Merge branch 'dev' into feature/mp-samplers

# Conflicts:
#	examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
#	kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/Structure2D.kt

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -4,27 +4,28 @@
 ### Added
 - `fun` annotation for SAM interfaces in library
 - Explicit `public` visibility for all public APIs
-- Better trigonometric and hyperbolic functions for `AutoDiffField` (https://github.com/mipt-npm/kmath/pull/140).
+- Better trigonometric and hyperbolic functions for `AutoDiffField` (https://github.com/mipt-npm/kmath/pull/140)
 - Automatic README generation for features (#139)
 - Native support for `memory`, `core` and `dimensions`
-- `kmath-ejml` to supply EJML SimpleMatrix wrapper (https://github.com/mipt-npm/kmath/pull/136).
+- `kmath-ejml` to supply EJML SimpleMatrix wrapper (https://github.com/mipt-npm/kmath/pull/136)
 - A separate `Symbol` entity, which is used for global unbound symbol.
 - A `Symbol` indexing scope.
 - Basic optimization API for Commons-math.
 - Chi squared optimization for array-like data in CM
 - `Fitting` utility object in prob/stat
-- ND4J support module submitting `NDStructure` and `NDAlgebra` over `INDArray`.
-- Coroutine-deterministic Monte-Carlo scope with a random number generator.
-- Some minor utilities to `kmath-for-real`.
+- ND4J support module submitting `NDStructure` and `NDAlgebra` over `INDArray`
+- Coroutine-deterministic Monte-Carlo scope with a random number generator
+- Some minor utilities to `kmath-for-real`
 - Generic operation result parameter to `MatrixContext`
+- New `MatrixFeature` interfaces for matrix decompositions
 
 ### Changed
-- Package changed from `scientifik` to `kscience.kmath`.
-- Gradle version: 6.6 -> 6.7.1
+- Package changed from `scientifik` to `kscience.kmath`
+- Gradle version: 6.6 -> 6.8
 - Minor exceptions refactor (throwing `IllegalArgumentException` by argument checks instead of `IllegalStateException`)
-- `Polynomial` secondary constructor made function.
-- Kotlin version: 1.3.72 -> 1.4.20
-- `kmath-ast` doesn't depend on heavy `kotlin-reflect` library.
+- `Polynomial` secondary constructor made function
+- Kotlin version: 1.3.72 -> 1.4.21
+- `kmath-ast` doesn't depend on heavy `kotlin-reflect` library
 - Full autodiff refactoring based on `Symbol`
 - `kmath-prob` renamed to `kmath-stat`
 - Grid generators moved to `kmath-for-real`
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@
 - Optimized dot product for buffer matrices moved to `kmath-for-real`
 - EjmlMatrix context is an object
 - Matrix LUP `inverse` renamed to `inverseWithLUP`
+- `NumericAlgebra` moved outside of regular algebra chain (`Ring` no longer implements it).
+- Features moved to NDStructure and became transparent.
 
 ### Deprecated
 

README.md

@@ -89,7 +89,16 @@ submit a feature request if you want something to be implemented first.
 * ### [kmath-ast](kmath-ast)
 > 
 >
-> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
+> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
+>
+> **Features:**
+> - [expression-language](kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/parser.kt) : Expression language and its parser
+> - [mst](kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt) : MST (Mathematical Syntax Tree) as expression language's syntax intermediate representation
+> - [mst-building](kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstAlgebra.kt) : MST building algebraic structure
+> - [mst-interpreter](kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt) : MST interpreter
+> - [mst-jvm-codegen](kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt) : Dynamic MST to JVM bytecode compiler
+> - [mst-js-codegen](kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/estree.kt) : Dynamic MST to JS compiler
+
 <hr/>
 
 * ### [kmath-commons](kmath-commons)
@@ -122,7 +131,7 @@ submit a feature request if you want something to be implemented first.
 * ### [kmath-dimensions](kmath-dimensions)
 > 
 >
-> **Maturity**: EXPERIMENTAL
+> **Maturity**: PROTOTYPE
 <hr/>
 
 * ### [kmath-ejml](kmath-ejml)

build.gradle.kts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ plugins {
     id("ru.mipt.npm.project")
 }
 
-internal val kmathVersion: String by extra("0.2.0-dev-4")
+internal val kmathVersion: String by extra("0.2.0-dev-5")
 internal val bintrayRepo: String by extra("kscience")
 internal val githubProject: String by extra("kmath")
 
@@ -38,3 +38,7 @@ readme {
 apiValidation {
     validationDisabled = true
 }
+
+ksciencePublish {
+    spaceRepo = "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/mipt-npm/p/sci/maven"
+}

docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven' }
-
+> 
 > }
 > 
 > dependencies {

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark.kt

@@ -4,13 +4,19 @@ import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.expressionInField
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Field
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 import kotlin.random.Random
-import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
 internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
     private val algebra: Field<Double> = RealField
+
+    @Benchmark
     fun functionalExpression() {
         val expr = algebra.expressionInField {
             symbol("x") * const(2.0) + const(2.0) / symbol("x") - const(16.0)
@@ -19,22 +25,31 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
         invokeAndSum(expr)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
     fun mstExpression() {
         val expr = algebra.mstInField {
-            symbol("x") * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / symbol("x") - number(16.0)
+            symbol("x") * 2.0 + 2.0 / symbol("x") - 16.0
         }
 
         invokeAndSum(expr)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
     fun asmExpression() {
         val expr = algebra.mstInField {
-            symbol("x") * number(2.0) + number(2.0) / symbol("x") - number(16.0)
+            symbol("x") * 2.0 + 2.0 / symbol("x") - 16.0
         }.compile()
 
         invokeAndSum(expr)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
+    fun rawExpression() {
+        val x by symbol
+        val expr = Expression<Double> { args -> args.getValue(x) * 2.0 + 2.0 / args.getValue(x) - 16.0 }
+        invokeAndSum(expr)
+    }
+
     private fun invokeAndSum(expr: Expression<Double>) {
         val random = Random(0)
         var sum = 0.0
@@ -46,35 +61,3 @@ internal class ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark {
         println(sum)
     }
 }
-
-/**
- * This benchmark compares basically evaluation of simple function with MstExpression interpreter, ASM backend and
- * core FunctionalExpressions API.
- *
- * The expected rating is:
- *
- * 1. ASM.
- * 2. MST.
- * 3. FE.
- */
-fun main() {
-    val benchmark = ExpressionsInterpretersBenchmark()
-
-    val fe = measureTimeMillis {
-        benchmark.functionalExpression()
-    }
-
-    println("fe=$fe")
-
-    val mst = measureTimeMillis {
-        benchmark.mstExpression()
-    }
-
-    println("mst=$mst")
-
-    val asm = measureTimeMillis {
-        benchmark.asmExpression()
-    }
-
-    println("asm=$asm")
-}

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ArrayBenchmark.kt

@@ -16,17 +16,13 @@ internal class ArrayBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
     fun benchmarkBufferRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1..size) res += arrayBuffer.get(
-            size - i
-        )
+        for (i in 1..size) res += arrayBuffer[size - i]
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun nativeBufferRead() {
         var res = 0
-        for (i in 1..size) res += nativeBuffer.get(
-            size - i
-        )
+        for (i in 1..size) res += nativeBuffer[size - i]
     }
 
     companion object {

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/DotBenchmark.kt

@@ -2,19 +2,21 @@ package kscience.kmath.benchmarks
 
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Benchmark
 import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext
-import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext.dot
-import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.toCM
 import kscience.kmath.ejml.EjmlMatrixContext
-import kscience.kmath.ejml.toEjml
+
+import kscience.kmath.linear.BufferMatrixContext
+import kscience.kmath.linear.RealMatrixContext
 import kscience.kmath.linear.real
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 import kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
 import kotlin.random.Random
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
-class MultiplicationBenchmark {
+class DotBenchmark {
     companion object {
         val random = Random(12224)
         val dim = 1000
@@ -23,38 +25,48 @@ class MultiplicationBenchmark {
         val matrix1 = Matrix.real(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
         val matrix2 = Matrix.real(dim, dim) { i, j -> if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0 }
 
-        val cmMatrix1 = matrix1.toCM()
-        val cmMatrix2 = matrix2.toCM()
+        val cmMatrix1 = CMMatrixContext { matrix1.toCM() }
+        val cmMatrix2 = CMMatrixContext { matrix2.toCM() }
 
-        val ejmlMatrix1 = matrix1.toEjml()
-        val ejmlMatrix2 = matrix2.toEjml()
+        val ejmlMatrix1 = EjmlMatrixContext { matrix1.toEjml() }
+        val ejmlMatrix2 = EjmlMatrixContext { matrix2.toEjml() }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun commonsMathMultiplication() {
-        CMMatrixContext.invoke {
+        CMMatrixContext {
             cmMatrix1 dot cmMatrix2
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun ejmlMultiplication() {
-        EjmlMatrixContext.invoke {
+        EjmlMatrixContext {
             ejmlMatrix1 dot ejmlMatrix2
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun ejmlMultiplicationwithConversion() {
+        EjmlMatrixContext {
             val ejmlMatrix1 = matrix1.toEjml()
             val ejmlMatrix2 = matrix2.toEjml()
-        EjmlMatrixContext.invoke {
+
             ejmlMatrix1 dot ejmlMatrix2
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun bufferedMultiplication() {
+        BufferMatrixContext(RealField, Buffer.Companion::real).invoke {
             matrix1 dot matrix2
         }
     }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun realMultiplication() {
+        RealMatrixContext {
+            matrix1 dot matrix2
+        }
+    }
+}

examples/src/benchmarks/kotlin/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/LinearAlgebraBenchmark.kt

@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@ import kotlinx.benchmark.Benchmark
 import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext
 import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMMatrixContext.dot
 import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.inverse
-import kscience.kmath.commons.linear.toCM
 import kscience.kmath.ejml.EjmlMatrixContext
 import kscience.kmath.ejml.inverse
-import kscience.kmath.ejml.toEjml
 import kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
 import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
@@ -35,16 +33,14 @@ class LinearAlgebraBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
     fun cmLUPInversion() {
         CMMatrixContext {
-            val cm = matrix.toCM()             //avoid overhead on conversion
-            inverse(cm)
+            inverse(matrix)
         }
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun ejmlInverse() {
         EjmlMatrixContext {
-            val km = matrix.toEjml()      //avoid overhead on conversion
-            inverse(km)
+            inverse(matrix)
         }
     }
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt

@@ -63,4 +63,6 @@ fun main(): Unit = runBlocking(Dispatchers.Default) {
     val directJob = async { runApacheDirect() }
     println("KMath Chained: ${chainJob.await()}")
     println("Apache Direct: ${directJob.await()}")
+    val normal = GaussianSampler.of(7.0, 2.0)
+    val chain = normal.sample(generator).blocking()
 }

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/ComplexND.kt

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ fun main() {
     val n = 1000
 
     val realField = NDField.real(dim, dim)
-    val complexField = NDField.complex(dim, dim)
+    val complexField: ComplexNDField = NDField.complex(dim, dim)
 
     val realTime = measureTimeMillis {
         realField {

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/NDField.kt

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ fun main() {
     measureAndPrint("Automatic field addition") {
         autoField {
             var res: NDBuffer<Double> = one
-            repeat(n) { res += number(1.0) }
+            repeat(n) { res += 1.0 }
         }
     }
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fun main() {
     measureAndPrint("Nd4j specialized addition") {
         nd4jField {
             var res = one
-            repeat(n) { res += 1.0 as Number }
+            repeat(n) { res += 1.0 }
         }
     }
 
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fun main() {
         genericField {
             var res: NDBuffer<Double> = one
             repeat(n) {
-                res += one // couldn't avoid using `one` due to resolution ambiguity }
+                res += 1.0 // couldn't avoid using `one` due to resolution ambiguity }
             }
         }
     }

examples/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/typeSafeDimensions.kt

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ import kscience.kmath.dimensions.D2
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.D3
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.DMatrixContext
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.Dimension
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 
-private fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.simple() {
+private fun DMatrixContext<Double>.simple() {
     val m1 = produce<D2, D3> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val m2 = produce<D3, D2> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
 
@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ private object D5 : Dimension {
     override val dim: UInt = 5u
 }
 
-private fun DMatrixContext<Double, RealField>.custom() {
+private fun DMatrixContext<Double>.custom() {
     val m1 = produce<D2, D5> { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val m2 = produce<D5, D2> { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }
     val m3 = produce<D2, D2> { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }

gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-6.7-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-6.8-bin.zip
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists

kmath-ast/README.md

@@ -2,43 +2,55 @@
 
 This subproject implements the following features:
 
-- Expression Language and its parser.
-- MST (Mathematical Syntax Tree) as expression language's syntax intermediate representation.
-- Type-safe builder for MST.
-- Evaluating expressions by traversing MST.
+ - [expression-language](src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/parser.kt) : Expression language and its parser
+ - [mst](src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt) : MST (Mathematical Syntax Tree) as expression language's syntax intermediate representation
+ - [mst-building](src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstAlgebra.kt) : MST building algebraic structure
+ - [mst-interpreter](src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt) : MST interpreter
+ - [mst-jvm-codegen](src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt) : Dynamic MST to JVM bytecode compiler
+ - [mst-js-codegen](src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/estree.kt) : Dynamic MST to JS compiler
+
 
 > #### Artifact:
-> This module is distributed in the artifact `kscience.kmath:kmath-ast:0.1.4-dev-8`.
+>
+> This module artifact: `kscience.kmath:kmath-ast:0.2.0-dev-4`.
+>
+> Bintray release version:        [ ![Download](https://api.bintray.com/packages/mipt-npm/kscience/kmath-ast/images/download.svg) ](https://bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience/kmath-ast/_latestVersion)
+>
+> Bintray development version:    [ ![Download](https://api.bintray.com/packages/mipt-npm/dev/kmath-ast/images/download.svg) ](https://bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev/kmath-ast/_latestVersion)
 >
 > **Gradle:**
 >
 > ```gradle
 > repositories {
+>     maven { url "https://dl.bintray.com/kotlin/kotlin-eap" }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev' }
->     maven { url https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven' }
+>     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven' }
+> 
 > }
 > 
 > dependencies {
->     implementation 'kscience.kmath:kmath-ast:0.1.4-dev-8'
+>     implementation 'kscience.kmath:kmath-ast:0.2.0-dev-4'
 > }
 > ```
 > **Gradle Kotlin DSL:**
 >
 > ```kotlin
 > repositories {
+>     maven("https://dl.bintray.com/kotlin/kotlin-eap")
 >     maven("https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience")
 >     maven("https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev")
 >     maven("https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven")
 > }
 > 
 > dependencies {
->     implementation("kscience.kmath:kmath-ast:0.1.4-dev-8")
+>     implementation("kscience.kmath:kmath-ast:0.2.0-dev-4")
 > }
 > ```
->
 
-## Dynamic Expression Code Generation with ObjectWeb ASM
+## Dynamic expression code generation
+
+### On JVM
 
 `kmath-ast` JVM module supports runtime code generation to eliminate overhead of tree traversal. Code generator builds
 a special implementation of `Expression<T>` with implemented `invoke` function.
@@ -55,19 +67,20 @@ RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") + 2 }.compile()
 package kscience.kmath.asm.generated;
 
 import java.util.Map;
+import kotlin.jvm.functions.Function2;
 import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.MapIntrinsics;
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression;
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField;
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol;
 
-public final class AsmCompiledExpression_1073786867_0 implements Expression<Double> {
-    private final RealField algebra;
+public final class AsmCompiledExpression_45045_0 implements Expression<Double> {
+    private final Object[] constants;
 
-    public final Double invoke(Map<String, ? extends Double> arguments) {
-        return (Double)this.algebra.add(((Double)MapIntrinsics.getOrFail(arguments, "x")).doubleValue(), 2.0D);
+    public final Double invoke(Map<Symbol, Double> arguments) {
+        return (Double)((Function2)this.constants[0]).invoke((Double)MapIntrinsics.getOrFail(arguments, "x"), 2);
     }
 
-    public AsmCompiledExpression_1073786867_0(RealField algebra) {
-        this.algebra = algebra;
+    public AsmCompiledExpression_45045_0(Object[] constants) {
+        this.constants = constants;
     }
 }
 
