From bf504ae6c5b9bc25655ee543426325ba40529ed8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Nov 2021 16:58:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 01/72] Basic series

---
 build.gradle.kts                              |   3 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt |  37 ++++
 .../kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt   |   2 +-
 kmath-core/build.gradle.kts                   |   7 -
 .../kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt        |   1 -
 .../kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt   |   1 -
 .../kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt       |   3 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt      |  20 +--
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt       |  16 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt  |   8 +-
 .../nd/{ShapeIndexer.kt => ShapeIndices.kt}   |   4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt    |   6 +-
 .../kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt       |  11 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt |  11 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt   |   1 -
 .../space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt       |   4 +-
 .../kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt      |   1 -
 .../kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt    | 170 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt  |   5 +-
 .../core/BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt      |  16 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt      |  10 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt |  11 +-
 .../tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt   |  14 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt   |   3 +
 .../tensors/core/internal/tensorCastsUtils.kt |   2 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt      |   2 +-
 settings.gradle.kts                           |   4 +-
 28 files changed, 291 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
 rename kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/{ShapeIndexer.kt => ShapeIndices.kt} (95%)
 create mode 100644 kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt

diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index c2347f7be..7fb995aa1 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import java.net.URL
 
 plugins {
     id("ru.mipt.npm.gradle.project")
+    id("org.jetbrains.kotlinx.kover") version "0.4.1"
     kotlin("jupyter.api") apply false
 }
 
@@ -69,4 +70,4 @@ ksciencePublish {
     sonatype(publish = true)
 }
 
-apiValidation.nonPublicMarkers.add("space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI")
+apiValidation.nonPublicMarkers.add("space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..466aa2039
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.series
+
+
+import net.jafama.StrictFastMath.abs
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.plotly.Plotly
+import space.kscience.plotly.makeFile
+import space.kscience.plotly.scatter
+import kotlin.math.PI
+import kotlin.math.max
+
+fun main() = Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra(0..100).invoke {
+    fun Buffer<Double>.plot() {
+        val ls = labels
+        Plotly.plot {
+            scatter {
+                x.numbers = ls
+                y.numbers = toList()
+            }
+        }.makeFile()
+    }
+
+
+    val s1 = series(100) { sin(2 * PI * it / 100) }
+    val s2 = series(100) { 1.0 }
+
+    (s1 - s2).plot()
+
+    // Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic
+    val kst = (s1 - s2).fold(0.0) { sup, arg -> max(sup, abs(arg))}
+
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
index 05a13f5d2..134c91e4a 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: IntArray) : FieldND<Double, Double
                 this@StreamDoubleFieldND.shape,
                 shape
             )
-            this is BufferND && this.indices == this@StreamDoubleFieldND.strides -> this.buffer as DoubleBuffer
+            this is BufferND && this.shapeIndices == this@StreamDoubleFieldND.strides -> this.buffer as DoubleBuffer
             else -> DoubleBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> get(strides.index(offset)) }
         }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts
index e4436c1df..564d06f49 100644
--- a/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ plugins {
     kotlin("multiplatform")
     id("ru.mipt.npm.gradle.common")
     id("ru.mipt.npm.gradle.native")
-//    id("com.xcporter.metaview") version "0.0.5"
 }
 
 kotlin.sourceSets {
@@ -13,12 +12,6 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
     }
 }
 
-//generateUml {
-//    classTree {
-//
-//    }
-//}
-
 readme {
     description = "Core classes, algebra definitions, basic linear algebra"
     maturity = ru.mipt.npm.gradle.Maturity.DEVELOPMENT
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt
index 7ea3e22c4..2b288172a 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.domains
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 /**
  *
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
index 907ce4004..d68869491 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
index 410fb8505..7674012e6 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 
 public class BufferedLinearSpace<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
-    private val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>
+    private val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
 ) : LinearSpace<T, A> {
     override val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
index 113bd4c52..9022b886a 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public fun Shape(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): Shape = intArrayOf(sha
 public interface WithShape {
     public val shape: Shape
 
-    public val indices: ShapeIndexer get() = DefaultStrides(shape)
+    public val shapeIndices: ShapeIndices get() = DefaultStrides(shape)
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
index d25b455f4..447062886 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 
 public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
-    public val indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer
+    public val indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndices
     public val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>
     override val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
         zipInline(left.toBufferND(), right.toBufferND(), transform)
 
     public companion object {
-        public val defaultIndexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = DefaultStrides.Companion::invoke
+        public val defaultIndexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndices = DefaultStrides.Companion::invoke
     }
 }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ public inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.mapInline(
     arg: BufferND<T>,
     crossinline transform: A.(T) -> T,
 ): BufferND<T> {
-    val indexes = arg.indices
+    val indexes = arg.shapeIndices
     val buffer = arg.buffer
     return BufferND(
         indexes,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ internal inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.mapIndexedInline(
     arg: BufferND<T>,
     crossinline transform: A.(index: IntArray, arg: T) -> T,
 ): BufferND<T> {
-    val indexes = arg.indices
+    val indexes = arg.shapeIndices
     val buffer = arg.buffer
     return BufferND(
         indexes,
@@ -84,8 +84,8 @@ internal inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.zipInline(
     r: BufferND<T>,
     crossinline block: A.(l: T, r: T) -> T,
 ): BufferND<T> {
-    require(l.indices == r.indices) { "Zip requires the same shapes, but found ${l.shape} on the left and ${r.shape} on the right" }
-    val indexes = l.indices
+    require(l.shapeIndices == r.shapeIndices) { "Zip requires the same shapes, but found ${l.shape} on the left and ${r.shape} on the right" }
+    val indexes = l.shapeIndices
     val lbuffer = l.buffer
     val rbuffer = r.buffer
     return BufferND(
@@ -99,25 +99,25 @@ internal inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.zipInline(
 @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public open class BufferedGroupNDOps<T, out A : Group<T>>(
     override val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    override val indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    override val indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndices = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : GroupOpsND<T, A>, BufferAlgebraND<T, A> {
     override fun StructureND<T>.unaryMinus(): StructureND<T> = map { -it }
 }
 
 public open class BufferedRingOpsND<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
     bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndices = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : BufferedGroupNDOps<T, A>(bufferAlgebra, indexerBuilder), RingOpsND<T, A>
 
 public open class BufferedFieldOpsND<T, out A : Field<T>>(
     bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndices = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : BufferedRingOpsND<T, A>(bufferAlgebra, indexerBuilder), FieldOpsND<T, A> {
 
     public constructor(
         elementAlgebra: A,
         bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
-        indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+        indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndices = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
     ) : this(BufferFieldOps(elementAlgebra, bufferFactory), indexerBuilder)
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
index 515988159..eea382492 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
@@ -14,17 +14,17 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
  * Represents [StructureND] over [Buffer].
  *
  * @param T the type of items.
- * @param indices The strides to access elements of [Buffer] by linear indices.
+ * @param shapeIndices The strides to access elements of [Buffer] by linear indices.
  * @param buffer The underlying buffer.
  */
 public open class BufferND<out T>(
-    override val indices: ShapeIndexer,
+    override val shapeIndices: ShapeIndices,
     public open val buffer: Buffer<T>,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
 
-    override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = buffer[indices.offset(index)]
+    override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = buffer[shapeIndices.offset(index)]
 
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = indices.shape
+    override val shape: IntArray get() = shapeIndices.shape
 
     override fun toString(): String = StructureND.toString(this)
 }
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
     crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
 ): BufferND<R> {
     return if (this is BufferND<T>)
-        BufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
+        BufferND(this.shapeIndices, factory.invoke(shapeIndices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
     else {
         val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
         BufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
  * @param buffer The underlying buffer.
  */
 public class MutableBufferND<T>(
-    strides: ShapeIndexer,
+    strides: ShapeIndices,
     override val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>,
 ) : MutableStructureND<T>, BufferND<T>(strides, buffer) {
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
-        buffer[indices.offset(index)] = value
+        buffer[shapeIndices.offset(index)] = value
     }
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> MutableStructureND<T>.mapToMutableBuffer(
     crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
 ): MutableBufferND<R> {
     return if (this is MutableBufferND<T>)
-        MutableBufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
+        MutableBufferND(this.shapeIndices, factory.invoke(shapeIndices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
     else {
         val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
         MutableBufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
index 8baeac21f..c51f80346 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
 import kotlin.math.pow as kpow
 
 public class DoubleBufferND(
-    indexes: ShapeIndexer,
+    indexes: ShapeIndices,
     override val buffer: DoubleBuffer,
 ) : BufferND<Double>(indexes, buffer)
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(D
         arg: DoubleBufferND,
         transform: (Double) -> Double,
     ): DoubleBufferND {
-        val indexes = arg.indices
+        val indexes = arg.shapeIndices
         val array = arg.buffer.array
         return DoubleBufferND(indexes, DoubleBuffer(indexes.linearSize) { transform(array[it]) })
     }
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(D
         r: DoubleBufferND,
         block: (l: Double, r: Double) -> Double,
     ): DoubleBufferND {
-        require(l.indices == r.indices) { "Zip requires the same shapes, but found ${l.shape} on the left and ${r.shape} on the right" }
-        val indexes = l.indices
+        require(l.shapeIndices == r.shapeIndices) { "Zip requires the same shapes, but found ${l.shape} on the left and ${r.shape} on the right" }
+        val indexes = l.shapeIndices
         val lArray = l.buffer.array
         val rArray = r.buffer.array
         return DoubleBufferND(indexes, DoubleBuffer(indexes.linearSize) { block(lArray[it], rArray[it]) })
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndexer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
similarity index 95%
rename from kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndexer.kt
rename to kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
index 20e180dd1..151899999 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndexer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
 /**
  * A converter from linear index to multivariate index
  */
-public interface ShapeIndexer: Iterable<IntArray>{
+public interface ShapeIndices: Iterable<IntArray>{
     public val shape: Shape
 
     /**
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public interface ShapeIndexer: Iterable<IntArray>{
 /**
  * Linear transformation of indexes
  */
-public abstract class Strides: ShapeIndexer {
+public abstract class Strides: ShapeIndices {
     /**
      * Array strides
      */
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
index 614d97950..9256f0ba2 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
      * @return the lazy sequence of pairs of indices to values.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
-    public fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = indices.asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
+    public fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = shapeIndices.asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
 
     /**
      * Feature is some additional structure information that allows to access it special properties or hints.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             if (st1 === st2) return true
 
             // fast comparison of buffers if possible
-            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.indices == st2.indices)
+            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.shapeIndices == st2.shapeIndices)
                 return Buffer.contentEquals(st1.buffer, st2.buffer)
 
             //element by element comparison if it could not be avoided
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             if (st1 === st2) return true
 
             // fast comparison of buffers if possible
-            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.indices == st2.indices)
+            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.shapeIndices == st2.shapeIndices)
                 return Buffer.contentEquals(st1.buffer, st2.buffer)
 
             //element by element comparison if it could not be avoided
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
index 6bf3266e3..115f8c23a 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ public inline fun <reified T> Buffer<T>.toTypedArray(): Array<T> = Array(size, :
 /**
  * Create a new buffer from this one with the given mapping function and using [Buffer.Companion.auto] buffer factory.
  */
-public inline fun <T : Any, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): Buffer<R> =
+public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): Buffer<R> =
     Buffer.auto(size) { block(get(it)) }
 
 /**
  * Create a new buffer from this one with the given mapping function.
  * Provided [bufferFactory] is used to construct the new buffer.
  */
-public inline fun <T : Any, R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(
+public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.map(
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R>,
     crossinline block: (T) -> R,
 ): Buffer<R> = bufferFactory(size) { block(get(it)) }
@@ -77,15 +77,16 @@ public inline fun <T : Any, R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(
  * Create a new buffer from this one with the given indexed mapping function.
  * Provided [BufferFactory] is used to construct the new buffer.
  */
-public inline fun <T : Any, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.mapIndexed(
+public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.mapIndexed(
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
     crossinline block: (index: Int, value: T) -> R,
 ): Buffer<R> = bufferFactory(size) { block(it, get(it)) }
 
 /**
  * Fold given buffer according to [operation]
+ * TODO add element algebra as fold receiver
  */
-public inline fun <T : Any, R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: (acc: R, T) -> R): R {
+public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: (acc: R, T) -> R): R {
     var accumulator = initial
     for (index in this.indices) accumulator = operation(accumulator, get(index))
     return accumulator
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ public inline fun <T : Any, R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: (acc: R, T)
  * Zip two buffers using given [transform].
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <T1 : Any, T2 : Any, reified R : Any> Buffer<T1>.zip(
+public inline fun <T1, T2, reified R : Any> Buffer<T1>.zip(
     other: Buffer<T2>,
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R> = Buffer.Companion::auto,
     crossinline transform: (T1, T2) -> R,
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
index c68bca2d9..2c34327b5 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
@@ -48,6 +48,11 @@ public interface Buffer<out T> {
 
     override fun toString(): String
 
+    /**
+     * Returns an [IntRange] of the valid indices for this [Buffer].
+     */
+    public val indices: IntRange get() = 0 until size
+
     public companion object {
 
         public fun toString(buffer: Buffer<*>): String =
@@ -100,10 +105,12 @@ public interface Buffer<out T> {
     }
 }
 
+public operator fun<T> Buffer<T>.get(index: UInt): T = get(index.toInt())
+
 /**
- * Returns an [IntRange] of the valid indices for this [Buffer].
+ * if index is in range of buffer, return the value. Otherwise, return null.
  */
-public val Buffer<*>.indices: IntRange get() = 0 until size
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.getOrNull(index: Int): T? = if (index in indices) get(index) else null
 
 /**
  * Immutable wrapper for [MutableBuffer].
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt
index cca1c3551..b108f696e 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt
+++ b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleL2Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer.Companion.double
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.math.pow
 
 public typealias DoubleVector = Point<Double>
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt
index 56f50acbc..dc8f259bc 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt
+++ b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
  * Map one [BufferND] using function without indices.
  */
 public inline fun BufferND<Double>.mapInline(crossinline transform: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): BufferND<Double> {
-    val array = DoubleArray(indices.linearSize) { offset -> DoubleField.transform(buffer[offset]) }
-    return BufferND(indices, DoubleBuffer(array))
+    val array = DoubleArray(shapeIndices.linearSize) { offset -> DoubleField.transform(buffer[offset]) }
+    return BufferND(shapeIndices, DoubleBuffer(array))
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt
index 2b426d204..9ee292998 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 /**
  * A simple one-pass integrator based on Gauss rule
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bf8c66b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.series
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.getOrNull
+import kotlin.math.max
+import kotlin.math.min
+
+private fun IntRange.intersect(other: IntRange): IntRange =
+    max(first, other.first)..min(last, other.last)
+
+private val IntRange.size get() = last - first + 1
+
+private class BufferView<T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>, val offset: Int, override val size: Int) : Buffer<T> {
+    init {
+        require(offset >= 0) { " Range offset must be positive" }
+        require(offset < buffer.size) { "Range offset is beyond the buffer size" }
+        require(size > 0) { "Size must be positive" }
+        require(size < buffer.size) { "Slice size is larger than the buffer" }
+    }
+
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = buffer[index - offset]
+
+    override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = buffer.asSequence().drop(offset).take(size).iterator()
+
+    override fun toString(): String = "$buffer[${offset}:${offset + size - 1}]"
+
+    override val indices: IntRange = offset until offset + size
+}
+
+/**
+ * A scope to operation on series
+ */
+public class SeriesAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>, L>(
+    public val bufferAlgebra: BufferRingOps<T, A>,
+    private val labelResolver: (Int) -> L,
+) : RingOps<Buffer<T>> {
+
+    public val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
+    public val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> get() = bufferAlgebra.bufferFactory
+
+    public val Buffer<T>.offset: UInt get() = indices.first.toUInt()
+
+    /**
+     * Build a new series
+     */
+    public fun series(size: Int, fromIndex: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+        return bufferFactory(size) {
+            val index = it + fromIndex
+            elementAlgebra.block(labelResolver(index))
+        }.moveTo(fromIndex)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Move a series starting to start at a given index
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.moveTo(index: Int): Buffer<T> = if (index == 0) {
+        this
+    } else if (this is BufferView) {
+        BufferView(buffer, index.toInt(), size)
+    } else {
+        BufferView(this, index.toInt(), size)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a buffer view using given range
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.get(range: IntRange): Buffer<T> {
+        val size = range.size
+        return if (this is BufferView) {
+            BufferView(this, indices.first + range.first, size)
+        } else {
+            BufferView(this, range.first, size)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get a label buffer for given buffer.
+     */
+    public val Buffer<T>.labels: List<L> get() = indices.map(labelResolver)
+
+
+    /**
+     * Try to resolve element by label and return null if element with a given label is not found
+     */
+    public operator fun Buffer<T>.get(label: L): T? {
+        val index = labels.indexOf(label)
+        if (index == -1) return null
+        return get(index + offset.toInt())
+    }
+
+    override fun add(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
+        val newRange = left.indices.intersect(right.indices)
+        //TODO optimize copy at BufferAlgebra level
+        bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
+            val offset = it + newRange.first
+            left[offset] + right[offset]
+        }.moveTo(newRange.first)
+    }
+
+    override fun Buffer<T>.unaryMinus(): Buffer<T> = map { -it }
+
+    override fun multiply(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
+        val newRange = left.indices.intersect(right.indices)
+        bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
+            val offset = it + newRange.first
+            left[offset] * right[offset]
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Map a series to another series of the same size
+     */
+    public inline fun Buffer<T>.map(crossinline transform: A.(T) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+        val buf = bufferFactory(size) {
+            elementAlgebra.transform(get(it))
+        }
+        return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Map series to another series of the same size with label
+     */
+    public inline fun Buffer<T>.mapWithLabel(crossinline transform: A.(arg: T, label: L) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+        val labels = labels
+        val buf = bufferFactory(size) {
+            elementAlgebra.transform(get(it), labels[it])
+        }
+        return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
+    }
+
+    public inline fun <R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: A.(acc: R, T) -> R): R {
+        var accumulator = initial
+        for (index in this.indices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, get(index))
+        return accumulator
+    }
+
+    public inline fun <R> Buffer<T>.foldWithLabel(initial: R, operation: A.(acc: R, arg: T, label: L) -> R): R {
+        val labels = labels
+        var accumulator = initial
+        for (index in this.indices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, get(index), labels[index])
+        return accumulator
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Zip two buffers replacing missing values with [defaultValue]
+     */
+    public inline fun Buffer<T>.zip(
+        other: Buffer<T>,
+        defaultValue: T,
+        crossinline operation: A.(left: T?, right: T?) -> T?,
+    ): Buffer<T> {
+        val start = min(indices.first, other.indices.first)
+        val size = max(indices.last, other.indices.last) - start
+        return bufferFactory(size) {
+            elementAlgebra.operation(
+                getOrNull(it) ?: defaultValue,
+                other.getOrNull(it) ?: defaultValue
+            ) ?: defaultValue
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public fun <T, A : Ring<T>, L> BufferRingOps<T, A>.seriesAlgebra(labels: Iterable<L>): SeriesAlgebra<T, A, L> {
+    val l = labels.toList()
+    return SeriesAlgebra(this) {
+        if (it in l.indices) l[it] else error("Index $it is outside of labels range ${l.indices}")
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
index 2a9bd3cd4..70da58171 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 /**
  * Arithmetic mean
@@ -45,8 +44,10 @@ public class Mean<T>(
     public companion object {
         @Deprecated("Use Double.mean instead")
         public val double: Mean<Double> = Mean(DoubleField) { sum, count -> sum / count }
+
         @Deprecated("Use Int.mean instead")
         public val int: Mean<Int> = Mean(IntRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
+
         @Deprecated("Use Long.mean instead")
         public val long: Mean<Long> = Mean(LongRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
 
@@ -60,6 +61,6 @@ public class Mean<T>(
 //TODO replace with optimized version which respects overflow
 public val Double.Companion.mean: Mean<Double> get() = Mean(DoubleField) { sum, count -> sum / count }
 public val Int.Companion.mean: Mean<Int> get() = Mean(IntRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
-public val Long.Companion.mean: Mean<Long> get() =  Mean(LongRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
+public val Long.Companion.mean: Mean<Long> get() = Mean(LongRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
 
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 10c747777..37c25e99f 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
         val broadcast = broadcastTensors(tensor, arg.tensor)
         val newThis = broadcast[0]
         val newOther = broadcast[1]
-        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.indices.linearSize) { i ->
+        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.shapeIndices.linearSize) { i ->
             newThis.mutableBuffer.array()[i] + newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[i]
         }
         return DoubleTensor(newThis.shape, resBuffer)
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.plusAssign(arg: StructureND<Double>) {
         val newOther = broadcastTo(arg.tensor, tensor.shape)
-        for (i in 0 until tensor.indices.linearSize) {
+        for (i in 0 until tensor.shapeIndices.linearSize) {
             tensor.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i] +=
                 newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i]
         }
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
         val broadcast = broadcastTensors(tensor, arg.tensor)
         val newThis = broadcast[0]
         val newOther = broadcast[1]
-        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.indices.linearSize) { i ->
+        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.shapeIndices.linearSize) { i ->
             newThis.mutableBuffer.array()[i] - newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[i]
         }
         return DoubleTensor(newThis.shape, resBuffer)
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.minusAssign(arg: StructureND<Double>) {
         val newOther = broadcastTo(arg.tensor, tensor.shape)
-        for (i in 0 until tensor.indices.linearSize) {
+        for (i in 0 until tensor.shapeIndices.linearSize) {
             tensor.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i] -=
                 newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i]
         }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
         val broadcast = broadcastTensors(tensor, arg.tensor)
         val newThis = broadcast[0]
         val newOther = broadcast[1]
-        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.indices.linearSize) { i ->
+        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.shapeIndices.linearSize) { i ->
             newThis.mutableBuffer.array()[newThis.bufferStart + i] *
                     newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[newOther.bufferStart + i]
         }
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.timesAssign(arg: StructureND<Double>) {
         val newOther = broadcastTo(arg.tensor, tensor.shape)
-        for (i in 0 until tensor.indices.linearSize) {
+        for (i in 0 until tensor.shapeIndices.linearSize) {
             tensor.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i] *=
                 newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i]
         }
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
         val broadcast = broadcastTensors(tensor, arg.tensor)
         val newThis = broadcast[0]
         val newOther = broadcast[1]
-        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.indices.linearSize) { i ->
+        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(newThis.shapeIndices.linearSize) { i ->
             newThis.mutableBuffer.array()[newOther.bufferStart + i] /
                     newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[newOther.bufferStart + i]
         }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ public object BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra : DoubleTensorAlgebra() {
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.divAssign(arg: StructureND<Double>) {
         val newOther = broadcastTo(arg.tensor, tensor.shape)
-        for (i in 0 until tensor.indices.linearSize) {
+        for (i in 0 until tensor.shapeIndices.linearSize) {
             tensor.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i] /=
                 newOther.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + i]
         }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
index 54d8f54dc..0b1006b6c 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
@@ -22,22 +22,22 @@ public open class BufferedTensor<T> internal constructor(
     /**
      * Buffer strides based on [TensorLinearStructure] implementation
      */
-    override val indices: Strides get() = TensorLinearStructure(shape)
+    override val shapeIndices: Strides get() = TensorLinearStructure(shape)
 
     /**
      * Number of elements in tensor
      */
     public val numElements: Int
-        get() = indices.linearSize
+        get() = shapeIndices.linearSize
 
-    override fun get(index: IntArray): T = mutableBuffer[bufferStart + indices.offset(index)]
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): T = mutableBuffer[bufferStart + shapeIndices.offset(index)]
 
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
-        mutableBuffer[bufferStart + indices.offset(index)] = value
+        mutableBuffer[bufferStart + shapeIndices.offset(index)] = value
     }
 
     @PerformancePitfall
-    override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = indices.asSequence().map {
+    override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = shapeIndices.asSequence().map {
         it to get(it)
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 864900adb..6c6264989 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.AnalyticTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.LinearOpsTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val tensor = this.tensor
         //TODO remove additional copy
         val sourceArray = tensor.copyArray()
-        val array = DoubleArray(tensor.numElements) { DoubleField.transform(tensor.indices.index(it), sourceArray[it]) }
+        val array = DoubleArray(tensor.numElements) { DoubleField.transform(tensor.shapeIndices.index(it), sourceArray[it]) }
         return DoubleTensor(
             tensor.shape,
             array,
@@ -365,11 +364,11 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val resTensor = DoubleTensor(resShape, resBuffer)
 
         for (offset in 0 until n) {
-            val oldMultiIndex = tensor.indices.index(offset)
+            val oldMultiIndex = tensor.shapeIndices.index(offset)
             val newMultiIndex = oldMultiIndex.copyOf()
             newMultiIndex[ii] = newMultiIndex[jj].also { newMultiIndex[jj] = newMultiIndex[ii] }
 
-            val linearIndex = resTensor.indices.offset(newMultiIndex)
+            val linearIndex = resTensor.shapeIndices.offset(newMultiIndex)
             resTensor.mutableBuffer.array()[linearIndex] =
                 tensor.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + offset]
         }
@@ -467,7 +466,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val resTensor = zeros(resShape)
 
         for (i in 0 until diagonalEntries.tensor.numElements) {
-            val multiIndex = diagonalEntries.tensor.indices.index(i)
+            val multiIndex = diagonalEntries.tensor.shapeIndices.index(i)
 
             var offset1 = 0
             var offset2 = abs(realOffset)
@@ -592,7 +591,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val init = foldFunction(DoubleArray(1) { 0.0 })
         val resTensor = BufferedTensor(resShape,
             MutableBuffer.auto(resNumElements) { init }, 0)
-        for (index in resTensor.indices) {
+        for (index in resTensor.shapeIndices) {
             val prefix = index.take(dim).toIntArray()
             val suffix = index.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
             resTensor[index] = foldFunction(DoubleArray(shape[dim]) { i ->
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
index 3787c0972..e0ea40b32 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlin.math.max
 
 internal fun multiIndexBroadCasting(tensor: DoubleTensor, resTensor: DoubleTensor, linearSize: Int) {
     for (linearIndex in 0 until linearSize) {
-        val totalMultiIndex = resTensor.indices.index(linearIndex)
+        val totalMultiIndex = resTensor.shapeIndices.index(linearIndex)
         val curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.copyOf()
 
         val offset = totalMultiIndex.size - curMultiIndex.size
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ internal fun multiIndexBroadCasting(tensor: DoubleTensor, resTensor: DoubleTenso
             }
         }
 
-        val curLinearIndex = tensor.indices.offset(curMultiIndex)
+        val curLinearIndex = tensor.shapeIndices.offset(curMultiIndex)
         resTensor.mutableBuffer.array()[linearIndex] =
             tensor.mutableBuffer.array()[tensor.bufferStart + curLinearIndex]
     }
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ internal fun broadcastOuterTensors(vararg tensors: DoubleTensor): List<DoubleTen
             val resTensor = DoubleTensor(totalShape + matrixShape, DoubleArray(n * matrixSize))
 
             for (linearIndex in 0 until n) {
-                val totalMultiIndex = outerTensor.indices.index(linearIndex)
+                val totalMultiIndex = outerTensor.shapeIndices.index(linearIndex)
                 var curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.sliceArray(0..tensor.shape.size - 3).copyOf()
                 curMultiIndex = IntArray(totalMultiIndex.size - curMultiIndex.size) { 1 } + curMultiIndex
 
@@ -127,13 +127,13 @@ internal fun broadcastOuterTensors(vararg tensors: DoubleTensor): List<DoubleTen
                 }
 
                 for (i in 0 until matrixSize) {
-                    val curLinearIndex = newTensor.indices.offset(
+                    val curLinearIndex = newTensor.shapeIndices.offset(
                         curMultiIndex +
-                                matrix.indices.index(i)
+                                matrix.shapeIndices.index(i)
                     )
-                    val newLinearIndex = resTensor.indices.offset(
+                    val newLinearIndex = resTensor.shapeIndices.offset(
                         totalMultiIndex +
-                                matrix.indices.index(i)
+                                matrix.shapeIndices.index(i)
                     )
 
                     resTensor.mutableBuffer.array()[resTensor.bufferStart + newLinearIndex] =
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
index 290809cfd..5a2e69c87 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
+@file:OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/tensorCastsUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/tensorCastsUtils.kt
index 602430b03..6a674e15a 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/tensorCastsUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/tensorCastsUtils.kt
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ internal fun <T> StructureND<T>.copyToBufferedTensor(): BufferedTensor<T> =
 
 internal fun <T> StructureND<T>.toBufferedTensor(): BufferedTensor<T> = when (this) {
     is BufferedTensor<T> -> this
-    is MutableBufferND<T> -> if (this.indices == TensorLinearStructure(this.shape)) {
+    is MutableBufferND<T> -> if (this.shapeIndices == TensorLinearStructure(this.shape)) {
         BufferedTensor(this.shape, this.buffer, 0)
     } else {
         this.copyToBufferedTensor()
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index 553ed6add..5a1fe9d57 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ internal fun format(value: Double, digits: Int = 4): String = buildString {
 internal fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
     var offset = 0
     val shape = this@toPrettyString.shape
-    val linearStructure = this@toPrettyString.indices
+    val linearStructure = this@toPrettyString.shapeIndices
     val vectorSize = shape.last()
     append("DoubleTensor(\n")
     var charOffset = 3
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index e73381bf2..889855eef 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ pluginManagement {
         gradlePluginPortal()
     }
 
-    val kotlinVersion = "1.6.0-RC"
-    val toolsVersion = "0.10.5"
+    val kotlinVersion = "1.6.0-RC2"
+    val toolsVersion = "0.10.6"
 
     plugins {
         id("org.jetbrains.kotlinx.benchmark") version "0.3.1"

From a1351aa9428b44965bdcb811a96115dbaca9c8ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Nov 2021 17:50:49 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 02/72] Buffer views

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt    |   4 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt |   4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt |  44 ++--
 .../random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt        |   5 +-
 .../commons/transform/Transformations.kt      |   6 +-
 .../commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt        |   1 +
 .../kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt   |   3 +-
 .../kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt       |   1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt    |   2 +-
 .../kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt         |   7 +-
 .../kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt       |   5 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt |  20 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt   | 140 ++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/FloatBuffer.kt  |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/IntBuffer.kt    |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/LongBuffer.kt   |   2 +-
 .../kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt         |   5 +-
 .../bufferExtensions.kt}                      |  39 +++-
 .../kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt    |  27 +++
 .../kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt         |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt   |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt   |   1 +
 .../kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt      |   1 +
 .../integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt |   2 +-
 .../kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt     |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt   |   3 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt   |   2 +-
 .../kmath/histogram/UnivariateHistogram.kt    |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt    |   2 +-
 .../kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt       |   2 +-
 .../kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt |   2 +-
 .../UniformDistribution.kt                    |   5 +-
 .../AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt         |   3 +-
 .../AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt |   2 -
 .../samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt    |   2 -
 .../{internal => samplers}/InternalErf.kt     |   2 +-
 .../{internal => samplers}/InternalGamma.kt   |   2 +-
 .../{internal => samplers}/InternalUtils.kt   |   2 +-
 .../samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt   |   1 -
 .../samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt     |   1 -
 .../kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt |   2 -
 .../kmath/{stat => samplers}/Sampler.kt       |   8 +-
 .../{stat => samplers}/SamplerAlgebra.kt      |   3 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt    | 210 +++++++++++-------
 .../kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt |  97 ++++++++
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt  |   1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt       |   2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt  |  28 +++
 .../kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt |  59 +++++
 .../space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt  |   2 +
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt |   1 +
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt   |   2 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt      |   1 -
 55 files changed, 610 insertions(+), 176 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
 rename kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{operations/bufferOperation.kt => structures/bufferExtensions.kt} (73%)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{stat => distributions}/UniformDistribution.kt (86%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{internal => samplers}/InternalErf.kt (93%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{internal => samplers}/InternalGamma.kt (99%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{internal => samplers}/InternalUtils.kt (98%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{stat => samplers}/Sampler.kt (86%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{stat => samplers}/SamplerAlgebra.kt (95%)
 create mode 100644 kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt

diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
index dbe0b8454..45678c425 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.commons.optimization.CMOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.FunctionOptimizationTarget
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.optimizeWith
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
@@ -22,6 +20,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.real.DoubleVector
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.ScatterMode
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.TraceValues
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
index d52976671..04764d763 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.binding
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.QowOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.chiSquaredOrNull
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.fitWith
@@ -22,6 +20,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.ScatterMode
 import kotlin.math.abs
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
index 466aa2039..d67d59bfc 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -1,37 +1,43 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.series
 
 
-import net.jafama.StrictFastMath.abs
+import kotlinx.html.FlowContent
+import kotlinx.html.h1
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.plotly.Plotly
-import space.kscience.plotly.makeFile
-import space.kscience.plotly.scatter
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
+import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import kotlin.math.PI
-import kotlin.math.max
 
-fun main() = Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra(0..100).invoke {
-    fun Buffer<Double>.plot() {
-        val ls = labels
-        Plotly.plot {
+fun main() = with(Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra()) {
+    fun FlowContent.plotSeries(buffer: Buffer<Double>) {
+        val ls = buffer.labels
+        plot {
             scatter {
                 x.numbers = ls
-                y.numbers = toList()
+                y.numbers = buffer.toList()
             }
-        }.makeFile()
+            layout {
+                xaxis {
+                    range(0.0..100.0)
+                }
+            }
+        }
     }
 
 
-    val s1 = series(100) { sin(2 * PI * it / 100) }
-    val s2 = series(100) { 1.0 }
+    val s1 = series(100) { sin(2 * PI * it / 100) + 1.0 }
+    val s2 = s1.slice(20..50).moveTo(40)
 
-    (s1 - s2).plot()
-
-    // Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic
-    val kst = (s1 - s2).fold(0.0) { sup, arg -> max(sup, abs(arg))}
+    val s3: Buffer<Double> = s1.zip(s2) { l, r -> l + r } //s1 + s2
+    val s4 = ln(s3)
 
+    Plotly.page {
+        h1 { +"This is my plot" }
+        plotSeries(s1)
+        plotSeries(s2)
+        plotSeries(s4)
+    }.makeFile()
 
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
index 28294cf14..2183399ef 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
@@ -7,10 +7,11 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.commons.random
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
+import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
+import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.next
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.next
+
 
 public class CMRandomGeneratorWrapper(
     public val factory: (IntArray) -> RandomGenerator,
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt
index 73ab91542..3ac278ca0 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt
@@ -10,13 +10,9 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.map
 import org.apache.commons.math3.transform.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.complex.Complex
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.SuspendBufferTransform
 import space.kscience.kmath.streaming.chunked
 import space.kscience.kmath.streaming.spread
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
index c670ceead..681ec9ebc 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.y
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt
index 2b288172a..7ea3e22c4 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/domains/HyperSquareDomain.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.domains
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 /**
  *
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
index d68869491..6b17dfca5 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
index 7674012e6..bc736fc50 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 
 public class BufferedLinearSpace<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
index 3dcc77334..f2a4336eb 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asMutableBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
index 634a115c7..17c26ad11 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.ShortBuffer
 
 public interface WithSize {
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ public class BufferField<T, A : Field<T>>(
 /**
  * Generate full buffer field from given buffer operations
  */
-public fun <T, A : Field<T>> BufferFieldOps<T, A>.withSize(size: Int): BufferField<T, A> =
+public fun <T, A : Field<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.withSize(size: Int): BufferField<T, A> =
     BufferField(elementAlgebra, bufferFactory, size)
 
 //Double buffer specialization
@@ -196,6 +195,4 @@ public fun BufferField<Double, *>.buffer(vararg elements: Number): Buffer<Double
 public fun <T, A : Field<T>> A.bufferAlgebra(bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>): BufferFieldOps<T, A> =
     BufferFieldOps(this, bufferFactory)
 
-public val DoubleField.bufferAlgebra: BufferFieldOps<Double, DoubleField>
-    get() = BufferFieldOps(DoubleField, ::DoubleBuffer)
-
+public val DoubleField.bufferAlgebra: DoubleBufferOps get() =  DoubleBufferOps
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
index b0cce91d3..269823a10 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
@@ -7,10 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
index 2c34327b5..91b4ee71b 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithSize
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ public typealias MutableBufferFactory<T> = (Int, (Int) -> T) -> MutableBuffer<T>
  *
  * @param T the type of elements contained in the buffer.
  */
-public interface Buffer<out T> {
+public interface Buffer<out T> : WithSize {
     /**
      * The size of this buffer.
      */
-    public val size: Int
+    override val size: Int
 
     /**
      * Gets element at given index.
@@ -44,15 +44,10 @@ public interface Buffer<out T> {
     /**
      * Iterates over all elements.
      */
-    public operator fun iterator(): Iterator<T>
+    public operator fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = indices.asSequence().map(::get).iterator()
 
     override fun toString(): String
 
-    /**
-     * Returns an [IntRange] of the valid indices for this [Buffer].
-     */
-    public val indices: IntRange get() = 0 until size
-
     public companion object {
 
         public fun toString(buffer: Buffer<*>): String =
@@ -105,7 +100,12 @@ public interface Buffer<out T> {
     }
 }
 
-public operator fun<T> Buffer<T>.get(index: UInt): T = get(index.toInt())
+/**
+ * Returns an [IntRange] of the valid indices for this [Buffer].
+ */
+public val <T> Buffer<T>.indices: IntRange get() = 0 until size
+
+public operator fun <T> Buffer<T>.get(index: UInt): T = get(index.toInt())
 
