(size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> Double): Buffer<Double> =
         RealBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { initializer(it) })
@@ -64,15 +64,15 @@ class RealNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override fun NDBuffer<Double>.toElement(): FieldElement<NDBuffer<Double>, *, out BufferedNDField<Double, RealField>> =
         BufferedNDFieldElement(this@RealNDField, buffer)
 
-    override fun power(arg: NDBuffer<Double>, pow: Number) = map(arg) { power(it, pow) }
+    override fun power(arg: NDBuffer<Double>, pow: Number): RealNDElement = map(arg) { power(it, pow) }
 
-    override fun exp(arg: NDBuffer<Double>) = map(arg) { exp(it) }
+    override fun exp(arg: NDBuffer<Double>): RealNDElement = map(arg) { exp(it) }
 
-    override fun ln(arg: NDBuffer<Double>) = map(arg) { ln(it) }
+    override fun ln(arg: NDBuffer<Double>): RealNDElement = map(arg) { ln(it) }
 
-    override fun sin(arg: NDBuffer<Double>) = map(arg) { sin(it) }
+    override fun sin(arg: NDBuffer<Double>): RealNDElement = map(arg) { sin(it) }
 
-    override fun cos(arg: NDBuffer<Double>) = map(arg) { cos(it) }
+    override fun cos(arg: NDBuffer<Double>): RealNDElement = map(arg) { cos(it) }
 
     override fun tan(arg: NDBuffer<Double>): NDBuffer<Double> = map(arg) { tan(it) }
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ inline fun BufferedNDField<Double, RealField>.produceInline(crossinline initiali
 /**
  * Map one [RealNDElement] using function with indexes
  */
-inline fun RealNDElement.mapIndexed(crossinline transform: RealField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double) =
+inline fun RealNDElement.mapIndexed(crossinline transform: RealField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double): RealNDElement =
     context.produceInline { offset -> transform(strides.index(offset), buffer[offset]) }
 
 /**
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ inline fun RealNDElement.map(crossinline transform: RealField.(Double) -> Double
 }
 
 /**
- * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array. Just like in numpy
+ * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array. Just like in numpy.
  */
-operator fun Function1<Double, Double>.invoke(ndElement: RealNDElement) =
+operator fun Function1<Double, Double>.invoke(ndElement: RealNDElement): RealNDElement =
     ndElement.map { this@invoke(it) }
 
 
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ operator fun Function1<Double, Double>.invoke(ndElement: RealNDElement) =
 /**
  * Summation operation for [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun RealNDElement.plus(arg: Double) =
+operator fun RealNDElement.plus(arg: Double): RealNDElement =
     map { it + arg }
 
 /**
  * Subtraction operation between [BufferedNDElement] and single element
  */
-operator fun RealNDElement.minus(arg: Double) =
+operator fun RealNDElement.minus(arg: Double): RealNDElement =
     map { it - arg }
 
 /**
@@ -132,4 +132,4 @@ operator fun RealNDElement.minus(arg: Double) =
  */
 inline fun <R> RealField.nd(vararg shape: Int, action: RealNDField.() -> R): R {
     return NDField.real(*shape).run(action)
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/ShortBuffer.kt

@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@ inline class ShortBuffer(val array: ShortArray) : MutableBuffer<Short> {
         array[index] = value
     }
 
-    override fun iterator() = array.iterator()
+    override fun iterator(): ShortIterator = array.iterator()
 
     override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Short> =
         ShortBuffer(array.copyOf())
 
 }
 
-
+fun ShortArray.asBuffer(): ShortBuffer = ShortBuffer(this)
-fun ShortArray.asBuffer() = ShortBuffer(this)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/ShortNDRing.kt

@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ class ShortNDRing(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override val strides: Strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
 
     override val elementContext: ShortRing get() = ShortRing
-    override val zero by lazy { produce { ShortRing.zero } }
+    override val zero: ShortNDElement by lazy { produce { zero } }
-    override val one by lazy { produce { ShortRing.one } }
+    override val one: ShortNDElement by lazy { produce { one } }
 
     inline fun buildBuffer(size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> Short): Buffer<Short> =
         ShortBuffer(ShortArray(size) { initializer(it) })
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ class ShortNDRing(override val shape: IntArray) :
         transform: ShortRing.(index: IntArray, Short) -> Short
     ): ShortNDElement {
         check(arg)
+
         return BufferedNDRingElement(
             this,
             buildBuffer(arg.strides.linearSize) { offset ->
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ class ShortNDRing(override val shape: IntArray) :
 
 
 /**
- * Fast element production using function inlining
+ * Fast element production using function inlining.
  */
 inline fun BufferedNDRing<Short, ShortRing>.produceInline(crossinline initializer: ShortRing.(Int) -> Short): ShortNDElement {
     val array = ShortArray(strides.linearSize) { offset -> ShortRing.initializer(offset) }
@@ -75,22 +76,22 @@ inline fun BufferedNDRing<Short, ShortRing>.produceInline(crossinline initialize
 }
 