@@ -82,10 +95,28 @@ RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") + 2 }.compile()
 RealField.expression("x+2".parseMath())
 ```
 
-### Known issues
+#### Known issues
 
 - The same classes may be generated and loaded twice, so it is recommended to cache compiled expressions to avoid
   class loading overhead.
 - This API is not supported by non-dynamic JVM implementations (like TeaVM and GraalVM) because of using class loaders.
 
-Contributed by [Iaroslav Postovalov](https://github.com/CommanderTvis).
+### On JS
+
+A similar feature is also available on JS.
+
+```kotlin
+RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") + 2 }.compile()
+``` 
+
+The code above returns expression implemented with such a JS function:
+
+```js
+var executable = function (constants, arguments) {
+  return constants[1](constants[0](arguments, "x"), 2);
+};
+```
+
+#### Known issues
+
+- This feature uses `eval` which can be unavailable in several environments.

kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts

@@ -1,7 +1,23 @@
+import ru.mipt.npm.gradle.Maturity
+
 plugins {
     id("ru.mipt.npm.mpp")
 }
 
+kotlin.js {
+    nodejs {
+        testTask {
+            useMocha().timeout = "0"
+        }
+    }
+
+    browser {
+        testTask {
+            useMocha().timeout = "0"
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 kotlin.sourceSets {
     commonMain {
         dependencies {
@@ -9,15 +25,58 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
         }
     }
 
+    jsMain {
+        dependencies {
+            implementation(npm("astring", "1.4.3"))
+        }
+    }
+
     jvmMain {
         dependencies {
             api("com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse:better-parse:0.4.0")
-            implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm:8.0.1")
-            implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:8.0.1")
+            implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm:9.0")
+            implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.0")
         }
     }
 }
 
 readme {
-    maturity = ru.mipt.npm.gradle.Maturity.PROTOTYPE
+    maturity = Maturity.PROTOTYPE
+    propertyByTemplate("artifact", rootProject.file("docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md"))
+
+    feature(
+        id = "expression-language",
+        description = "Expression language and its parser",
+        ref = "src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/parser.kt"
+    )
+
+    feature(
+        id = "mst",
+        description = "MST (Mathematical Syntax Tree) as expression language's syntax intermediate representation",
+        ref = "src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt"
+    )
+
+    feature(
+        id = "mst-building",
+        description = "MST building algebraic structure",
+        ref = "src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstAlgebra.kt"
+    )
+
+    feature(
+        id = "mst-interpreter",
+        description = "MST interpreter",
+        ref = "src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt"
+    )
+
+    feature(
+        id = "mst-jvm-codegen",
+        description = "Dynamic MST to JVM bytecode compiler",
+        ref = "src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt"
+    )
+
+    feature(
+        id = "mst-js-codegen",
+        description = "Dynamic MST to JS compiler",
+        ref = "src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/estree.kt"
+    )
 }

kmath-ast/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Abstract Syntax Tree Expression Representation and Operations (`kmath-ast`)
+
+This subproject implements the following features:
+
+${features}
+
+${artifact}
+
+## Dynamic expression code generation
+
+### On JVM
+
+`kmath-ast` JVM module supports runtime code generation to eliminate overhead of tree traversal. Code generator builds
+a special implementation of `Expression<T>` with implemented `invoke` function.
+
+For example, the following builder:
+
+```kotlin
+RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") + 2 }.compile()
+``` 
+
+… leads to generation of bytecode, which can be decompiled to the following Java class:
+
+```java
+package kscience.kmath.asm.generated;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import kotlin.jvm.functions.Function2;
+import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.MapIntrinsics;
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression;
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol;
+
+public final class AsmCompiledExpression_45045_0 implements Expression<Double> {
+    private final Object[] constants;
+
+    public final Double invoke(Map<Symbol, Double> arguments) {
+        return (Double)((Function2)this.constants[0]).invoke((Double)MapIntrinsics.getOrFail(arguments, "x"), 2);
+    }
+
+    public AsmCompiledExpression_45045_0(Object[] constants) {
+        this.constants = constants;
+    }
+}
+
+```
+
+### Example Usage
+
+This API extends MST and MstExpression, so you may optimize as both of them:
+
+```kotlin
+RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") + 2 }.compile()
+RealField.expression("x+2".parseMath())
+```
+
+#### Known issues
+
+- The same classes may be generated and loaded twice, so it is recommended to cache compiled expressions to avoid
+  class loading overhead.
+- This API is not supported by non-dynamic JVM implementations (like TeaVM and GraalVM) because of using class loaders.
+
+### On JS
+
+A similar feature is also available on JS.
+
+```kotlin
+RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") + 2 }.compile()
+``` 
+
+The code above returns expression implemented with such a JS function:
+
+```js
+var executable = function (constants, arguments) {
+  return constants[1](constants[0](arguments, "x"), 2);
+};
+```
+
+#### Known issues
+
+- This feature uses `eval` which can be unavailable in several environments.

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MST.kt

@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ package kscience.kmath.ast
 
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
 import kscience.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 
 /**
- * A Mathematical Syntax Tree node for mathematical expressions.
+ * A Mathematical Syntax Tree (MST) node for mathematical expressions.
  *
  * @author Alexander Nozik
  */
@@ -55,24 +54,25 @@ public sealed class MST {
 public fun <T> Algebra<T>.evaluate(node: MST): T = when (node) {
     is MST.Numeric -> (this as? NumericAlgebra<T>)?.number(node.value)
         ?: error("Numeric nodes are not supported by $this")
+
     is MST.Symbolic -> symbol(node.value)
-    is MST.Unary -> unaryOperation(node.operation, evaluate(node.value))
-    is MST.Binary -> when {
-        this !is NumericAlgebra -> binaryOperation(node.operation, evaluate(node.left), evaluate(node.right))
 
-        node.left is MST.Numeric && node.right is MST.Numeric -> {
-            val number = RealField.binaryOperation(
-                node.operation,
-                node.left.value.toDouble(),
-                node.right.value.toDouble()
-            )
-
-            number(number)
+    is MST.Unary -> when {
+        this is NumericAlgebra && node.value is MST.Numeric -> unaryOperationFunction(node.operation)(number(node.value.value))
+        else -> unaryOperationFunction(node.operation)(evaluate(node.value))
     }
 
-        node.left is MST.Numeric -> leftSideNumberOperation(node.operation, node.left.value, evaluate(node.right))
-        node.right is MST.Numeric -> rightSideNumberOperation(node.operation, evaluate(node.left), node.right.value)
-        else -> binaryOperation(node.operation, evaluate(node.left), evaluate(node.right))
+    is MST.Binary -> when {
+        this is NumericAlgebra && node.left is MST.Numeric && node.right is MST.Numeric ->
+            binaryOperationFunction(node.operation)(number(node.left.value), number(node.right.value))
+
+        this is NumericAlgebra && node.left is MST.Numeric ->
+            leftSideNumberOperationFunction(node.operation)(node.left.value, evaluate(node.right))
+
+        this is NumericAlgebra && node.right is MST.Numeric ->
+            rightSideNumberOperationFunction(node.operation)(evaluate(node.left), node.right.value)
+
+        else -> binaryOperationFunction(node.operation)(evaluate(node.left), evaluate(node.right))
     }
 }
 

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstAlgebra.kt

@@ -1,64 +1,83 @@
 package kscience.kmath.ast
 
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.*
 
 /**
  * [Algebra] over [MST] nodes.
  */
 public object MstAlgebra : NumericAlgebra<MST> {
-    override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MST.Numeric(value)
+    public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MST.Numeric(value)
+    public override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MST.Symbolic(value)
 
-    override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MST.Symbolic(value)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary =
+        { arg -> MST.Unary(operation, arg) }
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: MST): MST.Unary =
-        MST.Unary(operation, arg)
-
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: MST, right: MST): MST.Binary =
-        MST.Binary(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
+        { left, right -> MST.Binary(operation, left, right) }
 }
 
 /**
  * [Space] over [MST] nodes.
  */
 public object MstSpace : Space<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
-    override val zero: MST.Numeric by lazy { number(0.0) }
+    public override val zero: MST.Numeric by lazy { number(0.0) }
 
-    override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstAlgebra.number(value)
-    override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstAlgebra.symbol(value)
-    override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION, a, b)
-    override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION, a, number(k))
+    public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstAlgebra.number(value)
+    public override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstAlgebra.symbol(value)
+    public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperationFunction(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION)(a, b)
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryPlus(): MST.Unary =
+        unaryOperationFunction(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION)(this)
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: MST, right: MST): MST.Binary =
-        MstAlgebra.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST.Unary =
+        unaryOperationFunction(SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION)(this)
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: MST): MST.Unary = MstAlgebra.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override operator fun MST.minus(b: MST): MST.Binary =
+        binaryOperationFunction(SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION)(this, b)
+
+    public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary =
+        binaryOperationFunction(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION)(a, number(k))
+
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
+        MstAlgebra.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
+
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary =
+        MstAlgebra.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
 /**
  * [Ring] over [MST] nodes.
  */
-public object MstRing : Ring<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
-    override val zero: MST.Numeric
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public object MstRing : Ring<MST>, RingWithNumbers<MST> {
+    public override val zero: MST.Numeric
         get() = MstSpace.zero
 
-    override val one: MST.Numeric by lazy { number(1.0) }
+    public override val one: MST.Numeric by lazy { number(1.0) }
 
-    override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstSpace.number(value)
-    override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstSpace.symbol(value)
-    override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstSpace.add(a, b)
-    override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstSpace.multiply(a, k)
-    override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION, a, b)
+    public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstSpace.number(value)
+    public override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstSpace.symbol(value)
+    public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstSpace.add(a, b)
+    public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstSpace.multiply(a, k)
+    public override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary =
+        binaryOperationFunction(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION)(a, b)
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: MST, right: MST): MST.Binary =
-        MstSpace.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryPlus(): MST.Unary = MstSpace { +this@unaryPlus }
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST.Unary = MstSpace { -this@unaryMinus }
+    public override operator fun MST.minus(b: MST): MST.Binary = MstSpace { this@minus - b }
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: MST): MST.Unary = MstSpace.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
+        MstSpace.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
+
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary =
+        MstAlgebra.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
 /**
  * [Field] over [MST] nodes.
  */
-public object MstField : Field<MST> {
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public object MstField : Field<MST>, RingWithNumbers<MST> {
     public override val zero: MST.Numeric
         get() = MstRing.zero
 
@@ -70,51 +89,61 @@ public object MstField : Field<MST> {
     public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstRing.add(a, b)
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstRing.multiply(a, k)
     public override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstRing.multiply(a, b)
-    public override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = binaryOperation(FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION, a, b)
+    public override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary =
+        binaryOperationFunction(FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION)(a, b)
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: MST, right: MST): MST.Binary =
-        MstRing.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryPlus(): MST.Unary = MstRing { +this@unaryPlus }
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST.Unary = MstRing { -this@unaryMinus }
+    public override operator fun MST.minus(b: MST): MST.Binary = MstRing { this@minus - b }
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: MST): MST.Unary = MstRing.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
+        MstRing.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
+
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary =
+        MstRing.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
 /**
  * [ExtendedField] over [MST] nodes.
  */
-public object MstExtendedField : ExtendedField<MST> {
-    override val zero: MST.Numeric
+public object MstExtendedField : ExtendedField<MST>, NumericAlgebra<MST> {
+    public override val zero: MST.Numeric
         get() = MstField.zero
 
-    override val one: MST.Numeric
+    public override val one: MST.Numeric
         get() = MstField.one
 
-    override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstField.symbol(value)
-    override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstField.number(value)
-    override fun sin(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun cos(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun tan(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.TAN_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun asin(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun acos(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun atan(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun sinh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(HyperbolicOperations.SINH_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun cosh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(HyperbolicOperations.COSH_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun tanh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(HyperbolicOperations.TANH_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun asinh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(HyperbolicOperations.ASINH_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun acosh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(HyperbolicOperations.ACOSH_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun atanh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(HyperbolicOperations.ATANH_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.add(a, b)
-    override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstField.multiply(a, k)
-    override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.multiply(a, b)
-    override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.divide(a, b)
+    public override fun symbol(value: String): MST.Symbolic = MstField.symbol(value)
+    public override fun number(value: Number): MST.Numeric = MstRing.number(value)
+    public override fun sin(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun cos(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun tan(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.TAN_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun asin(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun acos(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun atan(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun sinh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(HyperbolicOperations.SINH_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun cosh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(HyperbolicOperations.COSH_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun tanh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(HyperbolicOperations.TANH_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun asinh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(HyperbolicOperations.ASINH_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun acosh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(HyperbolicOperations.ACOSH_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun atanh(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(HyperbolicOperations.ATANH_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun add(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.add(a, b)
+    public override fun multiply(a: MST, k: Number): MST.Binary = MstField.multiply(a, k)
+    public override fun multiply(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.multiply(a, b)
+    public override fun divide(a: MST, b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField.divide(a, b)
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryPlus(): MST.Unary = MstField { +this@unaryPlus }
+    public override operator fun MST.unaryMinus(): MST.Unary = MstField { -this@unaryMinus }
+    public override operator fun MST.minus(b: MST): MST.Binary = MstField { this@minus - b }
 
-    override fun power(arg: MST, pow: Number): MST.Binary =
-        binaryOperation(PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION, arg, number(pow))
+    public override fun power(arg: MST, pow: Number): MST.Binary =
+        binaryOperationFunction(PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION)(arg, number(pow))
 
-    override fun exp(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION, arg)
-    override fun ln(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION, arg)
+    public override fun exp(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION)(arg)
+    public override fun ln(arg: MST): MST.Unary = unaryOperationFunction(ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION)(arg)
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: MST, right: MST): MST.Binary =
-        MstField.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: MST, right: MST) -> MST.Binary =
+        MstField.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: MST): MST.Unary = MstField.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: MST) -> MST.Unary =
+        MstField.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }

kmath-ast/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/MstExpression.kt

@@ -15,11 +15,14 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
  */
 public class MstExpression<T, out A : Algebra<T>>(public val algebra: A, public val mst: MST) : Expression<T> {
     private inner class InnerAlgebra(val arguments: Map<Symbol, T>) : NumericAlgebra<T> {
-        override fun symbol(value: String): T = arguments[StringSymbol(value)] ?: algebra.symbol(value)
-        override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: T): T = algebra.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+        override fun symbol(value: String): T = try {
+            algebra.symbol(value)
+        } catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
+            null
+        } ?: arguments.getValue(StringSymbol(value))
 
-        override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T =
-            algebra.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+        override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T = algebra.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
+        override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T = algebra.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
         @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
         override fun number(value: Number): T = if (algebra is NumericAlgebra<*>)

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/estree.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree
+
+import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
+import kscience.kmath.ast.MST.*
+import kscience.kmath.ast.MstExpression
+import kscience.kmath.estree.internal.ESTreeBuilder
+import kscience.kmath.estree.internal.estree.BaseExpression
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
+import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
+import kscience.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
+
+@PublishedApi
+internal fun <T> MST.compileWith(algebra: Algebra<T>): Expression<T> {
+    fun ESTreeBuilder<T>.visit(node: MST): BaseExpression = when (node) {
+        is Symbolic -> {
+            val symbol = try {
+                algebra.symbol(node.value)
+            } catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
+                null
+            }
+
+            if (symbol != null)
+                constant(symbol)
+            else
+                variable(node.value)
+        }
+
+        is Numeric -> constant(node.value)
+
+        is Unary -> when {
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.value is Numeric -> constant(
+                algebra.unaryOperationFunction(node.operation)(algebra.number(node.value.value)))
+
+            else -> call(algebra.unaryOperationFunction(node.operation), visit(node.value))
+        }
+
+        is Binary -> when {
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.left is Numeric && node.right is Numeric -> constant(
+                algebra
+                    .binaryOperationFunction(node.operation)
+                    .invoke(algebra.number(node.left.value), algebra.number(node.right.value))
+            )
+
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.left is Numeric -> call(
+                algebra.leftSideNumberOperationFunction(node.operation),
+                visit(node.left),
+                visit(node.right),
+            )
+
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.right is Numeric -> call(
+                algebra.rightSideNumberOperationFunction(node.operation),
+                visit(node.left),
+                visit(node.right),
+            )
+
+            else -> call(
+                algebra.binaryOperationFunction(node.operation),
+                visit(node.left),
+                visit(node.right),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ESTreeBuilder<T> { visit(this@compileWith) }.instance
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Compiles an [MST] to ESTree generated expression using given algebra.
+ *
+ * @author Alexander Nozik.
+ */
+public fun <T : Any> Algebra<T>.expression(mst: MST): Expression<T> =
+    mst.compileWith(this)
+
+/**
+ * Optimizes performance of an [MstExpression] by compiling it into ESTree generated expression.
+ *
+ * @author Alexander Nozik.
+ */
+public fun <T : Any> MstExpression<T, Algebra<T>>.compile(): Expression<T> =
+    mst.compileWith(algebra)

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/ESTreeBuilder.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal
+
+import kscience.kmath.estree.internal.astring.generate
+import kscience.kmath.estree.internal.estree.*
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
+
+internal class ESTreeBuilder<T>(val bodyCallback: ESTreeBuilder<T>.() -> BaseExpression) {
+    private class GeneratedExpression<T>(val executable: dynamic, val constants: Array<dynamic>) : Expression<T> {
+        @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
+        override fun invoke(arguments: Map<Symbol, T>): T {
+            val e = executable
+            val c = constants
+            val a = js("{}")
+            arguments.forEach { (key, value) -> a[key.identity] = value }
+            return js("e(c, a)").unsafeCast<T>()
+        }
+    }
+
+    val instance: Expression<T> by lazy {
+        val node = Program(
+            sourceType = "script",
+            VariableDeclaration(
+                kind = "var",
+                VariableDeclarator(
+                    id = Identifier("executable"),
+                    init = FunctionExpression(
+                        params = arrayOf(Identifier("constants"), Identifier("arguments")),
+                        body = BlockStatement(ReturnStatement(bodyCallback())),
+                    ),
+                ),
+            ),
+        )
+
+        eval(generate(node))
+        GeneratedExpression(js("executable"), constants.toTypedArray())
+    }
+
+    private val constants = mutableListOf<Any>()
+
+    fun constant(value: Any?) = when {
+        value == null || jsTypeOf(value) == "number" || jsTypeOf(value) == "string" || jsTypeOf(value) == "boolean" ->
+            SimpleLiteral(value)
+
+        jsTypeOf(value) == "undefined" -> Identifier("undefined")
+
+        else -> {
+            val idx = if (value in constants) constants.indexOf(value) else constants.also { it += value }.lastIndex
+
+            MemberExpression(
+                computed = true,
+                optional = false,
+                `object` = Identifier("constants"),
+                property = SimpleLiteral(idx),
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun variable(name: String): BaseExpression = call(getOrFail, Identifier("arguments"), SimpleLiteral(name))
+
+    fun call(function: Function<T>, vararg args: BaseExpression): BaseExpression = SimpleCallExpression(
+        optional = false,
+        callee = constant(function),
+        *args,
+    )
+
+    private companion object {
+        @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
+        val getOrFail: (`object`: dynamic, key: String) -> dynamic = { `object`, key ->
+            val k = key
+            val o = `object`
+
+            if (!(js("k in o") as Boolean))
+                throw NoSuchElementException("Key $key is missing in the map.")
+
+            js("o[k]")
+        }
+    }
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/astring/astring.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+@file:JsModule("astring")
+@file:JsNonModule
+
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.astring
+
+import kscience.kmath.estree.internal.estree.BaseNode
+
+internal external interface Options {
+    var indent: String?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var lineEnd: String?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var startingIndentLevel: Number?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var comments: Boolean?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var generator: Any?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var sourceMap: Any?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external fun generate(node: BaseNode, options: Options /* Options & `T$0` */ = definedExternally): String
+
+internal external fun generate(node: BaseNode): String
+
+internal external var baseGenerator: Generator

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/astring/astring.typealises.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.astring
+
+internal typealias Generator = Any

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/emitter/emitter.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.emitter
+
+internal open external class Emitter {
+    constructor(obj: Any)
+    constructor()
+
+    open fun on(event: String, fn: () -> Unit)
+    open fun off(event: String, fn: () -> Unit)
+    open fun once(event: String, fn: () -> Unit)
+    open fun emit(event: String, vararg any: Any)
+    open fun listeners(event: String): Array<() -> Unit>
+    open fun hasListeners(event: String): Boolean
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/estree/estree.extensions.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.estree
+
+internal fun Program(sourceType: String, vararg body: dynamic) = object : Program {
+    override var type = "Program"
+    override var sourceType = sourceType
+    override var body = body
+}
+
+internal fun VariableDeclaration(kind: String, vararg declarations: VariableDeclarator) = object : VariableDeclaration {
+    override var type = "VariableDeclaration"
+    override var declarations = declarations.toList().toTypedArray()
+    override var kind = kind
+}
+
+internal fun VariableDeclarator(id: dynamic, init: dynamic) = object : VariableDeclarator {
+    override var type = "VariableDeclarator"
+    override var id = id
+    override var init = init
+}
+
+internal fun Identifier(name: String) = object : Identifier {
+    override var type = "Identifier"
+    override var name = name
+}
+
+internal fun FunctionExpression(params: Array<dynamic>, body: BlockStatement) = object : FunctionExpression {
+    override var params = params
+    override var type = "FunctionExpression"
+    override var body = body
+}
+
+internal fun BlockStatement(vararg body: dynamic) = object : BlockStatement {
+    override var type = "BlockStatement"
+    override var body = body
+}
+
+internal fun ReturnStatement(argument: dynamic) = object : ReturnStatement {
+    override var type = "ReturnStatement"
+    override var argument = argument
+}
+
+internal fun SimpleLiteral(value: dynamic) = object : SimpleLiteral {
+    override var type = "Literal"
+    override var value = value
+}
+
+internal fun MemberExpression(computed: Boolean, optional: Boolean, `object`: dynamic, property: dynamic) =
+    object : MemberExpression {
+        override var type = "MemberExpression"
+        override var computed = computed
+        override var optional = optional
+        override var `object` = `object`
+        override var property = property
+    }
+
+internal fun SimpleCallExpression(optional: Boolean, callee: dynamic, vararg arguments: dynamic) =
+    object : SimpleCallExpression {
+        override var type = "CallExpression"
+        override var optional = optional
+        override var callee = callee
+        override var arguments = arguments
+    }

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/estree/estree.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,644 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.estree
+
+import kotlin.js.RegExp
+
+internal external interface BaseNodeWithoutComments {
+    var type: String