 /**
  * if index is in range of buffer, return the value. Otherwise, return null.
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4e6a4a58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.structures
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+
+/**
+ * A buffer that wraps an original buffer
+ */
+public interface BufferView<T> : Buffer<T> {
+    public val origin: Buffer<T>
+
+    /**
+     * Get the index in [origin] buffer from index in this buffer.
+     * Return -1 if element not present in the original buffer
+     * This method should be used internally to optimize non-boxing access.
+     */
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    public fun originIndex(index: Int): Int
+}
+
+/**
+ * A zero-copy buffer that "sees" only part of original buffer. Slice can't go beyond original buffer borders.
+ */
+public class BufferSlice<T>(
+    override val origin: Buffer<T>,
+    public val offset: UInt = 0U,
+    override val size: Int,
+) : BufferView<T> {
+
+    init {
+        require(size > 0) { "Size must be positive" }
+        require(offset + size.toUInt() <= origin.size.toUInt()) {
+            "End of buffer ${offset + size.toUInt()} is beyond the end of origin buffer size ${origin.size}"
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = if (index >= size) {
+        throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("$index is out of ${0 until size} rage")
+    } else {
+        origin[index.toUInt() + offset]
+    }
+
+    override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> =
+        (offset until (offset + size.toUInt())).asSequence().map { origin[it] }.iterator()
+
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index >= size) -1 else index - offset.toInt()
+
+    override fun toString(): String = "$origin[$offset..${offset + size.toUInt()}"
+}
+
+/**
+ * An expanded buffer that could include the whole initial buffer ot its part and fills all space beyond it borders with [defaultValue].
+ *
+ * The [offset] parameter shows the shift of expanded buffer start relative to origin start and could be both positive and negative.
+ */
+public class BufferExpanded<T>(
+    override val origin: Buffer<T>,
+    public val defaultValue: T,
+    public val offset: Int = 0,
+    override val size: Int = origin.size,
+) : BufferView<T> {
+
+    init {
+        require(size > 0) { "Size must be positive" }
+    }
+
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = when (index) {
+        !in 0 until size -> throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $index is not in $indices")
+        in -offset until origin.size - offset -> origin[index + offset]
+        else -> defaultValue
+    }
+
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index in -offset until origin.size - offset) index + offset else -1
+
+    override fun toString(): String = "$origin[$offset..${offset + size}]"
+}
+
+/**
+ * Zero-copy select a slice inside the original buffer
+ */
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.slice(range: UIntRange): BufferView<T> = BufferSlice(
+    this,
+    range.first,
+    (range.last - range.first).toInt() + 1
+)
+
+/**
+ * Resize original buffer to a given range using given [range], filling additional segments with [defaultValue].
+ * Range left border could be negative to designate adding new blank segment to the beginning of the buffer
+ */
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.expand(
+    range: IntRange,
+    defaultValue: T,
+): BufferView<T> = if (range.first >= 0 && range.last < size) {
+    BufferSlice(
+        this,
+        range.first.toUInt(),
+        (range.last - range.first) + 1
+    )
+} else {
+    BufferExpanded(
+        this,
+        defaultValue,
+        range.first,
+        (range.last - range.first) + 1
+    )
+}
+
+/**
+ * A [BufferView] that overrides indexing of the original buffer
+ */
+public class PermutatedBuffer<T>(
+    override val origin: Buffer<T>,
+    private val permutations: IntArray,
+) : BufferView<T> {
+    init {
+        permutations.forEach { index ->
+            if (index !in origin.indices) {
+                throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $index is not in ${origin.indices}")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override val size: Int get() = permutations.size
+
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = origin[permutations[index]]
+
+    override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = permutations.asSequence().map { origin[it] }.iterator()
+
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index in permutations.indices) permutations[index] else -1
+
+    override fun toString(): String = Buffer.toString(this)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Created a permuted view of given buffer using provided [indices]
+ */
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.view(indices: IntArray): PermutatedBuffer<T> = PermutatedBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
index 3b554ab07..087f81934 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  * @property array the underlying array.
  */
 @JvmInline
-public value class DoubleBuffer(public val array: DoubleArray) : MutableBuffer<Double> {
+public value class DoubleBuffer(public val array: DoubleArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Double> {
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Double = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FloatBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FloatBuffer.kt
index dc7903cbf..f99e73baa 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FloatBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/FloatBuffer.kt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
  */
 @JvmInline
-public value class FloatBuffer(public val array: FloatArray) : MutableBuffer<Float> {
+public value class FloatBuffer(public val array: FloatArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Float> {
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Float = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/IntBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/IntBuffer.kt
index ca078746c..1de36453f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/IntBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/IntBuffer.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  * @property array the underlying array.
  */
 @JvmInline
-public value class IntBuffer(public val array: IntArray) : MutableBuffer<Int> {
+public value class IntBuffer(public val array: IntArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Int> {
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Int = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LongBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LongBuffer.kt
index a0b5c78fa..0596729b4 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LongBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LongBuffer.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
  * @property array the underlying array.
  */
 @JvmInline
-public value class LongBuffer(public val array: LongArray) : MutableBuffer<Long> {
+public value class LongBuffer(public val array: LongArray) : PrimitiveBuffer<Long> {
     override val size: Int get() = array.size
 
     override operator fun get(index: Int): Long = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt
index 97185b918..396d51bc3 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/MutableBuffer.kt
@@ -94,4 +94,7 @@ public interface MutableBuffer<T> : Buffer<T> {
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(size: Int, initializer: (Int) -> T): MutableBuffer<T> =
             auto(T::class, size, initializer)
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+
+public sealed interface PrimitiveBuffer<T>: MutableBuffer<T>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt
similarity index 73%
rename from kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
rename to kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt
index 115f8c23a..f8b785724 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.operations
+package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 /**
  * Typealias for buffer transformations.
@@ -103,4 +102,40 @@ public inline fun <T1, T2, reified R : Any> Buffer<T1>.zip(
 ): Buffer<R> {
     require(size == other.size) { "Buffer size mismatch in zip: expected $size but found ${other.size}" }
     return bufferFactory(size) { transform(get(it), other[it]) }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Simular to https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin.collections/binary-search.html.
+ * The implementation is copied from Kotlin stdlib
+ */
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>> Buffer<T>.binarySearch(element: T, fromIndex: Int = 0, toIndex: Int = size): Int {
+    var low = fromIndex
+    var high = toIndex - 1
+
+    while (low <= high) {
+        val mid = (low + high).ushr(1) // safe from overflows
+        val midVal = get(mid)
+        val cmp = compareValues(midVal, element)
+
+        when {
+            cmp < 0 -> low = mid + 1
+            cmp > 0 -> high = mid - 1
+            else -> return mid // key found
+        }
+    }
+    return -(low + 1)  // key not found
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a buffer containing sorted elements of this buffer.
+ */
+@Suppress("CAST_NEVER_SUCCEEDS")
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>> Buffer<T>.sorted(): Buffer<T> = when (this) {
+    is PrimitiveBuffer -> when (this) {
+        is LongBuffer -> toLongArray().apply { sort() }  as Buffer<T>
+        is FloatBuffer -> toFloatArray().apply { sort() }  as Buffer<T>
+        is IntBuffer -> toIntArray().apply { sort() }  as Buffer<T>
+        is DoubleBuffer -> toDoubleArray().apply { sort() }  as Buffer<T>
+    }
+    else -> asIterable().sorted().asBuffer()
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..992080fb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.structures
+
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFails
+
+internal class BufferExpandedTest {
+    private val buffer = (0..100).toList().asBuffer()
+
+    @Test
+    fun shrink(){
+        val view = buffer.slice(20U..30U)
+        assertEquals(20, view[0])
+        assertEquals(30, view[10])
+        assertFails { view[11] }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun expandNegative(){
+        val view: BufferView<Int> = buffer.expand(-20..113,0)
+        assertEquals(0,view[4])
+        assertEquals(0,view[123])
+        assertEquals(100, view[120])
+        assertFails { view[-2] }
+        assertFails { view[134] }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt
index a3143a1ac..14081b0f5 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.streaming
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.*
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt
index c1ee8b48f..88932d59b 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt
+++ b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 import kotlin.math.pow
 
 /*
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt
index b108f696e..cca1c3551 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt
+++ b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealVector.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleL2Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer.Companion.double
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.math.pow
 
 public typealias DoubleVector = Point<Double>
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt
index 9ee292998..2b426d204 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegrator.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 /**
  * A simple one-pass integrator based on Gauss rule
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
index 94c73832b..b09129626 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.integration
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
 import kotlin.jvm.Synchronized
 import kotlin.math.ulp
 import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
index 6abe89aad..662cdf3d7 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
@@ -12,10 +12,14 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.interpolation.SplineInterpolator
 import space.kscience.kmath.interpolation.interpolatePolynomials
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.sum
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
 
 /**
  * Compute analytical indefinite integral of this [PiecewisePolynomial], keeping all intervals intact
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt
index 89ee23354..6f4a9e2ed 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt
index 70f8f4ebd..717e78871 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UnivariateHistogram.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UnivariateHistogram.kt
index d5b74fb9b..018f47a7f 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UnivariateHistogram.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UnivariateHistogram.kt
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.histogram
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.domains.UnivariateDomain
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
diff --git a/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt b/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt
index 9731908b3..e646d2bd0 100644
--- a/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt
+++ b/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.MST
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.MstRing
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 
 /**
  * A function for conversion of number to MST for pretty print
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
index 298bbc858..1cff271a7 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 
 /**
  * A distribution of typed objects.
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt
index 24429cf32..8f9250ee5 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
-import space.kscience.kmath.internal.InternalErf
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
+import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.InternalErf
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.NormalizedGaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/UniformDistribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
similarity index 86%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/UniformDistribution.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
index 4c0d08720..fd9fa0bdd 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/UniformDistribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.SimpleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.Distribution
-import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.UnivariateDistribution
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 
 public class UniformDistribution(public val range: ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>) : UnivariateDistribution<Double> {
     private val length: Double = range.endInclusive - range.start
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
index 5f923fe5f..fd8437191 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.math.ln
 import kotlin.math.pow
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ public class AhrensDieterExponentialSampler(public val mean: Double) : Sampler<D
             var qi = 0.0
 
             DoubleArray(16) { i ->
-                qi += ln2.pow(i + 1.0) / space.kscience.kmath.internal.InternalUtils.factorial(i + 1)
+                qi += ln2.pow(i + 1.0) / InternalUtils.factorial(i + 1)
                 qi
             }
         }
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
index 063e055ce..fdba8ec90 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.chain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.next
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
index b00db5b30..03ba142b7 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
-import space.kscience.kmath.internal.InternalUtils
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.chain
 import kotlin.math.ceil
 import kotlin.math.max
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalErf.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalErf.kt
similarity index 93%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalErf.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalErf.kt
index 5b3cb1859..b8f9fd25e 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalErf.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalErf.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.internal
+package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import kotlin.math.abs
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalGamma.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalGamma.kt
similarity index 99%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalGamma.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalGamma.kt
index 18abd669f..cdc40b44d 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalGamma.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalGamma.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.internal
+package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalUtils.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalUtils.kt
similarity index 98%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalUtils.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalUtils.kt
index 77ba02a25..b0c63ff15 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/internal/InternalUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/InternalUtils.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.internal
+package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import kotlin.math.ln
 import kotlin.math.min
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
index 16f91570f..5146169a3 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingIntChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.math.exp
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
index ceb324e8d..d427d8e7a 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 
 public interface BlockingDoubleSampler: Sampler<Double>{
     override fun sample(generator: RandomGenerator): BlockingDoubleChain
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
index d3ff05b06..3504a65bf 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingIntChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.internal.InternalUtils
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Sampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
similarity index 86%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Sampler.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
index 0b3b52cab..2c842ab65 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Sampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
@@ -3,12 +3,16 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.collect
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
similarity index 95%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerAlgebra.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
index e0be72d4b..c0b8e5b5c 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.ConstantChain
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.chains.zip
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Group
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 
 /**
  * Implements [Sampler] by sampling only certain [value].
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index 3bf8c66b3..ae1bfe0e7 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -1,80 +1,125 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.series
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RingOps
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.StatisticalAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.getOrNull
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferView
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
 
-private fun IntRange.intersect(other: IntRange): IntRange =
+@PublishedApi
+internal fun IntRange.intersect(other: IntRange): IntRange =
     max(first, other.first)..min(last, other.last)
 
-private val IntRange.size get() = last - first + 1
+@PublishedApi
+internal val IntRange.size
+    get() = last - first + 1
+
+@PublishedApi
+internal operator fun IntRange.contains(other: IntRange): Boolean = (other.first in this) && (other.last in this)
+
+//TODO add permutated buffer
+//TODO add rank function
+
+
+public interface Series<T> : Buffer<T> {
+    public val origin: Buffer<T>
+    /**
+     * Absolute position of start of this [Series] in [SeriesAlgebra]
+     */
+    public val position: Int
+}
+
+public val <T> Series<T>.absoluteIndices: IntRange get() = position until position + size
+
+/**
+ * A [BufferView] with index offset (both positive and negative) and possible size change
+ */
+private class OffsetBufer<T>(
+    override val origin: Buffer<T>,
+    override val position: Int,
+    override val size: Int = origin.size,
+) : Series<T>, Buffer<T> by origin {
 
-private class BufferView<T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>, val offset: Int, override val size: Int) : Buffer<T> {
     init {
-        require(offset >= 0) { " Range offset must be positive" }
-        require(offset < buffer.size) { "Range offset is beyond the buffer size" }
         require(size > 0) { "Size must be positive" }
-        require(size < buffer.size) { "Slice size is larger than the buffer" }
+        require(size <= origin.size) { "Slice size is larger than the original buffer" }
     }
 
-    override fun get(index: Int): T = buffer[index - offset]
-
-    override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = buffer.asSequence().drop(offset).take(size).iterator()
-
-    override fun toString(): String = "$buffer[${offset}:${offset + size - 1}]"
-
-    override val indices: IntRange = offset until offset + size
+    override fun toString(): String = "$origin-->${position}"
 }
 
 /**
  * A scope to operation on series
  */
-public class SeriesAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>, L>(
-    public val bufferAlgebra: BufferRingOps<T, A>,
+public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
+    override val bufferAlgebra: BA,
     private val labelResolver: (Int) -> L,
-) : RingOps<Buffer<T>> {
+) : RingOps<Buffer<T>>, StatisticalAlgebra<T, A, BA> {
 
-    public val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
-    public val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> get() = bufferAlgebra.bufferFactory
+    public val Buffer<T>.indices: IntRange
+        get() = if (this is Series) {
+            absoluteIndices
+        } else {
+            0 until size
+        }
 
-    public val Buffer<T>.offset: UInt get() = indices.first.toUInt()
+    /**
+     * Get the value by absolute index in the series algebra or return null if index is out of range
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.getAbsoluteOrNull(index: Int): T? = when {
+        index !in indices -> null
+        this is Series -> origin[index - position]
+        else -> get(index)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the value by absolute index in the series algebra or throw [IndexOutOfBoundsException] if index is out of range
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.getAbsolute(index: Int): T =
+        getAbsoluteOrNull(index) ?: throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $index is not in $indices")
+
+    /**
+     * Create an offset series with index starting point at [index]
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.moveTo(index: Int): Series<T> = if (this is Series) {
+        OffsetBufer(origin, index, size)
+    } else {
+        OffsetBufer(this, index, size)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Create a buffer view using given absolute range
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.slice(range: IntRange): Series<T> {
+        val size = range.size
+        return if (this is Series) {
+            OffsetBufer(this, indices.first + range.first, size)
+        } else {
+            OffsetBufer(this, range.first, size)
+        }
+    }
+
+    public fun Buffer<T>.expand(range: IntRange, defaultValue: T): Series<T> = if (range in indices) {
+        slice(range)
+    } else {
+        TODO()
+    }
+
+    public val Buffer<T>.offset: Int get() = if (this is Series) position else 0
 
     /**
      * Build a new series
      */
-    public fun series(size: Int, fromIndex: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+    public fun series(size: Int, fromIndex: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
         return bufferFactory(size) {
             val index = it + fromIndex
             elementAlgebra.block(labelResolver(index))
         }.moveTo(fromIndex)
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Move a series starting to start at a given index
-     */
-    public fun Buffer<T>.moveTo(index: Int): Buffer<T> = if (index == 0) {
-        this
-    } else if (this is BufferView) {
-        BufferView(buffer, index.toInt(), size)
-    } else {
-        BufferView(this, index.toInt(), size)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Create a buffer view using given range
-     */
-    public fun Buffer<T>.get(range: IntRange): Buffer<T> {
-        val size = range.size
-        return if (this is BufferView) {
-            BufferView(this, indices.first + range.first, size)
-        } else {
-            BufferView(this, range.first, size)
-        }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Get a label buffer for given buffer.
      */
@@ -87,34 +132,15 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>, L>(
     public operator fun Buffer<T>.get(label: L): T? {
         val index = labels.indexOf(label)
         if (index == -1) return null
-        return get(index + offset.toInt())
-    }
-
-    override fun add(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
-        val newRange = left.indices.intersect(right.indices)
-        //TODO optimize copy at BufferAlgebra level
-        bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
-            val offset = it + newRange.first
-            left[offset] + right[offset]
-        }.moveTo(newRange.first)
-    }
-
-    override fun Buffer<T>.unaryMinus(): Buffer<T> = map { -it }
-
-    override fun multiply(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
-        val newRange = left.indices.intersect(right.indices)
-        bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
-            val offset = it + newRange.first
-            left[offset] * right[offset]
-        }
+        return getAbsolute(index + offset.toInt())
     }
 
     /**
      * Map a series to another series of the same size
      */
-    public inline fun Buffer<T>.map(crossinline transform: A.(T) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+    public inline fun Buffer<T>.map(crossinline transform: A.(T) -> T): Series<T> {
         val buf = bufferFactory(size) {
-            elementAlgebra.transform(get(it))
+            elementAlgebra.transform(getAbsolute(it))
         }
         return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
     }
@@ -122,49 +148,63 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>, L>(
     /**
      * Map series to another series of the same size with label
      */
-    public inline fun Buffer<T>.mapWithLabel(crossinline transform: A.(arg: T, label: L) -> T): Buffer<T> {
+    public inline fun Buffer<T>.mapWithLabel(crossinline transform: A.(arg: T, label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
         val labels = labels
         val buf = bufferFactory(size) {
-            elementAlgebra.transform(get(it), labels[it])
+            elementAlgebra.transform(getAbsolute(it), labels[it])
         }
         return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
     }
 
     public inline fun <R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: A.(acc: R, T) -> R): R {
         var accumulator = initial
-        for (index in this.indices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, get(index))
+        for (index in this.indices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, getAbsolute(index))
         return accumulator
     }
 
     public inline fun <R> Buffer<T>.foldWithLabel(initial: R, operation: A.(acc: R, arg: T, label: L) -> R): R {
         val labels = labels
         var accumulator = initial
-        for (index in this.indices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, get(index), labels[index])
+        for (index in this.indices) accumulator =
+            elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, getAbsolute(index), labels[index])
         return accumulator
     }
 
     /**
-     * Zip two buffers replacing missing values with [defaultValue]
+     * Zip two buffers in the range whe they overlap
      */
     public inline fun Buffer<T>.zip(
         other: Buffer<T>,
-        defaultValue: T,
-        crossinline operation: A.(left: T?, right: T?) -> T?,
-    ): Buffer<T> {
-        val start = min(indices.first, other.indices.first)
-        val size = max(indices.last, other.indices.last) - start
-        return bufferFactory(size) {
+        crossinline operation: A.(left: T, right: T) -> T,
+    ): Series<T> {
+        val newRange = indices.intersect(other.indices)
+        return bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
             elementAlgebra.operation(
-                getOrNull(it) ?: defaultValue,
-                other.getOrNull(it) ?: defaultValue
-            ) ?: defaultValue
-        }
+                getAbsolute(it),
+                other.getAbsolute(it)
+            )
+        }.moveTo(newRange.first)
     }
+
+    override fun Buffer<T>.unaryMinus(): Buffer<T> = map { -it }
+
+    override fun add(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Series<T> = left.zip(right) { l, r -> l + r }
+
+    override fun multiply(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = left.zip(right) { l, r -> l * r }
 }
 
-public fun <T, A : Ring<T>, L> BufferRingOps<T, A>.seriesAlgebra(labels: Iterable<L>): SeriesAlgebra<T, A, L> {
+public fun <T, A : Ring<T>, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L> BA.seriesAlgebra(labels: Iterable<L>): SeriesAlgebra<T, A, BA, L> {
     val l = labels.toList()
     return SeriesAlgebra(this) {
         if (it in l.indices) l[it] else error("Index $it is outside of labels range ${l.indices}")
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+public fun <T, A : Ring<T>, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L> BA.seriesAlgebra(labelGenerator: (Int) -> L): SeriesAlgebra<T, A, BA, L> =
+    SeriesAlgebra(this, labelGenerator)
+
+/**
+ * Create a series algebra using offset as a label
+ */
+public fun <T, A : Ring<T>, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> BA.seriesAlgebra(): SeriesAlgebra<T, A, BA, Int> =
+    SeriesAlgebra(this) { it }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..882fa2c46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.series
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ExponentialOperations
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.PowerOperations
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.TrigonometricOperations
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+
+
+//trigonometric
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.sin(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.sin(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.cos(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.cos(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.tan(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.tan(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.asin(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.asin(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.acos(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.acos(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.atan(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.atan(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+
+//exponential
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.exp(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.exp(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.ln(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.ln(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.sinh(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.sinh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.cosh(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.cosh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.tanh(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.tanh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.asinh(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.asinh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.acosh(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.acosh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.atanh(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.atanh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+
+//power
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.power(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+    pow: Number,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : PowerOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.power(arg, pow).moveTo(arg.offset)
+
+public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.sqrt(
+    arg: Buffer<T>,
+): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : PowerOperations<Buffer<T>> =
+    bufferAlgebra.sqrt(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
index 70da58171..f2658549a 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 
 /**
  * Arithmetic mean
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt
index 664e4e8e7..54b2e42b3 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 
 /**
  * Non-composable median
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92b7e1e7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
+
+public class Rank<T: Comparable<T>>: BlockingStatistic<T, IntArray> {
+    override fun evaluateBlocking(data: Buffer<T>): IntArray {
+        // https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/rank-elements-array/
+        val permutations = ArrayList<Pair<T, Int>>(data.size)
+        data.asIterable().mapIndexedTo(permutations) { i, v -> v to i }
+        permutations.sortBy { it.first }
+        var rank = 1
+        var i = 0
+        val r = IntArray(data.size) { 0 }
+        while (i < data.size) {
+            var j = i
+            while (j < data.size - 1 && permutations[j].first == permutations[j + 1]) ++j
+            val n = j - i + 1
+            (0 until n).map { k ->
+                val idx = permutations[i + k].second
+                r[idx] = rank + ((n - 1) * 0.5f).toInt()
+            }
+            rank += n
+            i += n
+        }
+        return r
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c8510a8eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.sorted
+
+public interface StatisticalAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> : Algebra<Buffer<T>> {
+    public val bufferAlgebra: BA
+    public val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
+    public val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> get() = bufferAlgebra.bufferFactory
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute [empirical CDF function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_distribution_function)
+ */
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>> StatisticalAlgebra<T, *, *>.ecdf(buffer: Buffer<T>): (T) -> Double = { arg ->
+    buffer.asIterable().count { it < arg }.toDouble() / buffer.size
+}
+
+/**
+ * Implementation copied from https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-math/javadocs/api-3.6.1/index.html?org/apache/commons/math3/stat/inference/KolmogorovSmirnovTest.html
+ */
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>, A, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> StatisticalAlgebra<T, A, BA>.kolmogorovSmirnovTest(
+    x: Buffer<T>,
+    y: Buffer<T>,
+): T where A : Group<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
+    // Copy and sort the sample arrays
+    val sx = x.sorted()
+    val sy = y.sorted()
+    val n = sx.size
+    val m = sy.size
+
+    var rankX = 0
+    var rankY = 0
+    var curD: T = zero
+
+    // Find the max difference between cdf_x and cdf_y
+    var supD: T = zero
+    do {
+        val z = if (sx[rankX] <= sy[rankY]) sx[rankX] else sy[rankY]
+        while (rankX < n && sx[rankX].compareTo(z) == 0) {
+            rankX += 1;
+            curD += number(m);
+        }
+
+        while (rankY < m && sy[rankY].compareTo(z) == 0) {
+            rankY += 1;
+            curD -= number(n);
+        }
+
+        when {
+            curD > supD -> supD = curD
+            -curD > supD -> supD = -curD
+        }
+    } while (rankX < n && rankY < m);
+    return supD;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
index 4060c0505..8a5148f9e 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.Sampler
+import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.sampleBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
 class SamplerTest {
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 6c6264989..6f10ad7ad 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.AnalyticTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.LinearOpsTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
index 5a2e69c87..dbfa09cdf 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BufferedTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index 5a1fe9d57..5ec2f240b 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toMutableList
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*

From 1315a8cd34102e205d75af7af8fa7b06945772ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Nov 2021 19:57:22 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 03/72] views cleanup

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt |  3 ++-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt   |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt    | 24 +++----------------
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
index d67d59bfc..9b7493438 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import kotlinx.html.h1
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.slice
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import kotlin.math.PI
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ fun main() = with(Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra()) {
 
 
     val s1 = series(100) { sin(2 * PI * it / 100) + 1.0 }
-    val s2 = s1.slice(20..50).moveTo(40)
+    val s2 = s1.slice(20U..50U).moveTo(40)
 
     val s3: Buffer<Double> = s1.zip(s2) { l, r -> l + r } //s1 + s2
     val s4 = ln(s3)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
index d4e6a4a58..d82efa865 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
@@ -137,4 +137,4 @@ public class PermutatedBuffer<T>(
 /**
  * Created a permuted view of given buffer using provided [indices]
  */
-public fun <T> Buffer<T>.view(indices: IntArray): PermutatedBuffer<T> = PermutatedBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.permute(indices: IntArray): PermutatedBuffer<T> = PermutatedBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index ae1bfe0e7..de72c7346 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ internal fun IntRange.intersect(other: IntRange): IntRange =
     max(first, other.first)..min(last, other.last)
 
 @PublishedApi
-internal val IntRange.size
+internal val IntRange.size: Int
     get() = last - first + 1
 
 @PublishedApi
 internal operator fun IntRange.contains(other: IntRange): Boolean = (other.first in this) && (other.last in this)
 
-//TODO add permutated buffer
-//TODO add rank function
+//TODO add permutation sort
+//TODO check rank statistics
 
 
 public interface Series<T> : Buffer<T> {
@@ -90,24 +90,6 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
         OffsetBufer(this, index, size)
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Create a buffer view using given absolute range
-     */
-    public fun Buffer<T>.slice(range: IntRange): Series<T> {
-        val size = range.size
-        return if (this is Series) {
-            OffsetBufer(this, indices.first + range.first, size)
-        } else {
-            OffsetBufer(this, range.first, size)
-        }
-    }
-
-    public fun Buffer<T>.expand(range: IntRange, defaultValue: T): Series<T> = if (range in indices) {
-        slice(range)
-    } else {
-        TODO()
-    }
-
     public val Buffer<T>.offset: Int get() = if (this is Series) position else 0
 
     /**

From f6b576071dc2ef1c11d6b8ba1056f55065824d91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Nov 2021 12:25:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 04/72] Add non-boxing BufferView access

---
 .../kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt | 37 +++++++++++++++
 .../kmath/{stat => random}/MCScope.kt         |  2 +-
 .../kmath/{stat => random}/RandomChain.kt     |  2 +-
 .../kmath/{stat => random}/RandomGenerator.kt |  2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt  | 45 +++++++++++--------
 5 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{stat => random}/MCScope.kt (98%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{stat => random}/RandomChain.kt (97%)
 rename kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/{stat => random}/RandomGenerator.kt (99%)

diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0e465c64b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.structures
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+
+/**
+ * Non-boxing access to primitive [Double]
+ */
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun Buffer<Double>.getDouble(index: Int): Double = if (this is BufferView) {
+    val originIndex = originIndex(index)
+    if( originIndex>=0) {
+        origin.getDouble(originIndex)
+    } else {
+        get(index)
+    }
+} else if (this is DoubleBuffer) {
+    array[index]
+} else {
+    get(index)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Non-boxing access to primitive [Int]
+ */
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+public fun Buffer<Int>.getInt(index: Int): Int = if (this is BufferView) {
+    val originIndex = originIndex(index)
+    if( originIndex>=0) {
+        origin.getInt(originIndex)
+    } else {
+        get(index)
+    }
+} else if (this is IntBuffer) {
+    array[index]
+} else {
+    get(index)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScope.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt
similarity index 98%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScope.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt
index 5e1e577ba..4fb7cb2fb 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScope.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.random
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomChain.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/RandomChain.kt
similarity index 97%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomChain.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/RandomChain.kt
index 61e472334..aec85d9d5 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomChain.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/RandomChain.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.random
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomGenerator.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/RandomGenerator.kt
similarity index 99%
rename from kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomGenerator.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/RandomGenerator.kt
index 98ee6402a..30b27e338 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomGenerator.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/RandomGenerator.kt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.random
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.random.Random
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
index 92b7e1e7b..5a5b99177 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
@@ -3,26 +3,33 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 
-public class Rank<T: Comparable<T>>: BlockingStatistic<T, IntArray> {
-    override fun evaluateBlocking(data: Buffer<T>): IntArray {
-        // https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/rank-elements-array/
-        val permutations = ArrayList<Pair<T, Int>>(data.size)
-        data.asIterable().mapIndexedTo(permutations) { i, v -> v to i }
-        permutations.sortBy { it.first }
-        var rank = 1
-        var i = 0
-        val r = IntArray(data.size) { 0 }
-        while (i < data.size) {
-            var j = i
-            while (j < data.size - 1 && permutations[j].first == permutations[j + 1]) ++j
-            val n = j - i + 1
-            (0 until n).map { k ->
-                val idx = permutations[i + k].second
-                r[idx] = rank + ((n - 1) * 0.5f).toInt()
+/**
+ * Rank statistics
+ */
+public class Rank<T : Comparable<T>> : BlockingStatistic<T, IntArray> {
+    override fun evaluateBlocking(data: Buffer<T>): IntArray = Companion.evaluate(data)
+
+    public companion object {
+        public fun <T : Comparable<T>> evaluate(data: Buffer<T>): IntArray {
+            // https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/rank-elements-array/
+            val permutations = ArrayList<Pair<T, Int>>(data.size)
+            data.asIterable().mapIndexedTo(permutations) { i, v -> v to i }
+            permutations.sortBy { it.first }
+            var rank = 1
+            var i = 0
+            val r = IntArray(data.size)
+            while (i < data.size) {
+                var j = i
+                while (j < data.size - 1 && permutations[j].first == permutations[j + 1]) ++j
+                val n = j - i + 1
+                (0 until n).map { k ->
+                    val idx = permutations[i + k].second
+                    r[idx] = rank + ((n - 1) * 0.5f).toInt()
+                }
+                rank += n
+                i += n
             }
-            rank += n
-            i += n
+            return r
         }
-        return r
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From d62bc66d4ab24bdd240277a18c227f1adfee632d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Nov 2021 13:42:22 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 05/72] Refactoring

---
 .../kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt       | 21 ++++++++++-----
 .../space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt    |  2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt |  2 +-
 .../kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt       |  1 +
 .../kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionDemo.kt   |  1 +
 .../random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt        |  2 +-
 .../commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt      |  2 +-
 .../kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt         | 27 +++++++++----------
 .../kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt       |  9 +++++++
 .../kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt       |  2 +-
 .../distributions/FactorizedDistribution.kt   |  2 +-
 .../kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt |  2 +-
 .../distributions/UniformDistribution.kt      |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt    |  4 +++
 .../AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt         |  2 +-
 .../AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt | 10 +++----
 .../samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt    |  4 +--
 .../kmath/samplers/BoxMullerSampler.kt        |  2 +-
 .../kmath/samplers/GaussianSampler.kt         |  4 +--
 .../samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt   |  2 +-
 .../MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt     |  2 +-
 .../samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt     |  6 ++---
 .../kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt  |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt |  2 +-
 .../ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt      |  3 +--
 .../kmath/stat/RandomSourceGenerator.kt       |  6 ++++-
 .../kmath/stat/CommonsDistributionsTest.kt    |  1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScopeTest.kt  |  8 +++---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt  |  2 ++
 .../kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt      |  2 ++
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt      |  2 +-
 32 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt
index 5cf194b67..f196e21c5 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt
@@ -6,31 +6,38 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.benchmarks
 
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Benchmark
+import kotlinx.benchmark.Blackhole
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Scope
 import kotlinx.benchmark.State
 import space.kscience.kmath.complex.Complex
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.ComplexField
 import space.kscience.kmath.complex.complex
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
 internal class BufferBenchmark {
     @Benchmark
-    fun genericDoubleBufferReadWrite() {
+    fun genericDoubleBufferReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) {
         val buffer = DoubleBuffer(size) { it.toDouble() }
-
+        var res = 0.0
         (0 until size).forEach {
-            buffer[it]
+            res += buffer[it]
         }
+        blackhole.consume(res)
     }
 
     @Benchmark
-    fun complexBufferReadWrite() {
-        val buffer = MutableBuffer.complex(size / 2) { Complex(it.toDouble(), -it.toDouble()) }
+    fun complexBufferReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) = ComplexField {
+        val buffer = Buffer.complex(size / 2) { Complex(it.toDouble(), -it.toDouble()) }
 
+        var res = zero
         (0 until size / 2).forEach {
-            buffer[it]
+            res += buffer[it]
         }
+
+        blackhole.consume(res)
     }
 
     private companion object {
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
index 45678c425..1325af0cd 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.FunctionOptimizationTarget
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.optimizeWith
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultValue
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.DoubleVector
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
index 04764d763..afb901c66 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.QowOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.chiSquaredOrNull
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.fitWith
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
index 732c9a8e3..a61247ce7 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.async
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import org.apache.commons.rng.sampling.distribution.BoxMullerNormalizedGaussianSampler
 import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionDemo.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionDemo.kt
index 685214c39..8e3983160 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionDemo.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionDemo.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.collectWithState
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 private data class AveragingChainState(var num: Int = 0, var value: Double = 0.0)
 
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
index 2183399ef..e5aefdee8 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.commons.random
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.next
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 
 
 public class CMRandomGeneratorWrapper(
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
index 681ec9ebc..dddfc1063 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.y
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
index 17c26ad11..1beff450b 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/BufferAlgebra.kt
@@ -21,11 +21,6 @@ public interface BufferAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : Algebra<Buffer<T>> {
     public val elementAlgebra: A
     public val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>
 
-    public fun buffer(size: Int, vararg elements: T): Buffer<T> {
-        require(elements.size == size) { "Expected $size elements but found ${elements.size}" }
-        return bufferFactory(size) { elements[it] }
-    }
-
     //TODO move to multi-receiver inline extension
     public fun Buffer<T>.map(block: A.(T) -> T): Buffer<T> = mapInline(this, block)
 
@@ -49,12 +44,15 @@ public interface BufferAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : Algebra<Buffer<T>> {
     }
 }
 
+public fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.buffer(vararg elements: T): Buffer<T> =
+    bufferFactory(elements.size) { elements[it] }
+
 /**
  * Inline map
  */
 private inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.mapInline(
     buffer: Buffer<T>,
-    crossinline block: A.(T) -> T
+    crossinline block: A.(T) -> T,
 ): Buffer<T> = bufferFactory(buffer.size) { elementAlgebra.block(buffer[it]) }
 
 /**
@@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ private inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.mapInline(
  */
 private inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.mapIndexedInline(
     buffer: Buffer<T>,
-    crossinline block: A.(index: Int, arg: T) -> T
+    crossinline block: A.(index: Int, arg: T) -> T,
 ): Buffer<T> = bufferFactory(buffer.size) { elementAlgebra.block(it, buffer[it]) }
 
 /**
@@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ private inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.mapIndexedInline(
 private inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.zipInline(
     l: Buffer<T>,
     r: Buffer<T>,
-    crossinline block: A.(l: T, r: T) -> T
+    crossinline block: A.(l: T, r: T) -> T,
 ): Buffer<T> {
     require(l.size == r.size) { "Incompatible buffer sizes. left: ${l.size}, right: ${r.size}" }
     return bufferFactory(l.size) { elementAlgebra.block(l[it], r[it]) }
@@ -128,13 +126,13 @@ public fun <T, A : ExponentialOperations<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.atanh(arg: Buff
     mapInline(arg) { atanh(it) }
 
 public fun <T, A : PowerOperations<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.pow(arg: Buffer<T>, pow: Number): Buffer<T> =
-    mapInline(arg) {it.pow(pow) }
+    mapInline(arg) { it.pow(pow) }
 
 
-public open class BufferRingOps<T, A: Ring<T>>(
+public open class BufferRingOps<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     override val elementAlgebra: A,
     override val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
-) : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, RingOps<Buffer<T>>{
+) : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, RingOps<Buffer<T>> {
 
     override fun add(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = zipInline(left, right) { l, r -> l + r }
     override fun multiply(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = zipInline(left, right) { l, r -> l * r }
@@ -155,7 +153,8 @@ public val ShortRing.bufferAlgebra: BufferRingOps<Short, ShortRing>
 public open class BufferFieldOps<T, A : Field<T>>(
     elementAlgebra: A,
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
-) : BufferRingOps<T, A>(elementAlgebra, bufferFactory), BufferAlgebra<T, A>, FieldOps<Buffer<T>>, ScaleOperations<Buffer<T>> {
+) : BufferRingOps<T, A>(elementAlgebra, bufferFactory), BufferAlgebra<T, A>, FieldOps<Buffer<T>>,
+    ScaleOperations<Buffer<T>> {
 
     override fun add(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = zipInline(left, right) { l, r -> l + r }
     override fun multiply(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = zipInline(left, right) { l, r -> l * r }
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ public open class BufferFieldOps<T, A : Field<T>>(
 public class BufferField<T, A : Field<T>>(
     elementAlgebra: A,
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>,
-    override val size: Int
+    override val size: Int,
 ) : BufferFieldOps<T, A>(elementAlgebra, bufferFactory), Field<Buffer<T>>, WithSize {
 
     override val zero: Buffer<T> = bufferFactory(size) { elementAlgebra.zero }
@@ -195,4 +194,4 @@ public fun BufferField<Double, *>.buffer(vararg elements: Number): Buffer<Double
 public fun <T, A : Field<T>> A.bufferAlgebra(bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T>): BufferFieldOps<T, A> =
     BufferFieldOps(this, bufferFactory)
 
-public val DoubleField.bufferAlgebra: DoubleBufferOps get() =  DoubleBufferOps
+public val DoubleField.bufferAlgebra: DoubleBufferOps get() = DoubleBufferOps
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
index 269823a10..e11dc20ba 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ public abstract class DoubleBufferOps : BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>, Exte
     override fun scale(a: Buffer<Double>, value: Double): DoubleBuffer = a.mapInline { it * value }
 
     public companion object : DoubleBufferOps() {
+
         public inline fun Buffer<Double>.mapInline(block: (Double) -> Double): DoubleBuffer =
             if (this is DoubleBuffer) {
                 DoubleArray(size) { block(array[it]) }.asBuffer()
@@ -144,6 +145,14 @@ public abstract class DoubleBufferOps : BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>, Exte
     }
 }
 
+public inline fun BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>.buffer(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Double): DoubleBuffer {
+    val res = DoubleArray(size)
+    for (i in 0 until size) {
+        res[i] = init(i)
+    }
+    return res.asBuffer()
+}
+
 public object DoubleL2Norm : Norm<Point<Double>, Double> {
     override fun norm(arg: Point<Double>): Double = sqrt(arg.fold(0.0) { acc: Double, d: Double -> acc + d.pow(2) })
 }
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
index 1cff271a7..13aab7b48 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.Sampler
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 
 /**
  * A distribution of typed objects.
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/FactorizedDistribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/FactorizedDistribution.kt
index 067b47796..af2d84ee5 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/FactorizedDistribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/FactorizedDistribution.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.SimpleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 /**
  * A multivariate distribution that takes a map of parameters.
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt
index 8f9250ee5..0ef74ab87 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/NormalDistribution.kt
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.InternalErf
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.NormalizedGaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
index fd9fa0bdd..38ad1378e 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.SimpleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 public class UniformDistribution(public val range: ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>) : UnivariateDistribution<Double> {
     private val length: Double = range.endInclusive - range.start
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt
index 4fb7cb2fb..c7b1e69eb 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/random/MCScope.kt
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ public class MCScope(
     public val random: RandomGenerator,
 )
 