 /**
- * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array. Just like in numpy
+ * Element by element application of any operation on elements to the whole array.
  */
-operator fun Function1<Short, Short>.invoke(ndElement: ShortNDElement) =
+operator fun Function1<Short, Short>.invoke(ndElement: ShortNDElement): ShortNDElement =
     ndElement.context.produceInline { i -> invoke(ndElement.buffer[i]) }
 
 
 /* plus and minus */
 
 /**
- * Summation operation for [StridedNDFieldElement] and single element
+ * Summation operation for [ShortNDElement] and single element.
  */
-operator fun ShortNDElement.plus(arg: Short) =
+operator fun ShortNDElement.plus(arg: Short): ShortNDElement =
     context.produceInline { i -> (buffer[i] + arg).toShort() }
 
 /**
- * Subtraction operation between [StridedNDFieldElement] and single element
+ * Subtraction operation between [ShortNDElement] and single element.
  */
-operator fun ShortNDElement.minus(arg: Short) =
+operator fun ShortNDElement.minus(arg: Short): ShortNDElement =
-    context.produceInline { i -> (buffer[i] - arg).toShort() }
+    context.produceInline { i -> (buffer[i] - arg).toShort() }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/Structure1D.kt

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ interface Structure1D<T> : NDStructure<T>, Buffer<T> {
 /**
  * A 1D wrapper for nd-structure
  */
-private inline class Structure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure1D<T>{
+private inline class Structure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
 
     override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ private inline class Buffer1DWrapper<T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<T>
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> =
         asSequence().mapIndexed { index, value -> intArrayOf(index) to value }
 
-    override fun get(index: Int): T = buffer.get(index)
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = buffer[index]
 }
 
 /**
  * Represent a [NDStructure] as [Structure1D]. Throw error in case of dimension mismatch
  */
 fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as1D(): Structure1D<T> = if (shape.size == 1) {
-    if( this is NDBuffer){
+    if (this is NDBuffer) {
         Buffer1DWrapper(this.buffer)
     } else {
         Structure1DWrapper(this)
@@ -59,4 +59,4 @@ fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as1D(): Structure1D<T> = if (shape.size == 1) {
 /**
  * Represent this buffer as 1D structure
  */
-fun <T> Buffer<T>.asND(): Structure1D<T> = Buffer1DWrapper(this)
+fun <T> Buffer<T>.asND(): Structure1D<T> = Buffer1DWrapper(this)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/Structure2D.kt

@@ -32,9 +32,7 @@ interface Structure2D<T> : NDStructure<T> {
         }
     }
 
-    companion object {
+    companion object
-
-    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -57,4 +55,4 @@ fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as2D(): Structure2D<T> = if (shape.size == 2) {
     error("Can't create 2d-structure from ${shape.size}d-structure")
 }
 
-typealias Matrix<T> = Structure2D<T>
+typealias Matrix<T> = Structure2D<T>

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/expressions/ExpressionFieldTest.kt

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ExpressionFieldTest {
 
     @Test
     fun separateContext() {
-        fun <T> FunctionalExpressionField<T,*>.expression(): Expression<T> {
+        fun <T> FunctionalExpressionField<T, *>.expression(): Expression<T> {
             val x = variable("x")
             return x * x + 2 * x + one
         }
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class ExpressionFieldTest {
 
     @Test
     fun valueExpression() {
-        val expressionBuilder: FunctionalExpressionField<Double,*>.() -> Expression<Double> = {
+        val expressionBuilder: FunctionalExpressionField<Double, *>.() -> Expression<Double> = {
             val x = variable("x")
             x * x + 2 * x + one
         }
@@ -50,4 +50,4 @@ class ExpressionFieldTest {
         val expression = FunctionalExpressionField(RealField).expressionBuilder()
         assertEquals(expression("x" to 1.0), 4.0)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/MatrixTest.kt

@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ class MatrixTest {
 
     @Test
     fun test2DDot() {
-        val firstMatrix = NDStructure.auto(2,3){ (i, j) -> (i + j).toDouble() }.as2D()
+        val firstMatrix = NDStructure.auto(2, 3) { (i, j) -> (i + j).toDouble() }.as2D()
-        val secondMatrix = NDStructure.auto(3,2){ (i, j) -> (i + j).toDouble() }.as2D()
+        val secondMatrix = NDStructure.auto(3, 2) { (i, j) -> (i + j).toDouble() }.as2D()
         MatrixContext.real.run {
 //            val firstMatrix = produce(2, 3) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
 //            val secondMatrix = produce(3, 2) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
             val result = firstMatrix dot secondMatrix
             assertEquals(2, result.rowNum)
             assertEquals(2, result.colNum)
-            assertEquals(8.0, result[0,1])
+            assertEquals(8.0, result[0, 1])
-            assertEquals(8.0, result[1,0])
+            assertEquals(8.0, result[1, 0])
-            assertEquals(14.0, result[1,1])
+            assertEquals(14.0, result[1, 1])
         }
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/linear/RealLUSolverTest.kt

@@ -48,4 +48,4 @@ class RealLUSolverTest {
 
         assertEquals(expected, inverted)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/misc/AutoDiffTest.kt