+    var loc: SourceLocation?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var range: dynamic /* JsTuple<Number, Number> */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseNode : BaseNodeWithoutComments {
+    var leadingComments: Array<Comment>?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var trailingComments: Array<Comment>?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface Comment : BaseNodeWithoutComments {
+    override var type: String /* "Line" | "Block" */
+    var value: String
+}
+
+internal external interface SourceLocation {
+    var source: String?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var start: Position
+    var end: Position
+}
+
+internal external interface Position {
+    var line: Number
+    var column: Number
+}
+
+internal external interface Program : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "Program" */
+    var sourceType: String /* "script" | "module" */
+    var body: Array<dynamic /* Directive | ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration | ImportDeclaration | ExportNamedDeclaration | ExportDefaultDeclaration | ExportAllDeclaration */>
+    var comments: Array<Comment>?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface Directive : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "ExpressionStatement" */
+    var expression: dynamic /* SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var directive: String
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseFunction : BaseNode {
+    var params: Array<dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */>
+    var generator: Boolean?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var async: Boolean?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: dynamic /* BlockStatement | ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseStatement : BaseNode
+
+internal external interface EmptyStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "EmptyStatement" */
+}
+
+internal external interface BlockStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "BlockStatement" */
+    var body: Array<dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */>
+    var innerComments: Array<Comment>?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ExpressionStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ExpressionStatement" */
+    var expression: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface IfStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "IfStatement" */
+    var test: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var consequent: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var alternate: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement? | BlockStatement? | EmptyStatement? | DebuggerStatement? | WithStatement? | ReturnStatement? | LabeledStatement? | BreakStatement? | ContinueStatement? | IfStatement? | SwitchStatement? | ThrowStatement? | TryStatement? | WhileStatement? | DoWhileStatement? | ForStatement? | ForInStatement? | ForOfStatement? | FunctionDeclaration? | VariableDeclaration? | ClassDeclaration? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface LabeledStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "LabeledStatement" */
+    var label: Identifier
+    var body: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BreakStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "BreakStatement" */
+    var label: Identifier?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ContinueStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ContinueStatement" */
+    var label: Identifier?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface WithStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "WithStatement" */
+    var `object`: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface SwitchStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "SwitchStatement" */
+    var discriminant: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var cases: Array<SwitchCase>
+}
+
+internal external interface ReturnStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ReturnStatement" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ThrowStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ThrowStatement" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface TryStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "TryStatement" */
+    var block: BlockStatement
+    var handler: CatchClause?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var finalizer: BlockStatement?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface WhileStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "WhileStatement" */
+    var test: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface DoWhileStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "DoWhileStatement" */
+    var body: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var test: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ForStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ForStatement" */
+    var init: dynamic /* VariableDeclaration? | ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var test: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var update: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseForXStatement : BaseStatement {
+    var left: dynamic /* VariableDeclaration | Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var right: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ForInStatement : BaseForXStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ForInStatement" */
+}
+
+internal external interface DebuggerStatement : BaseStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "DebuggerStatement" */
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseDeclaration : BaseStatement
+
+internal external interface FunctionDeclaration : BaseFunction, BaseDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "FunctionDeclaration" */
+    var id: Identifier?
+    override var body: BlockStatement
+}
+
+internal external interface VariableDeclaration : BaseDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "VariableDeclaration" */
+    var declarations: Array<VariableDeclarator>
+    var kind: String /* "var" | "let" | "const" */
+}
+
+internal external interface VariableDeclarator : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "VariableDeclarator" */
+    var id: dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var init: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseExpression : BaseNode
+
+internal external interface ChainExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ChainExpression" */
+    var expression: dynamic /* SimpleCallExpression | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ThisExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ThisExpression" */
+}
+
+internal external interface ArrayExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ArrayExpression" */
+    var elements: Array<dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression | SpreadElement */>
+}
+
+internal external interface ObjectExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ObjectExpression" */
+    var properties: Array<dynamic /* Property | SpreadElement */>
+}
+
+internal external interface Property : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "Property" */
+    var key: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var value: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var kind: String /* "init" | "get" | "set" */
+    var method: Boolean
+    var shorthand: Boolean
+    var computed: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface FunctionExpression : BaseFunction, BaseExpression {
+    var id: Identifier?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    override var type: String /* "FunctionExpression" */
+    override var body: BlockStatement
+}
+
+internal external interface SequenceExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "SequenceExpression" */
+    var expressions: Array<dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */>
+}
+
+internal external interface UnaryExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "UnaryExpression" */
+    var operator: String /* "-" | "+" | "!" | "~" | "typeof" | "void" | "delete" */
+    var prefix: Boolean
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BinaryExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "BinaryExpression" */
+    var operator: String /* "==" | "!=" | "===" | "!==" | "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=" | "<<" | ">>" | ">>>" | "+" | "-" | "*" | "/" | "%" | "**" | "|" | "^" | "&" | "in" | "instanceof" */
+    var left: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var right: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface AssignmentExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "AssignmentExpression" */
+    var operator: String /* "=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "%=" | "**=" | "<<=" | ">>=" | ">>>=" | "|=" | "^=" | "&=" */
+    var left: dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var right: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface UpdateExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "UpdateExpression" */
+    var operator: String /* "++" | "--" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var prefix: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface LogicalExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "LogicalExpression" */
+    var operator: String /* "||" | "&&" | "??" */
+    var left: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var right: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ConditionalExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ConditionalExpression" */
+    var test: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var alternate: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var consequent: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseCallExpression : BaseExpression {
+    var callee: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression | Super */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var arguments: Array<dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression | SpreadElement */>
+}
+
+internal external interface SimpleCallExpression : BaseCallExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "CallExpression" */
+    var optional: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface NewExpression : BaseCallExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "NewExpression" */
+}
+
+internal external interface MemberExpression : BaseExpression, BasePattern {
+    override var type: String /* "MemberExpression" */
+    var `object`: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression | Super */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var property: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var computed: Boolean
+    var optional: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface BasePattern : BaseNode
+
+internal external interface SwitchCase : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "SwitchCase" */
+    var test: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var consequent: Array<dynamic /* ExpressionStatement | BlockStatement | EmptyStatement | DebuggerStatement | WithStatement | ReturnStatement | LabeledStatement | BreakStatement | ContinueStatement | IfStatement | SwitchStatement | ThrowStatement | TryStatement | WhileStatement | DoWhileStatement | ForStatement | ForInStatement | ForOfStatement | FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration */>
+}
+
+internal external interface CatchClause : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "CatchClause" */
+    var param: dynamic /* Identifier? | ObjectPattern? | ArrayPattern? | RestElement? | AssignmentPattern? | MemberExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: BlockStatement
+}
+
+internal external interface Identifier : BaseNode, BaseExpression, BasePattern {
+    override var type: String /* "Identifier" */
+    var name: String
+}
+
+internal external interface SimpleLiteral : BaseNode, BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "Literal" */
+    var value: dynamic /* String? | Boolean? | Number? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var raw: String?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface `T$1` {
+    var pattern: String
+    var flags: String
+}
+
+internal external interface RegExpLiteral : BaseNode, BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "Literal" */
+    var value: RegExp?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var regex: `T$1`
+    var raw: String?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ForOfStatement : BaseForXStatement {
+    override var type: String /* "ForOfStatement" */
+    var await: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface Super : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "Super" */
+}
+
+internal external interface SpreadElement : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "SpreadElement" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ArrowFunctionExpression : BaseExpression, BaseFunction {
+    override var type: String /* "ArrowFunctionExpression" */
+    var expression: Boolean
+    override var body: dynamic /* BlockStatement | ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface YieldExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "YieldExpression" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var delegate: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface TemplateLiteral : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "TemplateLiteral" */
+    var quasis: Array<TemplateElement>
+    var expressions: Array<dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */>
+}
+
+internal external interface TaggedTemplateExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "TaggedTemplateExpression" */
+    var tag: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var quasi: TemplateLiteral
+}
+
+internal external interface `T$2` {
+    var cooked: String
+    var raw: String
+}
+
+internal external interface TemplateElement : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "TemplateElement" */
+    var tail: Boolean
+    var value: `T$2`
+}
+
+internal external interface AssignmentProperty : Property {
+    override var value: dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    override var kind: String /* "init" */
+    override var method: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface ObjectPattern : BasePattern {
+    override var type: String /* "ObjectPattern" */
+    var properties: Array<dynamic /* AssignmentProperty | RestElement */>
+}
+
+internal external interface ArrayPattern : BasePattern {
+    override var type: String /* "ArrayPattern" */
+    var elements: Array<dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */>
+}
+
+internal external interface RestElement : BasePattern {
+    override var type: String /* "RestElement" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface AssignmentPattern : BasePattern {
+    override var type: String /* "AssignmentPattern" */
+    var left: dynamic /* Identifier | ObjectPattern | ArrayPattern | RestElement | AssignmentPattern | MemberExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var right: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseClass : BaseNode {
+    var superClass: dynamic /* ThisExpression? | ArrayExpression? | ObjectExpression? | FunctionExpression? | ArrowFunctionExpression? | YieldExpression? | SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? | UnaryExpression? | UpdateExpression? | BinaryExpression? | AssignmentExpression? | LogicalExpression? | MemberExpression? | ConditionalExpression? | SimpleCallExpression? | NewExpression? | SequenceExpression? | TemplateLiteral? | TaggedTemplateExpression? | ClassExpression? | MetaProperty? | Identifier? | AwaitExpression? | ImportExpression? | ChainExpression? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var body: ClassBody
+}
+
+internal external interface ClassBody : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "ClassBody" */
+    var body: Array<MethodDefinition>
+}
+
+internal external interface MethodDefinition : BaseNode {
+    override var type: String /* "MethodDefinition" */
+    var key: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var value: FunctionExpression
+    var kind: String /* "constructor" | "method" | "get" | "set" */
+    var computed: Boolean
+    var static: Boolean
+}
+
+internal external interface ClassDeclaration : BaseClass, BaseDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "ClassDeclaration" */
+    var id: Identifier?
+}
+
+internal external interface ClassExpression : BaseClass, BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ClassExpression" */
+    var id: Identifier?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface MetaProperty : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "MetaProperty" */
+    var meta: Identifier
+    var property: Identifier
+}
+
+internal external interface BaseModuleDeclaration : BaseNode
+
+internal external interface BaseModuleSpecifier : BaseNode {
+    var local: Identifier
+}
+
+internal external interface ImportDeclaration : BaseModuleDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "ImportDeclaration" */
+    var specifiers: Array<dynamic /* ImportSpecifier | ImportDefaultSpecifier | ImportNamespaceSpecifier */>
+    var source: dynamic /* SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ImportSpecifier : BaseModuleSpecifier {
+    override var type: String /* "ImportSpecifier" */
+    var imported: Identifier
+}
+
+internal external interface ImportExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "ImportExpression" */
+    var source: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ImportDefaultSpecifier : BaseModuleSpecifier {
+    override var type: String /* "ImportDefaultSpecifier" */
+}
+
+internal external interface ImportNamespaceSpecifier : BaseModuleSpecifier {
+    override var type: String /* "ImportNamespaceSpecifier" */
+}
+
+internal external interface ExportNamedDeclaration : BaseModuleDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "ExportNamedDeclaration" */
+    var declaration: dynamic /* FunctionDeclaration? | VariableDeclaration? | ClassDeclaration? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var specifiers: Array<ExportSpecifier>
+    var source: dynamic /* SimpleLiteral? | RegExpLiteral? */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ExportSpecifier : BaseModuleSpecifier {
+    override var type: String /* "ExportSpecifier" */
+    var exported: Identifier
+}
+
+internal external interface ExportDefaultDeclaration : BaseModuleDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "ExportDefaultDeclaration" */
+    var declaration: dynamic /* FunctionDeclaration | VariableDeclaration | ClassDeclaration | ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface ExportAllDeclaration : BaseModuleDeclaration {
+    override var type: String /* "ExportAllDeclaration" */
+    var source: dynamic /* SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}
+
+internal external interface AwaitExpression : BaseExpression {
+    override var type: String /* "AwaitExpression" */
+    var argument: dynamic /* ThisExpression | ArrayExpression | ObjectExpression | FunctionExpression | ArrowFunctionExpression | YieldExpression | SimpleLiteral | RegExpLiteral | UnaryExpression | UpdateExpression | BinaryExpression | AssignmentExpression | LogicalExpression | MemberExpression | ConditionalExpression | SimpleCallExpression | NewExpression | SequenceExpression | TemplateLiteral | TaggedTemplateExpression | ClassExpression | MetaProperty | Identifier | AwaitExpression | ImportExpression | ChainExpression */
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/stream/stream.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.stream
+
+import kscience.kmath.estree.internal.emitter.Emitter
+
+internal open external class Stream : Emitter {
+    open fun pipe(dest: Any, options: Any): Any
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/tsstdlib/lib.es2015.iterable.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.tsstdlib
+
+internal external interface IteratorYieldResult<TYield> {
+    var done: Boolean?
+        get() = definedExternally
+        set(value) = definedExternally
+    var value: TYield
+}
+
+internal external interface IteratorReturnResult<TReturn> {
+    var done: Boolean
+    var value: TReturn
+}
+
+internal external interface Iterator<T, TReturn, TNext> {
+    fun next(vararg args: Any /* JsTuple<> | JsTuple<TNext> */): dynamic /* IteratorYieldResult<T> | IteratorReturnResult<TReturn> */
+    val `return`: ((value: TReturn) -> dynamic)?
+    val `throw`: ((e: Any) -> dynamic)?
+}
+
+internal typealias Iterator__1<T> = Iterator<T, Any, Nothing?>
+
+internal external interface Iterable<T>
+
+internal external interface IterableIterator<T> : Iterator__1<T>

kmath-ast/src/jsMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/internal/tsstdlib/lib.es5.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+@file:Suppress("UNUSED_TYPEALIAS_PARAMETER", "DEPRECATION")
+
+package kscience.kmath.estree.internal.tsstdlib
+
+import kotlin.js.RegExp
+
+internal typealias RegExpMatchArray = Array<String>
+
+internal typealias RegExpExecArray = Array<String>
+
+internal external interface RegExpConstructor {
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun invoke(pattern: RegExp, flags: String = definedExternally): RegExp
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun invoke(pattern: RegExp): RegExp
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun invoke(pattern: String, flags: String = definedExternally): RegExp
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun invoke(pattern: String): RegExp
+    var prototype: RegExp
+    var `$1`: String
+    var `$2`: String
+    var `$3`: String
+    var `$4`: String
+    var `$5`: String
+    var `$6`: String
+    var `$7`: String
+    var `$8`: String
+    var `$9`: String
+    var lastMatch: String
+}
+
+internal external interface ConcatArray<T> {
+    var length: Number
+
+    @nativeGetter
+    operator fun get(n: Number): T?
+
+    @nativeSetter
+    operator fun set(n: Number, value: T)
+    fun join(separator: String = definedExternally): String
+    fun slice(start: Number = definedExternally, end: Number = definedExternally): Array<T>
+}
+
+internal external interface ArrayConstructor {
+    fun <T> from(iterable: Iterable<T>): Array<T>
+    fun <T> from(iterable: ArrayLike<T>): Array<T>
+    fun <T, U> from(iterable: Iterable<T>, mapfn: (v: T, k: Number) -> U, thisArg: Any = definedExternally): Array<U>
+    fun <T, U> from(iterable: Iterable<T>, mapfn: (v: T, k: Number) -> U): Array<U>
+    fun <T, U> from(iterable: ArrayLike<T>, mapfn: (v: T, k: Number) -> U, thisArg: Any = definedExternally): Array<U>
+    fun <T, U> from(iterable: ArrayLike<T>, mapfn: (v: T, k: Number) -> U): Array<U>
+    fun <T> of(vararg items: T): Array<T>
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun invoke(arrayLength: Number = definedExternally): Array<Any>
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun invoke(): Array<Any>
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun <T> invoke(arrayLength: Number): Array<T>
+
+    @nativeInvoke
+    operator fun <T> invoke(vararg items: T): Array<T>
+    fun isArray(arg: Any): Boolean
+    var prototype: Array<Any>
+}
+
+internal external interface ArrayLike<T> {
+    var length: Number
+
+    @nativeGetter
+    operator fun get(n: Number): T?
+
+    @nativeSetter
+    operator fun set(n: Number, value: T)
+}
+
+internal typealias Extract<T, U> = Any

kmath-ast/src/jsTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/TestESTreeConsistencyWithInterpreter.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree
+
+import kscience.kmath.ast.*
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.operations.ByteRing
+import kscience.kmath.operations.ComplexField
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kscience.kmath.operations.toComplex
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+internal class TestESTreeConsistencyWithInterpreter {
+    @Test
+    fun mstSpace() {
+        val res1 = MstSpace.mstInSpace {
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                    number(3.toByte()) - (number(2.toByte()) + (multiply(
+                        add(number(1), number(1)),
+                        2
+                    ) + number(1.toByte()) * 3.toByte() - number(1.toByte())))
+                ),
+
+                number(1)
+            ) + symbol("x") + zero
+        }("x" to MST.Numeric(2))
+
+        val res2 = MstSpace.mstInSpace {
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                    number(3.toByte()) - (number(2.toByte()) + (multiply(
+                        add(number(1), number(1)),
+                        2
+                    ) + number(1.toByte()) * 3.toByte() - number(1.toByte())))
+                ),
+
+                number(1)
+            ) + symbol("x") + zero
+        }.compile()("x" to MST.Numeric(2))
+
+        assertEquals(res1, res2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun byteRing() {
+        val res1 = ByteRing.mstInRing {
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                    (symbol("x") - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
+                        add(number(1), number(1)),
+                        2
+                    ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
+                ),
+
+                number(1)
+            ) * number(2)
+        }("x" to 3.toByte())
+
+        val res2 = ByteRing.mstInRing {
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                    (symbol("x") - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
+                        add(number(1), number(1)),
+                        2
+                    ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
+                ),
+                number(1)
+            ) * number(2)
+        }.compile()("x" to 3.toByte())
+
+        assertEquals(res1, res2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun realField() {
+        val res1 = RealField.mstInField {
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                        + number(1),
+                number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
+            ) + zero
+        }("x" to 2.0)
+
+        val res2 = RealField.mstInField {
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                        + number(1),
+                number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
+            ) + zero
+        }.compile()("x" to 2.0)
+
+        assertEquals(res1, res2)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun complexField() {
+        val res1 = ComplexField.mstInField {
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                        + number(1),
+                number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
+            ) + zero
+        }("x" to 2.0.toComplex())
+
+        val res2 = ComplexField.mstInField {
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                        + number(1),
+                number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
+            ) + zero
+        }.compile()("x" to 2.0.toComplex())
+
+        assertEquals(res1, res2)
+    }
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/TestESTreeOperationsSupport.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree
+
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInExtendedField
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInSpace
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kotlin.random.Random
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+internal class TestESTreeOperationsSupport {
+    @Test
+    fun testUnaryOperationInvocation() {
+        val expression = RealField.mstInSpace { -symbol("x") }.compile()
+        val res = expression("x" to 2.0)
+        assertEquals(-2.0, res)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testBinaryOperationInvocation() {
+        val expression = RealField.mstInSpace { -symbol("x") + number(1.0) }.compile()
+        val res = expression("x" to 2.0)
+        assertEquals(-1.0, res)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testConstProductInvocation() {
+        val res = RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") * 2 }("x" to 2.0)
+        assertEquals(4.0, res)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMultipleCalls() {
+        val e = RealField.mstInExtendedField { sin(symbol("x")).pow(4) - 6 * symbol("x") / tanh(symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val r = Random(0)
+        var s = 0.0
+        repeat(1000000) { s += e("x" to r.nextDouble()) }
+        println(s)
+    }
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/TestESTreeSpecialization.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree
+
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+internal class TestESTreeSpecialization {
+    @Test
+    fun testUnaryPlus() {
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperationFunction("+")(symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        assertEquals(2.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUnaryMinus() {
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperationFunction("-")(symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        assertEquals(-2.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testAdd() {
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("+")(symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        assertEquals(4.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testSine() {
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperationFunction("sin")(symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        assertEquals(0.0, expr("x" to 0.0))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMinus() {
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("-")(symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        assertEquals(0.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testDivide() {
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("/")(symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        assertEquals(1.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testPower() {
+        val expr = RealField
+            .mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("pow")(symbol("x"), number(2)) }
+            .compile()
+
+        assertEquals(4.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
+    }
+}

kmath-ast/src/jsTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/estree/TestESTreeVariables.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package kscience.kmath.estree
+
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInRing
+import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
+import kscience.kmath.operations.ByteRing
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
+
+internal class TestESTreeVariables {
+    @Test
+    fun testVariable() {
+        val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }.compile()
+        assertEquals(1.toByte(), expr("x" to 1.toByte()))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testUndefinedVariableFails() {
+        val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }.compile()
+        assertFailsWith<NoSuchElementException> { expr() }
+    }
+}

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/asm.kt

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 package kscience.kmath.asm
 
 import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder
-import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.MstType
-import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.buildAlgebraOperationCall
 import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.buildName
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
+import kscience.kmath.ast.MST.*
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MstExpression
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
+import kscience.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
 
 /**
  * Compiles given MST to an Expression using AST compiler.
@@ -20,40 +20,54 @@ import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
 @PublishedApi