+public fun MCScope.asCoroutineScope(): CoroutineScope = object : CoroutineScope {
+    override val coroutineContext: CoroutineContext get() = this@asCoroutineScope.coroutineContext
+}
+
 /**
  * Launches a supervised Monte-Carlo scope
  */
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
index fd8437191..04aaca232 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.math.ln
 import kotlin.math.pow
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
index fdba8ec90..86e55985b 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ import kotlin.math.*
  */
 public class AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler private constructor(
     alpha: Double,
-    theta: Double
+    theta: Double,
 ) : Sampler<Double> {
     private val delegate: BaseGammaSampler =
         if (alpha < 1) AhrensDieterGammaSampler(alpha, theta) else MarsagliaTsangGammaSampler(alpha, theta)
 
     private abstract class BaseGammaSampler internal constructor(
         protected val alpha: Double,
-        protected val theta: Double
+        protected val theta: Double,
     ) : Sampler<Double> {
         init {
             require(alpha > 0) { "alpha is not strictly positive: $alpha" }
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ public class AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler private constructor(
     public companion object {
         public fun of(
             alpha: Double,
-            theta: Double
+            theta: Double,
         ): Sampler<Double> = AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler(alpha, theta)
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
index 03ba142b7..b36b0a86c 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
 import kotlin.math.ceil
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/BoxMullerSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/BoxMullerSampler.kt
index 14aa26275..e448c2388 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/BoxMullerSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/BoxMullerSampler.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/GaussianSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/GaussianSampler.kt
index e5d1ecb49..fbd71c40a 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/GaussianSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/GaussianSampler.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.map
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 /**
  * Sampling from a Gaussian distribution with given mean and standard deviation.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 public class GaussianSampler(
     public val mean: Double,
     public val standardDeviation: Double,
-    private val normalized: NormalizedGaussianSampler = BoxMullerSampler
+    private val normalized: NormalizedGaussianSampler = BoxMullerSampler,
 ) : BlockingDoubleSampler {
 
     init {
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
index 5146169a3..8dbadae8d 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingIntChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.math.exp
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
index 5e636f246..47ca81940 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/MarsagliaNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.math.ln
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
index d427d8e7a..1d2cc1633 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
-public interface BlockingDoubleSampler: Sampler<Double>{
+public interface BlockingDoubleSampler : Sampler<Double> {
     override fun sample(generator: RandomGenerator): BlockingDoubleChain
 }
 
@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ public interface BlockingDoubleSampler: Sampler<Double>{
  * Marker interface for a sampler that generates values from an N(0,1)
  * [Gaussian distribution](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution).
  */
-public fun interface NormalizedGaussianSampler : BlockingDoubleSampler{
+public fun interface NormalizedGaussianSampler : BlockingDoubleSampler {
     public companion object
 }
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
index 3504a65bf..75ec3a132 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingIntChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
index 2c842ab65..7fa9ce875 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.collect
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
index c0b8e5b5c..26ed72b06 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.chains.zip
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Group
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 /**
  * Implements [Sampler] by sampling only certain [value].
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
index bda6f9819..5e5e7c49d 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/ZigguratNormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomSourceGenerator.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomSourceGenerator.kt
index a8e6a3362..0de9cff99 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomSourceGenerator.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/RandomSourceGenerator.kt
@@ -7,13 +7,17 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import org.apache.commons.rng.UniformRandomProvider
 import org.apache.commons.rng.simple.RandomSource
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 /**
  * Implements [RandomGenerator] by delegating all operations to [RandomSource].
  *
  * @property source the underlying [RandomSource] object.
  */
-public class RandomSourceGenerator internal constructor(public val source: RandomSource, seed: Long?) : RandomGenerator {
+public class RandomSourceGenerator internal constructor(
+    public val source: RandomSource,
+    seed: Long?,
+) : RandomGenerator {
     internal val random: UniformRandomProvider = seed?.let { RandomSource.create(source, seed) }
         ?: RandomSource.create(source)
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/CommonsDistributionsTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/CommonsDistributionsTest.kt
index 2b6b1ca60..350409c6e 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/CommonsDistributionsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/CommonsDistributionsTest.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 
 internal class CommonsDistributionsTest {
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScopeTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScopeTest.kt
index 0c3d9cb0d..863bdf5ac 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScopeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/MCScopeTest.kt
@@ -6,20 +6,22 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.launch
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.mcScope
 import java.util.*
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
 data class RandomResult(val branch: String, val order: Int, val value: Int)
 
-typealias ATest = suspend CoroutineScope.() -> Set<RandomResult>
+internal typealias ATest = suspend () -> Set<RandomResult>
 
-class MCScopeTest {
+internal class MCScopeTest {
     val simpleTest: ATest = {
         mcScope(1111) {
             val res = Collections.synchronizedSet(HashSet<RandomResult>())
 
-            launch {
+            launch{
                 //println(random)
                 repeat(10) {
                     delay(10)
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
index 8a5148f9e..931ec99cb 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.sampleBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt
index 777b93c29..e3ebcf559 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.last
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.take
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.streaming.chunked
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index 5ec2f240b..c12374e88 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BufferedTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor

From fa9ff4c9787ef18cacbcb4ea38aa30bedf7de681 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Nov 2021 17:56:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 06/72] Minor refactoring

---
 .../kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt       | 36 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt |  3 ++
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt   | 18 +++++++---
 .../kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt |  5 +--
 .../kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt | 25 ++++++++-----
 5 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt
index f196e21c5..6eb61e2fc 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/BufferBenchmark.kt
@@ -15,11 +15,24 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.complex.complex
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.getDouble
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.permute
 
 @State(Scope.Benchmark)
 internal class BufferBenchmark {
+
     @Benchmark
-    fun genericDoubleBufferReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+    fun doubleArrayReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val buffer = DoubleArray(size) { it.toDouble() }
+        var res = 0.0
+        (0 until size).forEach {
+            res += buffer[it]
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(res)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun doubleBufferReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) {
         val buffer = DoubleBuffer(size) { it.toDouble() }
         var res = 0.0
         (0 until size).forEach {
@@ -28,6 +41,26 @@ internal class BufferBenchmark {
         blackhole.consume(res)
     }
 
+    @Benchmark
+    fun bufferViewReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val buffer = DoubleBuffer(size) { it.toDouble() }.permute(reversedIndices)
+        var res = 0.0
+        (0 until size).forEach {
+            res += buffer[it]
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(res)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun bufferViewReadWriteSpecialized(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val buffer = DoubleBuffer(size) { it.toDouble() }.permute(reversedIndices)
+        var res = 0.0
+        (0 until size).forEach {
+            res += buffer.getDouble(it)
+        }
+        blackhole.consume(res)
+    }
+
     @Benchmark
     fun complexBufferReadWrite(blackhole: Blackhole) = ComplexField {
         val buffer = Buffer.complex(size / 2) { Complex(it.toDouble(), -it.toDouble()) }
@@ -42,5 +75,6 @@ internal class BufferBenchmark {
 
     private companion object {
         private const val size = 100
+        private val reversedIndices = IntArray(size){it}.apply { reverse() }
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
index 9b7493438..b9c3141dd 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import kotlinx.html.FlowContent
 import kotlinx.html.h1
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.ksComparisonStatistic
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.slice
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
@@ -34,6 +35,8 @@ fun main() = with(Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra()) {
     val s3: Buffer<Double> = s1.zip(s2) { l, r -> l + r } //s1 + s2
     val s4 = ln(s3)
 
+    val kmTest = ksComparisonStatistic(s1, s2)
+
     Plotly.page {
         h1 { +"This is my plot" }
         plotSeries(s1)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
index d82efa865..8dc0d63ef 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
@@ -79,11 +79,19 @@ public class BufferExpanded<T>(
 /**
  * Zero-copy select a slice inside the original buffer
  */
-public fun <T> Buffer<T>.slice(range: UIntRange): BufferView<T> = BufferSlice(
-    this,
-    range.first,
-    (range.last - range.first).toInt() + 1
-)
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.slice(range: UIntRange): BufferView<T> = if (this is BufferSlice) {
+    BufferSlice(
+        origin,
+        this.offset + range.first,
+        (range.last - range.first).toInt() + 1
+    )
+} else {
+    BufferSlice(
+        this,
+        range.first,
+        (range.last - range.first).toInt() + 1
+    )
+}
 
 /**
  * Resize original buffer to a given range using given [range], filling additional segments with [defaultValue].
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
index 0e465c64b..d361cb013 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 /**
  * Non-boxing access to primitive [Double]
  */
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+
+@UnstableKMathAPI
 public fun Buffer<Double>.getDouble(index: Int): Double = if (this is BufferView) {
     val originIndex = originIndex(index)
     if( originIndex>=0) {
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ public fun Buffer<Double>.getDouble(index: Int): Double = if (this is BufferView
 /**
  * Non-boxing access to primitive [Int]
  */
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+@UnstableKMathAPI
 public fun Buffer<Int>.getInt(index: Int): Int = if (this is BufferView) {
     val originIndex = originIndex(index)
     if( originIndex>=0) {
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
index c8510a8eb..fcda58268 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
@@ -20,12 +21,20 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> StatisticalAlgebra<T, *, *>.ecdf(buffer: Buffer<T
 }
 
 /**
+ * Resulting value of kolmogorov-smirnov two-sample statistic
+ */
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public data class KMComparisonResult<T : Comparable<T>>(val n: Int, val m: Int, val value: T)
+
+/**
+ * Kolmogorov-Smirnov sample comparison test
  * Implementation copied from https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-math/javadocs/api-3.6.1/index.html?org/apache/commons/math3/stat/inference/KolmogorovSmirnovTest.html
  */
-public fun <T : Comparable<T>, A, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> StatisticalAlgebra<T, A, BA>.kolmogorovSmirnovTest(
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public fun <T : Comparable<T>, A, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> StatisticalAlgebra<T, A, BA>.ksComparisonStatistic(
     x: Buffer<T>,
     y: Buffer<T>,
-): T where A : Group<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
+): KMComparisonResult<T> where A : Group<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> = elementAlgebra.invoke {
     // Copy and sort the sample arrays
     val sx = x.sorted()
     val sy = y.sorted()
@@ -41,19 +50,19 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>, A, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> StatisticalAlgebra<T
     do {
         val z = if (sx[rankX] <= sy[rankY]) sx[rankX] else sy[rankY]
         while (rankX < n && sx[rankX].compareTo(z) == 0) {
-            rankX += 1;
-            curD += number(m);
+            rankX += 1
+            curD += number(m)
         }
 
         while (rankY < m && sy[rankY].compareTo(z) == 0) {
-            rankY += 1;
-            curD -= number(n);
+            rankY += 1
+            curD -= number(n)
         }
 
         when {
             curD > supD -> supD = curD
             -curD > supD -> supD = -curD
         }
-    } while (rankX < n && rankY < m);
-    return supD;
+    } while (rankX < n && rankY < m)
+    return KMComparisonResult(n, m, supD)
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 9a1f8a22661302e41a47e84dd52f2ea050d7b53c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 10 Nov 2021 11:51:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 07/72] remove unnecessary toInt

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt        | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index de72c7346..79da3d98d 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ internal operator fun IntRange.contains(other: IntRange): Boolean = (other.first
 
 public interface Series<T> : Buffer<T> {
     public val origin: Buffer<T>
+
     /**
      * Absolute position of start of this [Series] in [SeriesAlgebra]
      */
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
     public operator fun Buffer<T>.get(label: L): T? {
         val index = labels.indexOf(label)
         if (index == -1) return null
-        return getAbsolute(index + offset.toInt())
+        return getAbsolute(index + offset)
     }
 
     /**

From 6bf8d9d325d6a04e74c2b776cc8f7025729a5f94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 13:08:49 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 08/72] Naming refactoring

---
 .../commons/transform/Transformations.kt      |  53 +++---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt   |   1 -
 .../kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt       |  16 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt |  20 ++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/misc/JBigTest.kt     |  20 +++
 .../kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt    |   7 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt        |   2 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt |  14 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 163 +++++++++++-------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt   |  12 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt   |   6 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt    |  10 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |   4 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt    |  12 +-
 14 files changed, 202 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/JBigTest.kt

diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt
index 2243dc5d9..a77da2d2f 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/transform/Transformations.kt
@@ -10,28 +10,18 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.map
 import org.apache.commons.math3.transform.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.complex.Complex
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.SuspendBufferTransform
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferTransform
 import space.kscience.kmath.streaming.chunked
 import space.kscience.kmath.streaming.spread
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 /**
- * Streaming and buffer transformations
+ * Streaming and buffer transformations with Commons-math algorithms
  */
 public object Transformations {
-    private fun Buffer<Complex>.toArray(): Array<org.apache.commons.math3.complex.Complex> =
+    private fun Buffer<Complex>.toCmComplexArray(): Array<org.apache.commons.math3.complex.Complex> =
         Array(size) { org.apache.commons.math3.complex.Complex(get(it).re, get(it).im) }
 
-    private fun Buffer<Double>.asArray() = if (this is DoubleBuffer) {
-        array
-    } else {
-        DoubleArray(size) { i -> get(i) }
-    }
-
     /**
      * Create a virtual buffer on top of array
      */
@@ -43,70 +33,67 @@ public object Transformations {
     public fun fourier(
         normalization: DftNormalization = DftNormalization.STANDARD,
         direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
-    ): SuspendBufferTransform<Complex, Complex> = {
-        FastFourierTransformer(normalization).transform(it.toArray(), direction).asBuffer()
+    ): BufferTransform<Complex, Complex> = BufferTransform {
+        FastFourierTransformer(normalization).transform(it.toCmComplexArray(), direction).asBuffer()
     }
 
     public fun realFourier(
         normalization: DftNormalization = DftNormalization.STANDARD,
         direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
-    ): SuspendBufferTransform<Double, Complex> = {
-        FastFourierTransformer(normalization).transform(it.asArray(), direction).asBuffer()
+    ): BufferTransform<Double, Complex> = BufferTransform {
+        FastFourierTransformer(normalization).transform(it.toDoubleArray(), direction).asBuffer()
     }
 
     public fun sine(
         normalization: DstNormalization = DstNormalization.STANDARD_DST_I,
         direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
-    ): SuspendBufferTransform<Double, Double> = {
-        FastSineTransformer(normalization).transform(it.asArray(), direction).asBuffer()
+    ): BufferTransform<Double, Double> = DoubleBufferTransform {
+        FastSineTransformer(normalization).transform(it.array, direction).asBuffer()
     }
 
     public fun cosine(
         normalization: DctNormalization = DctNormalization.STANDARD_DCT_I,
         direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
-    ): SuspendBufferTransform<Double, Double> = {
-        FastCosineTransformer(normalization).transform(it.asArray(), direction).asBuffer()
+    ): BufferTransform<Double, Double> = BufferTransform {
+        FastCosineTransformer(normalization).transform(it.toDoubleArray(), direction).asBuffer()
     }
 
     public fun hadamard(
         direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
-    ): SuspendBufferTransform<Double, Double> = {
-        FastHadamardTransformer().transform(it.asArray(), direction).asBuffer()
+    ): BufferTransform<Double, Double> = DoubleBufferTransform {
+        FastHadamardTransformer().transform(it.array, direction).asBuffer()
     }
 }
 
 /**
  * Process given [Flow] with commons-math fft transformation
  */
-@FlowPreview
-public fun Flow<Buffer<Complex>>.FFT(
+public fun Flow<Buffer<Complex>>.fft(
     normalization: DftNormalization = DftNormalization.STANDARD,
     direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
 ): Flow<Buffer<Complex>> {
     val transform = Transformations.fourier(normalization, direction)
-    return map { transform(it) }
+    return map(transform::transform)
 }
 
-@FlowPreview
 @JvmName("realFFT")
-public fun Flow<Buffer<Double>>.FFT(
+public fun Flow<Buffer<Double>>.fft(
     normalization: DftNormalization = DftNormalization.STANDARD,
     direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
 ): Flow<Buffer<Complex>> {
     val transform = Transformations.realFourier(normalization, direction)
-    return map(transform)
+    return map(transform::transform)
 }
 
 /**
  * Process a continuous flow of real numbers in FFT splitting it in chunks of [bufferSize].
  */
-@FlowPreview
 @JvmName("realFFT")
-public fun Flow<Double>.FFT(
+public fun Flow<Double>.fft(
     bufferSize: Int = Int.MAX_VALUE,
     normalization: DftNormalization = DftNormalization.STANDARD,
     direction: TransformType = TransformType.FORWARD,
-): Flow<Complex> = chunked(bufferSize).FFT(normalization, direction).spread()
+): Flow<Complex> = chunked(bufferSize).fft(normalization, direction).spread()
 
 /**
  * Map a complex flow into real flow by taking real part of each number
diff --git a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt
index 5804e47c1..7bf8af4e8 100644
--- a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt
+++ b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt
@@ -193,7 +193,6 @@ public object ComplexField :
  * @property re The real part.
  * @property im The imaginary part.
  */
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public data class Complex(val re: Double, val im: Double) {
     public constructor(re: Number, im: Number) : this(re.toDouble(), im.toDouble())
     public constructor(re: Number) : this(re.toDouble(), 0.0)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
index 3d25d8750..0a5d6b964 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/bufferOperation.kt
@@ -9,14 +9,18 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 /**
- * Typealias for buffer transformations.
+ * Type alias for buffer transformations.
  */
-public typealias BufferTransform<T, R> = (Buffer<T>) -> Buffer<R>
+public fun interface BufferTransform<T, R> {
+    public fun transform(arg: Buffer<T>): Buffer<R>
+}
 
-/**
- * Typealias for buffer transformations with suspend function.
- */
-public typealias SuspendBufferTransform<T, R> = suspend (Buffer<T>) -> Buffer<R>
+///**
+// * Type alias for buffer transformations with suspend function.
+// */
+//public fun interface SuspendBufferTransform<T, R>{
+//    public suspend fun transform(arg: Buffer<T>): Buffer<R>
+//}
 
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
index 4dd9003f3..5d80f2b1f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferTransform
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ public value class DoubleBuffer(public val array: DoubleArray) : MutableBuffer<D
 
     override fun toString(): String = Buffer.toString(this)
 
-    public companion object{
+    public companion object {
         public fun zero(size: Int): DoubleBuffer = DoubleArray(size).asBuffer()
     }
 }
@@ -40,7 +41,8 @@ public value class DoubleBuffer(public val array: DoubleArray) : MutableBuffer<D
  * The function [init] is called for each array element sequentially starting from the first one.
  * It should return the value for a buffer element given its index.
  */
-public inline fun DoubleBuffer(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Double): DoubleBuffer = DoubleBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { init(it) })
+public inline fun DoubleBuffer(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Double): DoubleBuffer =
+    DoubleBuffer(DoubleArray(size) { init(it) })
 
 /**
  * Returns a new [DoubleBuffer] of given elements.
@@ -51,10 +53,15 @@ public fun DoubleBuffer(vararg doubles: Double): DoubleBuffer = DoubleBuffer(dou
  * Returns a new [DoubleArray] containing all the elements of this [Buffer].
  */
 public fun Buffer<Double>.toDoubleArray(): DoubleArray = when (this) {
-    is DoubleBuffer -> array.copyOf()
+    is DoubleBuffer -> array
     else -> DoubleArray(size, ::get)
 }
 
+public fun Buffer<Double>.toDoubleBuffer(): DoubleBuffer = when (this) {
+    is DoubleBuffer -> this
+    else -> DoubleArray(size, ::get).asBuffer()
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns [DoubleBuffer] over this array.
  *
@@ -62,3 +69,10 @@ public fun Buffer<Double>.toDoubleArray(): DoubleArray = when (this) {
  * @return the new buffer.
  */
 public fun DoubleArray.asBuffer(): DoubleBuffer = DoubleBuffer(this)
+
+
+public fun interface DoubleBufferTransform : BufferTransform<Double, Double> {
+    public fun transform(arg: DoubleBuffer): DoubleBuffer
+
+    override fun transform(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.toDoubleBuffer()
+}
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/JBigTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/JBigTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7f8027e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/JBigTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.misc
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.JBigDecimalField
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertNotEquals
+
+class JBigTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExact() = with(JBigDecimalField) {
+        assertNotEquals(0.3, 0.1 + 0.2)
+        assertEquals(one * 0.3, one * 0.1 + one * 0.2)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt
index 00c874751..8aa5a937c 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.streaming
 
-import kotlinx.coroutines.FlowPreview
-import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.*
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.asFlow
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.flatMapConcat
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.flow
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
@@ -20,7 +22,6 @@ public fun <T> Buffer<T>.asFlow(): Flow<T> = iterator().asFlow()
 /**
  * Flat map a [Flow] of [Buffer] into continuous [Flow] of elements
  */
-@FlowPreview
 public fun <T> Flow<Buffer<T>>.spread(): Flow<T> = flatMapConcat { it.asFlow() }
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
index e9589eb0a..d3308a69f 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public class OffsetDoubleBuffer(
     override fun get(index: Int): Double = source[index + offset]
 
     /**
-     * Copy only a part of buffer that belongs to this tensor
+     * Copy only a part of buffer that belongs to this [OffsetDoubleBuffer]
      */
     override fun copy(): DoubleBuffer = source.array.copyOfRange(offset, offset + size).asBuffer()
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index f563d00ae..67248890c 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -59,20 +59,16 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         }
     }
 
-    public inline fun Tensor<Double>.mapIndexedInPlace(operation: (IntArray, Double) -> Double) {
-        indices.forEach { set(it, operation(it, get(it))) }
+    public inline fun Tensor<Double>.mapIndexedInPlace(operation: DoubleField.(IntArray, Double) -> Double) {
+        indices.forEach { set(it, DoubleField.operation(it, get(it))) }
     }
 
     @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
     final override inline fun StructureND<Double>.mapIndexed(transform: DoubleField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double): DoubleTensor {
-        val tensor = this.asDoubleTensor()
-        //TODO remove additional copy
-        val buffer = DoubleBuffer(tensor.source.size) {
-            DoubleField.transform(tensor.indices.index(it), tensor.source[it])
-        }
-        return DoubleTensor(tensor.shape, buffer)
+        return copyToTensor().apply { mapIndexedInPlace(transform) }
     }
 
+
     @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
     final override inline fun zip(
         left: StructureND<Double>,
@@ -92,7 +88,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     public inline fun StructureND<Double>.reduceElements(transform: (DoubleBuffer) -> Double): Double =
         transform(asDoubleTensor().source.copy())
-    //TODO do we need protective copy?
+    //TODO Add read-only DoubleBuffer wrapper. To avoid protective copy
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.valueOrNull(): Double? {
         val dt = asDoubleTensor()
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index e90e3de41..6a340f6b9 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -23,64 +23,65 @@ internal fun Pose2D.getTangentCircles(radius: Double): Pair<Circle2D, Circle2D>
     return Circle2D(vector(x - dX, y + dY), radius) to Circle2D(vector(x + dX, y - dY), radius)
 }
 
-internal fun leftOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightSegment = outerTangent(a, b, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
+internal fun leftOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory = outerTangent(a, b, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
 
-internal fun rightOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightSegment = outerTangent(a, b,
-    ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT
+internal fun rightOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory = outerTangent(a, b,
+    CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT
 )
 
-private fun outerTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D, side: ArcSegment.Direction): StraightSegment = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-    val centers = StraightSegment(a.center, b.center)
+private fun outerTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory.Direction): StraightTrajectory = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
+    val centers = StraightTrajectory(a.center, b.center)
     val p1 = when (side) {
-        ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT -> vector(
+        CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT -> vector(
             a.center.x - a.radius * cos(centers.theta),
             a.center.y + a.radius * sin(centers.theta)
         )
-        ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT -> vector(
+        CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT -> vector(
             a.center.x + a.radius * cos(centers.theta),
             a.center.y - a.radius * sin(centers.theta)
         )
     }
-    return StraightSegment(
+    return StraightTrajectory(
         p1,
         vector(p1.x + (centers.end.x - centers.start.x), p1.y + (centers.end.y - centers.start.y))
     )
 }
 
-internal fun leftInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightSegment? =
-    innerTangent(base, direction, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
+internal fun leftInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory? =
+    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
 
-internal fun rightInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightSegment? =
-    innerTangent(base, direction, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
+internal fun rightInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory? =
+    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
 
-private fun innerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D, side: ArcSegment.Direction): StraightSegment? = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-    val centers = StraightSegment(base.center, direction.center)
+private fun innerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory.Direction): StraightTrajectory? = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
+    val centers = StraightTrajectory(base.center, direction.center)
     if (centers.length < base.radius * 2) return null
     val angle = theta(
         when (side) {
-            ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT -> centers.theta + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
-            ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.theta - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
+            CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT -> centers.theta + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
+            CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.theta - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
         }
     )
     val dX = base.radius * sin(angle)
     val dY = base.radius * cos(angle)
     val p1 = vector(base.center.x + dX, base.center.y + dY)
     val p2 = vector(direction.center.x - dX, direction.center.y - dY)
-    return StraightSegment(p1, p2)
+    return StraightTrajectory(p1, p2)
 }
 
 internal fun theta(theta: Double): Double = (theta + (2 * PI)) % (2 * PI)
 
+@Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
 public class DubinsPath(
-    public val a: ArcSegment,
+    public val a: CircleTrajectory,
     public val b: Trajectory,
-    public val c: ArcSegment,
+    public val c: CircleTrajectory,
 ) : CompositeTrajectory(listOf(a,b,c)) {
 
     public val type: TYPE = TYPE.valueOf(
         arrayOf(
             a.direction.name[0],
-            if (b is ArcSegment) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
+            if (b is CircleTrajectory) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
             c.direction.name[0]
         ).toCharArray().concatToString()
     )
@@ -106,56 +107,98 @@ public class DubinsPath(
         public fun shortest(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath =
             all(start, end, turningRadius).minBy { it.length }
 
-        public fun rlr(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
+        public fun rlr(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
             val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val centers = StraightSegment(c1.center, c2.center)
+            val centers = StraightTrajectory(c1.center, c2.center)
             if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
 
-            var theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
-            var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-            var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-            val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
-            val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
-            val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-            theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
-            dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-            dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-            val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-            val a1 = ArcSegment.of(c1.center, start, p1, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a2 = ArcSegment.of(e.center, p1, p2, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = ArcSegment.of(c2.center, p2, end, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
-            return DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+            val firstVariant = run {
+                var theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
+                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
+                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
+                theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+            }
+
+            val secondVariant = run {
+                var theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
+                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
+                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
+                theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+            }
+
+            return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
         }
 
-        public fun lrl(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath?= with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+        public fun lrl(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
             val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val centers = StraightSegment(c1.center, c2.center)
+            val centers = StraightTrajectory(c1.center, c2.center)
             if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
 
-            var theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
-            var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-            var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-            val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
-            val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
-            val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-            theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
-            dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-            dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-            val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-            val a1 = ArcSegment.of(c1.center, start, p1, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a2 = ArcSegment.of(e.center, p1, p2, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = ArcSegment.of(c2.center, p2, end, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
-            return DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+            val firstVariant = run {
+                var theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
+                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
+                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
+                theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+            }
+
+            val secondVariant = run{
+                var theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
+                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
+                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
+                theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
+                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
+                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+            }
+
+            return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
         }
 
         public fun rsr(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
             val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val s = leftOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-            val a1 = ArcSegment.of(c1.center, start, s.start, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = ArcSegment.of(c2.center, s.end, end, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
 
@@ -163,8 +206,8 @@ public class DubinsPath(
             val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val s = rightOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-            val a1 = ArcSegment.of(c1.center, start, s.start, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = ArcSegment.of(c2.center, s.end, end, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
 
@@ -174,8 +217,8 @@ public class DubinsPath(
             val s = rightInnerTangent(c1, c2)
             if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-            val a1 = ArcSegment.of(c1.center, start, s.start, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = ArcSegment.of(c2.center, s.end, end, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
 
@@ -185,8 +228,8 @@ public class DubinsPath(
             val s = leftInnerTangent(c1, c2)
             if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-            val a1 = ArcSegment.of(c1.center, start, s.start, ArcSegment.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = ArcSegment.of(c2.center, s.end, end, ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt
index 03b0fcec9..1085f7847 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public sealed interface Trajectory {
 /**
  * Straight path segment. The order of start and end defines the direction
  */
-public data class StraightSegment(
+public data class StraightTrajectory(
     internal val start: DoubleVector2D,
     internal val end: DoubleVector2D,
 ) : Trajectory {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public data class StraightSegment(
 /**
  * An arc segment
  */
-public data class ArcSegment(
+public data class CircleTrajectory(
     public val circle: Circle2D,
     public val start: Pose2D,
     public val end: Pose2D,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public data class ArcSegment(
     }
 
     public companion object {
-        public fun of(center: DoubleVector2D, start: DoubleVector2D, end: DoubleVector2D, direction: Direction): ArcSegment {
+        public fun of(center: DoubleVector2D, start: DoubleVector2D, end: DoubleVector2D, direction: Direction): CircleTrajectory {
             fun calculatePose(
                 vector: DoubleVector2D,
                 theta: Double,
@@ -81,11 +81,11 @@ public data class ArcSegment(
                 }
             )
 
-            val s1 = StraightSegment(center, start)
-            val s2 = StraightSegment(center, end)
+            val s1 = StraightTrajectory(center, start)
+            val s2 = StraightTrajectory(center, end)
             val pose1 = calculatePose(start, s1.theta, direction)
             val pose2 = calculatePose(end, s2.theta, direction)
-            return ArcSegment(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
+            return CircleTrajectory(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
index 3b2535cee..64513f6e2 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ fun Double.radiansToDegrees() = this * 180 / PI
 fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double) = abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
 fun Pose2D.equalsFloat(other: Pose2D) = x.equalFloat(other.x) && y.equalFloat(other.y) && theta.equalFloat(other.theta)
 
-fun StraightSegment.inverse() = StraightSegment(end, start)
-fun StraightSegment.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightSegment = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
+fun StraightTrajectory.inverse() = StraightTrajectory(end, start)
+fun StraightTrajectory.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
     val dX = width * sin(inverse().theta)
     val dY = width * sin(theta)
 
-    return StraightSegment(
+    return StraightTrajectory(
         vector(start.x - dX * shift, start.y - dY * shift),
         vector(end.x - dX * shift, end.y - dY * shift)
     )
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
index 166567475..b545b7c94 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class DubinsTests {
 
     @Test
     fun dubinsTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val straight = StraightSegment(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
+        val straight = StraightTrajectory(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
         val lineP1 = straight.shift(1, 10.0).inverse()
 
         val start = Pose2D(straight.end, straight.theta)
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ class DubinsTests {
             assertTrue(end.equalsFloat(path.c.end))
 
             // Not working, theta double precision inaccuracy
-            if (path.b is ArcSegment) {
-                val b = path.b as ArcSegment
+            if (path.b is CircleTrajectory) {
+                val b = path.b as CircleTrajectory
                 assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(b.start))
                 assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
-            } else if (path.b is StraightSegment) {
-                val b = path.b as StraightSegment
+            } else if (path.b is StraightTrajectory) {
+                val b = path.b as StraightTrajectory
                 assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.start, b.theta)))
                 assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.end, b.theta)))
             }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
index 86c79a5d6..17277c35e 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.ArcSegment
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.CircleTrajectory
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.radiansToDegrees
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ class ArcTests {
     @Test
     fun arcTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         val circle = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 2.0)
-        val arc = ArcSegment.of(circle.center, vector(-2.0, 0.0), vector(0.0, 2.0), ArcSegment.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val arc = CircleTrajectory.of(circle.center, vector(-2.0, 0.0), vector(0.0, 2.0), CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
         assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
         assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.theta.radiansToDegrees())
         assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.theta.radiansToDegrees())
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
index c5e88c1f1..4b54d775c 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.StraightSegment
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.StraightTrajectory
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.radiansToDegrees
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class LineTests {
 
     @Test
     fun lineTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val straight = StraightSegment(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
+        val straight = StraightTrajectory(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
         assertEquals(sqrt(100.0.pow(2) + 100.0.pow(2)), straight.length)
         assertEquals(45.0, straight.theta.radiansToDegrees())
     }
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@ class LineTests {
     @Test
     fun lineAngleTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         //val zero = Vector2D(0.0, 0.0)
-        val north = StraightSegment(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(0.0, 2.0))
+        val north = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(0.0, 2.0))
         assertEquals(0.0, north.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        val east = StraightSegment(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(2.0, 0.0))
+        val east = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(2.0, 0.0))
         assertEquals(90.0, east.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        val south = StraightSegment(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(0.0, -2.0))
+        val south = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(0.0, -2.0))
         assertEquals(180.0, south.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        val west = StraightSegment(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(-2.0, 0.0))
+        val west = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(-2.0, 0.0))
         assertEquals(270.0, west.theta.radiansToDegrees())
     }
 }

From d70389d2e622c93fa5ffb0f828428ae5261ab1f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Sep 2022 16:47:38 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 09/72] Fix after series merge

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt     |  4 ++--
 .../main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt    |  4 ++--
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt  |  5 +++--
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt  |  3 ++-
 .../kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt  |  3 +--
 .../kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt        |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt  |  2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt   |  8 ++++----
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt     |  2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt     |  6 +++---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt  |  1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt  |  2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt    |  4 ++--
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt        |  4 ++--
 .../kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt   |  4 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt    |  6 +-----
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt     |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt     |  2 +-
 .../kmath/histogram/UniformHistogram1DTest.kt         |  8 ++++----
 .../space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt      |  4 +++-
 .../kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt      |  2 +-
 .../kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt        |  5 ++---
 .../kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt  |  1 +
 .../AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt         |  2 ++
 .../kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt      |  1 +
 .../kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt     |  1 +
 .../kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt       |  1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt   |  1 +
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt   |  1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt   |  1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt      |  8 ++++----
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt        |  2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt          |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt   | 11 +++++------
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt   |  2 --
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt     |  2 +-
 36 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
index 80baf1795..febf55283 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.commons.optimization.CMOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.FunctionOptimizationTarget
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.optimizeWith
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
@@ -20,8 +22,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.DoubleVector
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.ScatterMode
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.TraceValues
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
index d6676b9ca..c7eefa6b9 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.binding
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.QowOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.chiSquaredOrNull
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.fitWith
@@ -20,8 +22,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.ScatterMode
 import kotlin.math.abs
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
index b9c3141dd..308345ded 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.series
 
 import kotlinx.html.FlowContent
 import kotlinx.html.h1
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.ksComparisonStatistic
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.slice
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import kotlin.math.PI
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ fun main() = with(Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra()) {
     val s2 = s1.slice(20U..50U).moveTo(40)
 
     val s3: Buffer<Double> = s1.zip(s2) { l, r -> l + r } //s1 + s2
-    val s4 = ln(s3)
+    val s4 = DoubleBufferOps.ln(s3)
 
     val kmTest = ksComparisonStatistic(s1, s2)
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
index b047a2aff..1061112eb 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: IntArray) : FieldND<Double, Double
                 this@StreamDoubleFieldND.shape,
                 shape
             )
-            this is BufferND && this.shapeIndices == this@StreamDoubleFieldND.strides -> this.buffer as DoubleBuffer
+
+            this is BufferND && indices == this@StreamDoubleFieldND.strides -> this.buffer as DoubleBuffer
             else -> DoubleBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> get(strides.index(offset)) }
         }
 
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
index 62967eae5..32962659f 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/random/CMRandomGeneratorWrapper.kt
@@ -6,11 +6,10 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.commons.random
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
-import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.next
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.next
 
 
 public class CMRandomGeneratorWrapper(
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
index 53d86c6b7..f6819a27f 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.y
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
index f56b1f6d6..8cfa1b353 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
index f7b81f46f..aab137321 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.math.pow as kpow
 
 public class DoubleBufferND(
-    indexes: ShapeIndices,
+    indexes: ShapeIndexer,
     override val buffer: DoubleBuffer,
 ) : MutableBufferND<Double>(indexes, buffer)
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(D
         arg: DoubleBufferND,
         transform: (Double) -> Double,
     ): DoubleBufferND {
-        val indexes = arg.shapeIndices
+        val indexes = arg.indices
         val array = arg.buffer.array
         return DoubleBufferND(indexes, DoubleBuffer(indexes.linearSize) { transform(array[it]) })
     }
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(D
         r: DoubleBufferND,
         block: (l: Double, r: Double) -> Double,
     ): DoubleBufferND {
-        require(l.shapeIndices == r.shapeIndices) { "Zip requires the same shapes, but found ${l.shape} on the left and ${r.shape} on the right" }
-        val indexes = l.shapeIndices
+        require(l.indices == r.indices) { "Zip requires the same shapes, but found ${l.shape} on the left and ${r.shape} on the right" }
+        val indexes = l.indices
         val lArray = l.buffer.array
         val rArray = r.buffer.array
         return DoubleBufferND(indexes, DoubleBuffer(indexes.linearSize) { block(lArray[it], rArray[it]) })
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
index 47feefd43..2a258a7f4 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asMutableBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
index 7d417c4ed..b2da083bb 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
      * @return the lazy sequence of pairs of indices to values.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
-    public fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = shapeIndices.asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
+    public fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = indices.asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
 
     /**
      * Feature is some additional structure information that allows to access it special properties or hints.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             if (st1 === st2) return true
 
             // fast comparison of buffers if possible
-            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.shapeIndices == st2.shapeIndices)
+            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.indices == st2.indices)
                 return Buffer.contentEquals(st1.buffer, st2.buffer)
 
             //element by element comparison if it could not be avoided
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             if (st1 === st2) return true
 
             // fast comparison of buffers if possible
-            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.shapeIndices == st2.shapeIndices)
+            if (st1 is BufferND && st2 is BufferND && st1.indices == st2.indices)
                 return Buffer.contentEquals(st1.buffer, st2.buffer)
 
             //element by element comparison if it could not be avoided
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
index 75b0f54f0..cef8d1d4d 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/Buffer.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.WithSize
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt
index dea694016..a6d7f006c 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/RingBufferTest.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.streaming
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.*
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt
index 1b6490862..cfa59bf32 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt
+++ b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/RealMatrix.kt
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 import kotlin.math.pow
 