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class AutoDiffTest {
+    fun Variable(int: Int): Variable<Double> = Variable(int.toDouble())
 
-    fun Variable(int: Int) = Variable(int.toDouble())
+    fun deriv(body: AutoDiffField<Double, RealField>.() -> Variable<Double>): DerivationResult<Double> =
-
+        RealField.deriv(body)
-    fun deriv(body: AutoDiffField<Double, RealField>.() -> Variable<Double>) = RealField.deriv(body)
 
     @Test
     fun testPlusX2() {
@@ -178,5 +178,4 @@ class AutoDiffTest {
     private fun assertApprox(a: Double, b: Double) {
         if ((a - b) > 1e-10) assertEquals(a, b)
     }
-
+}
-}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/misc/CumulativeKtTest.kt

@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ class CumulativeKtTest {
         val cumulative = initial.cumulativeSum()
         assertEquals(listOf(-1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0), cumulative)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/BigIntAlgebraTest.kt

@@ -47,4 +47,3 @@ class BigIntAlgebraTest {
     }
 
 }
-

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/BigIntConstructorTest.kt

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class BigIntConstructorTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testConstructor_0xffffffffaL() {
-        val x = -0xffffffffaL.toBigInt()
+        val x = (-0xffffffffaL).toBigInt()
         val y = uintArrayOf(0xfffffffaU, 0xfU).toBigInt(-1)
         assertEquals(x, y)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/BigIntConversionsTest.kt

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class BigIntConversionsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testToString_0x17ead2ffffd() {
-        val x = -0x17ead2ffffdL.toBigInt()
+        val x = (-0x17ead2ffffdL).toBigInt()
         assertEquals("-0x17ead2ffffd", x.toString())
     }
 
@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@ class BigIntConversionsTest {
         val x = "-7059135710711894913860".parseBigInteger()
         assertEquals("-0x17ead2ffffd11223344", x.toString())
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/BigIntOperationsTest.kt

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
     @Test
     fun testUnaryMinus() {
         val x = 1234.toBigInt()
-        val y = -1234.toBigInt()
+        val y = (-1234).toBigInt()
         assertEquals(-x, y)
     }
 
@@ -48,18 +48,18 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testMinus__2_1() {
-        val x = -2.toBigInt()
+        val x = (-2).toBigInt()
         val y = 1.toBigInt()
 
         val res = x - y
-        val sum = -3.toBigInt()
+        val sum = (-3).toBigInt()
 
         assertEquals(sum, res)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testMinus___2_1() {
-        val x = -2.toBigInt()
+        val x = (-2).toBigInt()
         val y = 1.toBigInt()
 
         val res = -x - y
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
         val y = 0xffffffffaL.toBigInt()
 
         val res = x - y
-        val sum = -0xfffffcfc1L.toBigInt()
+        val sum = (-0xfffffcfc1L).toBigInt()
 
         assertEquals(sum, res)
     }
@@ -92,11 +92,11 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun testMultiply__2_3() {
-        val x = -2.toBigInt()
+        val x = (-2).toBigInt()
         val y = 3.toBigInt()
 
         val res = x * y
-        val prod = -6.toBigInt()
+        val prod = (-6).toBigInt()
 
         assertEquals(prod, res)
     }
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
         val y = -0xfff456
 
         val res = x * y
-        val prod = -0xffe579ad5dc2L.toBigInt()
+        val prod = (-0xffe579ad5dc2L).toBigInt()
 
         assertEquals(prod, res)
     }
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
         val y = -3
 
         val res = x / y
-        val div = -6.toBigInt()
+        val div = (-6).toBigInt()
 
         assertEquals(div, res)
     }
@@ -267,10 +267,10 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
     @Test
     fun testBigDivision_20__3() {
         val x = 20.toBigInt()
-        val y = -3.toBigInt()
+        val y = (-3).toBigInt()
 
         val res = x / y
-        val div = -6.toBigInt()
+        val div = (-6).toBigInt()
 
         assertEquals(div, res)
     }
@@ -378,4 +378,4 @@ class BigIntOperationsTest {
 
         return assertEquals(res, x % mod)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/operations/RealFieldTest.kt

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ class RealFieldTest {
         }
         assertEquals(5.0, sqrt)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/ComplexBufferSpecTest.kt

@@ -11,4 +11,4 @@ class ComplexBufferSpecTest {
         val buffer = Buffer.complex(20) { Complex(it.toDouble(), -it.toDouble()) }
         assertEquals(Complex(5.0, -5.0), buffer[5])
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NDFieldTest.kt

@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ class NDFieldTest {
         val ndArray = NDElement.real(intArrayOf(10, 10)) { (it[0] + it[1]).toDouble() }
         assertEquals(ndArray[5, 5], 10.0)
     }
-}
+}

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/scientifik/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
 class NumberNDFieldTest {
-    val array1 = real2D(3, 3) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
+    val array1: RealNDElement = real2D(3, 3) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
-    val array2 = real2D(3, 3) { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }
+    val array2: RealNDElement = real2D(3, 3) { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }
 
     @Test
     fun testSum() {