 internal fun <T : Any> MST.compileWith(type: Class<T>, algebra: Algebra<T>): Expression<T> {
     fun AsmBuilder<T>.visit(node: MST): Unit = when (node) {
-        is MST.Symbolic -> {
+        is Symbolic -> {
             val symbol = try {
                 algebra.symbol(node.value)
-            } catch (ignored: Throwable) {
+            } catch (ignored: IllegalStateException) {
                 null
             }
 
             if (symbol != null)
-                loadTConstant(symbol)
+                loadObjectConstant(symbol as Any)
             else
                 loadVariable(node.value)
         }
 
-        is MST.Numeric -> loadNumeric(node.value)
+        is Numeric -> loadNumberConstant(node.value)
 
-        is MST.Unary -> buildAlgebraOperationCall(
-            context = algebra,
-            name = node.operation,
-            fallbackMethodName = "unaryOperation",
-            parameterTypes = arrayOf(MstType.fromMst(node.value))
-        ) { visit(node.value) }
+        is Unary -> when {
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.value is Numeric -> loadObjectConstant(
+                algebra.unaryOperationFunction(node.operation)(algebra.number(node.value.value)))
 
-        is MST.Binary -> buildAlgebraOperationCall(
-            context = algebra,
-            name = node.operation,
-            fallbackMethodName = "binaryOperation",
-            parameterTypes = arrayOf(MstType.fromMst(node.left), MstType.fromMst(node.right))
-        ) {
+            else -> buildCall(algebra.unaryOperationFunction(node.operation)) { visit(node.value) }
+        }
+
+        is Binary -> when {
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.left is Numeric && node.right is Numeric -> loadObjectConstant(
+                algebra.binaryOperationFunction(node.operation)
+                    .invoke(algebra.number(node.left.value), algebra.number(node.right.value))
+            )
+
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.left is Numeric -> buildCall(
+                algebra.leftSideNumberOperationFunction(node.operation)) {
+                visit(node.left)
+                visit(node.right)
+            }
+
+            algebra is NumericAlgebra && node.right is Numeric -> buildCall(
+                algebra.rightSideNumberOperationFunction(node.operation)) {
+                visit(node.left)
+                visit(node.right)
+            }
+
+            else -> buildCall(algebra.binaryOperationFunction(node.operation)) {
                 visit(node.left)
                 visit(node.right)
             }
         }
+    }
 
-    return AsmBuilder(type, algebra, buildName(this)) { visit(this@compileWith) }.getInstance()
+    return AsmBuilder<T>(type, buildName(this)) { visit(this@compileWith) }.instance
 }
 
 /**

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/AsmBuilder.kt

@@ -3,29 +3,30 @@ package kscience.kmath.asm.internal
 import kscience.kmath.asm.internal.AsmBuilder.ClassLoader
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
-import kscience.kmath.operations.NumericAlgebra
 import org.objectweb.asm.*
 import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes.*
+import org.objectweb.asm.Type.*
 import org.objectweb.asm.commons.InstructionAdapter
-import java.util.*
-import java.util.stream.Collectors
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles
+import java.lang.invoke.MethodType
+import java.lang.reflect.Modifier
+import java.util.stream.Collectors.toMap
+import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
+import kotlin.contracts.contract
 
 /**
  * ASM Builder is a structure that abstracts building a class designated to unwrap [MST] to plain Java expression.
  * This class uses [ClassLoader] for loading the generated class, then it is able to instantiate the new class.
  *
  * @property T the type of AsmExpression to unwrap.
- * @property algebra the algebra the applied AsmExpressions use.
  * @property className the unique class name of new loaded class.
- * @property invokeLabel0Visitor the function to apply to this object when generating invoke method, label 0.
+ * @property callbackAtInvokeL0 the function to apply to this object when generating invoke method, label 0.
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
-internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
-    private val classOfT: Class<*>,
-    private val algebra: Algebra<T>,
+internal class AsmBuilder<T>(
+    classOfT: Class<*>,
     private val className: String,
-    private val invokeLabel0Visitor: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit,
+    private val callbackAtInvokeL0: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit,
 ) {
     /**
      * Internal classloader of [AsmBuilder] with alias to define class from byte array.
@@ -39,20 +40,15 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      */
     private val classLoader: ClassLoader = ClassLoader(javaClass.classLoader)
 
-    /**
-     * ASM Type for [algebra].
-     */
-    private val tAlgebraType: Type = algebra.javaClass.asm
-
     /**
      * ASM type for [T].
      */
-    internal val tType: Type = classOfT.asm
+    private val tType: Type = classOfT.asm
 
     /**
      * ASM type for new class.
      */
-    private val classType: Type = Type.getObjectType(className.replace(oldChar = '.', newChar = '/'))!!
+    private val classType: Type = getObjectType(className.replace(oldChar = '.', newChar = '/'))
 
     /**
      * List of constants to provide to the subclass.
@@ -64,55 +60,14 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
      */
     private lateinit var invokeMethodVisitor: InstructionAdapter
 
-    /**
-     * States whether this [AsmBuilder] needs to generate constants field.
-     */
-    private var hasConstants: Boolean = true
-
-    /**
-     * States whether [T] a primitive type, so [AsmBuilder] may generate direct primitive calls.
-     */
-    internal var primitiveMode: Boolean = false
-
-    /**
-     * Primitive type to apply for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
-     */
-    internal var primitiveMask: Type = OBJECT_TYPE
-
-    /**
-     * Boxed primitive type to apply for specific primitive calls. Use [OBJECT_TYPE], if not in [primitiveMode].
-     */
-    internal var primitiveMaskBoxed: Type = OBJECT_TYPE
-
-    /**
-     * Stack of useful objects types on stack to verify types.
-     */
-    private val typeStack: ArrayDeque<Type> = ArrayDeque()
-
-    /**
-     * Stack of useful objects types on stack expected by algebra calls.
-     */
-    internal val expectationStack: ArrayDeque<Type> = ArrayDeque<Type>(1).also { it.push(tType) }
-
-    /**
-     * The cache for instance built by this builder.
-     */
-    private var generatedInstance: Expression<T>? = null
-
     /**
      * Subclasses, loads and instantiates [Expression] for given parameters.
      *
      * The built instance is cached.
      */
     @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-    internal fun getInstance(): Expression<T> {
-        generatedInstance?.let { return it }
-
-        if (SIGNATURE_LETTERS.containsKey(classOfT)) {
-            primitiveMode = true
-            primitiveMask = SIGNATURE_LETTERS.getValue(classOfT)
-            primitiveMaskBoxed = tType
-        }
+    val instance: Expression<T> by lazy {
+        val hasConstants: Boolean
 
         val classWriter = ClassWriter(ClassWriter.COMPUTE_FRAMES) {
             visit(
@@ -121,20 +76,20 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
                 classType.internalName,
                 "${OBJECT_TYPE.descriptor}L${EXPRESSION_TYPE.internalName}<${tType.descriptor}>;",
                 OBJECT_TYPE.internalName,
-                arrayOf(EXPRESSION_TYPE.internalName)
+                arrayOf(EXPRESSION_TYPE.internalName),
             )
 
             visitMethod(
                 ACC_PUBLIC or ACC_FINAL,
                 "invoke",
-                Type.getMethodDescriptor(tType, MAP_TYPE),
-                "(L${MAP_TYPE.internalName}<${STRING_TYPE.descriptor}+${tType.descriptor}>;)${tType.descriptor}",
-                null
+                getMethodDescriptor(tType, MAP_TYPE),
+                "(L${MAP_TYPE.internalName}<${SYMBOL_TYPE.descriptor}${if (Modifier.isFinal(classOfT.modifiers)) "" else "+"}${tType.descriptor}>;)${tType.descriptor}",
+                null,
             ).instructionAdapter {
                 invokeMethodVisitor = this
                 visitCode()
                 val l0 = label()
-                invokeLabel0Visitor()
+                callbackAtInvokeL0()
                 areturn(tType)
                 val l1 = label()
 
@@ -144,7 +99,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
                     null,
                     l0,
                     l1,
-                    invokeThisVar
+                    0,
                 )
 
                 visitLocalVariable(
@@ -153,7 +108,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
                     "L${MAP_TYPE.internalName}<${STRING_TYPE.descriptor}+${tType.descriptor}>;",
                     l0,
                     l1,
-                    invokeArgumentsVar
+                    1,
                 )
 
                 visitMaxs(0, 2)
@@ -163,17 +118,15 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
             visitMethod(
                 ACC_PUBLIC or ACC_FINAL or ACC_BRIDGE or ACC_SYNTHETIC,
                 "invoke",
-                Type.getMethodDescriptor(OBJECT_TYPE, MAP_TYPE),
+                getMethodDescriptor(OBJECT_TYPE, MAP_TYPE),
+                null,
                 null,
-                null
             ).instructionAdapter {
-                val thisVar = 0
-                val argumentsVar = 1
                 visitCode()
                 val l0 = label()
-                load(thisVar, OBJECT_TYPE)
-                load(argumentsVar, MAP_TYPE)
-                invokevirtual(classType.internalName, "invoke", Type.getMethodDescriptor(tType, MAP_TYPE), false)
+                load(0, OBJECT_TYPE)
+                load(1, MAP_TYPE)
+                invokevirtual(classType.internalName, "invoke", getMethodDescriptor(tType, MAP_TYPE), false)
                 areturn(tType)
                 val l1 = label()
 
@@ -183,7 +136,7 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
                     null,
                     l0,
                     l1,
-                    thisVar
+                    0,
                 )
 
                 visitMaxs(0, 2)
@@ -192,15 +145,6 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
 
             hasConstants = constants.isNotEmpty()
 
-            visitField(
-                access = ACC_PRIVATE or ACC_FINAL,
-                name = "algebra",
-                descriptor = tAlgebraType.descriptor,
-                signature = null,
-                value = null,
-                block = FieldVisitor::visitEnd
-            )
-
             if (hasConstants)
                 visitField(
                     access = ACC_PRIVATE or ACC_FINAL,
@@ -208,55 +152,36 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
                     descriptor = OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor,
                     signature = null,
                     value = null,
-                    block = FieldVisitor::visitEnd
+                    block = FieldVisitor::visitEnd,
                 )
 
             visitMethod(
                 ACC_PUBLIC,
                 "<init>",
-
-                Type.getMethodDescriptor(
-                    Type.VOID_TYPE,
-                    tAlgebraType,
-                    *OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants }),
-
+                getMethodDescriptor(VOID_TYPE, *OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants }),
+                null,
                 null,
-                null
             ).instructionAdapter {
-                val thisVar = 0
-                val algebraVar = 1
-                val constantsVar = 2
                 val l0 = label()
-                load(thisVar, classType)
-                invokespecial(OBJECT_TYPE.internalName, "<init>", Type.getMethodDescriptor(Type.VOID_TYPE), false)
+                load(0, classType)
+                invokespecial(OBJECT_TYPE.internalName, "<init>", getMethodDescriptor(VOID_TYPE), false)
                 label()
-                load(thisVar, classType)
-                load(algebraVar, tAlgebraType)
-                putfield(classType.internalName, "algebra", tAlgebraType.descriptor)
+                load(0, classType)
 
                 if (hasConstants) {
                     label()
-                    load(thisVar, classType)
-                    load(constantsVar, OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE)
+                    load(0, classType)
+                    load(1, OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE)
                     putfield(classType.internalName, "constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor)
                 }
 
                 label()
                 visitInsn(RETURN)
                 val l4 = label()
-                visitLocalVariable("this", classType.descriptor, null, l0, l4, thisVar)
-
-                visitLocalVariable(
-                    "algebra",
-                    tAlgebraType.descriptor,
-                    null,
-                    l0,
-                    l4,
-                    algebraVar
-                )
+                visitLocalVariable("this", classType.descriptor, null, l0, l4, 0)
 
                 if (hasConstants)
-                    visitLocalVariable("constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor, null, l0, l4, constantsVar)
+                    visitLocalVariable("constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor, null, l0, l4, 1)
 
                 visitMaxs(0, 3)
                 visitEnd()
@@ -265,296 +190,156 @@ internal class AsmBuilder<T> internal constructor(
             visitEnd()
         }
 
-        val new = classLoader
-            .defineClass(className, classWriter.toByteArray())
-            .constructors
-            .first()
-            .newInstance(algebra, *(constants.toTypedArray().wrapToArrayIf { hasConstants })) as Expression<T>
+        val cls = classLoader.defineClass(className, classWriter.toByteArray())
+        // java.io.File("dump.class").writeBytes(classWriter.toByteArray())
+        val l = MethodHandles.publicLookup()
 
-        generatedInstance = new
-        return new
+        if (hasConstants)
+            l.findConstructor(cls, MethodType.methodType(Void.TYPE, Array<Any>::class.java))
+                .invoke(constants.toTypedArray()) as Expression<T>
+        else
+            l.findConstructor(cls, MethodType.methodType(Void.TYPE)).invoke() as Expression<T>
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Loads a [T] constant from [constants].
-     */
-    internal fun loadTConstant(value: T) {
-        if (classOfT in INLINABLE_NUMBERS) {
-            val expectedType = expectationStack.pop()
-            val mustBeBoxed = expectedType.sort == Type.OBJECT
-            loadNumberConstant(value as Number, mustBeBoxed)
-
-            if (mustBeBoxed)
-                invokeMethodVisitor.checkcast(tType)
-
-            if (mustBeBoxed) typeStack.push(tType) else typeStack.push(primitiveMask)
-            return
-        }
-
-        loadObjectConstant(value as Any, tType)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Boxes the current value and pushes it.
-     */
-    private fun box(primitive: Type) {
-        val r = PRIMITIVES_TO_BOXED.getValue(primitive)
-
-        invokeMethodVisitor.invokestatic(
-            r.internalName,
-            "valueOf",
-            Type.getMethodDescriptor(r, primitive),
-            false
-        )
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Unboxes the current boxed value and pushes it.
-     */
-    private fun unboxTo(primitive: Type) = invokeMethodVisitor.invokevirtual(
-        NUMBER_TYPE.internalName,
-        NUMBER_CONVERTER_METHODS.getValue(primitive),
-        Type.getMethodDescriptor(primitive),
-        false
-    )
-
     /**
      * Loads [java.lang.Object] constant from constants.
      */
-    private fun loadObjectConstant(value: Any, type: Type): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
-        val idx = if (value in constants) constants.indexOf(value) else constants.apply { add(value) }.lastIndex
-        loadThis()
+    fun loadObjectConstant(value: Any, type: Type = tType): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
+        val idx = if (value in constants) constants.indexOf(value) else constants.also { it += value }.lastIndex
+        invokeMethodVisitor.load(0, classType)
         getfield(classType.internalName, "constants", OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE.descriptor)
         iconst(idx)
         visitInsn(AALOAD)
-        checkcast(type)
+        if (type != OBJECT_TYPE) checkcast(type)
     }
 
-    internal fun loadNumeric(value: Number) {
-        if (expectationStack.peek() == NUMBER_TYPE) {
-            loadNumberConstant(value, true)
-            expectationStack.pop()
-            typeStack.push(NUMBER_TYPE)
-        } else (algebra as? NumericAlgebra<T>)?.number(value)?.let { loadTConstant(it) }
-            ?: error("Cannot resolve numeric $value since target algebra is not numeric, and the current operation doesn't accept numbers.")
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Loads this variable.
-     */
-    private fun loadThis(): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.load(invokeThisVar, classType)
-
     /**
      * Either loads a numeric constant [value] from the class's constants field or boxes a primitive
-     * constant from the constant pool (some numbers with special opcodes like [Opcodes.ICONST_0] aren't even loaded
-     * from it).
+     * constant from the constant pool.
      */
-    private fun loadNumberConstant(value: Number, mustBeBoxed: Boolean) {
+    fun loadNumberConstant(value: Number) {
         val boxed = value.javaClass.asm
         val primitive = BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES[boxed]
 
         if (primitive != null) {
             when (primitive) {
-                Type.BYTE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
-                Type.DOUBLE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.dconst(value.toDouble())
-                Type.FLOAT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.fconst(value.toFloat())
-                Type.LONG_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.lconst(value.toLong())
-                Type.INT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
-                Type.SHORT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
+                BYTE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
+                DOUBLE_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.dconst(value.toDouble())
+                FLOAT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.fconst(value.toFloat())
+                LONG_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.lconst(value.toLong())
+                INT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
+                SHORT_TYPE -> invokeMethodVisitor.iconst(value.toInt())
             }
 
-            if (mustBeBoxed)
-                box(primitive)
+            val r = PRIMITIVES_TO_BOXED.getValue(primitive)
+
+            invokeMethodVisitor.invokestatic(
+                r.internalName,
+                "valueOf",
+                getMethodDescriptor(r, primitive),
+                false,
+            )
 
             return
         }
 
         loadObjectConstant(value, boxed)
-
-        if (!mustBeBoxed)
-            unboxTo(primitiveMask)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Loads a variable [name] from arguments [Map] parameter of [Expression.invoke]. The [defaultValue] may be
-     * provided.
+     * Loads a variable [name] from arguments [Map] parameter of [Expression.invoke].
      */
-    internal fun loadVariable(name: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
-        load(invokeArgumentsVar, MAP_TYPE)
+    fun loadVariable(name: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.run {
+        load(1, MAP_TYPE)
         aconst(name)
 
         invokestatic(
             MAP_INTRINSICS_TYPE.internalName,
             "getOrFail",
-            Type.getMethodDescriptor(OBJECT_TYPE, MAP_TYPE, STRING_TYPE),
-            false
+            getMethodDescriptor(OBJECT_TYPE, MAP_TYPE, STRING_TYPE),
+            false,
         )
 
         checkcast(tType)
-        val expectedType = expectationStack.pop()
-
-        if (expectedType.sort == Type.OBJECT)
-            typeStack.push(tType)
-        else {
-            unboxTo(primitiveMask)
-            typeStack.push(primitiveMask)
-        }
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Loads algebra from according field of the class and casts it to class of [algebra] provided.
-     */
-    internal fun loadAlgebra() {
-        loadThis()
-        invokeMethodVisitor.getfield(classType.internalName, "algebra", tAlgebraType.descriptor)
-    }
+    inline fun buildCall(function: Function<T>, parameters: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit) {
+        contract { callsInPlace(parameters, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
+        val `interface` = function.javaClass.interfaces.first { Function::class.java in it.interfaces }
 
-    /**
-     * Writes a method instruction of opcode with its [owner], [method] and its [descriptor]. The default opcode is
-     * [Opcodes.INVOKEINTERFACE], since most Algebra functions are declared in interfaces. [loadAlgebra] should be
-     * called before the arguments and this operation.
-     *
-     * The result is casted to [T] automatically.
-     */
-    internal fun invokeAlgebraOperation(
-        owner: String,
-        method: String,
-        descriptor: String,
-        expectedArity: Int,
-        opcode: Int = INVOKEINTERFACE,
-    ) {
-        run loop@{
-            repeat(expectedArity) {
-                if (typeStack.isEmpty()) return@loop
-                typeStack.pop()
-            }
-        }
+        val arity = `interface`.methods.find { it.name == "invoke" }?.parameterCount
+            ?: error("Provided function object doesn't contain invoke method")
 
-        invokeMethodVisitor.visitMethodInsn(
-            opcode,
-            owner,
-            method,
-            descriptor,
-            opcode == INVOKEINTERFACE
+        val type = getType(`interface`)
+        loadObjectConstant(function, type)
+        parameters(this)
+
+        invokeMethodVisitor.invokeinterface(
+            type.internalName,
+            "invoke",
+            getMethodDescriptor(OBJECT_TYPE, *Array(arity) { OBJECT_TYPE }),
         )
 
         invokeMethodVisitor.checkcast(tType)
-        val isLastExpr = expectationStack.size == 1
-        val expectedType = expectationStack.pop()
-
-        if (expectedType.sort == Type.OBJECT || isLastExpr)
-            typeStack.push(tType)
-        else {
-            unboxTo(primitiveMask)
-            typeStack.push(primitiveMask)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Writes a LDC Instruction with string constant provided.
-     */
-    internal fun loadStringConstant(string: String): Unit = invokeMethodVisitor.aconst(string)
-
-    internal companion object {
-        /**
-         * Index of `this` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
-         */
-        private const val invokeThisVar: Int = 0
-
-        /**
-         * Index of `arguments` variable in invoke method of the built subclass.
-         */
-        private const val invokeArgumentsVar: Int = 1
-
-        /**
-         * Maps JVM primitive numbers boxed types to their primitive ASM types.
-         */
-        private val SIGNATURE_LETTERS: Map<Class<out Any>, Type> by lazy {
-            hashMapOf(
-                java.lang.Byte::class.java to Type.BYTE_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Short::class.java to Type.SHORT_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Integer::class.java to Type.INT_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Long::class.java to Type.LONG_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Float::class.java to Type.FLOAT_TYPE,
-                java.lang.Double::class.java to Type.DOUBLE_TYPE
-            )
     }
 
+    companion object {
         /**
          * Maps JVM primitive numbers boxed ASM types to their primitive ASM types.
          */
-        private val BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES: Map<Type, Type> by lazy { SIGNATURE_LETTERS.mapKeys { (k, _) -> k.asm } }
+        private val BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES: Map<Type, Type> by lazy {
+            hashMapOf(
+                Byte::class.java.asm to BYTE_TYPE,
+                Short::class.java.asm to SHORT_TYPE,
+                Integer::class.java.asm to INT_TYPE,
+                Long::class.java.asm to LONG_TYPE,
+                Float::class.java.asm to FLOAT_TYPE,
+                Double::class.java.asm to DOUBLE_TYPE,
+            )
+        }
 
         /**
          * Maps JVM primitive numbers boxed ASM types to their primitive ASM types.
          */
         private val PRIMITIVES_TO_BOXED: Map<Type, Type> by lazy {
             BOXED_TO_PRIMITIVES.entries.stream().collect(
-                Collectors.toMap(
-                    Map.Entry<Type, Type>::value,
-                    Map.Entry<Type, Type>::key
-                )
+                toMap(Map.Entry<Type, Type>::value, Map.Entry<Type, Type>::key),
             )
         }
 
-        /**
-         * Maps primitive ASM types to [Number] functions unboxing them.
-         */
-        private val NUMBER_CONVERTER_METHODS: Map<Type, String> by lazy {
-            hashMapOf(
-                Type.BYTE_TYPE to "byteValue",
-                Type.SHORT_TYPE to "shortValue",
-                Type.INT_TYPE to "intValue",
-                Type.LONG_TYPE to "longValue",
-                Type.FLOAT_TYPE to "floatValue",
-                Type.DOUBLE_TYPE to "doubleValue"
-            )
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Provides boxed number types values of which can be stored in JVM bytecode constant pool.
-         */
-        private val INLINABLE_NUMBERS: Set<Class<out Any>> by lazy { SIGNATURE_LETTERS.keys }
-
         /**
          * ASM type for [Expression].
          */
-        internal val EXPRESSION_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression") }
-
-        /**
-         * ASM type for [java.lang.Number].
-         */
-        internal val NUMBER_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/lang/Number") }
+        val EXPRESSION_TYPE: Type by lazy { getObjectType("kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.util.Map].
          */
-        internal val MAP_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/util/Map") }
+        val MAP_TYPE: Type by lazy { getObjectType("java/util/Map") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.lang.Object].
          */
-        internal val OBJECT_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/lang/Object") }
+        val OBJECT_TYPE: Type by lazy { getObjectType("java/lang/Object") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for array of [java.lang.Object].
          */
-        @Suppress("PLATFORM_CLASS_MAPPED_TO_KOTLIN", "RemoveRedundantQualifierName")
-        internal val OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getType("[Ljava/lang/Object;") }
-
-        /**
-         * ASM type for [Algebra].
-         */
-        internal val ALGEBRA_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra") }
+        val OBJECT_ARRAY_TYPE: Type by lazy { getType("[Ljava/lang/Object;") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for [java.lang.String].
          */
-        internal val STRING_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("java/lang/String") }
+        val STRING_TYPE: Type by lazy { getObjectType("java/lang/String") }
 
         /**
          * ASM type for MapIntrinsics.
          */
-        internal val MAP_INTRINSICS_TYPE: Type by lazy { Type.getObjectType("kscience/kmath/asm/internal/MapIntrinsics") }
+        val MAP_INTRINSICS_TYPE: Type by lazy { getObjectType("kscience/kmath/asm/internal/MapIntrinsics") }
+
+        /**
+         * ASM Type for [kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol].
+         */
+        val SYMBOL_TYPE: Type by lazy { getObjectType("kscience/kmath/expressions/Symbol") }
     }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/MstType.kt

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-package kscience.kmath.asm.internal
-
-import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
-
-/**
- * Represents types known in [MST], numbers and general values.
- */
-internal enum class MstType {
-    GENERAL,
-    NUMBER;
-
-    companion object {
-        fun fromMst(mst: MST): MstType {
-            if (mst is MST.Numeric)
-                return NUMBER
-
-            return GENERAL
-        }
-    }
-}

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/internal/codegenUtils.kt

@@ -2,29 +2,11 @@ package kscience.kmath.asm.internal
 
 import kscience.kmath.ast.MST
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.Expression
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
-import kscience.kmath.operations.FieldOperations
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RingOperations
-import kscience.kmath.operations.SpaceOperations
 import org.objectweb.asm.*
-import org.objectweb.asm.Opcodes.INVOKEVIRTUAL
 import org.objectweb.asm.commons.InstructionAdapter
-import java.lang.reflect.Method
-import java.util.*
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
 
-private val methodNameAdapters: Map<Pair<String, Int>, String> by lazy {
-    hashMapOf(
-        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION to 2 to "add",
-        RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION to 2 to "multiply",
-        FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION to 2 to "divide",
-        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION to 1 to "unaryPlus",
-        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION to 1 to "unaryMinus",
-        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION to 2 to "minus"
-    )
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns ASM [Type] for given [Class].
  *
@@ -109,107 +91,3 @@ internal inline fun ClassWriter.visitField(
     contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
     return visitField(access, name, descriptor, signature, value).apply(block)
 }
-
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.findSpecific(context: Algebra<T>, name: String, parameterTypes: Array<MstType>): Method? =
-    context.javaClass.methods.find { method ->
-        val nameValid = method.name == name
-        val arityValid = method.parameters.size == parameterTypes.size
-        val notBridgeInPrimitive = !(primitiveMode && method.isBridge)
-
-        val paramsValid = method.parameterTypes.zip(parameterTypes).all { (type, mstType) ->
-            !(mstType != MstType.NUMBER && type == java.lang.Number::class.java)
-        }
-
-        nameValid && arityValid && notBridgeInPrimitive && paramsValid
-    }
-
-/**
- * Checks if the target [context] for code generation contains a method with needed [name] and arity, also builds
- * type expectation stack for needed arity.
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.buildExpectationStack(
-    context: Algebra<T>,
-    name: String,
-    parameterTypes: Array<MstType>
-): Boolean {
-    val arity = parameterTypes.size
-    val specific = findSpecific(context, methodNameAdapters[name to arity] ?: name, parameterTypes)
-
-    if (specific != null)
-        mapTypes(specific, parameterTypes).reversed().forEach { expectationStack.push(it) }
-    else
-        expectationStack.addAll(Collections.nCopies(arity, tType))
-
-    return specific != null
-}
-
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.mapTypes(method: Method, parameterTypes: Array<MstType>): List<Type> = method