 /*
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public fun RealMatrix.extractColumn(columnIndex: Int): RealMatrix =
     extractColumns(columnIndex..columnIndex)
 
 public fun RealMatrix.sumByColumn(): DoubleBuffer = DoubleBuffer(colNum) { j ->
-    columns[j].asIterable().sum()
+    columns[j].sum()
 }
 
 public fun RealMatrix.minByColumn(): DoubleBuffer = DoubleBuffer(colNum) { j ->
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt
index e9f0d3063..2c06b76b7 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt
+++ b/kmath-for-real/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/real/realND.kt
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
  * Map one [BufferND] using function without indices.
  */
 public inline fun BufferND<Double>.mapInline(crossinline transform: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): BufferND<Double> {
-    val array = DoubleArray(shapeIndices.linearSize) { offset -> DoubleField.transform(buffer[offset]) }
-    return BufferND(shapeIndices, DoubleBuffer(array))
+    val array = DoubleArray(indices.linearSize) { offset -> DoubleField.transform(buffer[offset]) }
+    return BufferND(indices, DoubleBuffer(array))
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
index 57d77ab47..3845bd2a7 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.integration
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
 import kotlin.jvm.Synchronized
 import kotlin.math.ulp
 import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public fun GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.build(
     numPoints: Int,
     range: ClosedRange<Double>,
 ): Pair<Buffer<Double>, Buffer<Double>> {
-    val normalized = build(numPoints)
+    val normalized: Pair<Buffer<Double>, Buffer<Double>> = build(numPoints)
     val length = range.endInclusive - range.start
 
     val points = normalized.first.map(::DoubleBuffer) {
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
index 6189d17cd..9a8f475c8 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
@@ -12,14 +12,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.interpolation.SplineInterpolator
 import space.kscience.kmath.interpolation.interpolatePolynomials
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.sum
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.map
 
 /**
  * Compute analytical indefinite integral of this [PiecewisePolynomial], keeping all intervals intact
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt
index 6ad323f26..0db06f4c8 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector2DTest.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt
index 6716bf940..1c8607838 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Vector3DTest.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toList
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogram1DTest.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogram1DTest.kt
index fd107f5e8..c4554b575 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogram1DTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogram1DTest.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.nextBuffer
 import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
 import kotlin.test.Test
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ internal class UniformHistogram1DTest {
     @Test
     fun rebinDown() = runTest {
         val h1 = Histogram.uniform1D(DoubleField, 0.01).produce(generator.nextDoubleBuffer(10000))
-        val h2 = Histogram.uniform1D(DoubleField,0.03).produceFrom(h1)
+        val h2 = Histogram.uniform1D(DoubleField, 0.03).produceFrom(h1)
 
         assertEquals(10000, h2.bins.sumOf { it.binValue }.toInt())
     }
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ internal class UniformHistogram1DTest {
     @Test
     fun rebinUp() = runTest {
         val h1 = Histogram.uniform1D(DoubleField, 0.03).produce(generator.nextDoubleBuffer(10000))
-        val h2 = Histogram.uniform1D(DoubleField,0.01).produceFrom(h1)
+        val h2 = Histogram.uniform1D(DoubleField, 0.01).produceFrom(h1)
 
         assertEquals(10000, h2.bins.sumOf { it.binValue }.toInt())
     }
 
     @ThreadLocal
-    companion object{
+    companion object {
         private val generator = RandomGenerator.default(123)
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt b/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt
index 18630ee14..1fe9fe92f 100644
--- a/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt
+++ b/kmath-jupyter/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/jupyter/KMathJupyter.kt
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.MST
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.MstRing
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 
 /**
  * A function for conversion of number to MST for pretty print
@@ -47,11 +47,13 @@ internal class KMathJupyter : JupyterIntegration() {
                 syntaxRender.renderPart(mathRender.render(MST.Numeric(it)), s)
                 +s.toString()
             }
+
             is MST -> {
                 val s = StringBuilder()
                 syntaxRender.renderPart(mathRender.render(it), s)
                 +s.toString()
             }
+
             else -> {
                 +"<ms>"
                 +it.toString()
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
index aca224375..806da5560 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/Distribution.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
-import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.Sampler
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 
 /**
  * A distribution of typed objects.
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
index fa51bb521..953be06fd 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/distributions/UniformDistribution.kt
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+package space.kscience.kmath.distributions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.SimpleChain
-import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.Distribution
-import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.Distribution1D
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 
 public class UniformDistribution(public val range: ClosedFloatingPointRange<Double>) : Distribution1D<Double> {
     private val length: Double = range.endInclusive - range.start
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
index 67d2c8003..e5a48d4d8 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterExponentialSampler.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.math.ln
 import kotlin.math.pow
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
index 30fce19e9..d301ff637 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AhrensDieterMarsagliaTsangGammaSampler.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.next
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
index dc88d866f..2ec40c347 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/AliasMethodDiscreteSampler.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import kotlin.math.ceil
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
index be378c2fc..6d2899314 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/KempSmallMeanPoissonSampler.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingIntChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.math.exp
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
index ea121bfa6..291d0bffe 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/NormalizedGaussianSampler.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingDoubleChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 
 public interface BlockingDoubleSampler : Sampler<Double> {
     override fun sample(generator: RandomGenerator): BlockingDoubleChain
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
index 5dcf4e3e2..454691e05 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/PoissonSampler.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.samplers
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.BlockingIntChain
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.toIntExact
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
index 66ade8119..52e400bf1 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/Sampler.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.Chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.chains.combine
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
index 748da727b..44b87a431 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/samplers/SamplerAlgebra.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Group
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.Sampler
 
 /**
  * Implements [Sampler] by sampling only certain [value].
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index 79da3d98d..96ad4daf7 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
      * Build a new series
      */
     public fun series(size: Int, fromIndex: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
-        return bufferFactory(size) {
+        return elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
             val index = it + fromIndex
             elementAlgebra.block(labelResolver(index))
         }.moveTo(fromIndex)
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
      * Map a series to another series of the same size
      */
     public inline fun Buffer<T>.map(crossinline transform: A.(T) -> T): Series<T> {
-        val buf = bufferFactory(size) {
+        val buf = elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
             elementAlgebra.transform(getAbsolute(it))
         }
         return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
      */
     public inline fun Buffer<T>.mapWithLabel(crossinline transform: A.(arg: T, label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
         val labels = labels
-        val buf = bufferFactory(size) {
+        val buf = elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
             elementAlgebra.transform(getAbsolute(it), labels[it])
         }
         return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
         crossinline operation: A.(left: T, right: T) -> T,
     ): Series<T> {
         val newRange = indices.intersect(other.indices)
-        return bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
+        return elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
             elementAlgebra.operation(
                 getAbsolute(it),
                 other.getAbsolute(it)
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt
index cc7d488dc..87046cd46 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Median.kt
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asSequence
 
 /**
  * Non-composable median
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
index 5a5b99177..5a873b466 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Rank.kt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
 
 /**
  * Rank statistics
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
index fcda58268..f36826c28 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticalAlgebra.kt
@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.sorted
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asIterable
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.sorted
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 
 public interface StatisticalAlgebra<T, out A : Algebra<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> : Algebra<Buffer<T>> {
     public val bufferAlgebra: BA
     public val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
-    public val bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> get() = bufferAlgebra.bufferFactory
+    override val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Buffer<T>> get() = bufferAlgebra.bufferFactory
 }
 
 /**
@@ -41,8 +40,8 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>, A, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>> StatisticalAlgebra<T
     val n = sx.size
     val m = sy.size
 
-    var rankX = 0
-    var rankY = 0
+    var rankX: Int = 0
+    var rankY: Int = 0
     var curD: T = zero
 
     // Find the max difference between cdf_x and cdf_y
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
index 56912e55b..0076006e6 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/SamplerTest.kt
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
-import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.Sampler
-import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.sampleBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
 class SamplerTest {
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index daafdaa58..cfbd9bdc9 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps.Companion.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toMutableList
+import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
-import space.kscience.kmath.stat.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BufferedTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor

From b602066f4880037f60a49db7b4d417cd0626765c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 27 Sep 2022 16:57:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 10/72] Change the default strides and unify strides processing

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt |  5 +-
 .../kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt   |  2 +-
 .../structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt      |  4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt       |  4 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt   |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt   | 73 +++++++++++++---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt    |  9 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt    |  8 +-
 .../kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt      |  4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt   | 33 ++++----
 .../kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt |  4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt    | 38 +++++++++
 .../kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt    |  2 +-
 .../kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt       |  4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt   |  4 +-
 .../histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt    |  4 +-
 .../kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt       |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt  |  4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt    |  6 +-
 .../tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt     |  4 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt      |  5 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt        | 83 +++++++++++++++++--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt |  5 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt    |  2 +-
 .../tensors/core/TensorLinearStructure.kt     | 74 -----------------
 .../core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt      | 13 +--
 .../tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt | 19 ++---
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt      |  8 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt     |  9 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt    |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt |  8 +-
 .../kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt         |  4 +-
 32 files changed, 268 insertions(+), 180 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TensorLinearStructure.kt

diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
index 308345ded..c1b0c056e 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.KMComparisonResult
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.ksComparisonStatistic
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.slice
@@ -31,12 +32,12 @@ fun main() = with(Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra()) {
 
 
     val s1 = series(100) { sin(2 * PI * it / 100) + 1.0 }
-    val s2 = s1.slice(20U..50U).moveTo(40)
+    val s2 = s1.slice(20..50).moveTo(40)
 
     val s3: Buffer<Double> = s1.zip(s2) { l, r -> l + r } //s1 + s2
     val s4 = DoubleBufferOps.ln(s3)
 
-    val kmTest = ksComparisonStatistic(s1, s2)
+    val kmTest: KMComparisonResult<Double> = ksComparisonStatistic(s1, s2)
 
     Plotly.page {
         h1 { +"This is my plot" }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
index 1061112eb..f97e98973 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: IntArray) : FieldND<Double, Double
     NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Double>>,
     ExtendedField<StructureND<Double>> {
 
-    private val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
+    private val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
     override val elementAlgebra: DoubleField get() = DoubleField
     override val zero: BufferND<Double> by lazy { structureND(shape) { zero } }
     override val one: BufferND<Double> by lazy { structureND(shape) { one } }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
index a64ac7280..ae7693f03 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
 @Suppress("ASSIGNED_BUT_NEVER_ACCESSED_VARIABLE")
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ fun main() {
     val n = 6000
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
     val buffer = DoubleBuffer(array)
-    val strides = DefaultStrides(intArrayOf(n, n))
+    val strides = ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(n, n))
     val structure = BufferND(strides, buffer)
 
     measureTimeMillis {
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
index 1eb08fa8c..7efc785fb 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public inline fun <T, R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
 ): BufferND<R> = if (this is BufferND<T>)
     BufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
 else {
-    val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
+    val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
     BufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
 }
 
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> MutableStructureND<T>.mapToMutableBuffer(
     return if (this is MutableBufferND<T>)
         MutableBufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
     else {
-        val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
+        val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
         MutableBufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
index c5d04c9de..fc0b4b6ea 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public fun Shape(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): Shape = intArrayOf(sha
 public interface WithShape {
     public val shape: Shape
 
-    public val indices: ShapeIndexer get() = DefaultStrides(shape)
+    public val indices: ShapeIndexer get() = ColumnStrides(shape)
 }
 
 internal fun requireIndexInShape(index: IntArray, shape: Shape) {
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
index 2dce407ca..4b31e3fc5 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
 
 /**
@@ -61,12 +62,16 @@ public abstract class Strides : ShapeIndexer {
      * Iterate over ND indices in a natural order
      */
     public override fun asSequence(): Sequence<IntArray> = (0 until linearSize).asSequence().map(::index)
+
+    public companion object{
+        public fun linearSizeOf(shape: IntArray): Int = shape.reduce(Int::times)
+    }
 }
 
 /**
- * Simple implementation of [Strides].
+ * Column-first [Strides]. Columns are represented as continuous arrays
  */
-public class DefaultStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
+public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
     override val linearSize: Int get() = strides[shape.size]
 
     /**
@@ -100,22 +105,64 @@ public class DefaultStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
-        if (other !is DefaultStrides) return false
-        if (!shape.contentEquals(other.shape)) return false
-        return true
+        if (other !is ColumnStrides) return false
+        return shape.contentEquals(other.shape)
     }
 
     override fun hashCode(): Int = shape.contentHashCode()
 
 
-    public companion object {
-        /**
-         * Cached builder for default strides
-         */
-        @Deprecated("Replace by Strides(shape)")
-        public operator fun invoke(shape: IntArray): Strides =
-            defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { DefaultStrides(shape) }
+    public companion object
+}
+
+/**
+ * This [Strides] implementation follows the last dimension first convention
+ * For more information: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.strides.html
+ *
+ * @param shape the shape of the tensor.
+ */
+public class RowStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
+
+    override val strides: IntArray by lazy {
+        val nDim = shape.size
+        val res = IntArray(nDim)
+        if (nDim == 0) return@lazy res
+
+        var current = nDim - 1
+        res[current] = 1
+
+        while (current > 0) {
+            res[current - 1] = max(1, shape[current]) * res[current]
+            current--
+        }
+        res
     }
+
+    override fun index(offset: Int): IntArray {
+        val res = IntArray(shape.size)
+        var current = offset
+        var strideIndex = 0
+
+        while (strideIndex < shape.size) {
+            res[strideIndex] = (current / strides[strideIndex])
+            current %= strides[strideIndex]
+            strideIndex++
+        }
+        return res
+    }
+
+    override val linearSize: Int get() = linearSizeOf(shape)
+
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+        if (this === other) return true
+        if (other !is RowStrides) return false
+        return shape.contentEquals(other.shape)
+    }
+
+    override fun hashCode(): Int = shape.contentHashCode()
+
+    public companion object
+
 }
 
 @ThreadLocal
@@ -124,4 +171,4 @@ private val defaultStridesCache = HashMap<IntArray, Strides>()
 /**
  * Cached builder for default strides
  */
-public fun Strides(shape: IntArray): Strides = defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { DefaultStrides(shape) }
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun Strides(shape: IntArray): Strides = defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { RowStrides(shape) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
index d8fd2031c..2822a74d4 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableListBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
@@ -84,15 +85,15 @@ public interface MutableStructure2D<T> : Structure2D<T>, MutableStructureND<T> {
      * The buffer of rows of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
-    override val rows: List<MutableStructure1D<T>>
-        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> MutableBuffer1DWrapper(MutableListBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) }) }
+    override val rows: List<MutableBuffer<T>>
+        get() = List(rowNum) { i -> MutableListBuffer(colNum) { j -> get(i, j) } }
 
     /**
      * The buffer of columns of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
      */
     @PerformancePitfall
-    override val columns: List<MutableStructure1D<T>>
-        get() = List(colNum) { j -> MutableBuffer1DWrapper(MutableListBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) }) }
+    override val columns: List<MutableBuffer<T>>
+        get() = List(colNum) { j -> MutableListBuffer(rowNum) { i -> get(i, j) } }
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
index b2da083bb..4e1cc1ff4 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
@@ -148,25 +148,25 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             shape: IntArray,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory.boxing(),
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = buffered(DefaultStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
+        ): BufferND<T> = buffered(ColumnStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
 
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
             shape: IntArray,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = auto(DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
+        ): BufferND<T> = auto(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
 
         @JvmName("autoVarArg")
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
             vararg shape: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> =
-            auto(DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
+            auto(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
 
         public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
             type: KClass<T>,
             vararg shape: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, DefaultStrides(shape), initializer)
+        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
index 07355d396..f61a0a623 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ internal class BufferAccessor2D<T>(
 
     //TODO optimize wrapper
     fun MutableBuffer<T>.collect(): Structure2D<T> = StructureND.buffered(
-        DefaultStrides(intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)),
+        ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)),
         factory
     ) { (i, j) ->
         get(i, j)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
index 8dc0d63ef..e8ab4f0ba 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ public interface BufferView<T> : Buffer<T> {
      */
     @UnstableKMathAPI
     public fun originIndex(index: Int): Int
+
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = origin[originIndex(index)]
 }
 
 /**
@@ -22,40 +25,40 @@ public interface BufferView<T> : Buffer<T> {
  */
 public class BufferSlice<T>(
     override val origin: Buffer<T>,
-    public val offset: UInt = 0U,
+    public val offset: Int = 0,
     override val size: Int,
 ) : BufferView<T> {
 
     init {
         require(size > 0) { "Size must be positive" }
-        require(offset + size.toUInt() <= origin.size.toUInt()) {
-            "End of buffer ${offset + size.toUInt()} is beyond the end of origin buffer size ${origin.size}"
+        require(offset + size <= origin.size) {
+            "End of buffer ${offset + size} is beyond the end of origin buffer size ${origin.size}"
         }
     }
 
     override fun get(index: Int): T = if (index >= size) {
         throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("$index is out of ${0 until size} rage")
     } else {
-        origin[index.toUInt() + offset]
+        origin[index + offset]
     }
 
     override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> =
-        (offset until (offset + size.toUInt())).asSequence().map { origin[it] }.iterator()
+        (offset until (offset + size)).asSequence().map { origin[it] }.iterator()
 
     @UnstableKMathAPI
-    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index >= size) -1 else index - offset.toInt()
+    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index >= size) -1 else index - offset
 
-    override fun toString(): String = "$origin[$offset..${offset + size.toUInt()}"
+    override fun toString(): String = "$origin[$offset..${offset + size}"
 }
 
 /**
- * An expanded buffer that could include the whole initial buffer ot its part and fills all space beyond it borders with [defaultValue].
+ * An expanded buffer that could include the whole initial buffer or its part and fills all space beyond it borders with [defaultValue].
  *
  * The [offset] parameter shows the shift of expanded buffer start relative to origin start and could be both positive and negative.
  */
 public class BufferExpanded<T>(
     override val origin: Buffer<T>,
-    public val defaultValue: T,
+    private val defaultValue: T,
     public val offset: Int = 0,
     override val size: Int = origin.size,
 ) : BufferView<T> {
@@ -79,17 +82,17 @@ public class BufferExpanded<T>(
 /**
  * Zero-copy select a slice inside the original buffer
  */
-public fun <T> Buffer<T>.slice(range: UIntRange): BufferView<T> = if (this is BufferSlice) {
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.slice(range: IntRange): BufferView<T> = if (this is BufferSlice) {
     BufferSlice(
         origin,
         this.offset + range.first,
-        (range.last - range.first).toInt() + 1
+        (range.last - range.first) + 1
     )
 } else {
     BufferSlice(
         this,
         range.first,
-        (range.last - range.first).toInt() + 1
+        (range.last - range.first) + 1
     )
 }
 
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@ public fun <T> Buffer<T>.expand(
 ): BufferView<T> = if (range.first >= 0 && range.last < size) {
     BufferSlice(
         this,
-        range.first.toUInt(),
+        range.first,
         (range.last - range.first) + 1
     )
 } else {
@@ -118,7 +121,7 @@ public fun <T> Buffer<T>.expand(
 /**
  * A [BufferView] that overrides indexing of the original buffer
  */
-public class PermutatedBuffer<T>(
+public class PermutedBuffer<T>(
     override val origin: Buffer<T>,
     private val permutations: IntArray,
 ) : BufferView<T> {
@@ -145,4 +148,4 @@ public class PermutatedBuffer<T>(
 /**
  * Created a permuted view of given buffer using provided [indices]
  */
-public fun <T> Buffer<T>.permute(indices: IntArray): PermutatedBuffer<T> = PermutatedBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.permute(indices: IntArray): PermutedBuffer<T> = PermutedBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
index d361cb013..2f2cc80b3 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferPrimitiveAccess.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public fun Buffer<Double>.getDouble(index: Int): Double = if (this is BufferView) {
     val originIndex = originIndex(index)
-    if( originIndex>=0) {
+    if (originIndex >= 0) {
         origin.getDouble(originIndex)
     } else {
         get(index)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public fun Buffer<Double>.getDouble(index: Int): Double = if (this is BufferView
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public fun Buffer<Int>.getInt(index: Int): Int = if (this is BufferView) {
     val originIndex = originIndex(index)
-    if( originIndex>=0) {
+    if (originIndex >= 0) {
         origin.getInt(originIndex)
     } else {
         get(index)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eac4f17e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.nd
+
+import kotlin.test.Test
+
+class StridesTest {
+    @Test
+    fun checkRowBasedStrides() {
+        val strides = RowStrides(intArrayOf(3, 3))
+        var counter = 0
+        for(i in 0..2){
+            for(j in 0..2){
+//                print(strides.offset(intArrayOf(i,j)).toString() + "\t")
+                require(strides.offset(intArrayOf(i,j)) == counter)
+                counter++
+            }
+            println()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun checkColumnBasedStrides() {
+        val strides = ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(3, 3))
+        var counter = 0
+        for(i in 0..2){
+            for(j in 0..2){
+//                print(strides.offset(intArrayOf(i,j)).toString() + "\t")
+                require(strides.offset(intArrayOf(j,i)) == counter)
+                counter++
+            }
+            println()
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt
index 992080fb0..04671e040 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferExpandedTest.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ internal class BufferExpandedTest {
 
     @Test
     fun shrink(){
-        val view = buffer.slice(20U..30U)
+        val view = buffer.slice(20..30)
         assertEquals(20, view[0])
         assertEquals(30, view[10])
         assertFails { view[11] }
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
index 786d32190..c217c3a26 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.coroutines.Math
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 
 public class LazyStructureND<out T>(
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public class LazyStructureND<out T>(
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> {
-        val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
+        val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
         val res = runBlocking { strides.asSequence().toList().map { index -> index to await(index) } }
         return res.asSequence()
     }
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
index 2cefb33a5..1c9f00838 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.histogram
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.domains.Domain
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.FieldOpsND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public class HistogramND<T : Comparable<T>, D : Domain<T>, V : Any>(
     override val dimension: Int get() = group.shape.size
 
     override val bins: Iterable<DomainBin<T, D, V>>
-        get() = DefaultStrides(group.shape).asSequence().map {
+        get() = ColumnStrides(group.shape).asSequence().map {
             group.produceBin(it, values[it])
         }.asIterable()
 }
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt
index 717f9d7a1..7e11c9a2f 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.histogram
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.DoubleVector
 import kotlin.random.Random
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ internal class MultivariateHistogramTest {
             }
             val res = histogram1 - histogram2
             assertTrue {
-                DefaultStrides(shape).asSequence().all { index ->
+                ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().all { index ->
                     res.values[index] <= histogram1.values[index]
                 }
             }
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
index 194c5fcee..dd0249fbc 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     protected val multikStat: Statistics = multikEngine.getStatistics()
 
     override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): MultikTensor<T> {
-        val strides = DefaultStrides(shape)
+        val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
         val memoryView = initMemoryView<T>(strides.linearSize, type)
         strides.asSequence().forEachIndexed { linearIndex, tensorIndex ->
             memoryView[linearIndex] = elementAlgebra.initializer(tensorIndex)
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
index c1772683f..b0fce8dcf 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import org.nd4j.linalg.factory.Nd4j
 import org.nd4j.linalg.factory.ops.NDBase
 import org.nd4j.linalg.ops.transforms.Transforms
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ public object DoubleNd4jTensorAlgebra : Nd4jTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
 
     override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> {
         val array: INDArray = Nd4j.zeros(*shape)
-        val indices = DefaultStrides(shape)
+        val indices = ColumnStrides(shape)
         indices.asSequence().forEach { index ->
             array.putScalar(index, elementAlgebra.initializer(index))
         }
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index 96ad4daf7..3cd2212f6 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ public val <T> Series<T>.absoluteIndices: IntRange get() = position until positi
 /**
  * A [BufferView] with index offset (both positive and negative) and possible size change
  */
-private class OffsetBufer<T>(
+private class SeriesImpl<T>(
     override val origin: Buffer<T>,
     override val position: Int,
     override val size: Int = origin.size,
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
      * Create an offset series with index starting point at [index]
      */
     public fun Buffer<T>.moveTo(index: Int): Series<T> = if (this is Series) {
-        OffsetBufer(origin, index, size)
+        SeriesImpl(origin, index, size)
     } else {
-        OffsetBufer(this, index, size)
+        SeriesImpl(this, index, size)
     }
 
     public val Buffer<T>.offset: Int get() = if (this is Series) position else 0
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
index c4d192792..953076680 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import org.tensorflow.types.TFloat64
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public class DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra internal constructor(
         initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double,
     ): StructureND<Double> {
         val res = TFloat64.tensorOf(org.tensorflow.ndarray.Shape.of(*shape.toLongArray())) { array ->
-            DefaultStrides(shape).forEach { index ->
+            ColumnStrides(shape).forEach { index ->
                 array.setDouble(elementAlgebra.initializer(index), *index.toLongArray())
             }
         }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
index 0b043db56..53f77195c 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RowStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ public abstract class BufferedTensor<T>(
     public abstract val source: MutableBuffer<T>
 
     /**
-     * Buffer strides based on [TensorLinearStructure] implementation
+     * Buffer strides based on [RowStrides] implementation
      */
-    override val indices: Strides get() = TensorLinearStructure(shape)
+    override val indices: Strides get() = RowStrides(shape)
 
     /**
      * Number of elements in tensor
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
index d3308a69f..05d2b0feb 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
@@ -5,32 +5,38 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.toPrettyString
+import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 public class OffsetDoubleBuffer(
-    private val source: DoubleBuffer,
+    override val origin: DoubleBuffer,
     private val offset: Int,
     override val size: Int,
-) : MutableBuffer<Double> {
+) : MutableBuffer<Double>, BufferView<Double> {
 
     init {
         require(offset >= 0) { "Offset must be non-negative" }
         require(size >= 0) { "Size must be non-negative" }
-        require(offset + size <= source.size) { "Maximum index must be inside source dimension" }
+        require(offset + size <= origin.size) { "Maximum index must be inside source dimension" }
     }
 
     override fun set(index: Int, value: Double) {
         require(index in 0 until size) { "Index must be in [0, size)" }
-        source[index + offset] = value
+        origin[index + offset] = value
     }
 
-    override fun get(index: Int): Double = source[index + offset]
+    override fun get(index: Int): Double = origin[index + offset]
 
     /**
      * Copy only a part of buffer that belongs to this [OffsetDoubleBuffer]
      */
-    override fun copy(): DoubleBuffer = source.array.copyOfRange(offset, offset + size).asBuffer()
+    override fun copy(): DoubleBuffer = origin.array.copyOfRange(offset, offset + size).asBuffer()
 
     override fun iterator(): Iterator<Double> = iterator {
         for (i in indices) {
@@ -41,7 +47,14 @@ public class OffsetDoubleBuffer(
     override fun toString(): String = Buffer.toString(this)
 
     public fun view(addOffset: Int, newSize: Int = size - addOffset): OffsetDoubleBuffer =
-        OffsetDoubleBuffer(source, offset + addOffset, newSize)
+        OffsetDoubleBuffer(origin, offset + addOffset, newSize)
+
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index in 0 until size) {
+        index + offset
+    } else {
+        -1
+    }
 }
 
 public fun OffsetDoubleBuffer.slice(range: IntRange): OffsetDoubleBuffer = view(range.first, range.last - range.first)
@@ -90,3 +103,59 @@ public class DoubleTensor(
 
     override fun toString(): String = toPrettyString()
 }
+
+@JvmInline
+public value class DoubleTensor2D(public val tensor: DoubleTensor) : MutableStructureND<Double> by tensor,
+    MutableStructure2D<Double> {
+
+    init {
+        require(tensor.shape.size == 2) { "Only 2D tensors could be cast to 2D" }
+    }
+
+    override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
+    override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
+
+    override fun get(i: Int, j: Int): Double = tensor.source[i * colNum + j]
+
+    override fun set(i: Int, j: Int, value: Double) {
+        tensor.source[i * colNum + j] = value
+    }
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override val rows: List<OffsetDoubleBuffer>
+        get() = List(rowNum) { i ->
+            tensor.source.view(i * colNum, colNum)
+        }
+
+
+//    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+//    override val columns: List<MutableBuffer<Double>> get() = List(colNum) { j ->
+//        object : MutableBuffer<Double>{
+//
+//            override fun get(index: Int): Double {
+//                tensor.source.get()
+//            }
+//
+//            override fun set(index: Int, value: Double) {
+//                TODO("Not yet implemented")
+//            }
+//
+//            override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Double> {
+//                TODO("Not yet implemented")
+//            }
+//
+//            override val size: Int
+//                get() = TODO("Not yet implemented")
+//
+//            override fun toString(): String {
+//                TODO("Not yet implemented")
+//            }
+//
+//        }
+//    }
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
+    override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = tensor.elements()
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = tensor[index]
+    override val shape: Shape get() = tensor.shape
+}
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 67248890c..4c65373d8 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides.Companion.linearSizeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.AnalyticTensorAlgebra
@@ -121,7 +122,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      */
     override fun structureND(shape: IntArray, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleTensor = fromArray(
         shape,
-        TensorLinearStructure(shape).asSequence().map { DoubleField.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toDoubleArray()
+        RowStrides(shape).asSequence().map { DoubleField.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toDoubleArray()
     )
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.getTensor(i: Int): DoubleTensor {
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val newShape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else intArrayOf(1)
         return DoubleTensor(
             newShape,
-            dt.source.view(newShape.reduce(Int::times) * i, TensorLinearStructure.linearSizeOf(newShape))
+            dt.source.view(newShape.reduce(Int::times) * i, linearSizeOf(newShape))
         )
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
index 124ccc668..3b00744a1 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      */
     override fun structureND(shape: IntArray, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntTensor = fromArray(
         shape,
-        TensorLinearStructure(shape).asSequence().map { IntRing.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toIntArray()
+        RowStrides(shape).asSequence().map { IntRing.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toIntArray()
     )
 
     override fun Tensor<Int>.getTensor(i: Int): IntTensor {
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TensorLinearStructure.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TensorLinearStructure.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 729fc0d13..000000000
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TensorLinearStructure.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides
-import kotlin.math.max
-
-/**
- * This [Strides] implementation follows the last dimension first convention
- * For more information: https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.strides.html
- *
- * @param shape the shape of the tensor.
- */
-public class TensorLinearStructure(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
-    override val strides: IntArray get() = stridesFromShape(shape)
-
-    override fun index(offset: Int): IntArray =
-        indexFromOffset(offset, strides, shape.size)
-
-    override val linearSize: Int get() = linearSizeOf(shape)
-
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (this === other) return true
-        if (other == null || this::class != other::class) return false
-
-        other as TensorLinearStructure
-
-        if (!shape.contentEquals(other.shape)) return false
-
-        return true
-    }
-
-    override fun hashCode(): Int {
-        return shape.contentHashCode()
-    }
-
-    public companion object {
-
-        public fun linearSizeOf(shape: IntArray): Int = shape.reduce(Int::times)
-
-        public fun stridesFromShape(shape: IntArray): IntArray {
-            val nDim = shape.size
-            val res = IntArray(nDim)
-            if (nDim == 0)
-                return res
-
-            var current = nDim - 1
-            res[current] = 1
-
-            while (current > 0) {
-                res[current - 1] = max(1, shape[current]) * res[current]
-                current--
-            }
-            return res
-        }
-
-        public fun indexFromOffset(offset: Int, strides: IntArray, nDim: Int): IntArray {
-            val res = IntArray(nDim)
-            var current = offset
-            var strideIndex = 0
-
-            while (strideIndex < nDim) {
-                res[strideIndex] = (current / strides[strideIndex])
-                current %= strides[strideIndex]
-                strideIndex++
-            }
-            return res
-        }
-    }
-
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
index c5910a436..daf6f5a07 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -5,17 +5,18 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.get
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides.Companion.linearSizeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.eye
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BufferedTensor
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.OffsetDoubleBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.copyToTensor
 import kotlin.math.abs
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.matrices: VirtualBuffer<DoubleTensor>
         val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
         val matrixShape = intArrayOf(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
-        val size = TensorLinearStructure.linearSizeOf(matrixShape)
+        val size = linearSizeOf(matrixShape)
 
         return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / matrixOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * matrixOffset
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
index db289a090..f938d1c61 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -32,20 +32,19 @@ internal fun List<OffsetIntBuffer>.concat(): IntBuffer {
 }
 
 
-internal val IntTensor.vectors: VirtualBuffer<IntTensor>
-    get() {
-        val n = shape.size
-        val vectorOffset = shape[n - 1]
-        val vectorShape = intArrayOf(shape.last())
+internal fun IntTensor.vectors(): VirtualBuffer<IntTensor> {
+    val n = shape.size
+    val vectorOffset = shape[n - 1]
+    val vectorShape = intArrayOf(shape.last())
 
-        return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
-            val offset = index * vectorOffset
-            IntTensor(vectorShape, source.view(offset, vectorShape.first()))
-        }
+    return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
+        val offset = index * vectorOffset
+        IntTensor(vectorShape, source.view(offset, vectorShape.first()))
     }
+}
 
 
-internal fun IntTensor.vectorSequence(): Sequence<IntTensor> = vectors.asSequence()
+internal fun IntTensor.vectorSequence(): Sequence<IntTensor> = vectors().asSequence()
 
 
 internal val IntTensor.matrices: VirtualBuffer<IntTensor>
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index cfbd9bdc9..cba81f56b 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -5,9 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps.Companion.map
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toMutableList
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
@@ -67,6 +66,7 @@ internal fun format(value: Double, digits: Int = 4): String = buildString {
     repeat(fLength - res.length) { append(' ') }
 }
 
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 internal fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
     var offset = 0
     val shape = this@toPrettyString.shape
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
             charOffset += 1
         }
 
-        val values = vector.as1D().toMutableList().map(::format)
+        val values = vector.elements().map { format(it.second) }
 
         values.joinTo(this, separator = ", ")
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
         }
 
         offset += vectorSize
-        if (this@toPrettyString.linearSize == offset) {
+        if (this@toPrettyString.indices.linearSize == offset) {
             break
         }
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt
index 118624440..61bf2341e 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DoubleBufferND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RowStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
@@ -17,12 +18,12 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
  */
 public fun StructureND<Double>.copyToTensor(): DoubleTensor = if (this is DoubleTensor) {
     DoubleTensor(shape, source.copy())
-} else if (this is DoubleBufferND && indices is TensorLinearStructure) {
+} else if (this is DoubleBufferND && indices is RowStrides) {
     DoubleTensor(shape, buffer.copy())
 } else {
     DoubleTensor(
         shape,
-        TensorLinearStructure(this.shape).map(this::get).toDoubleArray().asBuffer(),
+        RowStrides(this.shape).map(this::get).toDoubleArray().asBuffer(),
     )
 }
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ public fun StructureND<Int>.toDoubleTensor(): DoubleTensor {
  */
 public fun StructureND<Double>.asDoubleTensor(): DoubleTensor = if (this is DoubleTensor) {
     this
-} else if (this is DoubleBufferND && indices is TensorLinearStructure) {
+} else if (this is DoubleBufferND && indices is RowStrides) {
     DoubleTensor(shape, buffer)
 } else {
     copyToTensor()
@@ -59,6 +60,6 @@ public fun StructureND<Int>.asIntTensor(): IntTensor = when (this) {
     is IntTensor -> this
     else -> IntTensor(
         this.shape,
-        TensorLinearStructure(this.shape).map(this::get).toIntArray().asBuffer()
+        RowStrides(this.shape).map(this::get).toIntArray().asBuffer()
     )
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
index c87cf2a68..5261fab8c 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
         val doubleArray = DoubleBuffer(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
 
         // create ND buffers, no data is copied
-        val ndArray: MutableBufferND<Double> = DoubleBufferND(DefaultStrides(intArrayOf(3)), doubleArray)
+        val ndArray: MutableBufferND<Double> = DoubleBufferND(ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(3)), doubleArray)
 
         // map to tensors
         val tensorArray = ndArray.asDoubleTensor() // Data is copied because of strides change.
diff --git a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
index 493af54c9..1b7601a14 100644
--- a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
+++ b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
 
     override fun structureND(shape: IntArray, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
         F64Array(*shape).apply {
-            DefaultStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+            ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.initializer(index), indices = index)
             }
         }.asStructure()
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun StructureND<Double>.map(transform: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
         F64Array(*shape).apply {
-            DefaultStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+            ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.transform(this@map[index]), indices = index)
             }
         }.asStructure()
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
     override fun StructureND<Double>.mapIndexed(
         transform: DoubleField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double,
     ): ViktorStructureND = F64Array(*shape).apply {
-        DefaultStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+        ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
             set(value = DoubleField.transform(index, this@mapIndexed[index]), indices = index)
         }
     }.asStructure()
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
     ): ViktorStructureND {
         require(left.shape.contentEquals(right.shape))
         return F64Array(*left.shape).apply {
-            DefaultStrides(left.shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+            ColumnStrides(left.shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.transform(left[index], right[index]), indices = index)
             }
         }.asStructure()
diff --git a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
index c9749d41a..ea279a912 100644
--- a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.viktor
 
 import org.jetbrains.bio.viktor.F64Array
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DefaultStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
 
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ public class ViktorStructureND(public val f64Buffer: F64Array) : MutableStructur
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> =
-        DefaultStrides(shape).asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
+        ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
 }
 
 public fun F64Array.asStructure(): ViktorStructureND = ViktorStructureND(this)

From 89d0cbc7ea92bdace8920ce401c30825d48d5949 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 30 Sep 2022 11:34:44 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 11/72] Refactoring and optimization of tensorAlgebra

---
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt   | 43 +++++++++++++-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt        | 58 ++++++++++---------
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt | 24 ++++----
 .../core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt      | 10 ++--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt   | 18 +++---
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt      |  8 +--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt    | 24 +++++++-
 7 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
index e8ab4f0ba..697939bdf 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferView.kt
@@ -148,4 +148,45 @@ public class PermutedBuffer<T>(
 /**
  * Created a permuted view of given buffer using provided [indices]
  */
-public fun <T> Buffer<T>.permute(indices: IntArray): PermutedBuffer<T> = PermutedBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun <T> Buffer<T>.permute(indices: IntArray): PermutedBuffer<T> =
+    PermutedBuffer(this, indices)
+
+/**
+ * A [BufferView] that overrides indexing of the original buffer
+ */
+public class PermutedMutableBuffer<T>(
+    override val origin: MutableBuffer<T>,
+    private val permutations: IntArray,
+) : BufferView<T>, MutableBuffer<T> {
+    init {
+        permutations.forEach { index ->
+            if (index !in origin.indices) {
+                throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $index is not in ${origin.indices}")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override val size: Int get() = permutations.size
+
+    override fun get(index: Int): T = origin[permutations[index]]
+
+    override fun set(index: Int, value: T) {
+        origin[permutations[index]] = value
+    }
+
+    override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<T> = PermutedMutableBuffer(origin.copy(), permutations)
+    //TODO Probably could be optimized
+
+    override fun iterator(): Iterator<T> = permutations.asSequence().map { origin[it] }.iterator()
+
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
+    override fun originIndex(index: Int): Int = if (index in permutations.indices) permutations[index] else -1
+
+    override fun toString(): String = Buffer.toString(this)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Created a permuted mutable view of given buffer using provided [indices]
+ */
+public fun <T> MutableBuffer<T>.permute(indices: IntArray): PermutedMutableBuffer<T> =
+    PermutedMutableBuffer(this, indices)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
index 05d2b0feb..470b6070b 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.toPrettyString
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
@@ -81,7 +82,9 @@ public inline fun OffsetDoubleBuffer.mapInPlace(operation: (Double) -> Double) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Default [BufferedTensor] implementation for [Double] values
+ * Default [BufferedTensor] implementation for [Double] values.
+ *
+ * [DoubleTensor] always uses row-based strides
  */
 public class DoubleTensor(
     shape: IntArray,
@@ -128,34 +131,37 @@ public value class DoubleTensor2D(public val tensor: DoubleTensor) : MutableStru
         }
 