-    .parameterTypes
-    .zip(parameterTypes)
-    .map { (type, mstType) ->
-        when {
-            type == java.lang.Number::class.java && mstType == MstType.NUMBER -> AsmBuilder.NUMBER_TYPE
-            else -> if (primitiveMode) primitiveMask else primitiveMaskBoxed
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Checks if the target [context] for code generation contains a method with needed [name] and arity and inserts
- * [AsmBuilder.invokeAlgebraOperation] of this method.
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-private fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.tryInvokeSpecific(
-    context: Algebra<T>,
-    name: String,
-    parameterTypes: Array<MstType>
-): Boolean {
-    val arity = parameterTypes.size
-    val theName = methodNameAdapters[name to arity] ?: name
-    val spec = findSpecific(context, theName, parameterTypes) ?: return false
-    val owner = context.javaClass.asm
-
-    invokeAlgebraOperation(
-        owner = owner.internalName,
-        method = theName,
-        descriptor = Type.getMethodDescriptor(primitiveMaskBoxed, *mapTypes(spec, parameterTypes).toTypedArray()),
-        expectedArity = arity,
-        opcode = INVOKEVIRTUAL
-    )
-
-    return true
-}
-
-/**
- * Builds specialized [context] call with option to fallback to generic algebra operation accepting [String].
- *
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-internal inline fun <T> AsmBuilder<T>.buildAlgebraOperationCall(
-    context: Algebra<T>,
-    name: String,
-    fallbackMethodName: String,
-    parameterTypes: Array<MstType>,
-    parameters: AsmBuilder<T>.() -> Unit
-) {
-    contract { callsInPlace(parameters, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    val arity = parameterTypes.size
-    loadAlgebra()
-    if (!buildExpectationStack(context, name, parameterTypes)) loadStringConstant(name)
-    parameters()
-
-    if (!tryInvokeSpecific(context, name, parameterTypes)) invokeAlgebraOperation(
-        owner = AsmBuilder.ALGEBRA_TYPE.internalName,
-        method = fallbackMethodName,
-
-        descriptor = Type.getMethodDescriptor(
-            AsmBuilder.OBJECT_TYPE,
-            AsmBuilder.STRING_TYPE,
-            *Array(arity) { AsmBuilder.OBJECT_TYPE }
-        ),
-
-        expectedArity = arity
-    )
-}

kmath-ast/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/parser.kt

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// TODO move to common when https://github.com/h0tk3y/better-parse/pull/33 is merged
+
 package kscience.kmath.ast
 
 import com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse.combinators.*
@@ -17,7 +19,8 @@ import kscience.kmath.operations.RingOperations
 import kscience.kmath.operations.SpaceOperations
 
 /**
- * TODO move to common after IR version is released
+ * better-parse implementation of grammar defined in the ArithmeticsEvaluator.g4.
+ *
  * @author Alexander Nozik and Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
 public object ArithmeticsEvaluator : Grammar<MST>() {
@@ -83,7 +86,7 @@ public object ArithmeticsEvaluator : Grammar<MST>() {
 }
 
 /**
- * Tries to parse the string into [MST]. Returns [ParseResult] representing expression or error.
+ * Tries to parse the string into [MST] using [ArithmeticsEvaluator]. Returns [ParseResult] representing expression or error.
  *
  * @receiver the string to parse.
  * @return the [MST] node.
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@ public object ArithmeticsEvaluator : Grammar<MST>() {
 public fun String.tryParseMath(): ParseResult<MST> = ArithmeticsEvaluator.tryParseToEnd(this)
 
 /**
- * Parses the string into [MST].
+ * Parses the string into [MST] using [ArithmeticsEvaluator].
  *
  * @receiver the string to parse.
  * @return the [MST] node.

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmConsistencyWithInterpreter.kt

@@ -1,24 +1,20 @@
 package kscience.kmath.asm
 
-import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
-import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInRing
-import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInSpace
+import kscience.kmath.ast.*
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.operations.ByteRing
+import kscience.kmath.operations.ComplexField
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kscience.kmath.operations.toComplex
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
-internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
-
+internal class TestAsmConsistencyWithInterpreter {
     @Test
-    fun space() {
-        val res1 = ByteRing.mstInSpace {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+    fun mstSpace() {
+        val res1 = MstSpace.mstInSpace {
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
                     number(3.toByte()) - (number(2.toByte()) + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
@@ -27,14 +23,11 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
 
                 number(1)
             ) + symbol("x") + zero
-        }("x" to 2.toByte())
+        }("x" to MST.Numeric(2))
 
-        val res2 = ByteRing.mstInSpace {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+        val res2 = MstSpace.mstInSpace {
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
                     number(3.toByte()) - (number(2.toByte()) + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
@@ -43,19 +36,16 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
 
                 number(1)
             ) + symbol("x") + zero
-        }.compile()("x" to 2.toByte())
+        }.compile()("x" to MST.Numeric(2))
 
         assertEquals(res1, res2)
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun ring() {
+    fun byteRing() {
         val res1 = ByteRing.mstInRing {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
                     (symbol("x") - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
@@ -67,17 +57,13 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
         }("x" to 3.toByte())
 
         val res2 = ByteRing.mstInRing {
-            binaryOperation(
-                "+",
-
-                unaryOperation(
-                    "+",
+            binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                unaryOperationFunction("+")(
                     (symbol("x") - (2.toByte() + (multiply(
                         add(number(1), number(1)),
                         2
                     ) + 1.toByte()))) * 3.0 - 1.toByte()
                 ),
-
                 number(1)
             ) * number(2)
         }.compile()("x" to 3.toByte())
@@ -86,10 +72,9 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun field() {
+    fun realField() {
         val res1 = RealField.mstInField {
-            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperation(
-                "+",
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
                 (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
                         + number(1),
                 number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
@@ -97,8 +82,7 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
         }("x" to 2.0)
 
         val res2 = RealField.mstInField {
-            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperation(
-                "+",
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
                 (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
                         + number(1),
                 number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
@@ -107,4 +91,25 @@ internal class TestAsmAlgebras {
 
         assertEquals(res1, res2)
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun complexField() {
+        val res1 = ComplexField.mstInField {
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                        + number(1),
+                number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
+            ) + zero
+        }("x" to 2.0.toComplex())
+
+        val res2 = ComplexField.mstInField {
+            +(3 - 2 + 2 * number(1) + 1.0) + binaryOperationFunction("+")(
+                (3.0 - (symbol("x") + (multiply(add(number(1.0), number(1.0)), 2) + 1.0))) * 3 - 1.0
+                        + number(1),
+                number(1) / 2 + number(2.0) * one
+            ) + zero
+        }.compile()("x" to 2.0.toComplex())
+
+        assertEquals(res1, res2)
+    }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmOperationsSupport.kt

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 package kscience.kmath.asm
 
-import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
+import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInExtendedField
 import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
 import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInSpace
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kotlin.random.Random
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
-internal class TestAsmExpressions {
+internal class TestAsmOperationsSupport {
     @Test
     fun testUnaryOperationInvocation() {
         val expression = RealField.mstInSpace { -symbol("x") }.compile()
@@ -28,4 +29,13 @@ internal class TestAsmExpressions {
         val res = RealField.mstInField { symbol("x") * 2 }("x" to 2.0)
         assertEquals(4.0, res)
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMultipleCalls() {
+        val e = RealField.mstInExtendedField { sin(symbol("x")).pow(4) - 6 * symbol("x") / tanh(symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val r = Random(0)
+        var s = 0.0
+        repeat(1000000) { s += e("x" to r.nextDouble()) }
+        println(s)
+    }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmSpecialization.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package kscience.kmath.asm
 
-import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
 import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
@@ -10,44 +9,44 @@ import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 internal class TestAsmSpecialization {
     @Test
     fun testUnaryPlus() {
-        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperation("+", symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperationFunction("+")(symbol("x")) }.compile()
         assertEquals(2.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testUnaryMinus() {
-        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperation("-", symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperationFunction("-")(symbol("x")) }.compile()
         assertEquals(-2.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testAdd() {
-        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperation("+", symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("+")(symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
         assertEquals(4.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testSine() {
-        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperation("sin", symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { unaryOperationFunction("sin")(symbol("x")) }.compile()
         assertEquals(0.0, expr("x" to 0.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testMinus() {
-        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperation("-", symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("-")(symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
         assertEquals(0.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDivide() {
-        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperation("/", symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
+        val expr = RealField.mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("/")(symbol("x"), symbol("x")) }.compile()
         assertEquals(1.0, expr("x" to 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testPower() {
         val expr = RealField
-            .mstInField { binaryOperation("power", symbol("x"), number(2)) }
+            .mstInField { binaryOperationFunction("pow")(symbol("x"), number(2)) }
             .compile()
 
         assertEquals(4.0, expr("x" to 2.0))

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/asm/TestAsmVariables.kt

@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@ import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 
 internal class TestAsmVariables {
     @Test
-    fun testVariableWithoutDefault() {
-        val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }
+    fun testVariable() {
+        val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }.compile()
         assertEquals(1.toByte(), expr("x" to 1.toByte()))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testVariableWithoutDefaultFails() {
-        val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }
-        assertFailsWith<IllegalStateException> { expr() }
+    fun testUndefinedVariableFails() {
+        val expr = ByteRing.mstInRing { symbol("x") }.compile()
+        assertFailsWith<NoSuchElementException> { expr() }
     }
 }

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/AsmTest.kt

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-package kscience.kmath.ast
-
-import kscience.kmath.asm.compile
-import kscience.kmath.asm.expression
-import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
-import kscience.kmath.ast.parseMath
-import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Complex
-import kscience.kmath.operations.ComplexField
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-internal class AsmTest {
-    @Test
-    fun `compile MST`() {
-        val res = ComplexField.expression("2+2*(2+2)".parseMath())()
-        assertEquals(Complex(10.0, 0.0), res)
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun `compile MSTExpression`() {
-        val res = ComplexField.mstInField { number(2) + number(2) * (number(2) + number(2)) }.compile()()
-        assertEquals(Complex(10.0, 0.0), res)
-    }
-}

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/ParserPrecedenceTest.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 package kscience.kmath.ast
 
-import kscience.kmath.ast.evaluate
-import kscience.kmath.ast.parseMath
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Field
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 import kotlin.test.Test

kmath-ast/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ast/ParserTest.kt

@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 package kscience.kmath.ast
 
-import kscience.kmath.ast.evaluate
-import kscience.kmath.ast.mstInField
-import kscience.kmath.ast.parseMath
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Algebra
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Complex
@@ -45,10 +42,13 @@ internal class ParserTest {
         val magicalAlgebra = object : Algebra<String> {
             override fun symbol(value: String): String = value
 
-            override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: String): String = throw NotImplementedError()
+            override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: String) -> String {
+                throw NotImplementedError()
+            }
 
-            override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: String, right: String): String = when (operation) {
-                "magic" -> "$left ★ $right"
+            override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: String, right: String) -> String =
+                when (operation) {
+                    "magic" -> { left, right -> "$left ★ $right" }
                     else -> throw NotImplementedError()
                 }
         }

kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpression.kt

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package kscience.kmath.commons.expressions
 
 import kscience.kmath.expressions.*
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RingWithNumbers
 import org.apache.commons.math3.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure
 
 /**
@@ -10,15 +12,18 @@ import org.apache.commons.math3.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure
  * @property order The derivation order.
  * @property bindings The map of bindings values. All bindings are considered free parameters
  */
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public class DerivativeStructureField(
     public val order: Int,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, Double>,
-) : ExtendedField<DerivativeStructure>, ExpressionAlgebra<Double, DerivativeStructure> {
+) : ExtendedField<DerivativeStructure>, ExpressionAlgebra<Double, DerivativeStructure>, RingWithNumbers<DerivativeStructure> {
     public val numberOfVariables: Int = bindings.size
 
     public override val zero: DerivativeStructure by lazy { DerivativeStructure(numberOfVariables, order) }
     public override val one: DerivativeStructure by lazy { DerivativeStructure(numberOfVariables, order, 1.0) }
 
+    override fun number(value: Number): DerivativeStructure = const(value.toDouble())
+
     /**
      * A class that implements both [DerivativeStructure] and a [Symbol]
      */

kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/commons/linear/CMMatrix.kt

@@ -1,41 +1,28 @@
 package kscience.kmath.commons.linear
 
-import kscience.kmath.linear.*
+import kscience.kmath.linear.DiagonalFeature
+import kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixContext
+import kscience.kmath.linear.Point
+import kscience.kmath.linear.origin
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
-import kscience.kmath.structures.NDStructure
 import org.apache.commons.math3.linear.*
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
+import kotlin.reflect.cast
 
-public class CMMatrix(public val origin: RealMatrix, features: Set<MatrixFeature>? = null) : FeaturedMatrix<Double> {
+public inline class CMMatrix(public val origin: RealMatrix) : Matrix<Double> {
     public override val rowNum: Int get() = origin.rowDimension
     public override val colNum: Int get() = origin.columnDimension
 
-    public override val features: Set<MatrixFeature> = features ?: sequence<MatrixFeature> {
-        if (origin is DiagonalMatrix) yield(DiagonalFeature)
-    }.toHashSet()
-
-    public override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): CMMatrix =
-        CMMatrix(origin, this.features + features)
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = when (type) {
+        DiagonalFeature::class -> if (origin is DiagonalMatrix) DiagonalFeature else null
+        else -> null
+    }?.let { type.cast(it) }
 
     public override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): Double = origin.getEntry(i, j)
-
-    public override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        return NDStructure.equals(this, other as? NDStructure<*> ?: return false)
 }
 
-    public override fun hashCode(): Int {
-        var result = origin.hashCode()
-        result = 31 * result + features.hashCode()
-        return result
-    }
-}
-
-public fun Matrix<Double>.toCM(): CMMatrix = if (this is CMMatrix) {
-    this
-} else {
-    //TODO add feature analysis
-    val array = Array(rowNum) { i -> DoubleArray(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
-    CMMatrix(Array2DRowRealMatrix(array))
-}
 
 public fun RealMatrix.asMatrix(): CMMatrix = CMMatrix(this)
 
@@ -60,6 +47,16 @@ public object CMMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, CMMatrix> {
         return CMMatrix(Array2DRowRealMatrix(array))
     }
 
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    public fun Matrix<Double>.toCM(): CMMatrix = when (val matrix = origin) {
+        is CMMatrix -> matrix
+        else -> {
+            //TODO add feature analysis
+            val array = Array(rowNum) { i -> DoubleArray(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
+            CMMatrix(Array2DRowRealMatrix(array))
+        }
+    }
+
     public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): CMMatrix =
         CMMatrix(toCM().origin.multiply(other.toCM().origin))
 

kmath-core/README.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The core features of KMath:
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven' }
-
+> 
 > }
 > 
 > dependencies {

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/expressions/FunctionalExpressionAlgebra.kt

@@ -25,34 +25,34 @@ public abstract class FunctionalExpressionAlgebra<T, A : Algebra<T>>(
     /**
      * Builds an Expression of dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right].
      */
-    public override fun binaryOperation(
-        operation: String,
-        left: Expression<T>,
-        right: Expression<T>,
-    ): Expression<T> = Expression { arguments ->
-        algebra.binaryOperation(operation, left.invoke(arguments), right.invoke(arguments))
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        { left, right ->
+            Expression { arguments ->
+                algebra.binaryOperationFunction(operation)(left.invoke(arguments), right.invoke(arguments))
+            }
         }
 
     /**
      * Builds an Expression of dynamic call of unary operation with name [operation] on [arg].
      */
-    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = Expression { arguments ->
-        algebra.unaryOperation(operation, arg.invoke(arguments))
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> = { arg ->
+        Expression { arguments -> algebra.unaryOperationFunction(operation)(arg.invoke(arguments)) }
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * A context class for [Expression] construction for [Space] algebras.
  */
-public open class FunctionalExpressionSpace<T, A : Space<T>>(algebra: A) :
-    FunctionalExpressionAlgebra<T, A>(algebra), Space<Expression<T>> {
+public open class FunctionalExpressionSpace<T, A : Space<T>>(
+    algebra: A,
+) : FunctionalExpressionAlgebra<T, A>(algebra), Space<Expression<T>> {
     public override val zero: Expression<T> get() = const(algebra.zero)
 
     /**
      * Builds an Expression of addition of two another expressions.
      */
     public override fun add(a: Expression<T>, b: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        binaryOperation(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION, a, b)
+        binaryOperationFunction(SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION)(a, b)
 
     /**
      * Builds an Expression of multiplication of expression by number.
@@ -66,15 +66,16 @@ public open class FunctionalExpressionSpace<T, A : Space<T>>(algebra: A) :
     public operator fun T.plus(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = arg + this
     public operator fun T.minus(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = arg - this
 
-    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionAlgebra>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionAlgebra>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionAlgebra>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionAlgebra>.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
-public open class FunctionalExpressionRing<T, A>(algebra: A) : FunctionalExpressionSpace<T, A>(algebra),
-    Ring<Expression<T>> where  A : Ring<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
+public open class FunctionalExpressionRing<T, A : Ring<T>>(
+    algebra: A,
+) : FunctionalExpressionSpace<T, A>(algebra), Ring<Expression<T>> {
     public override val one: Expression<T>
         get() = const(algebra.one)
 
@@ -82,68 +83,72 @@ public open class FunctionalExpressionRing<T, A>(algebra: A) : FunctionalExpress
      * Builds an Expression of multiplication of two expressions.
      */
     public override fun multiply(a: Expression<T>, b: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        binaryOperation(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION, a, b)
+        binaryOperationFunction(RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION)(a, b)
 
     public operator fun Expression<T>.times(arg: T): Expression<T> = this * const(arg)
     public operator fun T.times(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = arg * this
 
-    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionSpace>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionSpace>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionSpace>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionSpace>.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
-public open class FunctionalExpressionField<T, A>(algebra: A) :
-    FunctionalExpressionRing<T, A>(algebra), Field<Expression<T>>
-        where A : Field<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
+public open class FunctionalExpressionField<T, A : Field<T>>(
+    algebra: A,
+) : FunctionalExpressionRing<T, A>(algebra), Field<Expression<T>> {
     /**
      * Builds an Expression of division an expression by another one.
      */
     public override fun divide(a: Expression<T>, b: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        binaryOperation(FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION, a, b)
+        binaryOperationFunction(FieldOperations.DIV_OPERATION)(a, b)
 
     public operator fun Expression<T>.div(arg: T): Expression<T> = this / const(arg)
     public operator fun T.div(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = arg / this
 
-    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionRing>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionRing>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionRing>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionRing>.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
-public open class FunctionalExpressionExtendedField<T, A>(algebra: A) :
-    FunctionalExpressionField<T, A>(algebra),
-    ExtendedField<Expression<T>> where A : ExtendedField<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
+public open class FunctionalExpressionExtendedField<T, A : ExtendedField<T>>(
+    algebra: A,
+) : FunctionalExpressionField<T, A>(algebra), ExtendedField<Expression<T>> {
+
+    override fun number(value: Number): Expression<T> = const(algebra.number(value))
+
     public override fun sin(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION)(arg)
 
     public override fun cos(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION)(arg)
 
     public override fun asin(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION)(arg)
 
     public override fun acos(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION)(arg)
 
     public override fun atan(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        unaryOperation(TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperationFunction(TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION)(arg)
 
     public override fun power(arg: Expression<T>, pow: Number): Expression<T> =
-        binaryOperation(PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION, arg, number(pow))
+        binaryOperationFunction(PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION)(arg, number(pow))
 
     public override fun exp(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION, arg)
+        unaryOperationFunction(ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION)(arg)
 
-    public override fun ln(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> = unaryOperation(ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION, arg)
+    public override fun ln(arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
+        unaryOperationFunction(ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION)(arg)
 
-    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionField>.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionField>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>): Expression<T> =
-        super<FunctionalExpressionField>.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Expression<T>, right: Expression<T>) -> Expression<T> =
+        super<FunctionalExpressionField>.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 }
 
 public inline fun <T, A : Space<T>> A.expressionInSpace(block: FunctionalExpressionSpace<T, A>.() -> Expression<T>): Expression<T> =

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/expressions/SimpleAutoDiff.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import kscience.kmath.linear.Point
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
@@ -79,10 +80,11 @@ public fun <T : Any, F : Field<T>> F.simpleAutoDiff(
 /**
  * Represents field in context of which functions can be derived.
  */
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public open class SimpleAutoDiffField<T : Any, F : Field<T>>(
     public val context: F,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, T>,
-) : Field<AutoDiffValue<T>>, ExpressionAlgebra<T, AutoDiffValue<T>> {
+) : Field<AutoDiffValue<T>>, ExpressionAlgebra<T, AutoDiffValue<T>>, RingWithNumbers<AutoDiffValue<T>> {
     public override val zero: AutoDiffValue<T>
         get() = const(context.zero)
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferMatrix.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package kscience.kmath.linear
 
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
 import kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
 import kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
@@ -21,30 +20,11 @@ public class BufferMatrixContext<T : Any, R : Ring<T>>(
     public companion object
 }
 
-@Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
-public object RealMatrixContext : GenericMatrixContext<Double, RealField, BufferMatrix<Double>> {
-    public override val elementContext: RealField
-        get() = RealField
-
-    public override inline fun produce(
-        rows: Int,
-        columns: Int,
-        initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double,
-    ): BufferMatrix<Double> {
-        val buffer = RealBuffer(rows * columns) { offset -> initializer(offset / columns, offset % columns) }
-        return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
-    }
-
-    public override inline fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): Point<Double> =
-        RealBuffer(size, initializer)
-}
-
 public class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
     public override val rowNum: Int,
     public override val colNum: Int,
     public val buffer: Buffer<out T>,
-    public override val features: Set<MatrixFeature> = emptySet(),
-) : FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+) : Matrix<T> {
 
     init {
         require(buffer.size == rowNum * colNum) { "Dimension mismatch for matrix structure" }
@@ -52,9 +32,6 @@ public class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
 
     override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
 
-    public override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): BufferMatrix<T> =
-        BufferMatrix(rowNum, colNum, buffer, this.features + features)
-
     public override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = get(index[0], index[1])
     public override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = buffer[i * colNum + j]
 
@@ -66,23 +43,26 @@ public class BufferMatrix<T : Any>(
         if (this === other) return true
 
         return when (other) {
-            is NDStructure<*> -> return NDStructure.equals(this, other)
+            is NDStructure<*> -> NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other)
             else -> false
         }
     }
 
-    public override fun hashCode(): Int {
-        var result = buffer.hashCode()
-        result = 31 * result + features.hashCode()
+    override fun hashCode(): Int {
+        var result = rowNum
+        result = 31 * result + colNum
+        result = 31 * result + buffer.hashCode()
         return result
     }
 
     public override fun toString(): String {
         return if (rowNum <= 5 && colNum <= 5)
-            "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum, features=$features)\n" +
+            "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum)\n" +
                     rows.asSequence().joinToString(prefix = "(", postfix = ")", separator = "\n ") { buffer ->
                         buffer.asSequence().joinToString(separator = "\t") { it.toString() }
                     }
-        else "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum, features=$features)"
+        else "Matrix(rowsNum = $rowNum, colNum = $colNum)"
     }
+
+
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/FeaturedMatrix.kt

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-package kscience.kmath.linear
-
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
-import kscience.kmath.structures.Structure2D
-import kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import kotlin.math.sqrt
-
-/**
- * A 2d structure plus optional matrix-specific features
- */
-public interface FeaturedMatrix<T : Any> : Matrix<T> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
-    public val features: Set<MatrixFeature>
-
-    /**
-     * Suggest new feature for this matrix. The result is the new matrix that may or may not reuse existing data structure.
-     *
-     * The implementation does not guarantee to check that matrix actually have the feature, so one should be careful to
-     * add only those features that are valid.
-     */
-    public fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): FeaturedMatrix<T>
-
-    public companion object
-}
-
-public inline fun Structure2D.Companion.real(
-    rows: Int,
-    columns: Int,
-    initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double,
-): BufferMatrix<Double> = MatrixContext.real.produce(rows, columns, initializer)
-
-/**
- * Build a square matrix from given elements.
- */
-public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.square(vararg elements: T): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
-    val size: Int = sqrt(elements.size.toDouble()).toInt()
-    require(size * size == elements.size) { "The number of elements ${elements.size} is not a full square" }
-    val buffer = elements.asBuffer()
-    return BufferMatrix(size, size, buffer)
-}
-
-public val Matrix<*>.features: Set<MatrixFeature> get() = (this as? FeaturedMatrix)?.features ?: emptySet()
-
-/**
- * Check if matrix has the given feature class
- */
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> Matrix<*>.hasFeature(): Boolean =
-    features.find { it is T } != null
-
-/**
- * Get the first feature matching given class. Does not guarantee that matrix has only one feature matching the criteria
- */
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> Matrix<*>.getFeature(): T? =
-    features.filterIsInstance<T>().firstOrNull()
-
-/**
- * Diagonal matrix of ones. The matrix is virtual no actual matrix is created
- */
-public fun <T : Any, R : Ring<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, R, *>.one(rows: Int, columns: Int): FeaturedMatrix<T> =
-    VirtualMatrix(rows, columns, DiagonalFeature) { i, j ->
-        if (i == j) elementContext.one else elementContext.zero
-    }
-
-
-/**
- * A virtual matrix of zeroes
- */
-public fun <T : Any, R : Ring<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, R, *>.zero(rows: Int, columns: Int): FeaturedMatrix<T> =
-    VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { _, _ -> elementContext.zero }
-
-public class TransposedFeature<T : Any>(public val original: Matrix<T>) : MatrixFeature
-
-/**
- * Create a virtual transposed matrix without copying anything. `A.transpose().transpose() === A`
- */
-public fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.transpose(): Matrix<T> {
-    return getFeature<TransposedFeature<T>>()?.original ?: VirtualMatrix(
-        colNum,
-        rowNum,
-        setOf(TransposedFeature(this))
-    ) { i, j -> get(j, i) }
-}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/LupDecomposition.kt

@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 package kscience.kmath.linear
 
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 /**
- * Common implementation of [LUPDecompositionFeature]
+ * Common implementation of [LupDecompositionFeature].
  */
-public class LUPDecomposition<T : Any>(
-    public val context: MatrixContext<T, FeaturedMatrix<T>>,
+public class LupDecomposition<T : Any>(
+    public val context: MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>,
     public val elementContext: Field<T>,
-    public val lu: Structure2D<T>,
+    public val lu: Matrix<T>,
     public val pivot: IntArray,
     private val even: Boolean,
-) : LUPDecompositionFeature<T>, DeterminantFeature<T> {
-
+) : LupDecompositionFeature<T>, DeterminantFeature<T> {
     /**
      * Returns the matrix L of the decomposition.
      *
      * L is a lower-triangular matrix with [Ring.one] in diagonal
      */
-    override val l: FeaturedMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(lu.shape[0], lu.shape[1], setOf(LFeature)) { i, j ->
+    override val l: Matrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(lu.shape[0], lu.shape[1]) { i, j ->
         when {
             j < i -> lu[i, j]
             j == i -> elementContext.one
             else -> elementContext.zero
         }
-    }
+    } + LFeature
 
 
     /**
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ public class LUPDecomposition<T : Any>(
      *
      * U is an upper-triangular matrix including the diagonal
      */
-    override val u: FeaturedMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(lu.shape[0], lu.shape[1], setOf(UFeature)) { i, j ->
+    override val u: Matrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(lu.shape[0], lu.shape[1]) { i, j ->
         if (j >= i) lu[i, j] else elementContext.zero
-    }
+    } + UFeature
 
     /**
      * Returns the P rows permutation matrix.
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public class LUPDecomposition<T : Any>(
      * P is a sparse matrix with exactly one element set to [Ring.one] in
      * each row and each column, all other elements being set to [Ring.zero].
      */
-    override val p: FeaturedMatrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(lu.shape[0], lu.shape[1]) { i, j ->
+    override val p: Matrix<T> = VirtualMatrix(lu.shape[0], lu.shape[1]) { i, j ->
         if (j == pivot[i]) elementContext.one else elementContext.zero
     }
 
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ internal fun <T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, *>.abs
 /**
  * Create a lup decomposition of generic matrix.
  */
-public fun <T : Comparable<T>> MatrixContext<T, FeaturedMatrix<T>>.lup(
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>> MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>.lup(
     factory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
     elementContext: Field<T>,
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
-): LUPDecomposition<T> {
+): LupDecomposition<T> {
     require(matrix.rowNum == matrix.colNum) { "LU decomposition supports only square matrices" }
     val m = matrix.colNum
     val pivot = IntArray(matrix.rowNum)
@@ -138,20 +138,23 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> MatrixContext<T, FeaturedMatrix<T>>.lup(
                 for (row in col + 1 until m) lu[row, col] /= luDiag
             }
 
-            return LUPDecomposition(this@lup, elementContext, lu.collect(), pivot, even)
+            return LupDecomposition(this@lup, elementContext, lu.collect(), pivot, even)
         }
     }
 }
 
-public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, FeaturedMatrix<T>>.lup(
+public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, Matrix<T>>.lup(
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
-): LUPDecomposition<T> = lup(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto, elementContext, matrix, checkSingular)
+): LupDecomposition<T> = lup(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto, elementContext, matrix, checkSingular)
 
-public fun MatrixContext<Double, FeaturedMatrix<Double>>.lup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): LUPDecomposition<Double> =
+public fun MatrixContext<Double, Matrix<Double>>.lup(matrix: Matrix<Double>): LupDecomposition<Double> =
     lup(Buffer.Companion::real, RealField, matrix) { it < 1e-11 }
 
-public fun <T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solveWithLUP(factory: MutableBufferFactory<T>, matrix: Matrix<T>): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+public fun <T : Any> LupDecomposition<T>.solveWithLUP(
+    factory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
+    matrix: Matrix<T>,
+): Matrix<T> {
     require(matrix.rowNum == pivot.size) { "Matrix dimension mismatch. Expected ${pivot.size}, but got ${matrix.colNum}" }
 
     BufferAccessor2D(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum, factory).run {
@@ -196,34 +199,41 @@ public fun <T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solveWithLUP(factory: MutableBufferFact
     }
 }
 
-public inline fun <reified T : Any> LUPDecomposition<T>.solveWithLUP(matrix: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> =
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> LupDecomposition<T>.solveWithLUP(matrix: Matrix<T>): Matrix<T> =
     solveWithLUP(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto, matrix)
 
 /**
  * Solve a linear equation **a*x = b** using LUP decomposition
  */
-public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, FeaturedMatrix<T>>.solveWithLUP(
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, Matrix<T>>.solveWithLUP(
     a: Matrix<T>,
     b: Matrix<T>,
     noinline bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBuffer.Companion::auto,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
-): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+): Matrix<T> {
     // Use existing decomposition if it is provided by matrix
     val decomposition = a.getFeature() ?: lup(bufferFactory, elementContext, a, checkSingular)
     return decomposition.solveWithLUP(bufferFactory, b)
 }
 
-public fun RealMatrixContext.solveWithLUP(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): FeaturedMatrix<Double> =
-    solveWithLUP(a, b) { it < 1e-11 }
-
-public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, FeaturedMatrix<T>>.inverseWithLUP(
+public inline fun <reified T : Comparable<T>, F : Field<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, F, Matrix<T>>.inverseWithLUP(
     matrix: Matrix<T>,
     noinline bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBuffer.Companion::auto,
     noinline checkSingular: (T) -> Boolean,
-): FeaturedMatrix<T> = solveWithLUP(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum), bufferFactory, checkSingular)
+): Matrix<T> = solveWithLUP(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum), bufferFactory, checkSingular)
+
+
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun RealMatrixContext.solveWithLUP(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> {
+    // Use existing decomposition if it is provided by matrix
+    val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Double> = MutableBuffer.Companion::real
+    val decomposition: LupDecomposition<Double> = a.getFeature() ?: lup(bufferFactory, RealField, a) { it < 1e-11 }
+    return decomposition.solveWithLUP(bufferFactory, b)
+}
 
 /**
  * Inverses a square matrix using LUP decomposition. Non square matrix will throw a error.
  */
-public fun RealMatrixContext.inverseWithLUP(matrix: Matrix<Double>): FeaturedMatrix<Double> =
-    solveWithLUP(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum), Buffer.Companion::real) { it < 1e-11 }
+public fun RealMatrixContext.inverseWithLUP(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> =
+    solveWithLUP(matrix, one(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum))

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixBuilder.kt

@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 package kscience.kmath.linear
 
-import kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import kscience.kmath.structures.Structure2D
-import kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 public class MatrixBuilder(public val rows: Int, public val columns: Int) {
-    public operator fun <T : Any> invoke(vararg elements: T): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+    public operator fun <T : Any> invoke(vararg elements: T): Matrix<T> {
         require(rows * columns == elements.size) { "The number of elements ${elements.size} is not equal $rows * $columns" }
         val buffer = elements.asBuffer()
         return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
@@ -17,7 +14,7 @@ public class MatrixBuilder(public val rows: Int, public val columns: Int) {
 
 public fun Structure2D.Companion.build(rows: Int, columns: Int): MatrixBuilder = MatrixBuilder(rows, columns)
 
-public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.row(vararg values: T): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.row(vararg values: T): Matrix<T> {
     val buffer = values.asBuffer()
     return BufferMatrix(1, values.size, buffer)
 }
@@ -26,12 +23,12 @@ public inline fun <reified T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.row(
     size: Int,
     factory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
     noinline builder: (Int) -> T
-): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+): Matrix<T> {
     val buffer = factory(size, builder)
     return BufferMatrix(1, size, buffer)
 }
 
-public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.column(vararg values: T): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.column(vararg values: T): Matrix<T> {
     val buffer = values.asBuffer()
     return BufferMatrix(values.size, 1, buffer)
 }
@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ public inline fun <reified T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.column(
     size: Int,
     factory: BufferFactory<T> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
     noinline builder: (Int) -> T
-): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
+): Matrix<T> {
     val buffer = factory(size, builder)
     return BufferMatrix(size, 1, buffer)
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixContext.kt

@@ -18,10 +18,16 @@ public interface MatrixContext<T : Any, out M : Matrix<T>> : SpaceOperations<Mat
      */
     public fun produce(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T): M
 
+    /**
+     * Produce a point compatible with matrix space (and possibly optimized for it)
+     */
+    public fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Point<T> = Buffer.boxing(size, initializer)
+
     @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Matrix<T>, right: Matrix<T>): M = when (operation) {
-        "dot" -> left dot right
-        else -> super.binaryOperation(operation, left, right) as M
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Matrix<T>, right: Matrix<T>) -> M =
+        when (operation) {
+            "dot" -> { left, right -> left dot right }
+            else -> super.binaryOperationFunction(operation) as (Matrix<T>, Matrix<T>) -> M
         }
 
     /**
@@ -61,10 +67,6 @@ public interface MatrixContext<T : Any, out M : Matrix<T>> : SpaceOperations<Mat
     public operator fun T.times(m: Matrix<T>): M = m * this
 
     public companion object {
-        /**
-         * Non-boxing double matrix
-         */
-        public val real: RealMatrixContext = RealMatrixContext
 
         /**
          * A structured matrix with custom buffer
@@ -88,11 +90,6 @@ public interface GenericMatrixContext<T : Any, R : Ring<T>, out M : Matrix<T>> :
      */
     public val elementContext: R
 
-    /**
-     * Produce a point compatible with matrix space
-     */
-    public fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): Point<T>
-
     public override infix fun Matrix<T>.dot(other: Matrix<T>): M {
         //TODO add typed error
         require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
@@ -136,8 +133,6 @@ public interface GenericMatrixContext<T : Any, R : Ring<T>, out M : Matrix<T>> :
     public override fun multiply(a: Matrix<T>, k: Number): M =
         produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { a[i, j] * k } }
 
-    public operator fun Number.times(matrix: FeaturedMatrix<T>): M = multiply(matrix, this)
-
     public override operator fun Matrix<T>.times(value: T): M =
         produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> elementContext { get(i, j) * value } }
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixFeatures.kt

@@ -1,62 +1,158 @@
 package kscience.kmath.linear
 
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
+
 /**
- * A marker interface representing some matrix feature like diagonal, sparse, zero, etc. Features used to optimize matrix
- * operations performance in some cases.
+ * A marker interface representing some properties of matrices or additional transformations of them. Features are used
+ * to optimize matrix operations performance in some cases or retrieve the APIs.
  */
 public interface MatrixFeature
 
 /**
- * The matrix with this feature is considered to have only diagonal non-null elements
+ * Matrices with this feature are considered to have only diagonal non-null elements.
  */
-public object DiagonalFeature : MatrixFeature
-
-/**
- * Matrix with this feature has all zero elements
- */
-public object ZeroFeature : MatrixFeature
-
-/**
- * Matrix with this feature have unit elements on diagonal and zero elements in all other places
- */
-public object UnitFeature : MatrixFeature
-
-/**
- * Inverted matrix feature
- */
-public interface InverseMatrixFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
-    public val inverse: FeaturedMatrix<T>
+public interface DiagonalFeature : MatrixFeature{
+    public companion object: DiagonalFeature
 }
 
 /**
- * A determinant container
+ * Matrices with this feature have all zero elements.
+ */
+public object ZeroFeature : DiagonalFeature
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature have unit elements on diagonal and zero elements in all other places.
+ */
+public object UnitFeature : DiagonalFeature
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature can be inverted: [inverse] = `a`<sup>-1</sup> where `a` is the owning matrix.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of matrices' items.
+ */
+public interface InverseMatrixFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
+    /**
+     * The inverse matrix of the matrix that owns this feature.
+     */
+    public val inverse: Matrix<T>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature can compute their determinant.
  */
 public interface DeterminantFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
+    /**
+     * The determinant of the matrix that owns this feature.
+     */
     public val determinant: T
 }
 
+/**
+ * Produces a [DeterminantFeature] where the [DeterminantFeature.determinant] is [determinant].
+ *
+ * @param determinant the value of determinant.
+ * @return a new [DeterminantFeature].
+ */
 @Suppress("FunctionName")
 public fun <T : Any> DeterminantFeature(determinant: T): DeterminantFeature<T> = object : DeterminantFeature<T> {
     override val determinant: T = determinant
 }
 
 /**
- * Lower triangular matrix
+ * Matrices with this feature are lower triangular ones.
  */
 public object LFeature : MatrixFeature
 
 /**
- * Upper triangular feature
+ * Matrices with this feature are upper triangular ones.
  */
 public object UFeature : MatrixFeature
 
 /**
- * TODO add documentation
+ * Matrices with this feature support LU factorization with partial pivoting: *[p] &middot; a = [l] &middot; [u]* where
+ * *a* is the owning matrix.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of matrices' items.
  */
-public interface LUPDecompositionFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
-    public val l: FeaturedMatrix<T>
-    public val u: FeaturedMatrix<T>
-    public val p: FeaturedMatrix<T>
+public interface LupDecompositionFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
+    /**
+     * The lower triangular matrix in this decomposition. It may have [LFeature].
+     */
+    public val l: Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * The upper triangular matrix in this decomposition. It may have [UFeature].
+     */
+    public val u: Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * The permutation matrix in this decomposition.
+     */
+    public val p: Matrix<T>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature are orthogonal ones: *a &middot; a<sup>T</sup> = u* where *a* is the owning matrix, *u*
+ * is the unit matrix ([UnitFeature]).
+ */
+public object OrthogonalFeature : MatrixFeature
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature support QR factorization: *a = [q] &middot; [r]* where *a* is the owning matrix.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of matrices' items.
+ */
+public interface QRDecompositionFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
+    /**
+     * The orthogonal matrix in this decomposition. It may have [OrthogonalFeature].
+     */
+    public val q: Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * The upper triangular matrix in this decomposition. It may have [UFeature].
+     */
+    public val r: Matrix<T>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature support Cholesky factorization: *a = [l] &middot; [l]<sup>H</sup>* where *a* is the
+ * owning matrix.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of matrices' items.
+ */
+public interface CholeskyDecompositionFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
+    /**
+     * The triangular matrix in this decomposition. It may have either [UFeature] or [LFeature].
+     */
+    public val l: Matrix<T>
+}
+
+/**
+ * Matrices with this feature support SVD: *a = [u] &middot; [s] &middot; [v]<sup>H</sup>* where *a* is the owning
+ * matrix.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of matrices' items.
+ */
+public interface SingularValueDecompositionFeature<T : Any> : MatrixFeature {
+    /**
+     * The matrix in this decomposition. It is unitary, and it consists from left singular vectors.
+     */
+    public val u: Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * The matrix in this decomposition. Its main diagonal elements are singular values.
+     */
+    public val s: Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * The matrix in this decomposition. It is unitary, and it consists from right singular vectors.
+     */
+    public val v: Matrix<T>
+
+    /**
+     * The buffer of singular values of this SVD.
+     */
+    public val singularValues: Point<T>
 }
 
 //TODO add sparse matrix feature

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixWrapper.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package kscience.kmath.linear
+
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Structure2D
+import kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import kscience.kmath.structures.getFeature
+import kotlin.math.sqrt
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
+import kotlin.reflect.safeCast
+
+/**
+ * A [Matrix] that holds [MatrixFeature] objects.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of items.
+ */
+public class MatrixWrapper<T : Any> internal  constructor(
+    public val origin: Matrix<T>,
+    public val features: Set<MatrixFeature>,
+) : Matrix<T> by origin {
+
+    /**
+     * Get the first feature matching given class. Does not guarantee that matrix has only one feature matching the criteria
+     */
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = type.safeCast(features.find { type.isInstance(it) })
+        ?: origin.getFeature(type)
+
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean = origin == other
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = origin.hashCode()
+    override fun toString(): String {
+        return "MatrixWrapper(matrix=$origin, features=$features)"
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Return the original matrix. If this is a wrapper, return its origin. If not, this matrix.
+ * Origin does not necessary store all features.
+ */
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public val <T : Any> Matrix<T>.origin: Matrix<T> get() = (this as? MatrixWrapper)?.origin ?: this
+
+/**
+ * Add a single feature to a [Matrix]
+ */
+public operator fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.plus(newFeature: MatrixFeature): MatrixWrapper<T> = if (this is MatrixWrapper) {
+    MatrixWrapper(origin, features + newFeature)
+} else {
+    MatrixWrapper(this, setOf(newFeature))
+}
+
+/**
+ * Add a collection of features to a [Matrix]
+ */
+public operator fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.plus(newFeatures: Collection<MatrixFeature>): MatrixWrapper<T> =
+    if (this is MatrixWrapper) {
+        MatrixWrapper(origin, features + newFeatures)
+    } else {
+        MatrixWrapper(this, newFeatures.toSet())
+    }
+
+public inline fun Structure2D.Companion.real(
+    rows: Int,
+    columns: Int,
+    initializer: (Int, Int) -> Double,
+): BufferMatrix<Double> = MatrixContext.real.produce(rows, columns, initializer)
+
+/**
+ * Build a square matrix from given elements.
+ */
+public fun <T : Any> Structure2D.Companion.square(vararg elements: T): Matrix<T> {
+    val size: Int = sqrt(elements.size.toDouble()).toInt()
+    require(size * size == elements.size) { "The number of elements ${elements.size} is not a full square" }
+    val buffer = elements.asBuffer()
+    return BufferMatrix(size, size, buffer)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Diagonal matrix of ones. The matrix is virtual no actual matrix is created
+ */
+public fun <T : Any, R : Ring<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, R, *>.one(rows: Int, columns: Int): Matrix<T> =
+    VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
+        if (i == j) elementContext.one else elementContext.zero
+    } + UnitFeature
+
+
+/**
+ * A virtual matrix of zeroes
+ */
+public fun <T : Any, R : Ring<T>> GenericMatrixContext<T, R, *>.zero(rows: Int, columns: Int): Matrix<T> =
+    VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { _, _ -> elementContext.zero } + ZeroFeature
+
+public class TransposedFeature<T : Any>(public val original: Matrix<T>) : MatrixFeature
+
+/**
+ * Create a virtual transposed matrix without copying anything. `A.transpose().transpose() === A`
+ */
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun <T : Any> Matrix<T>.transpose(): Matrix<T> {
+    return getFeature<TransposedFeature<T>>()?.original ?: VirtualMatrix(
+        colNum,
+        rowNum,
+    ) { i, j -> get(j, i) } + TransposedFeature(this)
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/RealMatrixContext.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package kscience.kmath.linear
+
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
+import kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
+
+@Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+public object RealMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, BufferMatrix<Double>> {
+
+    public override inline fun produce(
+        rows: Int,
+        columns: Int,
+        initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double,
+    ): BufferMatrix<Double> {
+        val buffer = RealBuffer(rows * columns) { offset -> initializer(offset / columns, offset % columns) }
+        return BufferMatrix(rows, columns, buffer)
+    }
+
+    private fun Matrix<Double>.wrap(): BufferMatrix<Double> = if (this is BufferMatrix) this else {
+        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
+    }
+
+    public fun one(rows: Int, columns: Int): Matrix<Double> = VirtualMatrix(rows, columns) { i, j ->
+        if (i == j) 1.0 else 0.0
+    } + DiagonalFeature
+
+    public override infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): BufferMatrix<Double> {
+        require(colNum == other.rowNum) { "Matrix dot operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${other.rowNum}, ${other.colNum})" }
+        return produce(rowNum, other.colNum) { i, j ->
+            var res = 0.0
+            for (l in 0 until colNum) {
+                res += get(i, l) * other.get(l, j)
+            }
+            res
+        }
+    }
+
+    public override infix fun Matrix<Double>.dot(vector: Point<Double>): Point<Double> {
+        require(colNum == vector.size) { "Matrix dot vector operation dimension mismatch: ($rowNum, $colNum) x (${vector.size})" }
+        return RealBuffer(rowNum) { i ->
+            var res = 0.0
+            for (j in 0 until colNum) {
+                res += get(i, j) * vector[j]
+            }
+            res
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun add(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): BufferMatrix<Double> {
+        require(a.rowNum == b.rowNum) { "Row number mismatch in matrix addition. Left side: ${a.rowNum}, right side: ${b.rowNum}" }
+        require(a.colNum == b.colNum) { "Column number mismatch in matrix addition. Left side: ${a.colNum}, right side: ${b.colNum}" }
+        return produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j ->
+            a[i, j] + b[i, j]
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun Matrix<Double>.times(value: Double): BufferMatrix<Double> =
+        produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) * value }
+
+
+    override fun multiply(a: Matrix<Double>, k: Number): BufferMatrix<Double> =
+        produce(a.rowNum, a.colNum) { i, j -> a[i, j] * k.toDouble() }
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Partially optimized real-valued matrix
+ */
+public val MatrixContext.Companion.real: RealMatrixContext get() = RealMatrixContext

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt

@@ -5,31 +5,16 @@ import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
 public class VirtualMatrix<T : Any>(
     override val rowNum: Int,
     override val colNum: Int,
-    override val features: Set<MatrixFeature> = emptySet(),
     public val generator: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T
-) : FeaturedMatrix<T> {
-    public constructor(
-        rowNum: Int,
-        colNum: Int,
-        vararg features: MatrixFeature,
-        generator: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T
-    ) : this(
-        rowNum,
-        colNum,
-        setOf(*features),
-        generator
-    )
+) : Matrix<T> {
 
     override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
 
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = generator(i, j)
 
-    override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): VirtualMatrix<T> =
-        VirtualMatrix(rowNum, colNum, this.features + features, generator)
-
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
-        if (other !is FeaturedMatrix<*>) return false
+        if (other !is Matrix<*>) return false
 
         if (rowNum != other.rowNum) return false
         if (colNum != other.colNum) return false
@@ -40,21 +25,9 @@ public class VirtualMatrix<T : Any>(
     override fun hashCode(): Int {
         var result = rowNum
         result = 31 * result + colNum
-        result = 31 * result + features.hashCode()
         result = 31 * result + generator.hashCode()
         return result
     }
 
 
-    public companion object {
-        /**
-         * Wrap a matrix adding additional features to it
-         */
-        public fun <T : Any> wrap(matrix: Matrix<T>, vararg features: MatrixFeature): FeaturedMatrix<T> {
-            return if (matrix is VirtualMatrix)
-                VirtualMatrix(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum, matrix.features + features, matrix.generator)
-            else
-                VirtualMatrix(matrix.rowNum, matrix.colNum, matrix.features + features) { i, j -> matrix[i, j] }
-        }
-    }
 }

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/Algebra.kt

@@ -13,50 +13,86 @@ public annotation class KMathContext
  */
 public interface Algebra<T> {
     /**
-     * Wrap raw string or variable
+     * Wraps a raw string to [T] object. This method is designed for three purposes:
+     *
+     * 1. Mathematical constants (`e`, `pi`).
+     * 2. Variables for expression-like contexts (`a`, `b`, `c`...).
+     * 3. Literals (`{1, 2}`, (`(3; 4)`)).
+     *
+     * In case if algebra can't parse the string, this method must throw [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     *
+     * @param value the raw string.
+     * @return an object.
      */
     public fun symbol(value: String): T = error("Wrapping of '$value' is not supported in $this")
 
     /**
-     * Dynamic call of unary operation with name [operation] on [arg]
-     */