 
-//    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
-//    override val columns: List<MutableBuffer<Double>> get() = List(colNum) { j ->
-//        object : MutableBuffer<Double>{
-//
-//            override fun get(index: Int): Double {
-//                tensor.source.get()
-//            }
-//
-//            override fun set(index: Int, value: Double) {
-//                TODO("Not yet implemented")
-//            }
-//
-//            override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Double> {
-//                TODO("Not yet implemented")
-//            }
-//
-//            override val size: Int
-//                get() = TODO("Not yet implemented")
-//
-//            override fun toString(): String {
-//                TODO("Not yet implemented")
-//            }
-//
-//        }
-//    }
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override val columns: List<PermutedMutableBuffer<Double>>
+        get() = List(colNum) { j ->
+            val indices = IntArray(rowNum) { i -> j + i * colNum }
+            tensor.source.permute(indices)
+        }
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = tensor.elements()
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = tensor[index]
     override val shape: Shape get() = tensor.shape
 }
+
+public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleTensor2D(): DoubleTensor2D = DoubleTensor2D(this)
+
+public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleBuffer(): OffsetDoubleBuffer = if(shape.size == 1){
+    source
+} else {
+    error("Only 1D tensors could be cast to 1D" )
+}
+
+public inline fun DoubleTensor.forEachMatrix(block: (index: IntArray, matrix: DoubleTensor2D) -> Unit) {
+    val n = shape.size
+    check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
+    val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
+    val matrixShape = intArrayOf(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+
+    val size = Strides.linearSizeOf(matrixShape)
+    for (i in 0 until linearSize / matrixOffset) {
+        val offset = i * matrixOffset
+        val index = indices.index(offset).sliceArray(0 until (shape.size - 2))
+        block(index, DoubleTensor(matrixShape, source.view(offset, size)).asDoubleTensor2D())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 4c65373d8..71e55a3b9 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -496,7 +496,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
      */
     public fun randomNormal(shape: IntArray, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
-        DoubleTensor(shape, getRandomNormals(shape.reduce(Int::times), seed))
+        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.reduce(Int::times), seed))
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor with the same shape as `input` of random numbers drawn from normal distributions
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
      */
     public fun Tensor<Double>.randomNormalLike(seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
-        DoubleTensor(shape, getRandomNormals(shape.reduce(Int::times), seed))
+        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.reduce(Int::times), seed))
 
     /**
      * Concatenates a sequence of tensors with equal shapes along the first dimension.
@@ -781,7 +781,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         pTensor
             .matrixSequence()
             .zip(pivotsTensor.asIntTensor().vectorSequence())
-            .forEach { (p, pivot) -> pivInit(p.as2D(), pivot.as1D(), n) }
+            .forEach { (p, pivot) -> pivInit(p.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivot.as1D(), n) }
 
         val lTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
         val uTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
@@ -791,7 +791,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
             .zip(luTensor.asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence())
             .forEach { (pairLU, lu) ->
                 val (l, u) = pairLU
-                luPivotHelper(l.as2D(), u.as2D(), lu.as2D(), n)
+                luPivotHelper(l.asDoubleTensor2D(), u.asDoubleTensor2D(), lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), n)
             }
 
         return Triple(pTensor, lTensor, uTensor)
@@ -818,7 +818,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val lTensor = zeroesLike(this)
 
         for ((a, l) in asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence().zip(lTensor.matrixSequence()))
-            for (i in 0 until n) choleskyHelper(a.as2D(), l.as2D(), n)
+            for (i in 0 until n) choleskyHelper(a.asDoubleTensor2D(), l.asDoubleTensor2D(), n)
 
         return lTensor
     }
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
                     .zip(rTensor.matrixSequence()))
             ).forEach { (matrix, qr) ->
                 val (q, r) = qr
-                qrHelper(matrix, q, r.as2D())
+                qrHelper(matrix, q, r.asDoubleTensor2D())
             }
 
         return qTensor to rTensor
@@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + intArrayOf(min(n, m)))
         val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + intArrayOf(min(n, m), m))
 
-        val matrices: VirtualBuffer<DoubleTensor> = asDoubleTensor().matrices
+        val matrices = asDoubleTensor().matrices
         val uTensors = uTensor.matrices
         val sTensorVectors = sTensor.vectors
         val vTensors = vTensor.matrices
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val utv = u.transposed() matmul v
         val n = s.shape.last()
         for (matrix in utv.matrixSequence()) {
-            matrix.as2D().cleanSym(n)
+            matrix.asDoubleTensor2D().cleanSym(n)
         }
 
         val eig = (utv dot s.view(shp)).view(s.shape)
@@ -940,7 +940,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         var eigenvalueStart = 0
         var eigenvectorStart = 0
         for (matrix in asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence()) {
-            val matrix2D = matrix.as2D()
+            val matrix2D = matrix.asDoubleTensor2D()
             val (d, v) = matrix2D.jacobiHelper(maxIteration, epsilon)
 
             for (i in 0 until matrix2D.rowNum) {
@@ -986,8 +986,8 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         )
 
         luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()).forEachIndexed { index, (lu, pivots) ->
-            resBuffer[index] = if (luHelper(lu.as2D(), pivots.as1D(), epsilon))
-                0.0 else luMatrixDet(lu.as2D(), pivots.as1D())
+            resBuffer[index] = if (luHelper(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), epsilon))
+                0.0 else luMatrixDet(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D())
         }
 
         return detTensor
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val seq = luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()).zip(invTensor.matrixSequence())
         for ((luP, invMatrix) in seq) {
             val (lu, pivots) = luP
-            luMatrixInv(lu.as2D(), pivots.as1D(), invMatrix.as2D())
+            luMatrixInv(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), invMatrix.asDoubleTensor2D())
         }
 
         return invTensor
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
index daf6f5a07..22047e458 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides.Companion.linearSizeOf
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.eye
@@ -155,13 +153,13 @@ internal fun List<OffsetDoubleBuffer>.concat(): DoubleBuffer {
     return array.asBuffer()
 }
 
-internal val DoubleTensor.vectors: VirtualBuffer<DoubleTensor>
+internal val DoubleTensor.vectors: List<DoubleTensor>
     get() {
         val n = shape.size
         val vectorOffset = shape[n - 1]
         val vectorShape = intArrayOf(shape.last())
 
-        return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
+        return List(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * vectorOffset
             DoubleTensor(vectorShape, source.view(offset, vectorShape.first()))
         }
@@ -171,7 +169,7 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.vectors: VirtualBuffer<DoubleTensor>
 internal fun DoubleTensor.vectorSequence(): Sequence<DoubleTensor> = vectors.asSequence()
 
 
-internal val DoubleTensor.matrices: VirtualBuffer<DoubleTensor>
+internal val DoubleTensor.matrices: List<DoubleTensor>
     get() {
         val n = shape.size
         check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
@@ -180,7 +178,7 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.matrices: VirtualBuffer<DoubleTensor>
 
         val size = linearSizeOf(matrixShape)
 
-        return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / matrixOffset) { index ->
+        return List(linearSize / matrixOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * matrixOffset
             DoubleTensor(matrixShape, source.view(offset, size))
         }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
index 9047ba29e..cc699e1bb 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure1D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
@@ -109,7 +113,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.computeLU(
     val pivotsTensor = tensor.setUpPivots()
 
     for ((lu, pivots) in luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()))
-        if (luHelper(lu.as2D(), pivots.as1D(), epsilon))
+        if (luHelper(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), epsilon))
             return null
 
     return Pair(luTensor, pivotsTensor)
@@ -210,18 +214,18 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.qrHelper(
 ) {
     checkSquareMatrix(matrix.shape)
     val n = matrix.shape[0]
-    val qM = q.as2D()
+    val qM = q.asDoubleTensor2D()
     val matrixT = matrix.transposed(0, 1)
     val qT = q.transposed(0, 1)
 
     for (j in 0 until n) {
         val v = matrixT.getTensor(j)
-        val vv = v.as1D()
+        val vv = v.asDoubleBuffer()
         if (j > 0) {
             for (i in 0 until j) {
                 r[i, j] = (qT.getTensor(i) dot matrixT.getTensor(j)).value()
                 for (k in 0 until n) {
-                    val qTi = qT.getTensor(i).as1D()
+                    val qTi = qT.getTensor(i).asDoubleBuffer()
                     vv[k] = vv[k] - r[i, j] * qTi[k]
                 }
             }
@@ -239,10 +243,10 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svd1d(a: DoubleTensor, epsilon: Double = 1e-10)
     val b: DoubleTensor
     if (n > m) {
         b = a.transposed(0, 1).dot(a)
-        v = DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(m), getRandomUnitVector(m, 0))
+        v = DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(m), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(m, 0))
     } else {
         b = a.dot(a.transposed(0, 1))
-        v = DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(n), getRandomUnitVector(n, 0))
+        v = DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(n), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(n, 0))
     }
 
     var lastV: DoubleTensor
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index cba81f56b..c5ba98811 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BufferedTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import kotlin.math.*
 
-internal fun getRandomNormals(n: Int, seed: Long): DoubleBuffer {
+internal fun DoubleBuffer.Companion.randomNormals(n: Int, seed: Long): DoubleBuffer {
     val distribution = GaussianSampler(0.0, 1.0)
     val generator = RandomGenerator.default(seed)
     return distribution.sample(generator).nextBufferBlocking(n)
 }
 
-internal fun getRandomUnitVector(n: Int, seed: Long): DoubleBuffer {
-    val unnorm: DoubleBuffer = getRandomNormals(n, seed)
+internal fun DoubleBuffer.Companion.randomUnitVector(n: Int, seed: Long): DoubleBuffer {
+    val unnorm: DoubleBuffer = randomNormals(n, seed)
     val norm = sqrt(unnorm.array.sumOf { it * it })
     return unnorm.map { it / norm }
 }
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ internal fun format(value: Double, digits: Int = 4): String = buildString {
 }
 
 @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
-internal fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
+public fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
     var offset = 0
     val shape = this@toPrettyString.shape
     val linearStructure = this@toPrettyString.indices
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
index 5261fab8c..505031b67 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.toDoubleArray
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.matrixSequence
+import space.kscience.kmath.testutils.assertBufferEquals
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
     @Test
     fun testGet() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
-        val matrix = tensor.getTensor(0).as2D()
+        val matrix = tensor.getTensor(0).asDoubleTensor2D()
         assertEquals(matrix[0, 1], 5.8)
 
         val vector = tensor.getTensor(0, 1).as1D()
@@ -52,8 +53,8 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
         tensor.matrixSequence().forEach {
             val a = it.asDoubleTensor()
-            val secondRow = a.getTensor(1).as1D()
-            val secondColumn = a.transposed(0, 1).getTensor(1).as1D()
+            val secondRow = a.getTensor(1).asDoubleBuffer()
+            val secondColumn = a.transposed(0, 1).getTensor(1).asDoubleBuffer()
             assertEquals(secondColumn[0], 77.89)
             assertEquals(secondRow[1], secondColumn[1])
         }
@@ -86,6 +87,23 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
         tensorArray[intArrayOf(0)] = 55.9
         assertEquals(ndArray[intArrayOf(0)], 1.0)
+    }
 
+    @Test
+    fun test2D() = with(DoubleTensorAlgebra) {
+        val tensor: DoubleTensor = structureND(intArrayOf(3, 3)) { (i, j) -> (i - j).toDouble() }
+        //println(tensor.toPrettyString())
+        val tensor2d = tensor.asDoubleTensor2D()
+        assertBufferEquals(DoubleBuffer(1.0, 0.0, -1.0), tensor2d.rows[1])
+        assertBufferEquals(DoubleBuffer(-2.0, -1.0, 0.0), tensor2d.columns[2])
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testMatrixIteration() = with(DoubleTensorAlgebra) {
+        val tensor = structureND(intArrayOf(3, 3, 3, 3)) { index -> index.sum().toDouble() }
+        tensor.forEachMatrix { index, matrix ->
+            println(index.joinToString { it.toString() })
+            println(matrix)
+        }
     }
 }

From b0abcf2d0c0d468f927dffe277e525e7cf678847 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 12:47:57 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 12/72] Safe shapes

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   1 +
 .../kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt      |  11 +-
 build.gradle.kts                              |  14 +-
 .../kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt   |   5 +-
 .../structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt      |   5 +-
 .../structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt     |  12 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt      |  16 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt       |   9 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt     |   5 +-
 .../tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt     |   7 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt   |  12 +-
 gradle.properties                             |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt  |   6 +-
 .../kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt       |   6 +-
 .../kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt         |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt    |   4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/misc/annotations.kt  |  13 ++
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt      |  15 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt       |  74 ++++----
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt  |  17 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt  |  50 ++++++
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt   |  83 ++++++++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt   |  17 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt    |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt    |  15 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt    |   7 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt    |  19 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt   |   3 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt   |   4 +
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/primitiveStructureND.kt |  45 +++++
 .../kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt      |   7 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt    |   4 +-
 .../kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt     |   2 +-
 .../kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt       |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt     |   3 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixTest.kt     |   3 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt   |   3 +
 .../histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt      |  18 +-
 .../histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt    |   2 +
 .../kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt     |   4 +-
 .../kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt       |  39 +++--
 .../kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt     |   5 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt   |  30 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt |  27 ++-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt  |  22 +--
 .../kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructureTest.kt      |   3 +-
 .../tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt     |   2 +
 .../kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt     |  20 ++-
 .../kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt   |   5 +-
 .../tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt     |  14 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt        |   9 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt      |   3 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt        |  30 ++--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt | 162 ++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt  |   8 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt    | 101 ++++++-----
 .../tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt   |  27 +--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt     |  21 ++-
 .../core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt      |  15 +-
 .../tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt |   7 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt   |  13 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt      |   4 +-
 .../tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt   |   4 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt     |  12 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt    |  64 +++----
 .../core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt   |  21 +--
 .../core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt        |  38 ++--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt    |  12 +-
 .../tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt   |  84 ++++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt |  31 ++--
 .../kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt         |   5 +-
 72 files changed, 860 insertions(+), 517 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/primitiveStructureND.kt

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index feb925436..eea1dd3ea 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 - Algebra now has an obligatory `bufferFactory` (#477).
 
 ### Changed
+- Shape is read-only
 - Major refactor of tensors (only minor API changes)
 - Kotlin 1.7.20
 - `LazyStructure` `deffered` -> `async` to comply with coroutines code style
diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt
index 141d0433b..75c1a3ee3 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt
@@ -13,10 +13,8 @@ import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.api.Multik
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.api.ones
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.ndarray.data.DN
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.ndarray.data.DataType
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferedFieldOpsND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ndAlgebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.one
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd4j.nd4j
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
@@ -69,9 +67,10 @@ internal class NDFieldBenchmark {
         blackhole.consume(res)
     }
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     @Benchmark
     fun multikInPlaceAdd(blackhole: Blackhole) = with(multikAlgebra) {
-        val res = Multik.ones<Double, DN>(shape, DataType.DoubleDataType).wrap()
+        val res = Multik.ones<Double, DN>(shape.asArray(), DataType.DoubleDataType).wrap()
         repeat(n) { res += 1.0 }
         blackhole.consume(res)
     }
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ internal class NDFieldBenchmark {
     private companion object {
         private const val dim = 1000
         private const val n = 100
-        private val shape = intArrayOf(dim, dim)
+        private val shape = Shape(dim, dim)
         private val specializedField = DoubleField.ndAlgebra
         private val genericField = BufferedFieldOpsND(DoubleField)
         private val nd4jField = DoubleField.nd4j
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index 120b0f35d..c7e2e5892 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import space.kscience.gradle.isInDevelopment
 import space.kscience.gradle.useApache2Licence
 import space.kscience.gradle.useSPCTeam
 
@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-4"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-5"
 }
 
 subprojects {
@@ -78,11 +77,12 @@ ksciencePublish {
     }
     github("kmath", "SciProgCentre")
     space(
-        if (isInDevelopment) {
-            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/mipt-npm/p/sci/dev"
-        } else {
-            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/mipt-npm/p/sci/release"
-        }
+        "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/maven"
+//        if (isInDevelopment) {
+//            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/dev"
+//        } else {
+//            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/release"
+//        }
     )
     sonatype()
 }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
index f97e98973..dd1516fcd 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import java.util.stream.IntStream
  * A demonstration implementation of NDField over Real using Java [java.util.stream.DoubleStream] for parallel
  * execution.
  */
-class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: IntArray) : FieldND<Double, DoubleField>,
+class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) : FieldND<Double, DoubleField>,
     NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Double>>,
     ExtendedField<StructureND<Double>> {
 
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: IntArray) : FieldND<Double, Double
         return structureND(shape) { d }
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     private val StructureND<Double>.buffer: DoubleBuffer
         get() = when {
             !shape.contentEquals(this@StreamDoubleFieldND.shape) -> throw ShapeMismatchException(
@@ -110,4 +111,4 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: IntArray) : FieldND<Double, Double
     override fun atanh(arg: StructureND<Double>): BufferND<Double> = arg.map { atanh(it) }
 }
 
-fun DoubleField.ndStreaming(vararg shape: Int): StreamDoubleFieldND = StreamDoubleFieldND(shape)
+fun DoubleField.ndStreaming(vararg shape: Int): StreamDoubleFieldND = StreamDoubleFieldND(Shape(shape))
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
index ae7693f03..ec05f38d0 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
@@ -5,16 +5,19 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
 @Suppress("ASSIGNED_BUT_NEVER_ACCESSED_VARIABLE")
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
     val buffer = DoubleBuffer(array)
-    val strides = ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(n, n))
+    val strides = ColumnStrides(Shape(n, n))
     val structure = BufferND(strides, buffer)
 
     measureTimeMillis {
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
index ce5301a7b..081bfa5c0 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
@@ -5,16 +5,20 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.mapToBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
 import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
+private inline fun <T, reified R: Any> BufferND<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): BufferND<R> = BufferND(indices, buffer.map(block))
+
 @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
-    val structure = StructureND.buffered(intArrayOf(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
-    structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 } // warm-up
-    val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.mapToBuffer { it + 1 } }
+    val structure = StructureND.buffered(Shape(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
+    structure.map { it + 1 } // warm-up
+    val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.map { it + 1 } }
     println("Structure mapping finished in $time1 millis")
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
index d0b24de70..32d4176c1 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
@@ -23,10 +25,10 @@ fun main() {
     DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         // take coefficient vector from normal distribution
         val alpha = randomNormal(
-            intArrayOf(5),
+            Shape(5),
             randSeed
         ) + fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(5),
+            Shape(5),
             doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.5, 3.4, 5.0, 10.1)
         )
 
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ fun main() {
 
         // also take sample of size 20 from normal distribution for x
         val x = randomNormal(
-            intArrayOf(20, 5),
+            Shape(20, 5),
             randSeed
         )
 
@@ -50,11 +52,13 @@ fun main() {
 
 
         // inverse Sigma matrix can be restored from singular values with diagonalEmbedding function
-        val sigma = diagonalEmbedding(singValues.map{ if (abs(it) < 1e-3) 0.0 else 1.0/it })
+        val sigma = diagonalEmbedding(singValues.map { if (abs(it) < 1e-3) 0.0 else 1.0 / it })
 
         val alphaOLS = v dot sigma dot u.transposed() dot y
-        println("Estimated alpha:\n" +
-                "$alphaOLS")
+        println(
+            "Estimated alpha:\n" +
+                    "$alphaOLS"
+        )
 
         // figure out MSE of approximation
         fun mse(yTrue: DoubleTensor, yPred: DoubleTensor): Double {
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
index 1768be283..2022b6472 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
 
     // assume x is range from 0 until 10
     val x = fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(10),
+        Shape(10),
         DoubleArray(10) { it.toDouble() }
     )
 
@@ -41,13 +42,13 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
 
     // save means ans standard deviations for further recovery
     val mean = fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(2),
+        Shape(2),
         doubleArrayOf(xMean, yMean)
     )
     println("Means:\n$mean")
 
     val std = fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(2),
+        Shape(2),
         doubleArrayOf(xStd, yStd)
     )
     println("Standard deviations:\n$std")
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
     // we can restore original data from reduced data;
     // for example, find 7th element of dataset.
     val n = 7
-    val restored = (datasetReduced.getTensor(n) dot v.view(intArrayOf(1, 2))) * std + mean
+    val restored = (datasetReduced.getTensor(n) dot v.view(Shape(1, 2))) * std + mean
     println("Original value:\n${dataset.getTensor(n)}")
     println("Restored value:\n$restored")
 }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
index 6d72fd623..248266edb 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
@@ -13,10 +14,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
 fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with broadcast methods
     // take dataset of 5-element vectors from normal distribution
-    val dataset = randomNormal(intArrayOf(100, 5)) * 1.5 // all elements from N(0, 1.5)
+    val dataset = randomNormal(Shape(100, 5)) * 1.5 // all elements from N(0, 1.5)
 
     dataset += fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(5),
+        Shape(5),
         doubleArrayOf(0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0) // row means
     )
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
index 64cc138d7..3eab64429 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
@@ -15,13 +16,13 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {// work in context with linear
 
     // set true value of x
     val trueX = fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(4),
+        Shape(4),
         doubleArrayOf(-2.0, 1.5, 6.8, -2.4)
     )
 
     // and A matrix
     val a = fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(4, 4),
+        Shape(4, 4),
         doubleArrayOf(
             0.5, 10.5, 4.5, 1.0,
             8.5, 0.9, 12.8, 0.1,
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {// work in context with linear
     // this function returns solution x of a system lx = b, l should be lower triangular
     fun solveLT(l: DoubleTensor, b: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor {
         val n = l.shape[0]
-        val x = zeros(intArrayOf(n))
+        val x = zeros(Shape(n))
         for (i in 0 until n) {
             x[intArrayOf(i)] = (b[intArrayOf(i)] - l.getTensor(i).dot(x).value()) / l[intArrayOf(i, i)]
         }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
index 84d6dcd22..1e4e339dc 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra
@@ -68,12 +70,12 @@ class Dense(
 
     private val weights: DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         randomNormal(
-            intArrayOf(inputUnits, outputUnits),
+            Shape(inputUnits, outputUnits),
             seed
         ) * sqrt(2.0 / (inputUnits + outputUnits))
     }
 
-    private val bias: DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra { zeros(intArrayOf(outputUnits)) }
+    private val bias: DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra { zeros(Shape(outputUnits)) }
 
     override fun forward(input: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra {
         (input dot weights) + bias
@@ -182,17 +184,17 @@ fun main() = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra {
     //val testSize = sampleSize - trainSize
 
     // take sample of features from normal distribution
-    val x = randomNormal(intArrayOf(sampleSize, features), seed) * 2.5
+    val x = randomNormal(Shape(sampleSize, features), seed) * 2.5
 
     x += fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(5),
+        Shape(5),
         doubleArrayOf(0.0, -1.0, -2.5, -3.0, 5.5) // row means
     )
 
 
     // define class like '1' if the sum of features > 0 and '0' otherwise
     val y = fromArray(
-        intArrayOf(sampleSize, 1),
+        Shape(sampleSize, 1),
         DoubleArray(sampleSize) { i ->
             if (x.getTensor(i).sum() > 0.0) {
                 1.0
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 0d1506980..216ebf74a 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
 # Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
 #
 kotlin.code.style=official
-kotlin.jupyter.add.scanner=false
 kotlin.mpp.stability.nowarn=true
 kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 kotlin.incremental.js.ir=true
 
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
-org.gradle.parallel=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.13.0-kotlin-1.7.20-Beta
+toolsVersion=0.13.1-kotlin-1.7.20
diff --git a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt
index 42914ed5b..cbc69ca6e 100644
--- a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt
+++ b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.complex
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
 public sealed class ComplexFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Complex, ComplexField>(ComplexField.bufferAlgebra),
     ScaleOperations<StructureND<Complex>>, ExtendedFieldOps<StructureND<Complex>>, PowerOperations<StructureND<Complex>> {
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun StructureND<Complex>.toBufferND(): BufferND<Complex> = when (this) {
         is BufferND -> this
         else -> {
@@ -69,12 +71,12 @@ public class ComplexFieldND(override val shape: Shape) :
 
 public val ComplexField.ndAlgebra: ComplexFieldOpsND get() = ComplexFieldOpsND
 
-public fun ComplexField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): ComplexFieldND = ComplexFieldND(shape)
+public fun ComplexField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): ComplexFieldND = ComplexFieldND(Shape(shape))
 
 /**
  * Produce a context for n-dimensional operations inside this real field
  */
 public inline fun <R> ComplexField.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: ComplexFieldND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ComplexFieldND(shape).action()
+    return ComplexFieldND(Shape(shape)).action()
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
index 361d59be1..52f04d76a 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferedRingOpsND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.asND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ public class BufferedLinearSpace<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
     private val ndAlgebra = BufferedRingOpsND(bufferAlgebra)
 
     override fun buildMatrix(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: A.(i: Int, j: Int) -> T): Matrix<T> =
-        ndAlgebra.structureND(intArrayOf(rows, columns)) { (i, j) -> elementAlgebra.initializer(i, j) }.as2D()
+        ndAlgebra.structureND(Shape(rows, columns)) { (i, j) -> elementAlgebra.initializer(i, j) }.as2D()
 
     override fun buildVector(size: Int, initializer: A.(Int) -> T): Point<T> =
         bufferAlgebra.buffer(size) { elementAlgebra.initializer(it) }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt
index e2f81d84e..47ab5bece 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DoubleFieldOpsND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.asND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ public object DoubleLinearSpace : LinearSpace<Double, DoubleField> {
         rows: Int,
         columns: Int,
         initializer: DoubleField.(i: Int, j: Int) -> Double
-    ): Matrix<Double> = DoubleFieldOpsND.structureND(intArrayOf(rows, columns)) { (i, j) ->
+    ): Matrix<Double> = DoubleFieldOpsND.structureND(Shape(rows, columns)) { (i, j) ->
         DoubleField.initializer(i, j)
     }.as2D()
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
index eb5e20856..b7ed6e867 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+
 /**
  * The matrix where each element is evaluated each time when is being accessed.
  *
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ public class VirtualMatrix<out T : Any>(
     public val generator: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T,
 ) : Matrix<T> {
 
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(rowNum, colNum)
 
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = generator(i, j)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/annotations.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/annotations.kt
index f7b486850..7da333a45 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/annotations.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/annotations.kt
@@ -29,3 +29,16 @@ public annotation class UnstableKMathAPI
 public annotation class PerformancePitfall(
     val message: String = "Potential performance problem",
 )
+
+/**
+ * Marks API that is public, but should not be used without clear understanding what it does.
+ */
+@MustBeDocumented
+@Retention(value = AnnotationRetention.BINARY)
+@RequiresOptIn(
+    "This API is unsafe and should be used carefully",
+    RequiresOptIn.Level.ERROR,
+)
+public annotation class UnsafeKMathAPI(
+    val message: String = "Unsafe API",
+)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
index 4025ba548..597fc7d97 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 
 public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
-    public val indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer
+    public val indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer
     public val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>
     override val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
 
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
         )
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     public fun StructureND<T>.toBufferND(): BufferND<T> = when (this) {
         is BufferND -> this
         else -> {
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
         zipInline(left.toBufferND(), right.toBufferND(), transform)
 
     public companion object {
-        public val defaultIndexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = ::Strides
+        public val defaultIndexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = ::Strides
     }
 }
 
@@ -98,24 +99,24 @@ internal inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.zipInline(
 @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public open class BufferedGroupNDOps<T, out A : Group<T>>(
     override val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    override val indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    override val indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : GroupOpsND<T, A>, BufferAlgebraND<T, A> {
     override fun StructureND<T>.unaryMinus(): StructureND<T> = map { -it }
 }
 
 public open class BufferedRingOpsND<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
     bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : BufferedGroupNDOps<T, A>(bufferAlgebra, indexerBuilder), RingOpsND<T, A>
 
 public open class BufferedFieldOpsND<T, out A : Field<T>>(
     bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : BufferedRingOpsND<T, A>(bufferAlgebra, indexerBuilder), FieldOpsND<T, A> {
 
     public constructor(
         elementAlgebra: A,
-        indexerBuilder: (IntArray) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+        indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
     ) : this(BufferFieldOps(elementAlgebra), indexerBuilder)
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ public val <T, A : Field<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.nd: BufferedFieldOpsND<T, A> ge
 public fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.structureND(
     vararg shape: Int,
     initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T,
-): BufferND<T> = structureND(shape, initializer)
+): BufferND<T> = structureND(Shape(shape), initializer)
 
 public fun <T, EA : Algebra<T>, A> A.structureND(
     initializer: EA.(IntArray) -> T,
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
index 7efc785fb..644b62ebe 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,9 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 
 /**
  * Represents [StructureND] over [Buffer].
@@ -22,32 +21,33 @@ public open class BufferND<out T>(
     public open val buffer: Buffer<T>,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = buffer[indices.offset(index)]
 
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = indices.shape
+    override val shape: Shape get() = indices.shape
 
     override fun toString(): String = StructureND.toString(this)
 }
 
-/**
- * Transform structure to a new structure using provided [BufferFactory] and optimizing if argument is [BufferND]
- */
-public inline fun <T, R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
-    factory: BufferFactory<R>,
-    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
-): BufferND<R> = if (this is BufferND<T>)
-    BufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
-else {
-    val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
-    BufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
-}
-
-/**
- * Transform structure to a new structure using inferred [BufferFactory]
- */
-public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
-    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
-): BufferND<R> = mapToBuffer(Buffer.Companion::auto, transform)
+///**
+// * Transform structure to a new structure using provided [BufferFactory] and optimizing if argument is [BufferND]
+// */
+//public inline fun <T, R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
+//    factory: BufferFactory<R>,
+//    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
+//): BufferND<R> = if (this is BufferND<T>)
+//    BufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
+//else {
+//    val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
+//    BufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
+//}
+//
+///**
+// * Transform structure to a new structure using inferred [BufferFactory]
+// */
+//public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> StructureND<T>.mapToBuffer(
+//    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
+//): BufferND<R> = mapToBuffer(Buffer.Companion::auto, transform)
 
 /**
  * Represents [MutableStructureND] over [MutableBuffer].
@@ -60,22 +60,24 @@ public open class MutableBufferND<T>(
     strides: ShapeIndexer,
     override val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>,
 ) : MutableStructureND<T>, BufferND<T>(strides, buffer) {
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
         buffer[indices.offset(index)] = value
     }
 }
 
-/**
- * Transform structure to a new structure using provided [MutableBufferFactory] and optimizing if argument is [MutableBufferND]
- */
-public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> MutableStructureND<T>.mapToMutableBuffer(
-    factory: MutableBufferFactory<R> = MutableBufferFactory(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto),
-    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
-): MutableBufferND<R> {
-    return if (this is MutableBufferND<T>)
-        MutableBufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
-    else {
-        val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
-        MutableBufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+///**
+// * Transform structure to a new structure using provided [MutableBufferFactory] and optimizing if argument is [MutableBufferND]
+// */
+//public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> MutableStructureND<T>.mapToMutableBuffer(
+//    factory: MutableBufferFactory<R> = MutableBufferFactory(MutableBuffer.Companion::auto),
+//    crossinline transform: (T) -> R,
+//): MutableBufferND<R> {
+//    return if (this is MutableBufferND<T>)
+//        MutableBufferND(this.indices, factory.invoke(indices.linearSize) { transform(buffer[it]) })
+//    else {
+//        val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
+//        MutableBufferND(strides, factory.invoke(strides.linearSize) { transform(get(strides.index(it))) })
+//    }
+//}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
index aab137321..182ce38d6 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -14,15 +14,25 @@ import kotlin.contracts.contract
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.math.pow as kpow
 
+/**
+ * A simple mutable [StructureND] of doubles
+ */
 public class DoubleBufferND(
     indexes: ShapeIndexer,
     override val buffer: DoubleBuffer,
-) : MutableBufferND<Double>(indexes, buffer)
+) : MutableBufferND<Double>(indexes, buffer), MutableStructureNDOfDouble{
+    override fun getDouble(index: IntArray): Double = buffer[indices.offset(index)]
+
+    override fun setDouble(index: IntArray, value: Double) {
+        buffer[indices.offset(index)] = value
+    }
+}
 
 
 public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(DoubleField.bufferAlgebra),
     ScaleOperations<StructureND<Double>>, ExtendedFieldOps<StructureND<Double>> {
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun StructureND<Double>.toBufferND(): DoubleBufferND = when (this) {
         is DoubleBufferND -> this
         else -> {
@@ -221,7 +231,8 @@ public class DoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) :
 
 public val DoubleField.ndAlgebra: DoubleFieldOpsND get() = DoubleFieldOpsND
 
-public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(shape)
+public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(Shape(shape))
+public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(shape: Shape): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(shape)
 
 /**
  * Produce a context for n-dimensional operations inside this real field
@@ -229,5 +240,5 @@ public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): DoubleFieldND = DoubleField
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public inline fun <R> DoubleField.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: DoubleFieldND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return DoubleFieldND(shape).run(action)
+    return DoubleFieldND(Shape(shape)).run(action)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt
index ac01239a9..697e351d2 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ public class IntRingND(
 
 public inline fun <R> IntRing.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: IntRingND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return IntRingND(shape).run(action)
+    return IntRingND(Shape(shape)).run(action)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0efc7beb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.nd
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+
+
+public class PermutedStructureND<T>(
+    public val origin: StructureND<T>,
+    public val permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
+) : StructureND<T> {
+
+    override val shape: Shape
+        get() = origin.shape
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): T {
+        return origin[permutation(index)]
+    }
+}
+
+public fun <T> StructureND<T>.permute(
+    permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
+): PermutedStructureND<T> = PermutedStructureND(this, permutation)
+
+public class PermutedMutableStructureND<T>(
+    public val origin: MutableStructureND<T>,
+    override val shape: Shape = origin.shape,
+    public val permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
+) : MutableStructureND<T> {
+
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
+        origin[permutation(index)] = value
+    }
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): T {
+        return origin[permutation(index)]
+    }
+}
+
+public fun <T> MutableStructureND<T>.permute(
+    newShape: Shape = shape,
+    permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
+): PermutedMutableStructureND<T> = PermutedMutableStructureND(this, newShape, permutation)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
index fc0b4b6ea..8dd17ab32 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
@@ -5,21 +5,88 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
+import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
+
+/**
+ * A read-only ND shape
+ */
+@JvmInline
+public value class Shape(@PublishedApi internal val array: IntArray) {
+    public val size: Int get() = array.size
+    public operator fun get(index: Int): Int = array[index]
+    override fun toString(): String = array.contentToString()
+}
+
+public inline fun Shape.forEach(block: (value: Int) -> Unit): Unit = array.forEach(block)
+
+public inline fun Shape.forEachIndexed(block: (index: Int, value: Int) -> Unit): Unit = array.forEachIndexed(block)
+
+public infix fun Shape.contentEquals(other: Shape): Boolean = array.contentEquals(other.array)
+
+public fun Shape.contentHashCode(): Int = array.contentHashCode()
+
+public val Shape.indices: IntRange get() = array.indices
+public val Shape.linearSize: Int get() = array.reduce(Int::times)
+
+public fun Shape.slice(range: IntRange): Shape = Shape(array.sliceArray(range))
+
+public fun Shape.last(): Int = array.last()
+
+/**
+ * A shape including last [n] dimensions of this shape
+ */
+public fun Shape.last(n: Int): Shape = Shape(array.copyOfRange(size - n, size))
+
+public fun Shape.first(): Int = array.first()
+
+/**
+ * A shape including first [n] dimensions of this shape
+ */
+public fun Shape.first(n: Int): Shape = Shape(array.copyOfRange(0, n))
+
+public operator fun Shape.plus(add: IntArray): Shape = Shape(array + add)
+
+public operator fun Shape.plus(add: Shape): Shape = Shape(array + add.array)
+
+public fun Shape.isEmpty(): Boolean = size == 0
+public fun Shape.isNotEmpty(): Boolean = size > 0
+
+public fun Shape.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Shape = Shape(array.copyOf().apply {
+    val ith = get(i)
+    val jth = get(j)
+    set(i, jth)
+    set(j, ith)
+})
+
+public operator fun Shape.component1(): Int = get(0)
+public operator fun Shape.component2(): Int = get(1)
+public operator fun Shape.component3(): Int = get(2)
+
+/**
+ * Convert to array with protective copy
+ */
+public fun Shape.toArray(): IntArray = array.copyOf()
+
+@UnsafeKMathAPI
+public fun Shape.asArray(): IntArray = array
+
+public fun Shape.asList(): List<Int> = array.asList()
+
+
 /**
  * An exception is thrown when the expected and actual shape of NDArray differ.
  *
  * @property expected the expected shape.
  * @property actual the actual shape.
  */
-public class ShapeMismatchException(public val expected: IntArray, public val actual: IntArray) :
-    RuntimeException("Shape ${actual.contentToString()} doesn't fit in expected shape ${expected.contentToString()}.")
+public class ShapeMismatchException(public val expected: Shape, public val actual: Shape) :
+    RuntimeException("Shape $actual doesn't fit in expected shape ${expected}.")
 
 public class IndexOutOfShapeException(public val shape: Shape, public val index: IntArray) :
-    RuntimeException("Index ${index.contentToString()} is out of shape ${shape.contentToString()}")
+    RuntimeException("Index ${index.contentToString()} is out of shape ${shape}")
 
-public typealias Shape = IntArray
-
-public fun Shape(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): Shape = intArrayOf(shapeFirst, *shapeRest)
+public fun Shape(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): Shape = Shape(intArrayOf(shapeFirst, *shapeRest))
 
 public interface WithShape {
     public val shape: Shape
@@ -28,8 +95,8 @@ public interface WithShape {
 }
 
 internal fun requireIndexInShape(index: IntArray, shape: Shape) {
-    if (index.size != shape.size) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(index, shape)
+    if (index.size != shape.size) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(shape, index)
     shape.forEachIndexed { axis, axisShape ->
-        if (index[axis] !in 0 until axisShape) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(index, shape)
+        if (index[axis] !in 0 until axisShape) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(shape, index)
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
index 4b31e3fc5..d2ea302fd 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ public abstract class Strides : ShapeIndexer {
     /**
      * Array strides
      */
-    public abstract val strides: IntArray
+    internal abstract val strides: IntArray
 
     public override fun offset(index: IntArray): Int = index.mapIndexed { i, value ->
-        if (value < 0 || value >= shape[i]) throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $value out of shape bounds: (0,${this.shape[i]})")
+        if (value !in 0 until shape[i]) throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $value out of shape bounds: (0, ${this.shape[i]})")
         value * strides[i]
     }.sum()
 