-    public fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: T): T
-
-    /**
-     * Dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right]
-     */
-    public fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T
-}
-
-/**
- * An algebraic structure where elements can have numeric representation.
+     * Dynamically dispatches an unary operation with the certain name.
      *
- * @param T the type of element of this structure.
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with second `unaryOperation` overload:
+     * i.e. `unaryOperationFunction(a)(b) == unaryOperation(a, b)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @return an operation.
      */
-public interface NumericAlgebra<T> : Algebra<T> {
-    /**
-     * Wraps a number.
-     */
-    public fun number(value: Number): T
+    public fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T =
+        error("Unary operation $operation not defined in $this")
 
     /**
-     * Dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right] where left element is [Number].
+     * Dynamically invokes an unary operation with the certain name.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with second [unaryOperationFunction] overload:
+     * i.e. `unaryOperationFunction(a)(b) == unaryOperation(a, b)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @param arg the argument of operation.
+     * @return a result of operation.
      */
-    public fun leftSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: Number, right: T): T =
-        binaryOperation(operation, number(left), right)
+    public fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: T): T = unaryOperationFunction(operation)(arg)
 
     /**
-     * Dynamic call of binary operation [operation] on [left] and [right] where right element is [Number].
+     * Dynamically dispatches a binary operation with the certain name.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with second [binaryOperationFunction] overload:
+     * i.e. `binaryOperationFunction(a)(b, c) == binaryOperation(a, b, c)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @return an operation.
      */
-    public fun rightSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: Number): T =
-        leftSideNumberOperation(operation, right, left)
+    public fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T =
+        error("Binary operation $operation not defined in $this")
+
+    /**
+     * Dynamically invokes a binary operation with the certain name.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with second [binaryOperationFunction] overload:
+     * i.e. `binaryOperationFunction(a)(b, c) == binaryOperation(a, b, c)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @param left the first argument of operation.
+     * @param right the second argument of operation.
+     * @return a result of operation.
+     */
+    public fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T = binaryOperationFunction(operation)(left, right)
 }
 
 /**
  * Call a block with an [Algebra] as receiver.
  */
 // TODO add contract when KT-32313 is fixed
-public inline operator fun <A : Algebra<*>, R> A.invoke(block: A.() -> R): R = block()
+public inline operator fun <A : Algebra<*>, R> A.invoke(block: A.() -> R): R = run(block)
 
 /**
  * Represents "semispace", i.e. algebraic structure with associative binary operation called "addition" as well as
@@ -146,26 +182,26 @@ public interface SpaceOperations<T> : Algebra<T> {
      */
     public operator fun Number.times(b: T): T = b * this
 
-    override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: T): T = when (operation) {
-        PLUS_OPERATION -> arg
-        MINUS_OPERATION -> -arg
-        else -> error("Unary operation $operation not defined in $this")
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T = when (operation) {
+        PLUS_OPERATION -> { arg -> arg }
+        MINUS_OPERATION -> { arg -> -arg }
+        else -> super.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
     }
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T = when (operation) {
-        PLUS_OPERATION -> add(left, right)
-        MINUS_OPERATION -> left - right
-        else -> error("Binary operation $operation not defined in $this")
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T = when (operation) {
+        PLUS_OPERATION -> ::add
+        MINUS_OPERATION -> { left, right -> left - right }
+        else -> super.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
     }
 
     public companion object {
         /**
-         * The identifier of addition.
+         * The identifier of addition and unary positive operator.
          */
         public const val PLUS_OPERATION: String = "+"
 
         /**
-         * The identifier of subtraction (and negation).
+         * The identifier of subtraction and unary negative operator.
          */
         public const val MINUS_OPERATION: String = "-"
     }
@@ -207,9 +243,9 @@ public interface RingOperations<T> : SpaceOperations<T> {
      */
     public operator fun T.times(b: T): T = multiply(this, b)
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T = when (operation) {
-        TIMES_OPERATION -> multiply(left, right)
-        else -> super.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T = when (operation) {
+        TIMES_OPERATION -> ::multiply
+        else -> super.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
     }
 
     public companion object {
@@ -226,61 +262,11 @@ public interface RingOperations<T> : SpaceOperations<T> {
  *
  * @param T the type of element of this ring.
  */
-public interface Ring<T> : Space<T>, RingOperations<T>, NumericAlgebra<T> {
+public interface Ring<T> : Space<T>, RingOperations<T> {
     /**
      * neutral operation for multiplication
      */
     public val one: T
-
-    override fun number(value: Number): T = one * value.toDouble()
-
-    override fun leftSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: Number, right: T): T = when (operation) {
-        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION -> left + right
-        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION -> left - right
-        RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION -> left * right
-        else -> super.leftSideNumberOperation(operation, left, right)
-    }
-
-    override fun rightSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: Number): T = when (operation) {
-        SpaceOperations.PLUS_OPERATION -> left + right
-        SpaceOperations.MINUS_OPERATION -> left - right
-        RingOperations.TIMES_OPERATION -> left * right
-        else -> super.rightSideNumberOperation(operation, left, right)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Addition of element and scalar.
-     *
-     * @receiver the addend.
-     * @param b the augend.
-     */
-    public operator fun T.plus(b: Number): T = this + number(b)
-
-    /**
-     * Addition of scalar and element.
-     *
-     * @receiver the addend.
-     * @param b the augend.
-     */
-    public operator fun Number.plus(b: T): T = b + this
-
-    /**
-     * Subtraction of element from number.
-     *
-     * @receiver the minuend.
-     * @param b the subtrahend.
-     * @receiver the difference.
-     */
-    public operator fun T.minus(b: Number): T = this - number(b)
-
-    /**
-     * Subtraction of number from element.
-     *
-     * @receiver the minuend.
-     * @param b the subtrahend.
-     * @receiver the difference.
-     */
-    public operator fun Number.minus(b: T): T = -b + this
 }
 
 /**
@@ -308,9 +294,9 @@ public interface FieldOperations<T> : RingOperations<T> {
      */
     public operator fun T.div(b: T): T = divide(this, b)
 
-    override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: T): T = when (operation) {
-        DIV_OPERATION -> divide(left, right)
-        else -> super.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: T) -> T = when (operation) {
+        DIV_OPERATION -> ::divide
+        else -> super.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
     }
 
     public companion object {

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/BigInt.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package kscience.kmath.operations
 
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.BigInt.Companion.BASE
 import kscience.kmath.operations.BigInt.Companion.BASE_SIZE
 import kscience.kmath.structures.*
@@ -16,7 +17,8 @@ public typealias TBase = ULong
  *
  * @author Robert Drynkin (https://github.com/robdrynkin) and Peter Klimai (https://github.com/pklimai)
  */
-public object BigIntField : Field<BigInt> {
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public object BigIntField : Field<BigInt>, RingWithNumbers<BigInt> {
     override val zero: BigInt = BigInt.ZERO
     override val one: BigInt = BigInt.ONE
 

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/Complex.kt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package kscience.kmath.operations
 import kscience.kmath.memory.MemoryReader
 import kscience.kmath.memory.MemorySpec
 import kscience.kmath.memory.MemoryWriter
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import kscience.kmath.structures.MemoryBuffer
 import kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
@@ -41,7 +42,8 @@ private val PI_DIV_2 = Complex(PI / 2, 0)
 /**
  * A field of [Complex].
  */
-public object ComplexField : ExtendedField<Complex>, Norm<Complex, Complex> {
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public object ComplexField : ExtendedField<Complex>, Norm<Complex, Complex>, RingWithNumbers<Complex> {
     override val zero: Complex = 0.0.toComplex()
     override val one: Complex = 1.0.toComplex()
 
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ public object ComplexField : ExtendedField<Complex>, Norm<Complex, Complex> {
 
     override fun norm(arg: Complex): Complex = sqrt(arg.conjugate * arg)
 
-    override fun symbol(value: String): Complex = if (value == "i") i else super.symbol(value)
+    override fun symbol(value: String): Complex = if (value == "i") i else super<ExtendedField>.symbol(value)
 }
 
 /**

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/NumericAlgebra.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package kscience.kmath.operations
+
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+
+/**
+ * An algebraic structure where elements can have numeric representation.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of element of this structure.
+ */
+public interface NumericAlgebra<T> : Algebra<T> {
+    /**
+     * Wraps a number to [T] object.
+     *
+     * @param value the number to wrap.
+     * @return an object.
+     */
+    public fun number(value: Number): T
+
+    /**
+     * Dynamically dispatches a binary operation with the certain name with numeric first argument.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with the other [leftSideNumberOperation] overload:
+     * i.e. `leftSideNumberOperationFunction(a)(b, c) == leftSideNumberOperation(a, b)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @return an operation.
+     */
+    public fun leftSideNumberOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Number, right: T) -> T =
+        { l, r -> binaryOperationFunction(operation)(number(l), r) }
+
+    /**
+     * Dynamically invokes a binary operation with the certain name with numeric first argument.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with second [leftSideNumberOperation] overload:
+     * i.e. `leftSideNumberOperationFunction(a)(b, c) == leftSideNumberOperation(a, b, c)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @param left the first argument of operation.
+     * @param right the second argument of operation.
+     * @return a result of operation.
+     */
+    public fun leftSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: Number, right: T): T =
+        leftSideNumberOperationFunction(operation)(left, right)
+
+    /**
+     * Dynamically dispatches a binary operation with the certain name with numeric first argument.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with the other [rightSideNumberOperationFunction] overload:
+     * i.e. `rightSideNumberOperationFunction(a)(b, c) == leftSideNumberOperation(a, b, c)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @return an operation.
+     */
+    public fun rightSideNumberOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: Number) -> T =
+        { l, r -> binaryOperationFunction(operation)(l, number(r)) }
+
+    /**
+     * Dynamically invokes a binary operation with the certain name with numeric second argument.
+     *
+     * This function must follow two properties:
+     *
+     * 1. In case if operation is not defined in the structure, the function throws [kotlin.IllegalStateException].
+     * 2. This function is symmetric with the other [rightSideNumberOperationFunction] overload:
+     * i.e. `rightSideNumberOperationFunction(a)(b, c) == rightSideNumberOperation(a, b, c)`.
+     *
+     * @param operation the name of operation.
+     * @param left the first argument of operation.
+     * @param right the second argument of operation.
+     * @return a result of operation.
+     */
+    public fun rightSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: Number): T =
+        rightSideNumberOperationFunction(operation)(left, right)
+}
+
+/**
+ * A combination of [NumericAlgebra] and [Ring] that adds intrinsic simple operations on numbers like `T+1`
+ * TODO to be removed and replaced by extensions after multiple receivers are there
+ */
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public interface RingWithNumbers<T>: Ring<T>, NumericAlgebra<T>{
+    public override fun number(value: Number): T = one * value
+
+    /**
+     * Addition of element and scalar.
+     *
+     * @receiver the addend.
+     * @param b the augend.
+     */
+    public operator fun T.plus(b: Number): T = this + number(b)
+
+    /**
+     * Addition of scalar and element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the addend.
+     * @param b the augend.
+     */
+    public operator fun Number.plus(b: T): T = b + this
+
+    /**
+     * Subtraction of element from number.
+     *
+     * @receiver the minuend.
+     * @param b the subtrahend.
+     * @receiver the difference.
+     */
+    public operator fun T.minus(b: Number): T = this - number(b)
+
+    /**
+     * Subtraction of number from element.
+     *
+     * @receiver the minuend.
+     * @param b the subtrahend.
+     * @receiver the difference.
+     */
+    public operator fun Number.minus(b: T): T = -b + this
+}

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/numbers.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package kscience.kmath.operations
 
-import kotlin.math.abs
 import kotlin.math.pow as kpow
 
 /**
@@ -15,30 +14,30 @@ public interface ExtendedFieldOperations<T> :
     public override fun tan(arg: T): T = sin(arg) / cos(arg)
     public override fun tanh(arg: T): T = sinh(arg) / cosh(arg)
 
-    public override fun unaryOperation(operation: String, arg: T): T = when (operation) {
-        TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION -> cos(arg)
-        TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION -> sin(arg)
-        TrigonometricOperations.TAN_OPERATION -> tan(arg)
-        TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION -> acos(arg)
-        TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION -> asin(arg)
-        TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION -> atan(arg)
-        HyperbolicOperations.COSH_OPERATION -> cosh(arg)
-        HyperbolicOperations.SINH_OPERATION -> sinh(arg)
-        HyperbolicOperations.TANH_OPERATION -> tanh(arg)
-        HyperbolicOperations.ACOSH_OPERATION -> acosh(arg)
-        HyperbolicOperations.ASINH_OPERATION -> asinh(arg)
-        HyperbolicOperations.ATANH_OPERATION -> atanh(arg)
-        PowerOperations.SQRT_OPERATION -> sqrt(arg)
-        ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION -> exp(arg)
-        ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION -> ln(arg)
-        else -> super.unaryOperation(operation, arg)
+    public override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: T) -> T = when (operation) {
+        TrigonometricOperations.COS_OPERATION -> ::cos
+        TrigonometricOperations.SIN_OPERATION -> ::sin
+        TrigonometricOperations.TAN_OPERATION -> ::tan
+        TrigonometricOperations.ACOS_OPERATION -> ::acos
+        TrigonometricOperations.ASIN_OPERATION -> ::asin
+        TrigonometricOperations.ATAN_OPERATION -> ::atan
+        HyperbolicOperations.COSH_OPERATION -> ::cosh
+        HyperbolicOperations.SINH_OPERATION -> ::sinh
+        HyperbolicOperations.TANH_OPERATION -> ::tanh
+        HyperbolicOperations.ACOSH_OPERATION -> ::acosh
+        HyperbolicOperations.ASINH_OPERATION -> ::asinh
+        HyperbolicOperations.ATANH_OPERATION -> ::atanh
+        PowerOperations.SQRT_OPERATION -> ::sqrt
+        ExponentialOperations.EXP_OPERATION -> ::exp
+        ExponentialOperations.LN_OPERATION -> ::ln
+        else -> super<FieldOperations>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * Advanced Number-like field that implements basic operations.
  */
-public interface ExtendedField<T> : ExtendedFieldOperations<T>, Field<T> {
+public interface ExtendedField<T> : ExtendedFieldOperations<T>, Field<T>, NumericAlgebra<T> {
     public override fun sinh(arg: T): T = (exp(arg) - exp(-arg)) / 2
     public override fun cosh(arg: T): T = (exp(arg) + exp(-arg)) / 2
     public override fun tanh(arg: T): T = (exp(arg) - exp(-arg)) / (exp(-arg) + exp(arg))
@@ -46,9 +45,10 @@ public interface ExtendedField<T> : ExtendedFieldOperations<T>, Field<T> {
     public override fun acosh(arg: T): T = ln(arg + sqrt((arg - one) * (arg + one)))
     public override fun atanh(arg: T): T = (ln(arg + one) - ln(one - arg)) / 2
 
-    public override fun rightSideNumberOperation(operation: String, left: T, right: Number): T = when (operation) {
-        PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> power(left, right)
-        else -> super.rightSideNumberOperation(operation, left, right)
+    public override fun rightSideNumberOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: T, right: Number) -> T =
+        when (operation) {
+            PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> ::power
+            else -> super.rightSideNumberOperationFunction(operation)
         }
 }
 
@@ -80,9 +80,12 @@ public object RealField : ExtendedField<Double>, Norm<Double, Double> {
     public override val one: Double
         get() = 1.0
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Double, right: Double): Double = when (operation) {
-        PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> left pow right
-        else -> super.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    override fun number(value: Number): Double = value.toDouble()
+
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Double, right: Double) -> Double =
+        when (operation) {
+            PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> ::power
+            else -> super.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
         }
 
     public override inline fun add(a: Double, b: Double): Double = a + b
@@ -130,9 +133,12 @@ public object FloatField : ExtendedField<Float>, Norm<Float, Float> {
     public override val one: Float
         get() = 1.0f
 
-    public override fun binaryOperation(operation: String, left: Float, right: Float): Float = when (operation) {
-        PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> left pow right
-        else -> super.binaryOperation(operation, left, right)
+    override fun number(value: Number): Float = value.toFloat()
+
+    public override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Float, right: Float) -> Float =
+        when (operation) {
+            PowerOperations.POW_OPERATION -> ::power
+            else -> super.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
         }
 
     public override inline fun add(a: Float, b: Float): Float = a + b
@@ -173,13 +179,15 @@ public object FloatField : ExtendedField<Float>, Norm<Float, Float> {
  * A field for [Int] without boxing. Does not produce corresponding ring element.
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
-public object IntRing : Ring<Int>, Norm<Int, Int> {
+public object IntRing : Ring<Int>, Norm<Int, Int>, NumericAlgebra<Int> {
     public override val zero: Int
         get() = 0
 
     public override val one: Int
         get() = 1
 
+    override fun number(value: Number): Int = value.toInt()
+
     public override inline fun add(a: Int, b: Int): Int = a + b
     public override inline fun multiply(a: Int, k: Number): Int = k.toInt() * a
 
@@ -197,13 +205,15 @@ public object IntRing : Ring<Int>, Norm<Int, Int> {
  * A field for [Short] without boxing. Does not produce appropriate ring element.
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
-public object ShortRing : Ring<Short>, Norm<Short, Short> {
+public object ShortRing : Ring<Short>, Norm<Short, Short>, NumericAlgebra<Short> {
     public override val zero: Short
         get() = 0
 
     public override val one: Short
         get() = 1
 
+    override fun number(value: Number): Short = value.toShort()
+
     public override inline fun add(a: Short, b: Short): Short = (a + b).toShort()
     public override inline fun multiply(a: Short, k: Number): Short = (a * k.toShort()).toShort()
 
@@ -221,13 +231,15 @@ public object ShortRing : Ring<Short>, Norm<Short, Short> {
  * A field for [Byte] without boxing. Does not produce appropriate ring element.
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
-public object ByteRing : Ring<Byte>, Norm<Byte, Byte> {
+public object ByteRing : Ring<Byte>, Norm<Byte, Byte>, NumericAlgebra<Byte> {
     public override val zero: Byte
         get() = 0
 
     public override val one: Byte
         get() = 1
 
+    override fun number(value: Number): Byte = value.toByte()
+
     public override inline fun add(a: Byte, b: Byte): Byte = (a + b).toByte()
     public override inline fun multiply(a: Byte, k: Number): Byte = (a * k.toByte()).toByte()
 
@@ -245,12 +257,14 @@ public object ByteRing : Ring<Byte>, Norm<Byte, Byte> {
  * A field for [Double] without boxing. Does not produce appropriate ring element.
  */
 @Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
-public object LongRing : Ring<Long>, Norm<Long, Long> {
+public object LongRing : Ring<Long>, Norm<Long, Long>, NumericAlgebra<Long> {
     public override val zero: Long
-        get() = 0
+        get() = 0L
 
     public override val one: Long
-        get() = 1
+        get() = 1L
+
+    override fun number(value: Number): Long = value.toLong()
 
     public override inline fun add(a: Long, b: Long): Long = a + b
     public override inline fun multiply(a: Long, k: Number): Long = a * k.toLong()

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/ComplexNDField.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 package kscience.kmath.structures
 
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Complex
-import kscience.kmath.operations.ComplexField
-import kscience.kmath.operations.FieldElement
-import kscience.kmath.operations.complex
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
 
@@ -12,15 +10,22 @@ public typealias ComplexNDElement = BufferedNDFieldElement<Complex, ComplexField
 /**
  * An optimized nd-field for complex numbers
  */
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public class ComplexNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     BufferedNDField<Complex, ComplexField>,
-    ExtendedNDField<Complex, ComplexField, NDBuffer<Complex>> {
+    ExtendedNDField<Complex, ComplexField, NDBuffer<Complex>>,
+    RingWithNumbers<NDBuffer<Complex>>{
 
     override val strides: Strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
     override val elementContext: ComplexField get() = ComplexField
     override val zero: ComplexNDElement by lazy { produce { zero } }
     override val one: ComplexNDElement by lazy { produce { one } }
 
+    override fun number(value: Number): NDBuffer<Complex> {
+        val c = value.toComplex()
+        return produce { c }
+    }
+
     public inline fun buildBuffer(size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> Complex): Buffer<Complex> =
         Buffer.complex(size) { initializer(it) }
 
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ public class ComplexNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
      */
     override fun map(
         arg: NDBuffer<Complex>,
-        transform: ComplexField.(Complex) -> Complex
+        transform: ComplexField.(Complex) -> Complex,
     ): ComplexNDElement {
         check(arg)
         val array = buildBuffer(arg.strides.linearSize) { offset -> ComplexField.transform(arg.buffer[offset]) }
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ public class ComplexNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
 
     override fun mapIndexed(
         arg: NDBuffer<Complex>,
-        transform: ComplexField.(index: IntArray, Complex) -> Complex
+        transform: ComplexField.(index: IntArray, Complex) -> Complex,
     ): ComplexNDElement {
         check(arg)
 
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ public class ComplexNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override fun combine(
         a: NDBuffer<Complex>,
         b: NDBuffer<Complex>,
-        transform: ComplexField.(Complex, Complex) -> Complex
+        transform: ComplexField.(Complex, Complex) -> Complex,
     ): ComplexNDElement {
         check(a, b)
 
@@ -141,7 +146,7 @@ public fun NDField.Companion.complex(vararg shape: Int): ComplexNDField = Comple
 
 public fun NDElement.Companion.complex(
     vararg shape: Int,
-    initializer: ComplexField.(IntArray) -> Complex
+    initializer: ComplexField.(IntArray) -> Complex,
 ): ComplexNDElement = NDField.complex(*shape).produce(initializer)
 
 /**

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/NDStructure.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
@@ -38,14 +39,22 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
      */
     public fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>>
 
+    //force override equality and hash code
     public override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean
     public override fun hashCode(): Int
 
+    /**
+     * Feature is additional property or hint that does not directly affect the structure, but could in some cases help
+     * optimize operations and performance. If the feature is not present, null is defined.
+     */
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    public fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = null
+
     public companion object {
         /**
          * Indicates whether some [NDStructure] is equal to another one.
          */
-        public fun equals(st1: NDStructure<*>, st2: NDStructure<*>): Boolean {
+        public fun contentEquals(st1: NDStructure<*>, st2: NDStructure<*>): Boolean {
             if (st1 === st2) return true
 
             // fast comparison of buffers if possible
@@ -120,6 +129,9 @@ public interface NDStructure<T> {
  */
 public operator fun <T> NDStructure<T>.get(vararg index: Int): T = get(index)
 
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public inline fun <reified T : Any> NDStructure<*>.getFeature(): T? = getFeature(T::class)
+
 /**
  * Represents mutable [NDStructure].
  */
@@ -133,6 +145,9 @@ public interface MutableNDStructure<T> : NDStructure<T> {
     public operator fun set(index: IntArray, value: T)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Transform a structure element-by element in place.
+ */
 public inline fun <T> MutableNDStructure<T>.mapInPlace(action: (IntArray, T) -> T): Unit =
     elements().forEach { (index, oldValue) -> this[index] = action(index, oldValue) }
 
@@ -260,7 +275,7 @@ public abstract class NDBuffer<T> : NDStructure<T> {
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = strides.indices().map { it to this[it] }
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        return NDStructure.equals(this, other as? NDStructure<*> ?: return false)
+        return NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other as? NDStructure<*> ?: return false)
     }
 
     override fun hashCode(): Int {

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/RealBufferField.kt

@@ -150,6 +150,8 @@ public class RealBufferField(public val size: Int) : ExtendedField<Buffer<Double
     public override val zero: Buffer<Double> by lazy { RealBuffer(size) { 0.0 } }
     public override val one: Buffer<Double> by lazy { RealBuffer(size) { 1.0 } }
 
+    override fun number(value: Number): Buffer<Double> = RealBuffer(size) { value.toDouble() }
+
     public override fun add(a: Buffer<Double>, b: Buffer<Double>): RealBuffer {
         require(a.size == size) { "The buffer size ${a.size} does not match context size $size" }
         return RealBufferFieldOperations.add(a, b)

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/RealNDField.kt

@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 package kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.FieldElement
 import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
+import kscience.kmath.operations.RingWithNumbers
 
 public typealias RealNDElement = BufferedNDFieldElement<Double, RealField>
 
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public class RealNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     BufferedNDField<Double, RealField>,
-    ExtendedNDField<Double, RealField, NDBuffer<Double>> {
+    ExtendedNDField<Double, RealField, NDBuffer<Double>>,
+    RingWithNumbers<NDBuffer<Double>> {
 
     override val strides: Strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
 
@@ -15,35 +19,36 @@ public class RealNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
     override val zero: RealNDElement by lazy { produce { zero } }
     override val one: RealNDElement by lazy { produce { one } }
 
-    public inline fun buildBuffer(size: Int, crossinline initializer: (Int) -> Double): Buffer<Double> =
-        RealBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { initializer(it) })
+    override fun number(value: Number): NDBuffer<Double> {
+        val d = value.toDouble()
+        return produce { d }
+    }
 
-    /**
-     * Inline transform an NDStructure to
-     */
-    override fun map(
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    override inline fun map(
         arg: NDBuffer<Double>,
-        transform: RealField.(Double) -> Double
+        transform: RealField.(Double) -> Double,
     ): RealNDElement {
         check(arg)
-        val array = buildBuffer(arg.strides.linearSize) { offset -> RealField.transform(arg.buffer[offset]) }
+        val array = RealBuffer(arg.strides.linearSize) { offset -> RealField.transform(arg.buffer[offset]) }
         return BufferedNDFieldElement(this, array)
     }
 
-    override fun produce(initializer: RealField.(IntArray) -> Double): RealNDElement {
-        val array = buildBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> elementContext.initializer(strides.index(offset)) }
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    override inline fun produce(initializer: RealField.(IntArray) -> Double): RealNDElement {
+        val array = RealBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> elementContext.initializer(strides.index(offset)) }
         return BufferedNDFieldElement(this, array)
     }
 
-    override fun mapIndexed(
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    override inline fun mapIndexed(
         arg: NDBuffer<Double>,
-        transform: RealField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double
+        transform: RealField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double,
     ): RealNDElement {
         check(arg)
-
         return BufferedNDFieldElement(
             this,
-            buildBuffer(arg.strides.linearSize) { offset ->
+            RealBuffer(arg.strides.linearSize) { offset ->
                 elementContext.transform(
                     arg.strides.index(offset),