@@ -63,15 +63,12 @@ public abstract class Strides : ShapeIndexer {
      */
     public override fun asSequence(): Sequence<IntArray> = (0 until linearSize).asSequence().map(::index)
 
-    public companion object{
-        public fun linearSizeOf(shape: IntArray): Int = shape.reduce(Int::times)
-    }
 }
 
 /**
  * Column-first [Strides]. Columns are represented as continuous arrays
  */
-public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
+public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: Shape) : Strides() {
     override val linearSize: Int get() = strides[shape.size]
 
     /**
@@ -121,7 +118,7 @@ public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
  *
  * @param shape the shape of the tensor.
  */
-public class RowStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
+public class RowStrides(override val shape: Shape) : Strides() {
 
     override val strides: IntArray by lazy {
         val nDim = shape.size
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ public class RowStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
         return res
     }
 
-    override val linearSize: Int get() = linearSizeOf(shape)
+    override val linearSize: Int get() = shape.linearSize
 
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (this === other) return true
@@ -166,9 +163,9 @@ public class RowStrides(override val shape: IntArray) : Strides() {
 }
 
 @ThreadLocal
-private val defaultStridesCache = HashMap<IntArray, Strides>()
+private val defaultStridesCache = HashMap<Shape, Strides>()
 
 /**
  * Cached builder for default strides
  */
-public fun Strides(shape: IntArray): Strides = defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { RowStrides(shape) }
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun Strides(shape: Shape): Strides = defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { RowStrides(shape) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt
index 249b6801d..d34c722a1 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ public class ShortRingND(
 
 public inline fun <R> ShortRing.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: ShortRingND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ShortRingND(shape).run(action)
+    return ShortRingND(Shape(shape)).run(action)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
index 2a258a7f4..51a3d7fd0 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 public interface Structure1D<out T> : StructureND<T>, Buffer<T> {
     override val dimension: Int get() = 1
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T {
         require(index.size == 1) { "Index dimension mismatch. Expected 1 but found ${index.size}" }
         return get(index[0])
@@ -32,6 +33,8 @@ public interface Structure1D<out T> : StructureND<T>, Buffer<T> {
  * A mutable structure that is guaranteed to be one-dimensional
  */
 public interface MutableStructure1D<T> : Structure1D<T>, MutableStructureND<T>, MutableBuffer<T> {
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
         require(index.size == 1) { "Index dimension mismatch. Expected 1 but found ${index.size}" }
         set(index[0], value)
@@ -43,9 +46,10 @@ public interface MutableStructure1D<T> : Structure1D<T>, MutableStructureND<T>,
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Structure1DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: Int): T = structure[index]
 
     @PerformancePitfall
@@ -56,13 +60,16 @@ private value class Structure1DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : S
  * A 1D wrapper for a mutable nd-structure
  */
 private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>) : MutableStructure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = structure.elements()
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: Int): T = structure[index]
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: Int, value: T) {
         structure[intArrayOf(index)] = value
     }
@@ -83,7 +90,7 @@ private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>)
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Buffer1DWrapper<out T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(buffer.size)
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(buffer.size)
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
     @PerformancePitfall
@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@ private value class Buffer1DWrapper<out T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<
 }
 
 internal class MutableBuffer1DWrapper<T>(val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>) : MutableStructure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(buffer.size)
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(buffer.size)
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
     @PerformancePitfall
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
index 2822a74d4..d10c43c25 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public interface Structure2D<out T> : StructureND<T> {
      */
     public val colNum: Int
 
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(rowNum, colNum)
 
     /**
      * The buffer of rows of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ public interface Structure2D<out T> : StructureND<T> {
      */
     public operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T {
         require(index.size == 2) { "Index dimension mismatch. Expected 2 but found ${index.size}" }
         return get(index[0], index[1])
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ private value class Structure2DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : S
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
     override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
 
     override fun <F : StructureFeature> getFeature(type: KClass<out F>): F? = structure.getFeature(type)
@@ -123,12 +125,15 @@ private class MutableStructure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>)
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
     override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
         structure[index] = value
     }
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun set(i: Int, j: Int, value: T) {
         structure[intArrayOf(i, j)] = value
     }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
index 4e1cc1ff4..baea5da15 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
      * @param index the indices.
      * @return the value.
      */
+    @PerformancePitfall
     public operator fun get(index: IntArray): T
 
     /**
@@ -97,6 +98,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
         /**
          * Debug output to string
          */
+        @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
         public fun toString(structure: StructureND<*>): String {
             val bufferRepr: String = when (structure.shape.size) {
                 1 -> (0 until structure.shape[0]).map { structure[it] }
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             }
             val className = structure::class.simpleName ?: "StructureND"
 
-            return "$className(shape=${structure.shape.contentToString()}, buffer=$bufferRepr)"
+            return "$className(shape=${structure.shape}, buffer=$bufferRepr)"
         }
 
         /**
@@ -145,13 +147,13 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
         ): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer.auto(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
         public fun <T> buffered(
-            shape: IntArray,
+            shape: Shape,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory.boxing(),
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> = buffered(ColumnStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
 
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
-            shape: IntArray,
+            shape: Shape,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> = auto(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
 
@@ -160,13 +162,13 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             vararg shape: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> =
-            auto(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
+            auto(ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)), initializer)
 
         public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
             type: KClass<T>,
             vararg shape: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
+        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)), initializer)
     }
 }
 
@@ -214,8 +216,13 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> LinearSpace<T, Ring<T>>.contentEquals(
  * @param index the indices.
  * @return the value.
  */
+@PerformancePitfall
 public operator fun <T> StructureND<T>.get(vararg index: Int): T = get(index)
 
+public operator fun StructureND<Double>.get(vararg index: Int): Double = getDouble(index)
+
+public operator fun StructureND<Int>.get(vararg index: Int): Int = getInt(index)
+
 //@UnstableKMathAPI
 //public inline fun <reified T : StructureFeature> StructureND<*>.getFeature(): T? = getFeature(T::class)
 
@@ -229,12 +236,14 @@ public interface MutableStructureND<T> : StructureND<T> {
      * @param index the indices.
      * @param value the value.
      */
+    @PerformancePitfall
     public operator fun set(index: IntArray, value: T)
 }
 
 /**
  * Set value at specified indices
  */
+@PerformancePitfall
 public operator fun <T> MutableStructureND<T>.set(vararg index: Int, value: T) {
     set(index, value)
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
index 579a0d7c8..e5edeef7f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
@@ -5,12 +5,15 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 
 public open class VirtualStructureND<T>(
     override val shape: Shape,
     public val producer: (IntArray) -> T,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T {
         requireIndexInShape(index, shape)
         return producer(index)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt
index 5814e2f9c..424081738 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/operationsND.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public fun <T> StructureND<T>.roll(axis: Int, step: Int = 1): StructureND<T> {
     require(axis in shape.indices) { "Axis $axis is outside of shape dimensions: [0, ${shape.size})" }
     return VirtualStructureND(shape) { index ->
@@ -19,6 +22,7 @@ public fun <T> StructureND<T>.roll(axis: Int, step: Int = 1): StructureND<T> {
     }
 }
 
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public fun <T> StructureND<T>.roll(pair: Pair<Int, Int>, vararg others: Pair<Int, Int>): StructureND<T> {
     val axisMap: Map<Int, Int> = mapOf(pair, *others)
     require(axisMap.keys.all { it in shape.indices }) { "Some of axes ${axisMap.keys} is outside of shape dimensions: [0, ${shape.size})" }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/primitiveStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/primitiveStructureND.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f50233ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/primitiveStructureND.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.nd
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+
+public interface StructureNDOfDouble : StructureND<Double> {
+    /**
+     * Guaranteed non-blocking access to content
+     */
+    public fun getDouble(index: IntArray): Double
+}
+
+/**
+ * Optimized method to access primitive without boxing if possible
+ */
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+public fun StructureND<Double>.getDouble(index: IntArray): Double =
+    if (this is StructureNDOfDouble) getDouble(index) else get(index)
+
+public interface MutableStructureNDOfDouble : StructureNDOfDouble, MutableStructureND<Double> {
+    /**
+     * Guaranteed non-blocking access to content
+     */
+    public fun setDouble(index: IntArray, value: Double)
+}
+
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+public fun MutableStructureND<Double>.getDouble(index: IntArray): Double =
+    if (this is StructureNDOfDouble) getDouble(index) else get(index)
+
+
+public interface StructureNDOfInt : StructureND<Int> {
+    /**
+     * Guaranteed non-blocking access to content
+     */
+    public fun getInt(index: IntArray): Int
+}
+
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+public fun StructureND<Int>.getInt(index: IntArray): Int =
+    if (this is StructureNDOfInt) getInt(index) else get(index)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
index f61a0a623..b1b6fba9f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 
 /**
  * A context that allows to operate on a [MutableBuffer] as on 2d array
@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ internal class BufferAccessor2D<T>(
 
     //TODO optimize wrapper
     fun MutableBuffer<T>.collect(): Structure2D<T> = StructureND.buffered(
-        ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(rowNum, colNum)),
+        ColumnStrides(Shape(rowNum, colNum)),
         factory
     ) { (i, j) ->
         get(i, j)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
index eac4f17e1..7044eb930 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlin.test.Test
 class StridesTest {
     @Test
     fun checkRowBasedStrides() {
-        val strides = RowStrides(intArrayOf(3, 3))
+        val strides = RowStrides(Shape(3, 3))
         var counter = 0
         for(i in 0..2){
             for(j in 0..2){
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class StridesTest {
 
     @Test
     fun checkColumnBasedStrides() {
-        val strides = ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(3, 3))
+        val strides = ColumnStrides(Shape(3, 3))
         var counter = 0
         for(i in 0..2){
             for(j in 0..2){
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt
index a54af571e..147488273 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NumberNDFieldTest.kt
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class NumberNDFieldTest {
     @Test
     fun testInternalContext() {
         algebra {
-            (DoubleField.ndAlgebra(*array1.shape)) { with(L2Norm) { 1 + norm(array1) + exp(array2) } }
+            (DoubleField.ndAlgebra(array1.shape)) { with(L2Norm) { 1 + norm(array1) + exp(array2) } }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
index c217c3a26..97e27df96 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
@@ -9,11 +9,12 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.coroutines.Math
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 
 public class LazyStructureND<out T>(
     public val scope: CoroutineScope,
-    override val shape: IntArray,
+    override val shape: Shape,
     public val function: suspend (IntArray) -> T,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
     private val cache: MutableMap<IntArray, Deferred<T>> = HashMap()
@@ -23,6 +24,7 @@ public class LazyStructureND<out T>(
     }
 
     public suspend fun await(index: IntArray): T = async(index).await()
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = runBlocking { async(index).await() }
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
diff --git a/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt b/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt
index b93114804..30c84d848 100644
--- a/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt
+++ b/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.dimensions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ public interface DMatrix<out T, R : Dimension, C : Dimension> : Structure2D<T> {
 public value class DMatrixWrapper<out T, R : Dimension, C : Dimension>(
     private val structure: Structure2D<T>,
 ) : DMatrix<T, R, C> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
     override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
diff --git a/kmath-ejml/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixTest.kt b/kmath-ejml/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixTest.kt
index e3bff8987..d1ae80ef9 100644
--- a/kmath-ejml/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-ejml/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/ejml/EjmlMatrixTest.kt
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.toArray
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import kotlin.random.Random
 import kotlin.random.asJavaRandom
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ internal class EjmlMatrixTest {
     fun shape() {
         val m = randomMatrix
         val w = EjmlDoubleMatrix(m)
-        assertContentEquals(intArrayOf(m.numRows, m.numCols), w.shape)
+        assertContentEquals(intArrayOf(m.numRows, m.numCols), w.shape.toArray())
     }
 
     @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
index 1c9f00838..06320c8d9 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.histogram
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.domains.Domain
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.FieldOpsND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ public class HistogramND<T : Comparable<T>, D : Domain<T>, V : Any>(
     internal val values: StructureND<V>,
 ) : Histogram<T, V, DomainBin<T, D, V>> {
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(point: Point<T>): DomainBin<T, D, V>? {
         val index = group.getIndexOrNull(point) ?: return null
         return group.produceBin(index, values[index])
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ public class HistogramND<T : Comparable<T>, D : Domain<T>, V : Any>(
 
     override val dimension: Int get() = group.shape.size
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override val bins: Iterable<DomainBin<T, D, V>>
         get() = ColumnStrides(group.shape).asSequence().map {
             group.produceBin(it, values[it])
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
index 36e994bcf..cf8b59087 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
@@ -9,11 +9,10 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.histogram
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.domains.HyperSquareDomain
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import kotlin.math.floor
 
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ public class UniformHistogramGroupND<V : Any, A : Field<V>>(
 
     public val dimension: Int get() = lower.size
 
-    override val shape: IntArray = IntArray(binNums.size) { binNums[it] + 2 }
+    override val shape: Shape = Shape(IntArray(binNums.size) { binNums[it] + 2 })
 
     private val binSize = DoubleBuffer(dimension) { (upper[it] - lower[it]) / binNums[it] }
 
@@ -83,8 +82,12 @@ public class UniformHistogramGroupND<V : Any, A : Field<V>>(
     }
 
 
-    override fun produce(builder: HistogramBuilder<Double, V>.() -> Unit): HistogramND<Double, HyperSquareDomain, V> {
-        val ndCounter = StructureND.buffered(shape) { Counter.of(valueAlgebraND.elementAlgebra) }
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun produce(
+        builder: HistogramBuilder<Double, V>.() -> Unit,
+    ): HistogramND<Double, HyperSquareDomain, V> {
+        val ndCounter: BufferND<ObjectCounter<V>> =
+            StructureND.buffered(shape) { Counter.of(valueAlgebraND.elementAlgebra) }
         val hBuilder = object : HistogramBuilder<Double, V> {
             override val defaultValue: V get() = valueAlgebraND.elementAlgebra.one
 
@@ -94,7 +97,8 @@ public class UniformHistogramGroupND<V : Any, A : Field<V>>(
             }
         }
         hBuilder.apply(builder)
-        val values: BufferND<V> = ndCounter.mapToBuffer(valueBufferFactory) { it.value }
+        val values: BufferND<V> = BufferND(ndCounter.indices, ndCounter.buffer.map(valueBufferFactory) { it.value })
+
         return HistogramND(this, values)
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt
index 7e11c9a2f..64cc4f203 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/MultivariateHistogramTest.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.histogram
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
@@ -50,6 +51,7 @@ internal class MultivariateHistogramTest {
         assertEquals(n, histogram.bins.sumOf { it.binValue.toInt() })
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     @Test
     fun testHistogramAlgebra() {
         Histogram.uniformDoubleNDFromRanges(
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt
index 38d61e982..88c004c7b 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt
@@ -13,14 +13,16 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 @JvmInline
 public value class MultikTensor<T>(public val array: MutableMultiArray<T, DN>) : Tensor<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = array.shape
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(array.shape)
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T = array[index]
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> =
         array.multiIndices.iterator().asSequence().map { it to get(it) }
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
         array[index] = value
     }
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
index dd0249fbc..99cbc3193 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.api.stat.Statistics
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.ndarray.data.*
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.ndarray.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
@@ -30,21 +31,22 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     protected val multikLinAl: LinAlg = multikEngine.getLinAlg()
     protected val multikStat: Statistics = multikEngine.getStatistics()
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): MultikTensor<T> {
         val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
         val memoryView = initMemoryView<T>(strides.linearSize, type)
         strides.asSequence().forEachIndexed { linearIndex, tensorIndex ->
             memoryView[linearIndex] = elementAlgebra.initializer(tensorIndex)
         }
-        return MultikTensor(NDArray(memoryView, shape = shape, dim = DN(shape.size)))
+        return MultikTensor(NDArray(memoryView, shape = shape.asArray(), dim = DN(shape.size)))
     }
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override fun StructureND<T>.map(transform: A.(T) -> T): MultikTensor<T> = if (this is MultikTensor) {
         val data = initMemoryView<T>(array.size, type)
         var count = 0
         for (el in array) data[count++] = elementAlgebra.transform(el)
-        NDArray(data, shape = shape, dim = array.dim).wrap()
+        NDArray(data, shape = shape.asArray(), dim = array.dim).wrap()
     } else {
         structureND(shape) { index ->
             transform(get(index))
@@ -75,6 +77,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     /**
      * Transform a structure element-by element in place.
      */
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     public inline fun <T> MutableStructureND<T>.mapIndexedInPlace(operation: (index: IntArray, t: T) -> T): Unit {
         if (this is MultikTensor) {
             array.multiIndices.iterator().forEach {
@@ -106,10 +109,11 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
      * Convert a tensor to [MultikTensor] if necessary. If tensor is converted, changes on the resulting tensor
      * are not reflected back onto the source
      */
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class, PerformancePitfall::class)
     public fun StructureND<T>.asMultik(): MultikTensor<T> = if (this is MultikTensor) {
         this
     } else {
-        val res = mk.zeros<T, DN>(shape, type).asDNArray()
+        val res = mk.zeros<T, DN>(shape.asArray(), type).asDNArray()
         for (index in res.multiIndices) {
             res[index] = this[index]
         }
@@ -118,7 +122,8 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
 
     public fun MutableMultiArray<T, *>.wrap(): MultikTensor<T> = MultikTensor(this.asDNArray())
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1)) {
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals Shape(1)) {
         get(intArrayOf(0))
     } else null
 
@@ -139,6 +144,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
         }
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun Tensor<T>.plusAssign(arg: StructureND<T>) {
         if (this is MultikTensor) {
             array.plusAssign(arg.asMultik().array)
@@ -163,6 +169,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
         }
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun Tensor<T>.minusAssign(arg: StructureND<T>) {
         if (this is MultikTensor) {
             array.minusAssign(arg.asMultik().array)
@@ -188,6 +195,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
         }
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun Tensor<T>.timesAssign(arg: StructureND<T>) {
         if (this is MultikTensor) {
             array.timesAssign(arg.asMultik().array)
@@ -201,13 +209,13 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
 
     override fun Tensor<T>.getTensor(i: Int): MultikTensor<T> = asMultik().array.mutableView(i).wrap()
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): MultikTensor<T> = asMultik().array.transpose(i, j).wrap()
+    override fun StructureND<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): MultikTensor<T> = asMultik().array.transpose(i, j).wrap()
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: IntArray): MultikTensor<T> {
-        require(shape.all { it > 0 })
-        require(shape.fold(1, Int::times) == this.shape.size) {
+    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): MultikTensor<T> {
+        require(shape.asList().all { it > 0 })
+        require(shape.linearSize == this.shape.size) {
             "Cannot reshape array of size ${this.shape.size} into a new shape ${
-                shape.joinToString(
+                shape.asList().joinToString(
                     prefix = "(",
                     postfix = ")"
                 )
@@ -215,10 +223,11 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
         }
 
         val mt = asMultik().array
-        return if (mt.shape.contentEquals(shape)) {
+        return if (Shape(mt.shape).contentEquals(shape)) {
             mt
         } else {
-            NDArray(mt.data, mt.offset, shape, dim = DN(shape.size), base = mt.base ?: mt)
+            @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
+            NDArray(mt.data, mt.offset, shape.asArray(), dim = DN(shape.size), base = mt.base ?: mt)
         }.wrap()
     }
 
@@ -241,7 +250,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
             TODO("Not implemented for broadcasting")
         }
 
-    override fun diagonalEmbedding(diagonalEntries: Tensor<T>, offset: Int, dim1: Int, dim2: Int): MultikTensor<T> {
+    override fun diagonalEmbedding(diagonalEntries: StructureND<T>, offset: Int, dim1: Int, dim2: Int): MultikTensor<T> {
 
         TODO("Diagonal embedding not implemented")
     }
@@ -284,8 +293,9 @@ public abstract class MultikDivisionTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>>(
     multikEngine: Engine,
 ) : MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A>(multikEngine), TensorPartialDivisionAlgebra<T, A> where T : Number, T : Comparable<T> {
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override fun T.div(arg: StructureND<T>): MultikTensor<T> =
-        Multik.ones<T, DN>(arg.shape, type).apply { divAssign(arg.asMultik().array) }.wrap()
+        Multik.ones<T, DN>(arg.shape.asArray(), type).apply { divAssign(arg.asMultik().array) }.wrap()
 
     override fun StructureND<T>.div(arg: T): MultikTensor<T> =
         asMultik().array.div(arg).wrap()
@@ -301,6 +311,7 @@ public abstract class MultikDivisionTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>>(
         }
     }
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun Tensor<T>.divAssign(arg: StructureND<T>) {
         if (this is MultikTensor) {
             array.divAssign(arg.asMultik().array)
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
index 392532d8e..de54af732 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.multik
 
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.default.DefaultEngine
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.one
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -28,8 +29,8 @@ internal class MultikNDTest {
     fun dotResult() {
         val dim = 100
 
-        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = intArrayOf(dim, dim), 12224)
-        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = intArrayOf(dim, dim), 12225)
+        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12224)
+        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12225)
 
         val multikResult = with(multikAlgebra) {
             tensor1 dot tensor2
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt
index 859773211..7654ec9ce 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import org.nd4j.linalg.api.ops.impl.transforms.strict.ASinh
 import org.nd4j.linalg.factory.Nd4j
 import org.nd4j.linalg.ops.transforms.Transforms
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, out C : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, C
     public val StructureND<T>.ndArray: INDArray
 
     override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: C.(IntArray) -> T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
-        val struct = Nd4j.create(*shape)!!.wrap()
+        @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
+        val struct: Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Nd4j.create(*shape.asArray())!!.wrap()
         struct.indicesIterator().forEach { struct[it] = elementAlgebra.initializer(it) }
         return struct
     }
@@ -45,23 +47,23 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, out C : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, C
         return newStruct
     }
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override fun StructureND<T>.mapIndexed(
         transform: C.(index: IntArray, T) -> T,
     ): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
-        val new = Nd4j.create(*shape).wrap()
+        val new = Nd4j.create(*shape.asArray()).wrap()
         new.indicesIterator().forEach { idx -> new[idx] = elementAlgebra.transform(idx, this[idx]) }
         return new
     }
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override fun zip(
         left: StructureND<T>,
         right: StructureND<T>,
         transform: C.(T, T) -> T,
     ): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
         require(left.shape.contentEquals(right.shape)) { "Can't zip tow structures of shape ${left.shape} and ${right.shape}" }
-        val new = Nd4j.create(*left.shape).wrap()
+        val new = Nd4j.create(*left.shape.asArray()).wrap()
         new.indicesIterator().forEach { idx -> new[idx] = elementAlgebra.transform(left[idx], right[idx]) }
         return new
     }
@@ -192,11 +194,11 @@ public open class DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps : Nd4jArrayExtendedFieldOps<Double, Do
 
     override fun INDArray.wrap(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> = asDoubleStructure()
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override val StructureND<Double>.ndArray: INDArray
         get() = when (this) {
             is Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> -> ndArray
-            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape).also {
+            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape.asArray()).also {
                 elements().forEach { (idx, value) -> it.putScalar(idx, value) }
             }
         }
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ public val DoubleField.nd4j: DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps get() = DoubleNd4jArrayFiel
 public class DoubleNd4jArrayField(override val shape: Shape) : DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps(), FieldND<Double, DoubleField>
 
 public fun DoubleField.nd4j(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): DoubleNd4jArrayField =
-    DoubleNd4jArrayField(intArrayOf(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
+    DoubleNd4jArrayField(Shape(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
 
 
 /**
@@ -236,11 +238,11 @@ public open class FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps : Nd4jArrayExtendedFieldOps<Float, Floa
 
     override fun INDArray.wrap(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Float> = asFloatStructure()
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override val StructureND<Float>.ndArray: INDArray
         get() = when (this) {
             is Nd4jArrayStructure<Float> -> ndArray
-            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape).also {
+            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape.asArray()).also {
                 elements().forEach { (idx, value) -> it.putScalar(idx, value) }
             }
         }
@@ -274,7 +276,7 @@ public class FloatNd4jArrayField(override val shape: Shape) : FloatNd4jArrayFiel
 public val FloatField.nd4j: FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps get() = FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps
 
 public fun FloatField.nd4j(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): FloatNd4jArrayField =
-    FloatNd4jArrayField(intArrayOf(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
+    FloatNd4jArrayField(Shape(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
 
 /**
  * Represents [RingND] over [Nd4jArrayIntStructure].
@@ -284,11 +286,11 @@ public open class IntNd4jArrayRingOps : Nd4jArrayRingOps<Int, IntRing> {
 
     override fun INDArray.wrap(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Int> = asIntStructure()
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override val StructureND<Int>.ndArray: INDArray
         get() = when (this) {
             is Nd4jArrayStructure<Int> -> ndArray
-            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape).also {
+            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape.asArray()).also {
                 elements().forEach { (idx, value) -> it.putScalar(idx, value) }
             }
         }
@@ -313,4 +315,4 @@ public val IntRing.nd4j: IntNd4jArrayRingOps get() = IntNd4jArrayRingOps
 public class IntNd4jArrayRing(override val shape: Shape) : IntNd4jArrayRingOps(), RingND<Int, IntRing>
 
 public fun IntRing.nd4j(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): IntNd4jArrayRing =
-    IntNd4jArrayRing(intArrayOf(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
\ No newline at end of file
+    IntNd4jArrayRing(Shape(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt
index 0a7d15e20..60c865a02 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.nd4j
 
 import org.nd4j.linalg.api.ndarray.INDArray
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 
 /**
  * Represents a [StructureND] wrapping an [INDArray] object.
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ public sealed class Nd4jArrayStructure<T> : MutableStructureND<T> {
      */
     public abstract val ndArray: INDArray
 
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = ndArray.shape().toIntArray()
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(ndArray.shape().toIntArray())
 
     internal abstract fun elementsIterator(): Iterator<Pair<IntArray, T>>
     internal fun indicesIterator(): Iterator<IntArray> = ndArray.indicesIterator()
@@ -31,20 +30,31 @@ public sealed class Nd4jArrayStructure<T> : MutableStructureND<T> {
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = Sequence(::elementsIterator)
 }
 
-private data class Nd4jArrayIntStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd4jArrayStructure<Int>() {
+public data class Nd4jArrayIntStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd4jArrayStructure<Int>(), StructureNDOfInt {
     override fun elementsIterator(): Iterator<Pair<IntArray, Int>> = ndArray.intIterator()
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Int = ndArray.getInt(*index)
+
+    override fun getInt(index: IntArray): Int = ndArray.getInt(*index)
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: Int): Unit = run { ndArray.putScalar(index, value) }
 }
 
 /**
  * Wraps this [INDArray] to [Nd4jArrayStructure].
  */
-public fun INDArray.asIntStructure(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Int> = Nd4jArrayIntStructure(this)
+public fun INDArray.asIntStructure(): Nd4jArrayIntStructure = Nd4jArrayIntStructure(this)
 
-private data class Nd4jArrayDoubleStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd4jArrayStructure<Double>() {
+public data class Nd4jArrayDoubleStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd4jArrayStructure<Double>(), StructureNDOfDouble {
     override fun elementsIterator(): Iterator<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = ndArray.realIterator()
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = ndArray.getDouble(*index)
+
+    override fun getDouble(index: IntArray): Double = ndArray.getDouble(*index)
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: Double): Unit = run { ndArray.putScalar(index, value) }
 }
 
@@ -53,9 +63,12 @@ private data class Nd4jArrayDoubleStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd
  */
 public fun INDArray.asDoubleStructure(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> = Nd4jArrayDoubleStructure(this)
 
-private data class Nd4jArrayFloatStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd4jArrayStructure<Float>() {
+public data class Nd4jArrayFloatStructure(override val ndArray: INDArray) : Nd4jArrayStructure<Float>() {
     override fun elementsIterator(): Iterator<Pair<IntArray, Float>> = ndArray.floatIterator()
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Float = ndArray.getFloat(*index)
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: Float): Unit = run { ndArray.putScalar(index, value) }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
index b0fce8dcf..d505b3c0e 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@ import org.nd4j.linalg.factory.Nd4j
 import org.nd4j.linalg.factory.ops.NDBase
 import org.nd4j.linalg.ops.transforms.Transforms
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.AnalyticTensorAlgebra
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jTensorAlgebra<T : Number, A : Field<T>> : AnalyticTe
 
     override fun StructureND<T>.unaryMinus(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.neg().wrap()
     override fun Tensor<T>.getTensor(i: Int): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.slice(i.toLong()).wrap()
-    override fun Tensor<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.swapAxes(i, j).wrap()
+    override fun StructureND<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.swapAxes(i, j).wrap()
     override fun StructureND<T>.dot(other: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.mmul(other.ndArray).wrap()
 
     override fun StructureND<T>.min(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
@@ -108,7 +107,9 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jTensorAlgebra<T : Number, A : Field<T>> : AnalyticTe
     override fun StructureND<T>.max(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
         ndArray.max(keepDim, dim).wrap()
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: IntArray): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.reshape(shape).wrap()
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
+    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.reshape(shape.asArray()).wrap()
+
     override fun Tensor<T>.viewAs(other: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = view(other.shape)
 
     override fun StructureND<T>.argMin(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<Int> =
@@ -176,8 +177,9 @@ public object DoubleNd4jTensorAlgebra : Nd4jTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
 
     override fun INDArray.wrap(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> = asDoubleStructure()
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> {
-        val array: INDArray = Nd4j.zeros(*shape)
+        val array: INDArray = Nd4j.zeros(*shape.asArray())
         val indices = ColumnStrides(shape)
         indices.asSequence().forEach { index ->
             array.putScalar(index, elementAlgebra.initializer(index))
@@ -186,21 +188,21 @@ public object DoubleNd4jTensorAlgebra : Nd4jTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
     }
 
 
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class, UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     override val StructureND<Double>.ndArray: INDArray
         get() = when (this) {
             is Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> -> ndArray
-            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape).also {
+            else -> Nd4j.zeros(*shape.asArray()).also {
                 elements().forEach { (idx, value) -> it.putScalar(idx, value) }
             }
         }
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.valueOrNull(): Double? =
-        if (shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1)) ndArray.getDouble(0) else null
+        if (shape contentEquals Shape(1)) ndArray.getDouble(0) else null
 
     // TODO rewrite
     override fun diagonalEmbedding(
-        diagonalEntries: Tensor<Double>,
+        diagonalEntries: StructureND<Double>,
         offset: Int,
         dim1: Int,
         dim2: Int,
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructureTest.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructureTest.kt
index d1ad746fe..25c3fe23f 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructureTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructureTest.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.nd4j
 
 import org.nd4j.linalg.factory.Nd4j
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.asList
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.get
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ internal class Nd4jArrayStructureTest {
     fun testShape() {
         val nd = Nd4j.rand(10, 2, 3, 6) ?: fail()
         val struct = nd.asDoubleStructure()
-        assertEquals(intArrayOf(10, 2, 3, 6).toList(), struct.shape.toList())
+        assertEquals(intArrayOf(10, 2, 3, 6).toList(), struct.shape.asList())
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
index 953076680..674485fd1 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ public class DoubleTensorFlowOutput(
 
 }
 
+internal fun Shape.toLongArray(): LongArray = LongArray(size) { get(it).toLong() }
+
 public class DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra internal constructor(
     graph: Graph,
 ) : TensorFlowAlgebra<Double, TFloat64, DoubleField>(graph), PowerOperations<StructureND<Double>> {
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
index 74fcf2d7d..a1e0335f8 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
@@ -18,9 +18,12 @@ import org.tensorflow.types.TInt32
 import org.tensorflow.types.family.TNumber
 import org.tensorflow.types.family.TType
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.asArray
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.TensorAlgebra
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ public sealed interface TensorFlowTensor<T> : Tensor<T>
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class TensorFlowArray<T>(public val tensor: NdArray<T>) : Tensor<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = tensor.shape().asArray().toIntArray()
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(tensor.shape().asArray().toIntArray())
 
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T = tensor.getObject(*index.toLongArray())
 
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowOutput<T, TT : TType>(
     public var output: Output<TT> = output
         internal set
 
-    override val shape: Shape get() = output.shape().asArray().toIntArray()
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(output.shape().asArray().toIntArray())
 
     protected abstract fun org.tensorflow.Tensor.actualizeTensor(): NdArray<T>
 
@@ -96,8 +99,8 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowAlgebra<T, TT : TNumber, A : Ring<T>> internal c
 
     protected abstract fun const(value: T): Constant<TT>
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1))
-        get(Shape(0)) else null
+    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals Shape(1))
+        get(intArrayOf(0)) else null
 
     /**
      * Perform binary lazy operation on tensor. Both arguments are implicitly converted
@@ -188,12 +191,13 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowAlgebra<T, TT : TNumber, A : Ring<T>> internal c
         StridedSliceHelper.stridedSlice(ops.scope(), it, Indices.at(i.toLong()))
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Tensor<T> = operate {
+    override fun StructureND<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Tensor<T> = operate {
         ops.linalg.transpose(it, ops.constant(intArrayOf(i, j)))
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: IntArray): Tensor<T> = operate {
-        ops.reshape(it, ops.constant(shape))
+    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): Tensor<T> = operate {
+        @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
+        ops.reshape(it, ops.constant(shape.asArray()))
     }
 
     override fun Tensor<T>.viewAs(other: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T> = operate(other) { l, r ->
@@ -208,7 +212,7 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowAlgebra<T, TT : TNumber, A : Ring<T>> internal c
     }
 
     override fun diagonalEmbedding(
-        diagonalEntries: Tensor<T>,
+        diagonalEntries: StructureND<T>,
         offset: Int,
         dim1: Int,
         dim2: Int,
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
index a35556be1..44a594299 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensorflow
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.get
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.structureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -31,8 +32,8 @@ class DoubleTensorFlowOps {
     fun dot(){
         val dim = 1000
 
-        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = intArrayOf(dim, dim), 12224)
-        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = intArrayOf(dim, dim), 12225)
+        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12224)
+        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12225)
 
         DoubleField.produceWithTF {
             tensor1 dot tensor2
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt
index 07dfd1597..e15fbb3a6 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      *
      * @return the determinant.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.det(): Tensor<T>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.det(): StructureND<T>
 
     /**
      * Computes the multiplicative inverse matrix of a square matrix input, or of each square matrix in a batched input.
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      *
      * @return the multiplicative inverse of a matrix.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.inv(): Tensor<T>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.inv(): StructureND<T>
 
     /**
      * Cholesky decomposition.
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return the batch of `L` matrices.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.cholesky(): Tensor<T>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.cholesky(): StructureND<T>
 
     /**
      * QR decomposition.
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return pair of `Q` and `R` tensors.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.qr(): Pair<Tensor<T>, Tensor<T>>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.qr(): Pair<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
     /**
      * LUP decomposition
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return triple of P, L and U tensors
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.lu(): Triple<Tensor<T>, Tensor<T>, Tensor<T>>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.lu(): Triple<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
     /**
      * Singular Value Decomposition.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return triple `Triple(U, S, V)`.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.svd(): Triple<Tensor<T>, Tensor<T>, Tensor<T>>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.svd(): Triple<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
     /**
      * Returns eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix `input` or a batch of real symmetric matrices,
@@ -101,6 +101,6 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.symEig(): Pair<Tensor<T>, Tensor<T>>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.symEig(): Pair<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
 }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt
index 70b985a54..ec5d6f5e6 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RingOpsND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
 
@@ -176,11 +177,13 @@ public interface TensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>> : RingOpsND<T, A> {
      * Returns a tensor that is a transposed version of this tensor. The given dimensions [i] and [j] are swapped.
      * For more information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.transpose.html
      *
+     * If axis indices are negative, they are counted from shape end.
+     *
      * @param i the first dimension to be transposed
      * @param j the second dimension to be transposed
      * @return transposed tensor
      */
-    public fun Tensor<T>.transposed(i: Int = -2, j: Int = -1): Tensor<T>
+    public fun StructureND<T>.transposed(i: Int = shape.size - 2, j: Int = shape.size - 1): Tensor<T>
 
     /**
      * Returns a new tensor with the same data as the self tensor but of a different shape.
@@ -190,7 +193,7 @@ public interface TensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>> : RingOpsND<T, A> {
      * @param shape the desired size
      * @return tensor with new shape
      */
-    public fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: IntArray): Tensor<T>
+    public fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): Tensor<T>
 
     /**
      * View this tensor as the same size as [other].
@@ -248,7 +251,7 @@ public interface TensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>> : RingOpsND<T, A> {
      * are filled by [diagonalEntries]
      */
     public fun diagonalEmbedding(
-        diagonalEntries: Tensor<T>,
+        diagonalEntries: StructureND<T>,
         offset: Int = 0,
         dim1: Int = -2,
         dim2: Int = -1,
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
index 53f77195c..c4266c669 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RowStrides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
  * Represents [Tensor] over a [MutableBuffer] intended to be used through [DoubleTensor] and [IntTensor]
  */
 public abstract class BufferedTensor<T>(
-    override val shape: IntArray,
+    override val shape: Shape,
 ) : Tensor<T> {
 
     public abstract val source: MutableBuffer<T>
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
index 470b6070b..3dfea7f8a 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
@@ -7,10 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.toPrettyString
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
@@ -87,22 +84,30 @@ public inline fun OffsetDoubleBuffer.mapInPlace(operation: (Double) -> Double) {
  * [DoubleTensor] always uses row-based strides
  */
 public class DoubleTensor(
-    shape: IntArray,
+    shape: Shape,
     override val source: OffsetDoubleBuffer,
-) : BufferedTensor<Double>(shape) {
+) : BufferedTensor<Double>(shape), MutableStructureNDOfDouble {
 
     init {
         require(linearSize == source.size) { "Source buffer size must be equal tensor size" }
     }
 
-    public constructor(shape: IntArray, buffer: DoubleBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetDoubleBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
+    public constructor(shape: Shape, buffer: DoubleBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetDoubleBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
 
-    override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = this.source[indices.offset(index)]
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = source[indices.offset(index)]
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: Double) {
         source[indices.offset(index)] = value
     }
 
+    override fun getDouble(index: IntArray): Double = get(index)
+
+    override fun setDouble(index: IntArray, value: Double) {
+        set(index, value)
+    }
 
     override fun toString(): String = toPrettyString()
 }
@@ -140,25 +145,26 @@ public value class DoubleTensor2D(public val tensor: DoubleTensor) : MutableStru
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = tensor.elements()
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = tensor[index]
     override val shape: Shape get() = tensor.shape
 }
 
 public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleTensor2D(): DoubleTensor2D = DoubleTensor2D(this)
 
-public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleBuffer(): OffsetDoubleBuffer = if(shape.size == 1){
+public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleBuffer(): OffsetDoubleBuffer = if (shape.size == 1) {
     source
 } else {
-    error("Only 1D tensors could be cast to 1D" )
+    error("Only 1D tensors could be cast to 1D")
 }
 
 public inline fun DoubleTensor.forEachMatrix(block: (index: IntArray, matrix: DoubleTensor2D) -> Unit) {
     val n = shape.size
     check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
     val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-    val matrixShape = intArrayOf(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+    val matrixShape = Shape(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
-    val size = Strides.linearSizeOf(matrixShape)
+    val size = matrixShape.linearSize
     for (i in 0 until linearSize / matrixOffset) {
         val offset = i * matrixOffset
         val index = indices.index(offset).sliceArray(0 until (shape.size - 2))
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 71e55a3b9..a022f31a6 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides.Companion.linearSizeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.AnalyticTensorAlgebra
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.valueOrNull(): Double? {
         val dt = asDoubleTensor()
-        return if (dt.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1)) dt.source[0] else null
+        return if (dt.shape contentEquals Shape(1)) dt.source[0] else null
     }
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.value(): Double = valueOrNull()
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param array one-dimensional data array.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and [array] data.
      */
-    public fun fromArray(shape: IntArray, array: DoubleArray): DoubleTensor {
+    public fun fromArray(shape: Shape, array: DoubleArray): DoubleTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
         checkEmptyDoubleBuffer(array)
         checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape, array)
@@ -120,18 +119,18 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param initializer mapping tensor indices to values.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and data generated by the [initializer].
      */
-    override fun structureND(shape: IntArray, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleTensor = fromArray(
+    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleTensor = fromArray(
         shape,
         RowStrides(shape).asSequence().map { DoubleField.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toDoubleArray()
     )
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.getTensor(i: Int): DoubleTensor {
         val dt = asDoubleTensor()
-        val lastShape = shape.drop(1).toIntArray()
-        val newShape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else intArrayOf(1)
+        val lastShape = shape.last(shape.size - 1)
+        val newShape: Shape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else Shape(1)
         return DoubleTensor(
             newShape,
-            dt.source.view(newShape.reduce(Int::times) * i, linearSizeOf(newShape))
+            dt.source.view(newShape.linearSize * i, newShape.linearSize)
         )
     }
 
@@ -142,9 +141,9 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and filled with [value].
      */
-    public fun full(value: Double, shape: IntArray): DoubleTensor {
+    public fun full(value: Double, shape: Shape): DoubleTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
-        val buffer = DoubleBuffer(shape.reduce(Int::times)) { value }
+        val buffer = DoubleBuffer(shape.linearSize) { value }
         return DoubleTensor(shape, buffer)
     }
 
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `0.0`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun zeros(shape: IntArray): DoubleTensor = full(0.0, shape)
+    public fun zeros(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = full(0.0, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `0.0`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -181,7 +180,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `1.0`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun ones(shape: IntArray): DoubleTensor = full(1.0, shape)
+    public fun ones(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = full(1.0, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `1.0`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @return a 2-D tensor with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
      */
     public fun eye(n: Int): DoubleTensor {
-        val shape = intArrayOf(n, n)
+        val shape = Shape(n, n)
         val buffer = DoubleBuffer(n * n) { 0.0 }
         val res = DoubleTensor(shape, buffer)
         for (i in 0 until n) {
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     override fun Tensor<Double>.minusAssign(arg: StructureND<Double>) {
         checkShapesCompatible(this, arg)
-        mapIndexedInPlace { index, value -> value - arg[index] }
+        mapIndexedInPlace { index, value -> value - arg.getDouble(index) }
     }
 
     override fun Double.times(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this@times * it }
@@ -270,32 +269,44 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.unaryMinus(): DoubleTensor = map { -it }
 
-    override fun Tensor<Double>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): DoubleTensor {
-        // TODO change strides instead of changing content
-        val dt = asDoubleTensor()
-        val ii = dt.minusIndex(i)
-        val jj = dt.minusIndex(j)
-        checkTranspose(dt.dimension, ii, jj)
-        val n = dt.linearSize
-        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(n)
-
-        val resShape = dt.shape.copyOf()
-        resShape[ii] = resShape[jj].also { resShape[jj] = resShape[ii] }
-
-        val resTensor = DoubleTensor(resShape, resBuffer.asBuffer())
-
-        for (offset in 0 until n) {
-            val oldMultiIndex = dt.indices.index(offset)
-            val newMultiIndex = oldMultiIndex.copyOf()
-            newMultiIndex[ii] = newMultiIndex[jj].also { newMultiIndex[jj] = newMultiIndex[ii] }
-
-            val linearIndex = resTensor.indices.offset(newMultiIndex)
-            resTensor.source[linearIndex] = dt.source[offset]
+    override fun StructureND<Double>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Tensor<Double> {
+        val actualI = if (i >= 0) i else shape.size + i
+        val actualJ = if(j>=0) j else shape.size + j
+        return asDoubleTensor().permute(
+            shape.transposed(actualI, actualJ)
+        ) { originIndex ->
+            originIndex.copyOf().apply {
+                val ith = get(actualI)
+                val jth = get(actualJ)
+                set(actualI, jth)
+                set(actualJ, ith)
+            }
         }
-        return resTensor
+//        // TODO change strides instead of changing content
+//        val dt = asDoubleTensor()
+//        val ii = dt.minusIndex(i)
+//        val jj = dt.minusIndex(j)
+//        checkTranspose(dt.dimension, ii, jj)
+//        val n = dt.linearSize
+//        val resBuffer = DoubleArray(n)
+//
+//        val resShape = dt.shape.copyOf()
+//        resShape[ii] = resShape[jj].also { resShape[jj] = resShape[ii] }
+//
+//        val resTensor = DoubleTensor(resShape, resBuffer.asBuffer())
+//
+//        for (offset in 0 until n) {
+//            val oldMultiIndex = dt.indices.index(offset)
+//            val newMultiIndex = oldMultiIndex.copyOf()
+//            newMultiIndex[ii] = newMultiIndex[jj].also { newMultiIndex[jj] = newMultiIndex[ii] }
+//
+//            val linearIndex = resTensor.indices.offset(newMultiIndex)
+//            resTensor.source[linearIndex] = dt.source[offset]
+//        }
+//        return resTensor
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<Double>.view(shape: IntArray): DoubleTensor {
+    override fun Tensor<Double>.view(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor {
         checkView(asDoubleTensor(), shape)
         return DoubleTensor(shape, asDoubleTensor().source)
     }
@@ -335,7 +346,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     @UnstableKMathAPI
     public infix fun StructureND<Double>.matmul(other: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor {
         if (shape.size == 1 && other.shape.size == 1) {
-            return DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(1), DoubleBuffer(times(other).sum()))
+            return DoubleTensor(Shape(1), DoubleBuffer(times(other).sum()))
         }
 
         var penultimateDim = false
@@ -347,7 +358,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
         if (shape.size == 1) {
             penultimateDim = true
-            newThis = newThis.view(intArrayOf(1) + shape)
+            newThis = newThis.view(Shape(1) + shape)
         }
 
         if (other.shape.size == 1) {
@@ -367,8 +378,8 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
             "Tensors dot operation dimension mismatch: ($l, $m1) x ($m2, $n)"
         }
 
-        val resShape = newThis.shape.sliceArray(0..(newThis.shape.size - 2)) + intArrayOf(newOther.shape.last())
-        val resSize = resShape.reduce { acc, i -> acc * i }
+        val resShape = newThis.shape.slice(0..(newThis.shape.size - 2)) + intArrayOf(newOther.shape.last())
+        val resSize = resShape.linearSize
         val resTensor = DoubleTensor(resShape, DoubleArray(resSize).asBuffer())
 
         val resMatrices = resTensor.matrices
@@ -385,9 +396,9 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 //        }
 
         return if (penultimateDim) {
-            resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.dropLast(2).toIntArray() + intArrayOf(resTensor.shape.last()))
+            resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.first(resTensor.shape.size - 2) + Shape(resTensor.shape.last()))
         } else if (lastDim) {
-            resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.dropLast(1).toIntArray())
+            resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.first(resTensor.shape.size - 1))
         } else {
             resTensor
         }
@@ -399,7 +410,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     }
 
     override fun diagonalEmbedding(
-        diagonalEntries: Tensor<Double>,
+        diagonalEntries: StructureND<Double>,
         offset: Int,
         dim1: Int,
         dim2: Int,
@@ -423,11 +434,11 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
             lessDim = greaterDim.also { greaterDim = lessDim }
         }
 
-        val resShape = diagonalEntries.shape.slice(0 until lessDim).toIntArray() +
+        val resShape = diagonalEntries.shape.slice(0 until lessDim) +
                 intArrayOf(diagonalEntries.shape[n - 1] + abs(realOffset)) +
-                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(lessDim until greaterDim - 1).toIntArray() +
+                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(lessDim until greaterDim - 1) +
                 intArrayOf(diagonalEntries.shape[n - 1] + abs(realOffset)) +
-                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(greaterDim - 1 until n - 1).toIntArray()
+                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(greaterDim - 1 until n - 1)
         val resTensor: DoubleTensor = zeros(resShape)
 
         for (i in 0 until diagonalEntries.indices.linearSize) {
@@ -495,8 +506,8 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @return tensor of a given shape filled with numbers from the normal distribution
      * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
      */
-    public fun randomNormal(shape: IntArray, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
-        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.reduce(Int::times), seed))
+    public fun randomNormal(shape: Shape, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
+        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.linearSize, seed))
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor with the same shape as `input` of random numbers drawn from normal distributions
@@ -508,7 +519,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
      */
     public fun Tensor<Double>.randomNormalLike(seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
-        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.reduce(Int::times), seed))
+        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.linearSize, seed))
 
     /**
      * Concatenates a sequence of tensors with equal shapes along the first dimension.
@@ -520,7 +531,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
         val shape = tensors[0].shape
         check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals shape }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
-        val resShape = intArrayOf(tensors.size) + shape
+        val resShape = Shape(tensors.size) + shape
 //        val resBuffer: List<Double> = tensors.flatMap {
 //            it.asDoubleTensor().source.array.drop(it.asDoubleTensor().bufferStart)
 //                .take(it.asDoubleTensor().linearSize)
@@ -545,11 +556,11 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     ): DoubleTensor {
         check(dim < dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range $dimension" }
         val resShape = if (keepDim) {
-            shape.take(dim).toIntArray() + intArrayOf(1) + shape.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
+            shape.first(dim) + intArrayOf(1) + shape.last(dimension - dim - 1)
         } else {
-            shape.take(dim).toIntArray() + shape.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
+            shape.first(dim) + shape.last(dimension - dim - 1)
         }
-        val resNumElements = resShape.reduce(Int::times)
+        val resNumElements = resShape.linearSize
         val init = foldFunction(DoubleArray(1) { 0.0 })
         val resTensor = DoubleTensor(
             resShape,
@@ -573,11 +584,11 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     ): IntTensor {
         check(dim < dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range $dimension" }
         val resShape = if (keepDim) {
-            shape.take(dim).toIntArray() + intArrayOf(1) + shape.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
+            shape.first(dim) + intArrayOf(1) + shape.last(dimension - dim - 1)
         } else {
-            shape.take(dim).toIntArray() + shape.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
+            shape.first(dim) + shape.last(dimension - dim - 1)
         }
-        val resNumElements = resShape.reduce(Int::times)
+        val resNumElements = resShape.linearSize
         val init = foldFunction(DoubleArray(1) { 0.0 })
         val resTensor = IntTensor(
             resShape,
@@ -674,9 +685,9 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
         val n = tensors.size
         val m = tensors[0].shape[0]
-        check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(m) }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
+        check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals Shape(m) }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
         val resTensor = DoubleTensor(
-            intArrayOf(n, n),
+            Shape(n, n),
             DoubleBuffer(n * n) { 0.0 }
         )
         for (i in 0 until n) {
@@ -772,7 +783,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     ): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
         checkSquareMatrix(luTensor.shape)
         check(
-            luTensor.shape.dropLast(2).toIntArray() contentEquals pivotsTensor.shape.dropLast(1).toIntArray() ||
+            luTensor.shape.first(luTensor.shape.size - 2) contentEquals pivotsTensor.shape.first(pivotsTensor.shape.size - 1) ||
                     luTensor.shape.last() == pivotsTensor.shape.last() - 1
         ) { "Inappropriate shapes of input tensors" }
 
@@ -843,9 +854,10 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         return qTensor to rTensor
     }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.svd(): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> =
+    override fun StructureND<Double>.svd(): Triple<StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>> =
         svd(epsilon = 1e-10)
 
+
     /**
      * Singular Value Decomposition.
      *
@@ -859,13 +871,13 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * i.e., the precision with which the cosine approaches 1 in an iterative algorithm.
      * @return a triple `Triple(U, S, V)`.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.svd(epsilon: Double): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
+    public fun StructureND<Double>.svd(epsilon: Double): Triple<StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>> {
         val size = dimension
-        val commonShape = shape.sliceArray(0 until size - 2)
-        val (n, m) = shape.sliceArray(size - 2 until size)
-        val uTensor = zeros(commonShape + intArrayOf(min(n, m), n))
-        val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + intArrayOf(min(n, m)))
-        val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + intArrayOf(min(n, m), m))
+        val commonShape = shape.slice(0 until size - 2)
+        val (n, m) = shape.slice(size - 2 until size)
+        val uTensor = zeros(commonShape + Shape(min(n, m), n))
+        val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + Shape(min(n, m)))
+        val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + Shape(min(n, m), m))
 
         val matrices = asDoubleTensor().matrices
         val uTensors = uTensor.matrices
@@ -879,7 +891,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
                 sTensorVectors[index],
                 vTensors[index]
             )
-            val matrixSize = matrix.shape.reduce { acc, i -> acc * i }
+            val matrixSize = matrix.shape.linearSize
             val curMatrix = DoubleTensor(
                 matrix.shape,
                 matrix.source.view(0, matrixSize)
@@ -901,7 +913,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * and when the cosine approaches 1 in the SVD algorithm.
      * @return a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.symEigSvd(epsilon: Double): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
+    public fun StructureND<Double>.symEigSvd(epsilon: Double): Pair<DoubleTensor, StructureND<Double>> {
         //TODO optimize conversion
         checkSymmetric(asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
 
@@ -925,7 +937,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
             matrix.asDoubleTensor2D().cleanSym(n)
         }
 
-        val eig = (utv dot s.view(shp)).view(s.shape)
+        val eig = (utv dot s.asDoubleTensor().view(shp)).view(s.shape)
         return eig to v
     }
 
@@ -934,8 +946,8 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         checkSymmetric(asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
 
         val size = this.dimension
-        val eigenvectors = zeros(this.shape)
-        val eigenvalues = zeros(this.shape.sliceArray(0 until size - 1))
+        val eigenvectors = zeros(shape)
+        val eigenvalues = zeros(shape.slice(0 until size - 1))
 
         var eigenvalueStart = 0
         var eigenvectorStart = 0
@@ -976,9 +988,11 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
         val n = shape.size
 
-        val detTensorShape = IntArray(n - 1) { i -> shape[i] }
-        detTensorShape[n - 2] = 1
-        val resBuffer = DoubleBuffer(detTensorShape.reduce(Int::times)) { 0.0 }
+        val detTensorShape = Shape(IntArray(n - 1) { i -> shape[i] }.apply {
+            set(n - 2, 1)
+        })
+
+        val resBuffer = DoubleBuffer(detTensorShape.linearSize) { 0.0 }
 
         val detTensor = DoubleTensor(
             detTensorShape,
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt
index ed96b6c8f..a99773f84 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 /**
@@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ public inline fun OffsetIntBuffer.mapInPlace(operation: (Int) -> Int) {
  * Default [BufferedTensor] implementation for [Int] values
  */
 public class IntTensor(
-    shape: IntArray,
+    shape: Shape,
     override val source: OffsetIntBuffer,
 ) : BufferedTensor<Int>(shape) {
 
@@ -81,10 +83,12 @@ public class IntTensor(
         require(linearSize == source.size) { "Source buffer size must be equal tensor size" }
     }
 
-    public constructor(shape: IntArray, buffer: IntBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetIntBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
+    public constructor(shape: Shape, buffer: IntBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetIntBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Int = this.source[indices.offset(index)]
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: Int) {
         source[indices.offset(index)] = value
     }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
index 3b00744a1..86199d19b 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
 
     public companion object : IntTensorAlgebra()
 
+
     override val elementAlgebra: IntRing get() = IntRing
 
 
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
 
     override fun StructureND<Int>.valueOrNull(): Int? {
         val dt = asIntTensor()
-        return if (dt.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1)) dt.source[0] else null
+        return if (dt.shape contentEquals Shape(1)) dt.source[0] else null
     }
 
     override fun StructureND<Int>.value(): Int = valueOrNull()
@@ -101,11 +102,11 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param array one-dimensional data array.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and [array] data.
      */
-    public fun fromArray(shape: IntArray, array: IntArray): IntTensor {
+    public fun fromArray(shape: Shape, array: IntArray): IntTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
         check(array.isNotEmpty()) { "Illegal empty buffer provided" }
-        check(array.size == shape.reduce(Int::times)) {
-            "Inconsistent shape ${shape.toList()} for buffer of size ${array.size} provided"
+        check(array.size == shape.linearSize) {
+            "Inconsistent shape ${shape} for buffer of size ${array.size} provided"
         }
         return IntTensor(shape, array.asBuffer())
     }
@@ -117,16 +118,16 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param initializer mapping tensor indices to values.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and data generated by the [initializer].
      */
-    override fun structureND(shape: IntArray, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntTensor = fromArray(
+    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntTensor = fromArray(
         shape,
         RowStrides(shape).asSequence().map { IntRing.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toIntArray()
     )
 
     override fun Tensor<Int>.getTensor(i: Int): IntTensor {
         val dt = asIntTensor()
-        val lastShape = shape.drop(1).toIntArray()
-        val newShape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else intArrayOf(1)
-        return IntTensor(newShape, dt.source.view(newShape.reduce(Int::times) * i))
+        val lastShape = shape.last(shape.size - 1)
+        val newShape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else Shape(1)
+        return IntTensor(newShape, dt.source.view(newShape.linearSize * i))
     }
 
     /**
@@ -136,9 +137,9 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and filled with [value].
      */
-    public fun full(value: Int, shape: IntArray): IntTensor {
+    public fun full(value: Int, shape: Shape): IntTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
-        val buffer = IntBuffer(shape.reduce(Int::times)) { value }
+        val buffer = IntBuffer(shape.linearSize) { value }
         return IntTensor(shape, buffer)
     }
 
@@ -160,7 +161,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `0`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun zeros(shape: IntArray): IntTensor = full(0, shape)
+    public fun zeros(shape: Shape): IntTensor = full(0, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `0`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -175,7 +176,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `1`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun ones(shape: IntArray): IntTensor = full(1, shape)
+    public fun ones(shape: Shape): IntTensor = full(1, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `1`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @return a 2-D tensor with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
      */
     public fun eye(n: Int): IntTensor {
-        val shape = intArrayOf(n, n)
+        val shape = Shape(n, n)
         val buffer = IntBuffer(n * n) { 0 }
         val res = IntTensor(shape, buffer)
         for (i in 0 until n) {
@@ -249,32 +250,44 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
 
     override fun StructureND<Int>.unaryMinus(): IntTensor = map { -it }
 
-    override fun Tensor<Int>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): IntTensor {
-        // TODO change strides instead of changing content
-        val dt = asIntTensor()
-        val ii = dt.minusIndex(i)
-        val jj = dt.minusIndex(j)
-        checkTranspose(dt.dimension, ii, jj)
-        val n = dt.linearSize
-        val resBuffer = IntArray(n)
-
-        val resShape = dt.shape.copyOf()
-        resShape[ii] = resShape[jj].also { resShape[jj] = resShape[ii] }
-
-        val resTensor = IntTensor(resShape, resBuffer.asBuffer())
-
-        for (offset in 0 until n) {
-            val oldMultiIndex = dt.indices.index(offset)
-            val newMultiIndex = oldMultiIndex.copyOf()
-            newMultiIndex[ii] = newMultiIndex[jj].also { newMultiIndex[jj] = newMultiIndex[ii] }
-
-            val linearIndex = resTensor.indices.offset(newMultiIndex)
-            resTensor.source[linearIndex] = dt.source[offset]
+    override fun StructureND<Int>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Tensor<Int> {
+        val actualI = if (i >= 0) i else shape.size + i
+        val actualJ = if(j>=0) j else shape.size + j
+        return asIntTensor().permute(
+            shape.transposed(actualI, actualJ)
+        ) { originIndex ->
+            originIndex.copyOf().apply {
+                val ith = get(actualI)
+                val jth = get(actualJ)
+                set(actualI, jth)
+                set(actualJ, ith)
+            }
         }
-        return resTensor
+//        // TODO change strides instead of changing content
+//        val dt = asIntTensor()
+//        val ii = dt.minusIndex(i)
+//        val jj = dt.minusIndex(j)
+//        checkTranspose(dt.dimension, ii, jj)
+//        val n = dt.linearSize
+//        val resBuffer = IntArray(n)
+//
+//        val resShape = dt.shape.toArray()
+//        resShape[ii] = resShape[jj].also { resShape[jj] = resShape[ii] }
+//
+//        val resTensor = IntTensor(Shape(resShape), resBuffer.asBuffer())
+//
+//        for (offset in 0 until n) {
+//            val oldMultiIndex = dt.indices.index(offset)
+//            val newMultiIndex = oldMultiIndex.copyOf()
+//            newMultiIndex[ii] = newMultiIndex[jj].also { newMultiIndex[jj] = newMultiIndex[ii] }
+//
+//            val linearIndex = resTensor.indices.offset(newMultiIndex)
+//            resTensor.source[linearIndex] = dt.source[offset]
+//        }
+//        return resTensor
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<Int>.view(shape: IntArray): IntTensor {
+    override fun Tensor<Int>.view(shape: Shape): IntTensor {
         checkView(asIntTensor(), shape)
         return IntTensor(shape, asIntTensor().source)
     }
@@ -287,7 +300,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
     }
 
     override fun diagonalEmbedding(
-        diagonalEntries: Tensor<Int>,
+        diagonalEntries: StructureND<Int>,
         offset: Int,
         dim1: Int,
         dim2: Int,
@@ -311,11 +324,11 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
             lessDim = greaterDim.also { greaterDim = lessDim }
         }
 
-        val resShape = diagonalEntries.shape.slice(0 until lessDim).toIntArray() +
+        val resShape = diagonalEntries.shape.slice(0 until lessDim) +
                 intArrayOf(diagonalEntries.shape[n - 1] + abs(realOffset)) +
-                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(lessDim until greaterDim - 1).toIntArray() +
+                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(lessDim until greaterDim - 1) +
                 intArrayOf(diagonalEntries.shape[n - 1] + abs(realOffset)) +
-                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(greaterDim - 1 until n - 1).toIntArray()
+                diagonalEntries.shape.slice(greaterDim - 1 until n - 1)
         val resTensor = zeros(resShape)
 
         for (i in 0 until diagonalEntries.asIntTensor().linearSize) {
@@ -375,7 +388,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
         check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
         val shape = tensors[0].shape
         check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals shape }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
-        val resShape = intArrayOf(tensors.size) + shape
+        val resShape = Shape(tensors.size) + shape
 //        val resBuffer: List<Int> = tensors.flatMap {
 //            it.asIntTensor().source.array.drop(it.asIntTensor().bufferStart)
 //                .take(it.asIntTensor().linearSize)
@@ -399,11 +412,11 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
     ): IntTensor {
         check(dim < dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range $dimension" }
         val resShape = if (keepDim) {
-            shape.take(dim).toIntArray() + intArrayOf(1) + shape.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
+            shape.first(dim) + intArrayOf(1) + shape.last(dimension - dim - 1)
         } else {
-            shape.take(dim).toIntArray() + shape.takeLast(dimension - dim - 1).toIntArray()
+            shape.first(dim) + shape.last(dimension - dim - 1)
         }
-        val resNumElements = resShape.reduce(Int::times)
+        val resNumElements = resShape.linearSize
         val init = foldFunction(IntArray(1) { 0 })
         val resTensor = IntTensor(
             resShape,
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
index fee62c79c..dcb16b755 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import kotlin.math.max
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ import kotlin.math.max
 internal fun multiIndexBroadCasting(tensor: DoubleTensor, resTensor: DoubleTensor, linearSize: Int) {
     for (linearIndex in 0 until linearSize) {
         val totalMultiIndex = resTensor.indices.index(linearIndex)
-        val curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.copyOf()
+        val curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.toArray()
 
         val offset = totalMultiIndex.size - curMultiIndex.size
 
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ internal fun multiIndexBroadCasting(tensor: DoubleTensor, resTensor: DoubleTenso
     }
 }
 
-internal fun broadcastShapes(vararg shapes: IntArray): IntArray {
+internal fun broadcastShapes(shapes: List<Shape>): Shape {
     var totalDim = 0
     for (shape in shapes) {
         totalDim = max(totalDim, shape.size)
@@ -55,15 +57,15 @@ internal fun broadcastShapes(vararg shapes: IntArray): IntArray {
         }
     }
 
-    return totalShape
+    return Shape(totalShape)
 }
 
-internal fun broadcastTo(tensor: DoubleTensor, newShape: IntArray): DoubleTensor {
+internal fun broadcastTo(tensor: DoubleTensor, newShape: Shape): DoubleTensor {
     require(tensor.shape.size <= newShape.size) {
         "Tensor is not compatible with the new shape"
     }
 
-    val n = newShape.reduce { acc, i -> acc * i }
+    val n = newShape.linearSize
     val resTensor = DoubleTensor(newShape, DoubleArray(n).asBuffer())
 
     for (i in tensor.shape.indices) {
@@ -79,8 +81,8 @@ internal fun broadcastTo(tensor: DoubleTensor, newShape: IntArray): DoubleTensor
 }
 
 internal fun broadcastTensors(vararg tensors: DoubleTensor): List<DoubleTensor> {
-    val totalShape = broadcastShapes(*(tensors.map { it.shape }).toTypedArray())
-    val n = totalShape.reduce { acc, i -> acc * i }
+    val totalShape = broadcastShapes(tensors.map { it.shape })
+    val n = totalShape.linearSize
 
     return tensors.map { tensor ->
         val resTensor = DoubleTensor(totalShape, DoubleArray(n).asBuffer())
@@ -100,12 +102,12 @@ internal fun broadcastOuterTensors(vararg tensors: DoubleTensor): List<DoubleTen
         return tensors.asList()
     }
 
-    val totalShape = broadcastShapes(*(tensors.map { it.shape.sliceArray(0..it.shape.size - 3) }).toTypedArray())
-    val n = totalShape.reduce { acc, i -> acc * i }
+    val totalShape = broadcastShapes(tensors.map { it.shape.slice(0..it.shape.size - 3) })
+    val n = totalShape.linearSize
 
     return buildList {
         for (tensor in tensors) {
-            val matrixShape = tensor.shape.sliceArray(tensor.shape.size - 2 until tensor.shape.size).copyOf()
+            val matrixShape = tensor.shape.slice(tensor.shape.size - 2 until tensor.shape.size)
             val matrixSize = matrixShape[0] * matrixShape[1]
             val matrix = DoubleTensor(matrixShape, DoubleArray(matrixSize).asBuffer())
 
@@ -114,10 +116,11 @@ internal fun broadcastOuterTensors(vararg tensors: DoubleTensor): List<DoubleTen
 
             for (linearIndex in 0 until n) {
                 val totalMultiIndex = outerTensor.indices.index(linearIndex)
-                var curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.sliceArray(0..tensor.shape.size - 3).copyOf()
+                @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
+                var curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.slice(0..tensor.shape.size - 3).asArray()
                 curMultiIndex = IntArray(totalMultiIndex.size - curMultiIndex.size) { 1 } + curMultiIndex
 
-                val newTensor = DoubleTensor(curMultiIndex + matrixShape, tensor.source)
+                val newTensor = DoubleTensor(Shape(curMultiIndex) + matrixShape, tensor.source)
 
                 for (i in curMultiIndex.indices) {
                     if (curMultiIndex[i] != 1) {
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
index f19ee8f3d..33724764f 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
@@ -5,15 +5,18 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.linearSize
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.asDoubleTensor
 
 
-internal fun checkNotEmptyShape(shape: IntArray) =
-    check(shape.isNotEmpty()) {
+internal fun checkNotEmptyShape(shape: Shape) =
+    check(shape.size > 0) {
         "Illegal empty shape provided"
     }
 
@@ -21,15 +24,15 @@ internal fun checkEmptyDoubleBuffer(buffer: DoubleArray) = check(buffer.isNotEmp
     "Illegal empty buffer provided"
 }
 
-internal fun checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape: IntArray, buffer: DoubleArray) =
-    check(buffer.size == shape.reduce(Int::times)) {
-        "Inconsistent shape ${shape.toList()} for buffer of size ${buffer.size} provided"
+internal fun checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape: Shape, buffer: DoubleArray) =
+    check(buffer.size == shape.linearSize) {
+        "Inconsistent shape ${shape} for buffer of size ${buffer.size} provided"
     }
 
 @PublishedApi
 internal fun <T> checkShapesCompatible(a: StructureND<T>, b: StructureND<T>): Unit =
     check(a.shape contentEquals b.shape) {
-        "Incompatible shapes ${a.shape.toList()} and ${b.shape.toList()} "
+        "Incompatible shapes ${a.shape} and ${b.shape} "
     }
 
 internal fun checkTranspose(dim: Int, i: Int, j: Int) =
@@ -37,10 +40,10 @@ internal fun checkTranspose(dim: Int, i: Int, j: Int) =
         "Cannot transpose $i to $j for a tensor of dim $dim"
     }
 
-internal fun <T> checkView(a: Tensor<T>, shape: IntArray) =
-    check(a.shape.reduce(Int::times) == shape.reduce(Int::times))
+internal fun <T> checkView(a: Tensor<T>, shape: Shape) =
+    check(a.shape.linearSize == shape.linearSize)
 
-internal fun checkSquareMatrix(shape: IntArray) {
+internal fun checkSquareMatrix(shape: Shape) {
     val n = shape.size
     check(n >= 2) {
         "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n instead"
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
index 22047e458..1c6e5edfb 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides.Companion.linearSizeOf
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ internal fun MutableStructure2D<Double>.jacobiHelper(
         source[i * shape[0] + j] = value
     }
 
-    fun maxOffDiagonal(matrix: BufferedTensor<Double>): Double {
+    fun maxOffDiagonal(matrix: DoubleTensor): Double {
         var maxOffDiagonalElement = 0.0
         for (i in 0 until n - 1) {
             for (j in i + 1 until n) {
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ internal fun MutableStructure2D<Double>.jacobiHelper(
         return maxOffDiagonalElement
     }
 
-    fun rotate(a: BufferedTensor<Double>, s: Double, tau: Double, i: Int, j: Int, k: Int, l: Int) {
+    fun rotate(a: DoubleTensor, s: Double, tau: Double, i: Int, j: Int, k: Int, l: Int) {
         val g = a[i, j]
         val h = a[k, l]
         a[i, j] = g - s * (h + g * tau)
@@ -58,8 +57,8 @@ internal fun MutableStructure2D<Double>.jacobiHelper(
     }
 
     fun jacobiIteration(
-        a: BufferedTensor<Double>,
-        v: BufferedTensor<Double>,
+        a: DoubleTensor,
+        v: DoubleTensor,
         d: DoubleBuffer,
         z: DoubleBuffer,
     ) {
@@ -157,7 +156,7 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.vectors: List<DoubleTensor>
     get() {
         val n = shape.size
         val vectorOffset = shape[n - 1]
-        val vectorShape = intArrayOf(shape.last())
+        val vectorShape = Shape(shape.last())
 
         return List(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * vectorOffset
@@ -174,9 +173,9 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.matrices: List<DoubleTensor>
         val n = shape.size
         check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
         val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-        val matrixShape = intArrayOf(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+        val matrixShape = Shape(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
-        val size = linearSizeOf(matrixShape)
+        val size = matrixShape.linearSize
 
         return List(linearSize / matrixOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * matrixOffset
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
index f938d1c61..2513dedb7 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.first
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.last
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.VirtualBuffer
@@ -35,7 +38,7 @@ internal fun List<OffsetIntBuffer>.concat(): IntBuffer {
 internal fun IntTensor.vectors(): VirtualBuffer<IntTensor> {
     val n = shape.size
     val vectorOffset = shape[n - 1]
-    val vectorShape = intArrayOf(shape.last())
+    val vectorShape = shape.last(1)
 
     return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
         val offset = index * vectorOffset
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ internal val IntTensor.matrices: VirtualBuffer<IntTensor>
         val n = shape.size
         check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
         val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-        val matrixShape = intArrayOf(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+        val matrixShape = Shape(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
         return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / matrixOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * matrixOffset
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
index cc699e1bb..b01e67eee 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure1D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.as1D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.IntBuffer
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ internal fun <T> StructureND<T>.setUpPivots(): IntTensor {
     pivotsShape[n - 2] = m + 1
 
     return IntTensor(
-        pivotsShape,
+        Shape(pivotsShape),
         IntBuffer(pivotsShape.reduce(Int::times)) { 0 }
     )
 }
@@ -243,10 +240,10 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svd1d(a: DoubleTensor, epsilon: Double = 1e-10)
     val b: DoubleTensor
     if (n > m) {
         b = a.transposed(0, 1).dot(a)
-        v = DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(m), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(m, 0))
+        v = DoubleTensor(Shape(m), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(m, 0))
     } else {
         b = a.dot(a.transposed(0, 1))
-        v = DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(n), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(n, 0))
+        v = DoubleTensor(Shape(n), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(n, 0))
     }
 
     var lastV: DoubleTensor
@@ -278,7 +275,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svdHelper(
                     outerProduct[i * v.shape[0] + j] = u.getTensor(i).value() * v.getTensor(j).value()
                 }
             }
-            a = a - singularValue.times(DoubleTensor(intArrayOf(u.shape[0], v.shape[0]), outerProduct.asBuffer()))
+            a = a - singularValue.times(DoubleTensor(Shape(u.shape[0], v.shape[0]), outerProduct.asBuffer()))
         }
         var v: DoubleTensor
         var u: DoubleTensor
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
index c5ba98811..91fcc90ee 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/utils.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.asList
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.last
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps.Companion.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.samplers.GaussianSampler
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ public fun DoubleTensor.toPrettyString(): String = buildString {
         append(']')
         charOffset -= 1
 
-        index.reversed().zip(shape.reversed()).drop(1).forEach { (ind, maxInd) ->
+        index.reversed().zip(shape.asList().reversed()).drop(1).forEach { (ind, maxInd) ->
             if (ind != maxInd - 1) {
                 return@forEach
             }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt
index 619d5c753..7e30c7965 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
 @JvmName("varArgOne")
-public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = ones(intArrayOf(*shape))
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = ones(Shape(shape))
 
 public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = ones(shape)
 
 @JvmName("varArgZero")
-public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = zeros(intArrayOf(*shape))
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = zeros(Shape(shape))
 
 public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = zeros(shape)
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt
index 61bf2341e..3b0d15400 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorTransform.kt
@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DoubleBufferND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RowStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ public fun StructureND<Double>.copyToTensor(): DoubleTensor = if (this is Double
 } else {
     DoubleTensor(
         shape,
-        RowStrides(this.shape).map(this::get).toDoubleArray().asBuffer(),
+        RowStrides(this.shape).map(this::getDouble).toDoubleArray().asBuffer(),
     )
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +34,7 @@ public fun StructureND<Int>.toDoubleTensor(): DoubleTensor {
     } else {
         val tensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra.zeroesLike(this)
         indices.forEach {
-            tensor[it] = get(it).toDouble()
+            tensor[it] = getInt(it).toDouble()
         }
         return tensor
     }
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@ public fun StructureND<Double>.asDoubleTensor(): DoubleTensor = if (this is Doub
 public fun StructureND<Int>.asIntTensor(): IntTensor = when (this) {
     is IntTensor -> this
     else -> IntTensor(
-        this.shape,
-        RowStrides(this.shape).map(this::get).toIntArray().asBuffer()
+        shape,
+        RowStrides(shape).map(this::getInt).toIntArray().asBuffer()
     )
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt
index 6a99b9ba8..5940d44e9 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.broadcastOuterTensors
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.broadcastShapes
@@ -19,38 +21,38 @@ internal class TestBroadcasting {
     fun testBroadcastShapes() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue(
             broadcastShapes(
-                intArrayOf(2, 3), intArrayOf(1, 3), intArrayOf(1, 1, 1)
-            ) contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 2, 3)
+                listOf(Shape(2, 3), Shape(1, 3), Shape(1, 1, 1))
+            ) contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3)
         )
 
         assertTrue(
             broadcastShapes(
-                intArrayOf(6, 7), intArrayOf(5, 6, 1), intArrayOf(7), intArrayOf(5, 1, 7)
-            ) contentEquals intArrayOf(5, 6, 7)
+                listOf(Shape(6, 7), Shape(5, 6, 1), Shape(7), Shape(5, 1, 7))
+            ) contentEquals Shape(5, 6, 7)
         )
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastTo() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
 
         val res = broadcastTo(tensor2, tensor1.shape)
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3))
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastTensors() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val res = broadcastTensors(tensor1, tensor2, tensor3)
 
-        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
 
         assertTrue(res[0].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         assertTrue(res[1].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
@@ -59,15 +61,15 @@ internal class TestBroadcasting {
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastOuterTensors() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val res = broadcastOuterTensors(tensor1, tensor2, tensor3)
 
-        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 1, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 1, 1))
+        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1, 1))
 
         assertTrue(res[0].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         assertTrue(res[1].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
@@ -76,37 +78,37 @@ internal class TestBroadcasting {
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastOuterTensorsShapes() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 1, 3, 2, 3), DoubleArray(2 * 1 * 3 * 2 * 3) { 0.0 })
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 3), DoubleArray(4 * 2 * 5 * 1 * 3 * 3) { 0.0 })
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 1, 3, 2, 3), DoubleArray(2 * 1 * 3 * 2 * 3) { 0.0 })
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 3), DoubleArray(4 * 2 * 5 * 1 * 3 * 3) { 0.0 })
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val res = broadcastOuterTensors(tensor1, tensor2, tensor3)
 
-        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(4, 2, 5, 3, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(4, 2, 5, 3, 3, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals intArrayOf(4, 2, 5, 3, 1, 1))
+        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 5, 3, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 5, 3, 3, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 5, 3, 1, 1))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testMinusTensor() = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.invoke {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val tensor21 = tensor2 - tensor1
         val tensor31 = tensor3 - tensor1
         val tensor32 = tensor3 - tensor2
 
-        assertTrue(tensor21.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2, 3))
+        assertTrue(tensor21.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3))
         assertTrue(tensor21.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(9.0, 18.0, 27.0, 6.0, 15.0, 24.0))
 