                     arg.buffer[offset]
@@ -51,15 +56,17 @@ public class RealNDField(override val shape: IntArray) :
             })
     }
 
-    override fun combine(
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    override inline fun combine(
         a: NDBuffer<Double>,
         b: NDBuffer<Double>,
-        transform: RealField.(Double, Double) -> Double
+        transform: RealField.(Double, Double) -> Double,
     ): RealNDElement {
         check(a, b)
-        return BufferedNDFieldElement(
-            this,
-            buildBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> elementContext.transform(a.buffer[offset], b.buffer[offset]) })
+        val buffer = RealBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset ->
+            elementContext.transform(a.buffer[offset], b.buffer[offset])
+        }
+        return BufferedNDFieldElement(this, buffer)
     }
 
     override fun NDBuffer<Double>.toElement(): FieldElement<NDBuffer<Double>, *, out BufferedNDField<Double, RealField>> =

kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/Structure2D.kt

@@ -1,12 +1,42 @@
 package kscience.kmath.structures
 
 /**
- * A structure that is guaranteed to be two-dimensional
+ * A structure that is guaranteed to be two-dimensional.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of items.
  */
 public interface Structure2D<T> : NDStructure<T> {
-    public val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
-    public val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
+    /**
+     * The number of rows in this structure.
+     */
+    public val rowNum: Int
 
+    /**
+     * The number of columns in this structure.
+     */
+    public val colNum: Int
+
+    public override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
+
+    /**
+     * The buffer of rows of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
+     */
+    public val rows: Buffer<Buffer<T>>
+        get() = VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
+
+    /**
+     * The buffer of columns of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
+     */
+    public val columns: Buffer<Buffer<T>>
+        get() = VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
+
+    /**
+     * Retrieves an element from the structure by two indices.
+     *
+     * @param i the first index.
+     * @param j the second index.
+     * @return an element.
+     */
     public operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T
 
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T {
@@ -14,15 +44,9 @@ public interface Structure2D<T> : NDStructure<T> {
         return get(index[0], index[1])
     }
 
-    public val rows: Buffer<Buffer<T>>
-        get() = VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
-
-    public val columns: Buffer<Buffer<T>>
-        get() = VirtualBuffer(colNum) { j -> VirtualBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
-
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = sequence {
-        for (i in (0 until rowNum))
-            for (j in (0 until colNum)) yield(intArrayOf(i, j) to this@Structure2D[i, j])
+        for (i in 0 until rowNum)
+            for (j in 0 until colNum) yield(intArrayOf(i, j) to get(i, j))
     }
 
     public companion object
@@ -34,7 +58,11 @@ public interface Structure2D<T> : NDStructure<T> {
 private inline class Structure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: NDStructure<T>) : Structure2D<T> {
     override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
 
+    override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
+    override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
+
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
+
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = structure.elements()
 }
 
@@ -46,4 +74,9 @@ public fun <T> NDStructure<T>.as2D(): Structure2D<T> = if (shape.size == 2)
 else
     error("Can't create 2d-structure from ${shape.size}d-structure")
 
+/**
+ * Alias for [Structure2D] with more familiar name.
+ *
+ * @param T the type of items.
+ */
 public typealias Matrix<T> = Structure2D<T>

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/linear/MatrixTest.kt

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import kscience.kmath.structures.as2D
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
+@Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 class MatrixTest {
     @Test
     fun testTranspose() {

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/internal/FieldVerifier.kt

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ internal class FieldVerifier<T>(override val algebra: Field<T>, a: T, b: T, c: T
         super.verify()
 
         algebra {
+            assertEquals(a + b, b + a, "Addition in $algebra is not commutative.")
+            assertEquals(a * b, b * a, "Multiplication in $algebra is not commutative.")
             assertNotEquals(a / b, b / a, "Division in $algebra is not anti-commutative.")
             assertNotEquals((a / b) / c, a / (b / c), "Division in $algebra is associative.")
             assertEquals((a + b) / c, (a / c) + (b / c), "Division in $algebra is not right-distributive.")

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/internal/RingVerifier.kt

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ internal open class RingVerifier<T>(override val algebra: Ring<T>, a: T, b: T, c
         super.verify()
 
         algebra {
-            assertEquals(a * b, a * b, "Multiplication in $algebra is not commutative.")
+            assertEquals(a + b, b + a, "Addition in $algebra is not commutative.")
             assertEquals(a * b * c, a * (b * c), "Multiplication in $algebra is not associative.")
             assertEquals(c * (a + b), (c * a) + (c * b), "Multiplication in $algebra is not distributive.")
             assertEquals(a * one, one * a, "$one in $algebra is not a neutral multiplication element.")

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/internal/SpaceVerifier.kt

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ internal open class SpaceVerifier<T>(
     AlgebraicVerifier<T, Space<T>> {
     override fun verify() {
         algebra {
-            assertEquals(a + b, b + a, "Addition in $algebra is not commutative.")
             assertEquals(a + b + c, a + (b + c), "Addition in $algebra is not associative.")
             assertEquals(x * (a + b), x * a + x * b, "Addition in $algebra is not distributive.")
             assertEquals((a + b) * x, a * x + b * x, "Addition in $algebra is not distributive.")

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/NDFieldTest.kt

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 package kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import kscience.kmath.operations.internal.FieldVerifier
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
+internal class NDFieldTest {
+    @Test
+    fun verify() {
+        NDField.real(12, 32).run { FieldVerifier(this, one + 3, one - 23, one * 12, 6.66) }
+    }
 
-class NDFieldTest {
     @Test
     fun testStrides() {
         val ndArray = NDElement.real(intArrayOf(10, 10)) { (it[0] + it[1]).toDouble() }

kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
+@Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 class NumberNDFieldTest {
     val array1: RealNDElement = real2D(3, 3) { i, j -> (i + j).toDouble() }
     val array2: RealNDElement = real2D(3, 3) { i, j -> (i - j).toDouble() }

kmath-core/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/operations/BigNumbers.kt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ import java.math.MathContext
 /**
  * A field over [BigInteger].
  */
-public object JBigIntegerField : Field<BigInteger> {
+public object JBigIntegerField : Field<BigInteger>, NumericAlgebra<BigInteger> {
     public override val zero: BigInteger
         get() = BigInteger.ZERO
 
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ public object JBigIntegerField : Field<BigInteger> {
  *
  * @property mathContext the [MathContext] to use.
  */
-public abstract class JBigDecimalFieldBase internal constructor(public val mathContext: MathContext = MathContext.DECIMAL64) :
-    Field<BigDecimal>,
-    PowerOperations<BigDecimal> {
+public abstract class JBigDecimalFieldBase internal constructor(
+    private val mathContext: MathContext = MathContext.DECIMAL64,
+) : Field<BigDecimal>, PowerOperations<BigDecimal>, NumericAlgebra<BigDecimal> {
     public override val zero: BigDecimal
         get() = BigDecimal.ZERO
 

kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyNDStructure.kt

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public class LazyNDStructure<T>(
     }
 
     public override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        return NDStructure.equals(this, other as? NDStructure<*> ?: return false)
+        return NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other as? NDStructure<*> ?: return false)
     }
 
     public override fun hashCode(): Int {

kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt

@@ -1,11 +1,6 @@
 package kscience.kmath.dimensions
 
-import kscience.kmath.linear.GenericMatrixContext
-import kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixContext
-import kscience.kmath.linear.Point
-import kscience.kmath.linear.transpose
-import kscience.kmath.operations.RealField
-import kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Structure2D
@@ -42,9 +37,11 @@ public interface DMatrix<T, R : Dimension, C : Dimension> : Structure2D<T> {
  * An inline wrapper for a Matrix
  */
 public inline class DMatrixWrapper<T, R : Dimension, C : Dimension>(
-    private val structure: Structure2D<T>
+    private val structure: Structure2D<T>,
 ) : DMatrix<T, R, C> {
     override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
+    override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
+    override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
 }
 
@@ -81,7 +78,7 @@ public inline class DPointWrapper<T, D : Dimension>(public val point: Point<T>)
 /**
  * Basic operations on dimension-safe matrices. Operates on [Matrix]
  */
-public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any, Ri : Ring<T>>(public val context: GenericMatrixContext<T, Ri, Matrix<T>>) {
+public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any>(public val context: MatrixContext<T, Matrix<T>>) {
     public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> Matrix<T>.coerce(): DMatrix<T, R, C> {
         require(rowNum == Dimension.dim<R>().toInt()) {
             "Row number mismatch: expected ${Dimension.dim<R>()} but found $rowNum"
@@ -115,7 +112,7 @@ public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any, Ri : Ring<T>>(public val context: Ge
     }
 
     public inline infix fun <reified R1 : Dimension, reified C1 : Dimension, reified C2 : Dimension> DMatrix<T, R1, C1>.dot(
-        other: DMatrix<T, C1, C2>
+        other: DMatrix<T, C1, C2>,
     ): DMatrix<T, R1, C2> = context { this@dot dot other }.coerce()
 
     public inline infix fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, R, C>.dot(vector: DPoint<T, C>): DPoint<T, R> =
@@ -139,18 +136,20 @@ public inline class DMatrixContext<T : Any, Ri : Ring<T>>(public val context: Ge
     public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrix<T, C, R>.transpose(): DMatrix<T, R, C> =
         context { (this@transpose as Matrix<T>).transpose() }.coerce()
 
+    public companion object {
+        public val real: DMatrixContext<Double> = DMatrixContext(MatrixContext.real)
+    }
+}
+
+
 /**
  * A square unit matrix
  */
-    public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> one(): DMatrix<T, D, D> = produce { i, j ->
-        if (i == j) context.elementContext.one else context.elementContext.zero
+public inline fun <reified D : Dimension> DMatrixContext<Double>.one(): DMatrix<Double, D, D> = produce { i, j ->
+    if (i == j) 1.0 else 0.0
 }
 
-    public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> zero(): DMatrix<T, R, C> = produce { _, _ ->
-        context.elementContext.zero
-    }
-
-    public companion object {
-        public val real: DMatrixContext<Double, RealField> = DMatrixContext(MatrixContext.real)
-    }
+public inline fun <reified R : Dimension, reified C : Dimension> DMatrixContext<Double>.zero(): DMatrix<Double, R, C> =
+    produce { _, _ ->
+        0.0
     }

kmath-dimensions/src/commonTest/kotlin/kscience/dimensions/DMatrixContextTest.kt

@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@ package kscience.dimensions
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.D2
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.D3
 import kscience.kmath.dimensions.DMatrixContext
+import kscience.kmath.dimensions.one
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
+@Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 internal class DMatrixContextTest {
     @Test
     fun testDimensionSafeMatrix() {

kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrix.kt

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 package kscience.kmath.ejml
 
+import kscience.kmath.linear.*
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
+import kscience.kmath.structures.NDStructure
+import kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
 import org.ejml.dense.row.factory.DecompositionFactory_DDRM
 import org.ejml.simple.SimpleMatrix
-import kscience.kmath.linear.DeterminantFeature
-import kscience.kmath.linear.FeaturedMatrix
-import kscience.kmath.linear.LUPDecompositionFeature
-import kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixFeature
-import kscience.kmath.structures.NDStructure
+import kotlin.reflect.KClass
+import kotlin.reflect.cast
 
 /**
  * Represents featured matrix over EJML [SimpleMatrix].
@@ -14,58 +16,75 @@ import kscience.kmath.structures.NDStructure
  * @property origin the underlying [SimpleMatrix].
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
-public class EjmlMatrix(public val origin: SimpleMatrix, features: Set<MatrixFeature>? = null) : FeaturedMatrix<Double> {
-    public override val rowNum: Int
-        get() = origin.numRows()
+public class EjmlMatrix(
+    public val origin: SimpleMatrix,
+) : Matrix<Double> {
+    public override val rowNum: Int get() = origin.numRows()
 
-    public override val colNum: Int
-        get() = origin.numCols()
+    public override val colNum: Int get() = origin.numCols()
 
-    public override val shape: IntArray
-        get() = intArrayOf(origin.numRows(), origin.numCols())
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun <T : Any> getFeature(type: KClass<T>): T? = when (type) {
+        InverseMatrixFeature::class -> object : InverseMatrixFeature<Double> {
+            override val inverse: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(origin.invert()) }
+        }
+        DeterminantFeature::class -> object : DeterminantFeature<Double> {
+            override val determinant: Double by lazy(origin::determinant)
+        }
+        SingularValueDecompositionFeature::class -> object : SingularValueDecompositionFeature<Double> {
+            private val svd by lazy {
+                DecompositionFactory_DDRM.svd(origin.numRows(), origin.numCols(), true, true, false)
+                    .apply { decompose(origin.ddrm.copy()) }
+            }
 
-    public override val features: Set<MatrixFeature> = setOf(
-        object : LUPDecompositionFeature<Double>, DeterminantFeature<Double> {
-            override val determinant: Double
-                get() = origin.determinant()
+            override val u: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(svd.getU(null, false))) }
+            override val s: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(svd.getW(null))) }
+            override val v: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(svd.getV(null, false))) }
+            override val singularValues: Point<Double> by lazy { RealBuffer(svd.singularValues) }
+        }
+        QRDecompositionFeature::class -> object : QRDecompositionFeature<Double> {
+            private val qr by lazy {
+                DecompositionFactory_DDRM.qr().apply { decompose(origin.ddrm.copy()) }
+            }
 
+            override val q: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(qr.getQ(null, false))) }
+            override val r: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(qr.getR(null, false))) }
+        }
+        CholeskyDecompositionFeature::class -> object : CholeskyDecompositionFeature<Double> {
+            override val l: Matrix<Double> by lazy {
+                val cholesky =
+                    DecompositionFactory_DDRM.chol(rowNum, true).apply { decompose(origin.ddrm.copy()) }
+
+                EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(cholesky.getT(null))) + LFeature
+            }
+        }
+        LupDecompositionFeature::class -> object : LupDecompositionFeature<Double> {
             private val lup by lazy {
-                val ludecompositionF64 = DecompositionFactory_DDRM.lu(origin.numRows(), origin.numCols())
-                    .also { it.decompose(origin.ddrm.copy()) }
-
-                Triple(
-                    EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(ludecompositionF64.getRowPivot(null))),
-                    EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(ludecompositionF64.getLower(null))),
-                    EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(ludecompositionF64.getUpper(null))),
-                )
+                DecompositionFactory_DDRM.lu(origin.numRows(), origin.numCols()).apply { decompose(origin.ddrm.copy()) }
             }
 
-            override val l: FeaturedMatrix<Double>
-                get() = lup.second
-
-            override val u: FeaturedMatrix<Double>
-                get() = lup.third
-
-            override val p: FeaturedMatrix<Double>
-                get() = lup.first
+            override val l: Matrix<Double> by lazy {
+                EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(lup.getLower(null))) + LFeature
             }
-    ) union features.orEmpty()
 
-    public override fun suggestFeature(vararg features: MatrixFeature): EjmlMatrix =
-        EjmlMatrix(origin, this.features + features)
+            override val u: Matrix<Double> by lazy {
+                EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(lup.getUpper(null))) + UFeature
+            }
+
+            override val p: Matrix<Double> by lazy { EjmlMatrix(SimpleMatrix(lup.getRowPivot(null))) }
+        }
+        else -> null
+    }?.let { type.cast(it) }
 
     public override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): Double = origin[i, j]
 
-    public override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (other is EjmlMatrix) return origin.isIdentical(other.origin, 0.0)
-        return NDStructure.equals(this, other as? NDStructure<*> ?: return false)
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+        if (this === other) return true
+        if (other !is Matrix<*>) return false
+        return NDStructure.contentEquals(this, other)
     }
 
-    public override fun hashCode(): Int {
-        var result = origin.hashCode()
-        result = 31 * result + features.hashCode()
-        return result
-    }
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = origin.hashCode()
+
 
-    public override fun toString(): String = "EjmlMatrix(origin=$origin, features=$features)"
 }

kmath-ejml/src/main/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixContext.kt

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 package kscience.kmath.ejml
 
+import kscience.kmath.linear.InverseMatrixFeature
 import kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixContext
 import kscience.kmath.linear.Point
+import kscience.kmath.linear.origin
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
+import kscience.kmath.structures.getFeature
 import org.ejml.simple.SimpleMatrix
 
-/**
- * Converts this matrix to EJML one.
- */
-public fun Matrix<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlMatrix =
-    if (this is EjmlMatrix) this else EjmlMatrixContext.produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
-
 /**
  * Represents context of basic operations operating with [EjmlMatrix].
  *
@@ -18,6 +16,15 @@ public fun Matrix<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlMatrix =
  */
 public object EjmlMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, EjmlMatrix> {
 
+    /**
+     * Converts this matrix to EJML one.
+     */
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    public fun Matrix<Double>.toEjml(): EjmlMatrix = when (val matrix = origin) {
+        is EjmlMatrix -> matrix
+        else -> produce(rowNum, colNum) { i, j -> get(i, j) }
+    }
+
     /**
      * Converts this vector to EJML one.
      */
@@ -33,6 +40,11 @@ public object EjmlMatrixContext : MatrixContext<Double, EjmlMatrix> {
             }
         })
 
+    override fun point(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> Double): Point<Double> =
+        EjmlVector(SimpleMatrix(size, 1).also {
+            (0 until it.numRows()).forEach { row -> it[row, 0] = initializer(row) }
+        })
+
     public override fun Matrix<Double>.dot(other: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix =
         EjmlMatrix(toEjml().origin.mult(other.toEjml().origin))
 
@@ -74,11 +86,7 @@ public fun EjmlMatrixContext.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMa
 public fun EjmlMatrixContext.solve(a: Matrix<Double>, b: Point<Double>): EjmlVector =
     EjmlVector(a.toEjml().origin.solve(b.toEjml().origin))
 
-/**
- * Returns the inverse of given matrix: b = a^(-1).
- *
- * @param a the matrix.
- * @return the inverse of this matrix.
- * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
- */
-public fun EjmlMatrixContext.inverse(a: Matrix<Double>): EjmlMatrix = EjmlMatrix(a.toEjml().origin.invert())
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun EjmlMatrix.inverted(): EjmlMatrix = getFeature<InverseMatrixFeature<Double>>()!!.inverse as EjmlMatrix
+
+public fun EjmlMatrixContext.inverse(matrix: Matrix<Double>): Matrix<Double> = matrix.toEjml().inverted()

kmath-ejml/src/test/kotlin/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixTest.kt

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 package kscience.kmath.ejml
 
 import kscience.kmath.linear.DeterminantFeature
-import kscience.kmath.linear.LUPDecompositionFeature
+import kscience.kmath.linear.LupDecompositionFeature
 import kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixFeature
-import kscience.kmath.linear.getFeature
+import kscience.kmath.linear.plus
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import kscience.kmath.structures.getFeature
 import org.ejml.dense.row.factory.DecompositionFactory_DDRM
 import org.ejml.simple.SimpleMatrix
 import kotlin.random.Random
@@ -38,13 +40,14 @@ internal class EjmlMatrixTest {
         assertEquals(listOf(m.numRows(), m.numCols()), w.shape.toList())
     }
 
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
     @Test
     fun features() {
         val m = randomMatrix
         val w = EjmlMatrix(m)
         val det = w.getFeature<DeterminantFeature<Double>>() ?: fail()
         assertEquals(m.determinant(), det.determinant)
-        val lup = w.getFeature<LUPDecompositionFeature<Double>>() ?: fail()
+        val lup = w.getFeature<LupDecompositionFeature<Double>>() ?: fail()
 
         val ludecompositionF64 = DecompositionFactory_DDRM.lu(m.numRows(), m.numCols())
             .also { it.decompose(m.ddrm.copy()) }
@@ -56,9 +59,10 @@ internal class EjmlMatrixTest {
 
     private object SomeFeature : MatrixFeature {}
 
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
     @Test
     fun suggestFeature() {
-        assertNotNull(EjmlMatrix(randomMatrix).suggestFeature(SomeFeature).getFeature<SomeFeature>())
+        assertNotNull((EjmlMatrix(randomMatrix) + SomeFeature).getFeature<SomeFeature>())
     }
 
     @Test

kmath-for-real/README.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven' }
-
+> 
 > }
 > 
 > dependencies {

kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt

@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 package kscience.kmath.real
 
-import kscience.kmath.linear.FeaturedMatrix
 import kscience.kmath.linear.MatrixContext
-import kscience.kmath.linear.RealMatrixContext.elementContext
 import kscience.kmath.linear.VirtualMatrix
 import kscience.kmath.linear.inverseWithLUP
+import kscience.kmath.linear.real
 import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kscience.kmath.operations.sum
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
 import kscience.kmath.structures.RealBuffer
 import kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 import kotlin.math.pow
@@ -25,7 +23,7 @@ import kotlin.math.pow
  *  Functions that help create a real (Double) matrix
  */
 
-public typealias RealMatrix = FeaturedMatrix<Double>
+public typealias RealMatrix = Matrix<Double>
 
 public fun realMatrix(rowNum: Int, colNum: Int, initializer: (i: Int, j: Int) -> Double): RealMatrix =
     MatrixContext.real.produce(rowNum, colNum, initializer)
@@ -122,8 +120,7 @@ public fun RealMatrix.extractColumn(columnIndex: Int): RealMatrix =
     extractColumns(columnIndex..columnIndex)
 
 public fun RealMatrix.sumByColumn(): RealBuffer = RealBuffer(colNum) { j ->
-    val column = columns[j]
-    elementContext { sum(column.asIterable()) }
+    columns[j].asIterable().sum()
 }
 
 public fun RealMatrix.minByColumn(): RealBuffer = RealBuffer(colNum) { j ->

kmath-for-real/src/commonTest/kotlin/kaceince/kmath/real/RealMatrixTest.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 package kaceince.kmath.real
 
-import kscience.kmath.linear.VirtualMatrix
 import kscience.kmath.linear.build
 import kscience.kmath.real.*
 import kscience.kmath.structures.Matrix
@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ internal class RealMatrixTest {
             1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
             0.0, 1.0, 2.0
         )
-        assertEquals(VirtualMatrix.wrap(matrix2), matrix1.repeatStackVertical(3))
+        assertEquals(matrix2, matrix1.repeatStackVertical(3))
     }
 
     @Test

kmath-nd4j/README.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ This subproject implements the following features:
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/kscience' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/mipt-npm/dev' }
 >     maven { url 'https://dl.bintray.com/hotkeytlt/maven' }
-
+> 
 > }
 > 
 > dependencies {

kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/kscience.kmath.nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package kscience.kmath.nd4j
 
+import kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import kscience.kmath.structures.NDAlgebra
 import kscience.kmath.structures.NDField
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ public interface Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, C> : NDAlgebra<T, C, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>
 
     public override fun mapIndexed(
         arg: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>,
-        transform: C.(index: IntArray, T) -> T
+        transform: C.(index: IntArray, T) -> T,
     ): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
         check(arg)
         val new = Nd4j.create(*shape).wrap()
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ public interface Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, C> : NDAlgebra<T, C, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>
     public override fun combine(
         a: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>,
         b: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>,
-        transform: C.(T, T) -> T
+        transform: C.(T, T) -> T,
     ): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
         check(a, b)
         val new = Nd4j.create(*shape).wrap()
@@ -61,8 +62,8 @@ public interface Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, C> : NDAlgebra<T, C, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>
  * @param T the type of the element contained in ND structure.
  * @param S the type of space of structure elements.
  */
-public interface Nd4jArraySpace<T, S> : NDSpace<T, S, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>,
-    Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, S> where S : Space<T> {
+public interface Nd4jArraySpace<T, S : Space<T>> : NDSpace<T, S, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, S> {
+
     public override val zero: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>
         get() = Nd4j.zeros(*shape).wrap()
 
@@ -103,7 +104,9 @@ public interface Nd4jArraySpace<T, S> : NDSpace<T, S, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>,
  * @param T the type of the element contained in ND structure.
  * @param R the type of ring of structure elements.
  */
-public interface Nd4jArrayRing<T, R> : NDRing<T, R, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4jArraySpace<T, R> where R : Ring<T> {
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public interface Nd4jArrayRing<T, R : Ring<T>> : NDRing<T, R, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4jArraySpace<T, R> {
+
     public override val one: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>
         get() = Nd4j.ones(*shape).wrap()
 
@@ -111,21 +114,21 @@ public interface Nd4jArrayRing<T, R> : NDRing<T, R, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4j
         check(a, b)
         return a.ndArray.mul(b.ndArray).wrap()
     }
-
-    public override operator fun Nd4jArrayStructure<T>.minus(b: Number): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
-        check(this)
-        return ndArray.sub(b).wrap()
-    }
-
-    public override operator fun Nd4jArrayStructure<T>.plus(b: Number): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
-        check(this)
-        return ndArray.add(b).wrap()
-    }
-
-    public override operator fun Number.minus(b: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
-        check(b)
-        return b.ndArray.rsub(this).wrap()
-    }
+//
+//    public override operator fun Nd4jArrayStructure<T>.minus(b: Number): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
+//        check(this)
+//        return ndArray.sub(b).wrap()
+//    }
+//
+//    public override operator fun Nd4jArrayStructure<T>.plus(b: Number): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
+//        check(this)
+//        return ndArray.add(b).wrap()
+//    }
+//
+//    public override operator fun Number.minus(b: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
+//        check(b)
+//        return b.ndArray.rsub(this).wrap()
+//    }
 
     public companion object {
         private val intNd4jArrayRingCache: ThreadLocal<MutableMap<IntArray, IntNd4jArrayRing>> =
@@ -165,7 +168,8 @@ public interface Nd4jArrayRing<T, R> : NDRing<T, R, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4j
  * @param N the type of ND structure.
  * @param F the type field of structure elements.
  */
-public interface Nd4jArrayField<T, F> : NDField<T, F, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4jArrayRing<T, F> where F : Field<T> {
+public interface Nd4jArrayField<T, F : Field<T>> : NDField<T, F, Nd4jArrayStructure<T>>, Nd4jArrayRing<T, F> {
+
     public override fun divide(a: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>, b: Nd4jArrayStructure<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
         check(a, b)
         return a.ndArray.div(b.ndArray).wrap()

kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScopeTest.kt

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ class MCScopeTest {
     }
 
 
+    @OptIn(ObsoleteCoroutinesApi::class)
     fun compareResult(test: ATest) {
         val res1 = runBlocking(Dispatchers.Default) { test() }
         val res2 = runBlocking(newSingleThreadContext("test")) { test() }

settings.gradle.kts

@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ pluginManagement {
         maven("https://dl.bintray.com/kotlin/kotlinx")
     }
 
-    val toolsVersion = "0.7.0"
-    val kotlinVersion = "1.4.20"
+    val toolsVersion = "0.7.3-1.4.30-RC"
+    val kotlinVersion = "1.4.30-RC"
 
     plugins {
         id("kotlinx.benchmark") version "0.2.0-dev-20"