-        assertTrue(tensor31.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(tensor31.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
         assertTrue(
             tensor31.source
                     contentEquals doubleArrayOf(499.0, 498.0, 497.0, 496.0, 495.0, 494.0)
         )
 
-        assertTrue(tensor32.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 1, 3))
+        assertTrue(tensor32.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1, 3))
         assertTrue(tensor32.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(490.0, 480.0, 470.0))
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
index 4bc2e3bdb..f098eecb0 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
 
-    val shape = intArrayOf(2, 1, 3, 2)
+    val shape = Shape(2, 1, 3, 2)
     val buffer = doubleArrayOf(
         27.1, 20.0, 19.84,
         23.123, 3.0, 2.0,
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor.floor() eq expectedTensor(::floor) }
     }
 
-    val shape2 = intArrayOf(2, 2)
+    val shape2 = Shape(2, 2)
     val buffer2 = doubleArrayOf(
         1.0, 2.0,
         -3.0, 4.0
@@ -114,13 +115,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.min() == -3.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.min(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(1, 2),
+                Shape(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-3.0, 2.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.min(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(2),
+                Shape(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.0, -3.0)
             )
         }
@@ -131,13 +132,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.max() == 4.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.max(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(1, 2),
+                Shape(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.max(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(2),
+                Shape(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(2.0, 4.0)
             )
         }
@@ -148,13 +149,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.sum() == 4.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.sum(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(1, 2),
+                Shape(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-2.0, 6.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.sum(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(2),
+                Shape(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(3.0, 1.0)
             )
         }
@@ -165,13 +166,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.mean() == 1.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.mean(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(1, 2),
+                Shape(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 3.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.mean(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                intArrayOf(2),
+                Shape(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.5, 0.5)
             )
         }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
index 1c23cff18..b9f845bb2 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.svd1d
 import kotlin.math.abs
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     @Test
     fun testDetLU() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(2, 2, 2),
+            Shape(2, 2, 2),
             doubleArrayOf(
                 1.0, 3.0,
                 1.0, 2.0,
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
         )
 
         val expectedTensor = fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(2, 1),
+            Shape(2, 1),
             doubleArrayOf(
                 -1.0,
                 -7.0
@@ -43,7 +45,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     fun testDet() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val expectedValue = 0.019827417
         val m = fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(3, 3), doubleArrayOf(
+            Shape(3, 3), doubleArrayOf(
                 2.1843, 1.4391, -0.4845,
                 1.4391, 1.7772, 0.4055,
                 -0.4845, 0.4055, 0.7519
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     fun testDetSingle() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val expectedValue = 48.151623
         val m = fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(
+            Shape(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(
                 expectedValue
             )
         )
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     @Test
     fun testInvLU() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(2, 2, 2),
+            Shape(2, 2, 2),
             doubleArrayOf(
                 1.0, 0.0,
                 0.0, 2.0,
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
         )
 
         val expectedTensor = fromArray(
-            intArrayOf(2, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(
+            Shape(2, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(
                 1.0, 0.0,
                 0.0, 0.5,
                 0.0, 1.0,
@@ -92,14 +94,14 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testScalarProduct() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val a = fromArray(intArrayOf(3), doubleArrayOf(1.8, 2.5, 6.8))
-        val b = fromArray(intArrayOf(3), doubleArrayOf(5.5, 2.6, 6.4))
+        val a = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(1.8, 2.5, 6.8))
+        val b = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(5.5, 2.6, 6.4))
         assertEquals(a.dot(b).value(), 59.92)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testQR() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val shape = intArrayOf(2, 2, 2)
+        val shape = Shape(2, 2, 2)
         val buffer = doubleArrayOf(
             1.0, 3.0,
             1.0, 2.0,
@@ -120,7 +122,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testLU() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val shape = intArrayOf(2, 2, 2)
+        val shape = Shape(2, 2, 2)
         val buffer = doubleArrayOf(
             1.0, 3.0,
             1.0, 2.0,
@@ -140,9 +142,9 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testCholesky() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = randomNormal(intArrayOf(2, 5, 5), 0)
+        val tensor = randomNormal(Shape(2, 5, 5), 0)
         val sigma = (tensor matmul tensor.transposed()) + diagonalEmbedding(
-            fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 5), DoubleArray(10) { 0.1 })
+            fromArray(Shape(2, 5), DoubleArray(10) { 0.1 })
         )
         val low = sigma.cholesky()
         val sigmChol = low matmul low.transposed()
@@ -151,24 +153,24 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testSVD1D() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
 
         val res = svd1d(tensor2)
 
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(2))
         assertTrue { abs(abs(res.source[0]) - 0.386) < 0.01 }
         assertTrue { abs(abs(res.source[1]) - 0.922) < 0.01 }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testSVD() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        testSVDFor(fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0)))
-        testSVDFor(fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 0.0, 239.0, 238.0)))
+        testSVDFor(fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0)))
+        testSVDFor(fromArray(Shape(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 0.0, 239.0, 238.0)))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBatchedSVD() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = randomNormal(intArrayOf(2, 5, 3), 0)
+        val tensor = randomNormal(Shape(2, 5, 3), 0)
         val (tensorU, tensorS, tensorV) = tensor.svd()
         val tensorSVD = tensorU matmul (diagonalEmbedding(tensorS) matmul tensorV.transposed())
         assertTrue(tensor.eq(tensorSVD))
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testBatchedSymEig() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = randomNormal(shape = intArrayOf(2, 3, 3), 0)
+        val tensor = randomNormal(shape = Shape(2, 3, 3), 0)
         val tensorSigma = tensor + tensor.transposed()
         val (tensorS, tensorV) = tensorSigma.symEig()
         val tensorSigmaCalc = tensorV matmul (diagonalEmbedding(tensorS) matmul tensorV.transposed())
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
index 505031b67..f07614d05 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
     @Test
     fun testValue() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val value = 12.5
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(1), doubleArrayOf(value))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1), doubleArrayOf(value))
         assertEquals(tensor.value(), value)
     }
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     @Test
     fun testStrides() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
         assertEquals(tensor[intArrayOf(0, 1)], 5.8)
         assertTrue(
             tensor.elements().map { it.second }.toList()
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
     @Test
     fun testGet() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
         val matrix = tensor.getTensor(0).asDoubleTensor2D()
         assertEquals(matrix[0, 1], 5.8)
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
         val doubleArray = DoubleBuffer(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
 
         // create ND buffers, no data is copied
-        val ndArray: MutableBufferND<Double> = DoubleBufferND(ColumnStrides(intArrayOf(3)), doubleArray)
+        val ndArray: MutableBufferND<Double> = DoubleBufferND(ColumnStrides(Shape(3)), doubleArray)
 
         // map to tensors
         val tensorArray = ndArray.asDoubleTensor() // Data is copied because of strides change.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
     @Test
     fun test2D() = with(DoubleTensorAlgebra) {
-        val tensor: DoubleTensor = structureND(intArrayOf(3, 3)) { (i, j) -> (i - j).toDouble() }
+        val tensor: DoubleTensor = structureND(Shape(3, 3)) { (i, j) -> (i - j).toDouble() }
         //println(tensor.toPrettyString())
         val tensor2d = tensor.asDoubleTensor2D()
         assertBufferEquals(DoubleBuffer(1.0, 0.0, -1.0), tensor2d.rows[1])
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
     @Test
     fun testMatrixIteration() = with(DoubleTensorAlgebra) {
-        val tensor = structureND(intArrayOf(3, 3, 3, 3)) { index -> index.sum().toDouble() }
+        val tensor = structureND(Shape(3, 3, 3, 3)) { index -> index.sum().toDouble() }
         tensor.forEachMatrix { index, matrix ->
             println(index.joinToString { it.toString() })
             println(matrix)
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 67bebb9a7..3c693b089 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.get
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.testutils.assertBufferEquals
@@ -18,62 +20,62 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testDoublePlus() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0))
         val res = 10.0 + tensor
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(11.0, 12.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDoubleDiv() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(2), doubleArrayOf(2.0, 4.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2), doubleArrayOf(2.0, 4.0))
         val res = 2.0 / tensor
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 0.5))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDivDouble() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(2), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 5.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 5.0))
         val res = tensor / 2.5
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(4.0, 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTranspose1x1() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(1), doubleArrayOf(0.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1), doubleArrayOf(0.0))
         val res = tensor.transposed(0, 0)
 
-        assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(0.0))
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1))
+        assertTrue(res.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(0.0))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(1))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTranspose3x2() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         val res = tensor.transposed(1, 0)
 
-        assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0))
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTranspose1x2x3() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1, 2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         val res01 = tensor.transposed(0, 1)
         val res02 = tensor.transposed(-3, 2)
         val res12 = tensor.transposed()
 
-        assertTrue(res01.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2, 1, 3))
-        assertTrue(res02.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(3, 2, 1))
-        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 3, 2))
+        assertTrue(res01.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 1, 3))
+        assertTrue(res02.shape contentEquals Shape(3, 2, 1))
+        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 3, 2))
 
-        assertTrue(res01.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        assertTrue(res02.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0, 2.0, 5.0, 3.0, 6.0))
-        assertTrue(res12.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0, 2.0, 5.0, 3.0, 6.0))
+        assertTrue(res01.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        assertTrue(res02.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0, 2.0, 5.0, 3.0, 6.0))
+        assertTrue(res12.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0, 2.0, 5.0, 3.0, 6.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testLinearStructure() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val shape = intArrayOf(3)
+        val shape = Shape(3)
         val tensorA = full(value = -4.5, shape = shape)
         val tensorB = full(value = 10.9, shape = shape)
         val tensorC = full(value = 789.3, shape = shape)
@@ -105,28 +107,28 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testDot() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor11 = fromArray(intArrayOf(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(intArrayOf(1, 1, 3), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -2.0, -3.0))
-        val tensor4 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
-        val tensor5 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { 1 + it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor11 = fromArray(Shape(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 3), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -2.0, -3.0))
+        val tensor4 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
+        val tensor5 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { 1 + it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
 
         val res12 = tensor1.dot(tensor2)
         assertTrue(res12.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(140.0, 320.0))
-        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2))
+        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals Shape(2))
 
         val res32 = tensor3.matmul(tensor2)
         assertTrue(res32.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(-140.0))
-        assertTrue(res32.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1, 1))
+        assertTrue(res32.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1))
 
         val res22 = tensor2.dot(tensor2)
         assertTrue(res22.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1400.0))
-        assertTrue(res22.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(1))
+        assertTrue(res22.shape contentEquals Shape(1))
 
         val res11 = tensor1.dot(tensor11)
         assertTrue(res11.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(22.0, 28.0, 49.0, 64.0))
-        assertTrue(res11.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2, 2))
+        assertTrue(res11.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 2))
 
         val res45 = tensor4.matmul(tensor5)
         assertTrue(
@@ -135,44 +137,44 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
                 468.0, 501.0, 534.0, 594.0, 636.0, 678.0, 720.0, 771.0, 822.0
             )
         )
-        assertTrue(res45.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(2, 3, 3))
+        assertTrue(res45.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3, 3))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDiagonalEmbedding() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor3 = zeros(intArrayOf(2, 3, 4, 5))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor3 = zeros(Shape(2, 3, 4, 5))
 
         assertTrue(
             diagonalEmbedding(tensor3, 0, 3, 4).shape contentEquals
-                    intArrayOf(2, 3, 4, 5, 5)
+                    Shape(2, 3, 4, 5, 5)
         )
         assertTrue(
             diagonalEmbedding(tensor3, 1, 3, 4).shape contentEquals
-                    intArrayOf(2, 3, 4, 6, 6)
+                    Shape(2, 3, 4, 6, 6)
         )
         assertTrue(
             diagonalEmbedding(tensor3, 2, 0, 3).shape contentEquals
-                    intArrayOf(7, 2, 3, 7, 4)
+                    Shape(7, 2, 3, 7, 4)
         )
 
         val diagonal1 = diagonalEmbedding(tensor1, 0, 1, 0)
-        assertTrue(diagonal1.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(3, 3))
+        assertTrue(diagonal1.shape contentEquals Shape(3, 3))
         assertTrue(
             diagonal1.source contentEquals
                     doubleArrayOf(10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 30.0)
         )
 
         val diagonal1Offset = diagonalEmbedding(tensor1, 1, 1, 0)
-        assertTrue(diagonal1Offset.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(4, 4))
+        assertTrue(diagonal1Offset.shape contentEquals Shape(4, 4))
         assertTrue(
             diagonal1Offset.source contentEquals
                     doubleArrayOf(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 30.0, 0.0)
         )
 
         val diagonal2 = diagonalEmbedding(tensor2, 1, 0, 2)
-        assertTrue(diagonal2.shape contentEquals intArrayOf(4, 2, 4))
+        assertTrue(diagonal2.shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 4))
         assertTrue(
             diagonal2.source contentEquals
                     doubleArrayOf(
@@ -186,9 +188,9 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testEq() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(intArrayOf(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0))
 
         assertTrue(tensor1 eq tensor1)
         assertTrue(tensor1 eq tensor2)
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val l = tensor.getTensor(0).map { it + 1.0 }
         val r = tensor.getTensor(1).map { it - 1.0 }
         val res = l + r
-        assertTrue { intArrayOf(5, 5) contentEquals res.shape }
+        assertTrue { Shape(5, 5) contentEquals res.shape }
         assertEquals(2.0, res[4, 4])
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
index 1b7601a14..5ac1c74a3 100644
--- a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
+++ b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.viktor
 
 import org.jetbrains.bio.viktor.F64Array
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -31,8 +32,9 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
 
     override val elementAlgebra: DoubleField get() = DoubleField
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: IntArray, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
-        F64Array(*shape).apply {
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
+    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
+        F64Array(*shape.asArray()).apply {
             ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.initializer(index), indices = index)
             }
@@ -40,23 +42,26 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.unaryMinus(): StructureND<Double> = -1 * this
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun StructureND<Double>.map(transform: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
-        F64Array(*shape).apply {
-            ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+        F64Array(*shape.asArray()).apply {
+            ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.transform(this@map[index]), indices = index)
             }
         }.asStructure()
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun StructureND<Double>.mapIndexed(
         transform: DoubleField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double,
-    ): ViktorStructureND = F64Array(*shape).apply {
-        ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+    ): ViktorStructureND = F64Array(*shape.asArray()).apply {
+        ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)).asSequence().forEach { index ->
             set(value = DoubleField.transform(index, this@mapIndexed[index]), indices = index)
         }
     }.asStructure()
 
+    @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun zip(
         left: StructureND<Double>,
@@ -64,7 +69,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
         transform: DoubleField.(Double, Double) -> Double,
     ): ViktorStructureND {
         require(left.shape.contentEquals(right.shape))
-        return F64Array(*left.shape).apply {
+        return F64Array(*left.shape.asArray()).apply {
             ColumnStrides(left.shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.transform(left[index], right[index]), indices = index)
             }
@@ -119,13 +124,17 @@ public val DoubleField.viktorAlgebra: ViktorFieldOpsND get() = ViktorFieldOpsND
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public open class ViktorFieldND(
-    override val shape: Shape,
+    private val shapeAsArray: IntArray,
 ) : ViktorFieldOpsND(), FieldND<Double, DoubleField>, NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Double>> {
-    override val zero: ViktorStructureND by lazy { F64Array.full(init = 0.0, shape = shape).asStructure() }
-    override val one: ViktorStructureND by lazy { F64Array.full(init = 1.0, shape = shape).asStructure() }
+
+    override val shape: Shape = Shape(shapeAsArray)
+
+
+    override val zero: ViktorStructureND by lazy { F64Array.full(init = 0.0, shape = shapeAsArray).asStructure() }
+    override val one: ViktorStructureND by lazy { F64Array.full(init = 1.0, shape = shapeAsArray).asStructure() }
 
     override fun number(value: Number): ViktorStructureND =
-        F64Array.full(init = value.toDouble(), shape = shape).asStructure()
+        F64Array.full(init = value.toDouble(), shape = shapeAsArray).asStructure()
 }
 
 public fun DoubleField.viktorAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): ViktorFieldND = ViktorFieldND(shape)
diff --git a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
index ea279a912..cee52b06d 100644
--- a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
@@ -9,13 +9,16 @@ import org.jetbrains.bio.viktor.F64Array
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
 
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 public class ViktorStructureND(public val f64Buffer: F64Array) : MutableStructureND<Double> {
-    override val shape: IntArray get() = f64Buffer.shape
+    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(f64Buffer.shape)
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override inline fun get(index: IntArray): Double = f64Buffer.get(*index)
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override inline fun set(index: IntArray, value: Double) {
         f64Buffer.set(*index, value = value)
     }

From ee569b85f801972fd7cbd44d43abcd1df0a1b30d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 13:05:39 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 13/72] Safe shapes

---
 .../kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kmath/benchmarks/ViktorBenchmark.kt       |   4 +-
 .../kmath/benchmarks/ViktorLogBenchmark.kt    |   4 +-
 .../kmath/operations/mixedNDOperations.kt     |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/NDField.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt   |   6 +-
 .../structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt      |   4 +-
 .../structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt     |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt      |   8 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt       |  10 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt     |   6 +-
 .../tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt     |   8 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt   |  12 +--
 .../kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt  |   6 +-
 .../kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt       |   2 +-
 .../kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt         |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt    |   5 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt      |  16 +--
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt       |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt  |  10 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt      |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt  |   6 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt   | 102 ------------------
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt   |  10 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeND.kt | 102 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt    |   4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt    |   8 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt    |   6 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt    |  10 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt   |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd/algebraNDExtentions.kt  |   6 +-
 .../kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt      |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt    |   4 +-
 .../kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt       |   8 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt     |   4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt   |   4 +-
 .../histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt     |   4 +-
 .../kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt       |   8 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt     |   6 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt   |  15 +--
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt  |   8 +-
 .../tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt     |   6 +-
 .../kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt     |  12 ++-
 .../kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt   |   6 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt        |   4 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt      |   4 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt        |   8 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt |  40 +++----
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt  |   6 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt    |  20 ++--
 .../tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt   |   8 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt     |  10 +-
 .../core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt      |   4 +-
 .../tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt |   4 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt   |   8 +-
 .../tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt   |  10 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt    |  64 +++++------
 .../core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt   |  22 ++--
 .../core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt        |  38 +++----
 .../kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt    |  12 +--
 .../tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt   |  74 ++++++-------
 .../kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt |   8 +-
 .../kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt         |   4 +-
 66 files changed, 416 insertions(+), 408 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeND.kt

diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt
index 75c1a3ee3..3d39e89a5 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/NDFieldBenchmark.kt
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ internal class NDFieldBenchmark {
     private companion object {
         private const val dim = 1000
         private const val n = 100
-        private val shape = Shape(dim, dim)
+        private val shape = ShapeND(dim, dim)
         private val specializedField = DoubleField.ndAlgebra
         private val genericField = BufferedFieldOpsND(DoubleField)
         private val nd4jField = DoubleField.nd4j
diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorBenchmark.kt
index 25ce8410a..90f3cb765 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorBenchmark.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlinx.benchmark.Blackhole
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Scope
 import kotlinx.benchmark.State
 import org.jetbrains.bio.viktor.F64Array
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ndAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.one
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ internal class ViktorBenchmark {
     private companion object {
         private const val dim = 1000
         private const val n = 100
-        private val shape = Shape(dim, dim)
+        private val shape = ShapeND(dim, dim)
 
         // automatically build context most suited for given type.
         private val doubleField = DoubleField.ndAlgebra
diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorLogBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorLogBenchmark.kt
index ea417e564..4ec4605ed 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorLogBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/ViktorLogBenchmark.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlinx.benchmark.Blackhole
 import kotlinx.benchmark.Scope
 import kotlinx.benchmark.State
 import org.jetbrains.bio.viktor.F64Array
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ndAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.one
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ internal class ViktorLogBenchmark {
     private companion object {
         private const val dim = 1000
         private const val n = 100
-        private val shape = Shape(dim, dim)
+        private val shape = ShapeND(dim, dim)
 
         // automatically build context most suited for given type.
         private val doubleField = DoubleField.ndAlgebra
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/mixedNDOperations.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/mixedNDOperations.kt
index 8fc6e1b06..4a5d783e1 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/mixedNDOperations.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/mixedNDOperations.kt
@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 import space.kscience.kmath.commons.linear.CMLinearSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.matrix
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.DoubleBufferND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ndAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.viktor.ViktorStructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.viktor.viktorAlgebra
 
 fun main() {
-    val viktorStructure: ViktorStructureND = DoubleField.viktorAlgebra.structureND(Shape(2, 2)) { (i, j) ->
+    val viktorStructure: ViktorStructureND = DoubleField.viktorAlgebra.structureND(ShapeND(2, 2)) { (i, j) ->
         if (i == j) 2.0 else 0.0
     }
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NDField.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NDField.kt
index 48d14cb4c..ba8f047a8 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NDField.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/NDField.kt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fun main() {
     Nd4j.zeros(0)
     val dim = 1000
     val n = 1000
-    val shape = Shape(dim, dim)
+    val shape = ShapeND(dim, dim)
 
 
     // specialized nd-field for Double. It works as generic Double field as well.
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
index dd1516fcd..67c9b421f 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StreamDoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import java.util.stream.IntStream
  * A demonstration implementation of NDField over Real using Java [java.util.stream.DoubleStream] for parallel
  * execution.
  */
-class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) : FieldND<Double, DoubleField>,
+class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: ShapeND) : FieldND<Double, DoubleField>,
     NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Double>>,
     ExtendedField<StructureND<Double>> {
 
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) : FieldND<Double, DoubleFie
             else -> DoubleBuffer(strides.linearSize) { offset -> get(strides.index(offset)) }
         }
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): BufferND<Double> {
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): BufferND<Double> {
         val array = IntStream.range(0, strides.linearSize).parallel().mapToDouble { offset ->
             val index = strides.index(offset)
             DoubleField.initializer(index)
@@ -111,4 +111,4 @@ class StreamDoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) : FieldND<Double, DoubleFie
     override fun atanh(arg: StructureND<Double>): BufferND<Double> = arg.map { atanh(it) }
 }
 
-fun DoubleField.ndStreaming(vararg shape: Int): StreamDoubleFieldND = StreamDoubleFieldND(Shape(shape))
+fun DoubleField.ndStreaming(vararg shape: Int): StreamDoubleFieldND = StreamDoubleFieldND(ShapeND(shape))
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
index ec05f38d0..e3e7daaae 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureReadBenchmark.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
 @Suppress("ASSIGNED_BUT_NEVER_ACCESSED_VARIABLE")
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fun main() {
     val n = 6000
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
     val buffer = DoubleBuffer(array)
-    val strides = ColumnStrides(Shape(n, n))
+    val strides = ColumnStrides(ShapeND(n, n))
     val structure = BufferND(strides, buffer)
 
     measureTimeMillis {
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
index 081bfa5c0..522eeb768 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
 import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ private inline fun <T, reified R: Any> BufferND<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): BufferN
 @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
-    val structure = StructureND.buffered(Shape(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
+    val structure = StructureND.buffered(ShapeND(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
     structure.map { it + 1 } // warm-up
     val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.map { it + 1 } }
     println("Structure mapping finished in $time1 millis")
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
index 32d4176c1..40b927215 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ fun main() {
     DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         // take coefficient vector from normal distribution
         val alpha = randomNormal(
-            Shape(5),
+            ShapeND(5),
             randSeed
         ) + fromArray(
-            Shape(5),
+            ShapeND(5),
             doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.5, 3.4, 5.0, 10.1)
         )
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ fun main() {
 
         // also take sample of size 20 from normal distribution for x
         val x = randomNormal(
-            Shape(20, 5),
+            ShapeND(20, 5),
             randSeed
         )
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
index 2022b6472..78199aa8b 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
 
     // assume x is range from 0 until 10
     val x = fromArray(
-        Shape(10),
+        ShapeND(10),
         DoubleArray(10) { it.toDouble() }
     )
 
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
 
     // save means ans standard deviations for further recovery
     val mean = fromArray(
-        Shape(2),
+        ShapeND(2),
         doubleArrayOf(xMean, yMean)
     )
     println("Means:\n$mean")
 
     val std = fromArray(
-        Shape(2),
+        ShapeND(2),
         doubleArrayOf(xStd, yStd)
     )
     println("Standard deviations:\n$std")
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
     // we can restore original data from reduced data;
     // for example, find 7th element of dataset.
     val n = 7
-    val restored = (datasetReduced.getTensor(n) dot v.view(Shape(1, 2))) * std + mean
+    val restored = (datasetReduced.getTensor(n) dot v.view(ShapeND(1, 2))) * std + mean
     println("Original value:\n${dataset.getTensor(n)}")
     println("Restored value:\n$restored")
 }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
index 248266edb..091889e8e 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
 fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with broadcast methods
     // take dataset of 5-element vectors from normal distribution
-    val dataset = randomNormal(Shape(100, 5)) * 1.5 // all elements from N(0, 1.5)
+    val dataset = randomNormal(ShapeND(100, 5)) * 1.5 // all elements from N(0, 1.5)
 
     dataset += fromArray(
-        Shape(5),
+        ShapeND(5),
         doubleArrayOf(0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0) // row means
     )
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
index 3eab64429..60716d0ba 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {// work in context with linear
 
     // set true value of x
     val trueX = fromArray(
-        Shape(4),
+        ShapeND(4),
         doubleArrayOf(-2.0, 1.5, 6.8, -2.4)
     )
 
     // and A matrix
     val a = fromArray(
-        Shape(4, 4),
+        ShapeND(4, 4),
         doubleArrayOf(
             0.5, 10.5, 4.5, 1.0,
             8.5, 0.9, 12.8, 0.1,
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {// work in context with linear
     // this function returns solution x of a system lx = b, l should be lower triangular
     fun solveLT(l: DoubleTensor, b: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor {
         val n = l.shape[0]
-        val x = zeros(Shape(n))
+        val x = zeros(ShapeND(n))
         for (i in 0 until n) {
             x[intArrayOf(i)] = (b[intArrayOf(i)] - l.getTensor(i).dot(x).value()) / l[intArrayOf(i, i)]
         }
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
index 1e4e339dc..52b3b556c 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ class Dense(
 
     private val weights: DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         randomNormal(
-            Shape(inputUnits, outputUnits),
+            ShapeND(inputUnits, outputUnits),
             seed
         ) * sqrt(2.0 / (inputUnits + outputUnits))
     }
 
-    private val bias: DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra { zeros(Shape(outputUnits)) }
+    private val bias: DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra { zeros(ShapeND(outputUnits)) }
 
     override fun forward(input: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra {
         (input dot weights) + bias
@@ -184,17 +184,17 @@ fun main() = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra {
     //val testSize = sampleSize - trainSize
 
     // take sample of features from normal distribution
-    val x = randomNormal(Shape(sampleSize, features), seed) * 2.5
+    val x = randomNormal(ShapeND(sampleSize, features), seed) * 2.5
 
     x += fromArray(
-        Shape(5),
+        ShapeND(5),
         doubleArrayOf(0.0, -1.0, -2.5, -3.0, 5.5) // row means
     )
 
 
     // define class like '1' if the sum of features > 0 and '0' otherwise
     val y = fromArray(
-        Shape(sampleSize, 1),
+        ShapeND(sampleSize, 1),
         DoubleArray(sampleSize) { i ->
             if (x.getTensor(i).sum() > 0.0) {
                 1.0
diff --git a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt
index cbc69ca6e..06f6cad85 100644
--- a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt
+++ b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/ComplexFieldND.kt
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ public sealed class ComplexFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Complex, ComplexField
 }
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-public class ComplexFieldND(override val shape: Shape) :
+public class ComplexFieldND(override val shape: ShapeND) :
     ComplexFieldOpsND(), FieldND<Complex, ComplexField>,
     NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Complex>> {
 
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ public class ComplexFieldND(override val shape: Shape) :
 
 public val ComplexField.ndAlgebra: ComplexFieldOpsND get() = ComplexFieldOpsND
 
-public fun ComplexField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): ComplexFieldND = ComplexFieldND(Shape(shape))
+public fun ComplexField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): ComplexFieldND = ComplexFieldND(ShapeND(shape))
 
 /**
  * Produce a context for n-dimensional operations inside this real field
  */
 public inline fun <R> ComplexField.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: ComplexFieldND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ComplexFieldND(Shape(shape)).action()
+    return ComplexFieldND(ShapeND(shape)).action()
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
index 52f04d76a..5976b67b1 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/BufferedLinearSpace.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public class BufferedLinearSpace<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
     private val ndAlgebra = BufferedRingOpsND(bufferAlgebra)
 
     override fun buildMatrix(rows: Int, columns: Int, initializer: A.(i: Int, j: Int) -> T): Matrix<T> =
-        ndAlgebra.structureND(Shape(rows, columns)) { (i, j) -> elementAlgebra.initializer(i, j) }.as2D()
+        ndAlgebra.structureND(ShapeND(rows, columns)) { (i, j) -> elementAlgebra.initializer(i, j) }.as2D()
 
     override fun buildVector(size: Int, initializer: A.(Int) -> T): Point<T> =
         bufferAlgebra.buffer(size) { elementAlgebra.initializer(it) }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt
index 47ab5bece..4e7ab55ef 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/DoubleLinearSpace.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public object DoubleLinearSpace : LinearSpace<Double, DoubleField> {
         rows: Int,
         columns: Int,
         initializer: DoubleField.(i: Int, j: Int) -> Double
-    ): Matrix<Double> = DoubleFieldOpsND.structureND(Shape(rows, columns)) { (i, j) ->
+    ): Matrix<Double> = DoubleFieldOpsND.structureND(ShapeND(rows, columns)) { (i, j) ->
         DoubleField.initializer(i, j)
     }.as2D()
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
index b7ed6e867..55b970f4a 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/VirtualMatrix.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
+
 
 /**
  * The matrix where each element is evaluated each time when is being accessed.
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ public class VirtualMatrix<out T : Any>(
     public val generator: (i: Int, j: Int) -> T,
 ) : Matrix<T> {
 
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(rowNum, colNum)
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(rowNum, colNum)
 
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = generator(i, j)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
index 101f90160..d53f5488a 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/AlgebraND.kt
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public interface AlgebraND<T, out C : Algebra<T>>: Algebra<StructureND<T>> {
     /**
      * Produces a new [StructureND] using given initializer function.
      */
-    public fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: C.(IntArray) -> T): StructureND<T>
+    public fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: C.(IntArray) -> T): StructureND<T>
 
     /**
      * Maps elements from one structure to another one by applying [transform] to them.
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
index 597fc7d97..781d2e367 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferAlgebraND.kt
@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 
 public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
-    public val indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer
+    public val indexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer
     public val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>
     override val elementAlgebra: A get() = bufferAlgebra.elementAlgebra
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): BufferND<T> {
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): BufferND<T> {
         val indexer = indexerBuilder(shape)
         return BufferND(
             indexer,
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public interface BufferAlgebraND<T, out A : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, A> {
         zipInline(left.toBufferND(), right.toBufferND(), transform)
 
     public companion object {
-        public val defaultIndexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = ::Strides
+        public val defaultIndexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer = ::Strides
     }
 }
 
@@ -99,24 +99,24 @@ internal inline fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.zipInline(
 @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public open class BufferedGroupNDOps<T, out A : Group<T>>(
     override val bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    override val indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    override val indexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : GroupOpsND<T, A>, BufferAlgebraND<T, A> {
     override fun StructureND<T>.unaryMinus(): StructureND<T> = map { -it }
 }
 
 public open class BufferedRingOpsND<T, out A : Ring<T>>(
     bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    indexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : BufferedGroupNDOps<T, A>(bufferAlgebra, indexerBuilder), RingOpsND<T, A>
 
 public open class BufferedFieldOpsND<T, out A : Field<T>>(
     bufferAlgebra: BufferAlgebra<T, A>,
-    indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+    indexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
 ) : BufferedRingOpsND<T, A>(bufferAlgebra, indexerBuilder), FieldOpsND<T, A> {
 
     public constructor(
         elementAlgebra: A,
-        indexerBuilder: (Shape) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
+        indexerBuilder: (ShapeND) -> ShapeIndexer = BufferAlgebraND.defaultIndexerBuilder,
     ) : this(BufferFieldOps(elementAlgebra), indexerBuilder)
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ public val <T, A : Field<T>> BufferAlgebra<T, A>.nd: BufferedFieldOpsND<T, A> ge
 public fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> BufferAlgebraND<T, A>.structureND(
     vararg shape: Int,
     initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T,
-): BufferND<T> = structureND(Shape(shape), initializer)
+): BufferND<T> = structureND(ShapeND(shape), initializer)
 
 public fun <T, EA : Algebra<T>, A> A.structureND(
     initializer: EA.(IntArray) -> T,
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
index 644b62ebe..55e8bbcf8 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public open class BufferND<out T>(
     @PerformancePitfall
     override operator fun get(index: IntArray): T = buffer[indices.offset(index)]
 
-    override val shape: Shape get() = indices.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = indices.shape
 
     override fun toString(): String = StructureND.toString(this)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
index 182ce38d6..b5ed64108 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/DoubleFieldND.kt
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(D
         transform: DoubleField.(Double, Double) -> Double,
     ): BufferND<Double> = zipInline(left.toBufferND(), right.toBufferND()) { l, r -> DoubleField.transform(l, r) }
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleBufferND {
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleBufferND {
         val indexer = indexerBuilder(shape)
         return DoubleBufferND(
             indexer,
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ public sealed class DoubleFieldOpsND : BufferedFieldOpsND<Double, DoubleField>(D
 }
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-public class DoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) :
+public class DoubleFieldND(override val shape: ShapeND) :
     DoubleFieldOpsND(), FieldND<Double, DoubleField>, NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Double>>,
     ExtendedField<StructureND<Double>> {
 
@@ -231,8 +231,8 @@ public class DoubleFieldND(override val shape: Shape) :
 
 public val DoubleField.ndAlgebra: DoubleFieldOpsND get() = DoubleFieldOpsND
 
-public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(Shape(shape))
-public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(shape: Shape): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(shape)
+public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(vararg shape: Int): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(ShapeND(shape))
+public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(shape: ShapeND): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(shape)
 
 /**
  * Produce a context for n-dimensional operations inside this real field
@@ -240,5 +240,5 @@ public fun DoubleField.ndAlgebra(shape: Shape): DoubleFieldND = DoubleFieldND(sh
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public inline fun <R> DoubleField.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: DoubleFieldND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return DoubleFieldND(Shape(shape)).run(action)
+    return DoubleFieldND(ShapeND(shape)).run(action)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt
index 697e351d2..f46defeee 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/IntRingND.kt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ public class IntBufferND(
 
 public sealed class IntRingOpsND : BufferedRingOpsND<Int, IntRing>(IntRing.bufferAlgebra) {
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntBufferND {
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntBufferND {
         val indexer = indexerBuilder(shape)
         return IntBufferND(
             indexer,
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public sealed class IntRingOpsND : BufferedRingOpsND<Int, IntRing>(IntRing.buffe
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public class IntRingND(
-    override val shape: Shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND
 ) : IntRingOpsND(), RingND<Int, IntRing>, NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Int>> {
 
     override fun number(value: Number): BufferND<Int> {
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ public class IntRingND(
 
 public inline fun <R> IntRing.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: IntRingND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return IntRingND(Shape(shape)).run(action)
+    return IntRingND(ShapeND(shape)).run(action)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
index 0efc7beb0..e4ba72cec 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/PermutedStructureND.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ public class PermutedStructureND<T>(
     public val permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
 
-    override val shape: Shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND
         get() = origin.shape
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public fun <T> StructureND<T>.permute(
 
 public class PermutedMutableStructureND<T>(
     public val origin: MutableStructureND<T>,
-    override val shape: Shape = origin.shape,
+    override val shape: ShapeND = origin.shape,
     public val permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
 ) : MutableStructureND<T> {
 
@@ -45,6 +45,6 @@ public class PermutedMutableStructureND<T>(
 }
 
 public fun <T> MutableStructureND<T>.permute(
-    newShape: Shape = shape,
+    newShape: ShapeND = shape,
     permutation: (IntArray) -> IntArray,
 ): PermutedMutableStructureND<T> = PermutedMutableStructureND(this, newShape, permutation)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8dd17ab32..000000000
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Shape.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.nd
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
-
-/**
- * A read-only ND shape
- */
-@JvmInline
-public value class Shape(@PublishedApi internal val array: IntArray) {
-    public val size: Int get() = array.size
-    public operator fun get(index: Int): Int = array[index]
-    override fun toString(): String = array.contentToString()
-}
-
-public inline fun Shape.forEach(block: (value: Int) -> Unit): Unit = array.forEach(block)
-
-public inline fun Shape.forEachIndexed(block: (index: Int, value: Int) -> Unit): Unit = array.forEachIndexed(block)
-
-public infix fun Shape.contentEquals(other: Shape): Boolean = array.contentEquals(other.array)
-
-public fun Shape.contentHashCode(): Int = array.contentHashCode()
-
-public val Shape.indices: IntRange get() = array.indices
-public val Shape.linearSize: Int get() = array.reduce(Int::times)
-
-public fun Shape.slice(range: IntRange): Shape = Shape(array.sliceArray(range))
-
-public fun Shape.last(): Int = array.last()
-
-/**
- * A shape including last [n] dimensions of this shape
- */
-public fun Shape.last(n: Int): Shape = Shape(array.copyOfRange(size - n, size))
-
-public fun Shape.first(): Int = array.first()
-
-/**
- * A shape including first [n] dimensions of this shape
- */
-public fun Shape.first(n: Int): Shape = Shape(array.copyOfRange(0, n))
-
-public operator fun Shape.plus(add: IntArray): Shape = Shape(array + add)
-
-public operator fun Shape.plus(add: Shape): Shape = Shape(array + add.array)
-
-public fun Shape.isEmpty(): Boolean = size == 0
-public fun Shape.isNotEmpty(): Boolean = size > 0
-
-public fun Shape.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Shape = Shape(array.copyOf().apply {
-    val ith = get(i)
-    val jth = get(j)
-    set(i, jth)
-    set(j, ith)
-})
-
-public operator fun Shape.component1(): Int = get(0)
-public operator fun Shape.component2(): Int = get(1)
-public operator fun Shape.component3(): Int = get(2)
-
-/**
- * Convert to array with protective copy
- */
-public fun Shape.toArray(): IntArray = array.copyOf()
-
-@UnsafeKMathAPI
-public fun Shape.asArray(): IntArray = array
-
-public fun Shape.asList(): List<Int> = array.asList()
-
-
-/**
- * An exception is thrown when the expected and actual shape of NDArray differ.
- *
- * @property expected the expected shape.
- * @property actual the actual shape.
- */
-public class ShapeMismatchException(public val expected: Shape, public val actual: Shape) :
-    RuntimeException("Shape $actual doesn't fit in expected shape ${expected}.")
-
-public class IndexOutOfShapeException(public val shape: Shape, public val index: IntArray) :
-    RuntimeException("Index ${index.contentToString()} is out of shape ${shape}")
-
-public fun Shape(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): Shape = Shape(intArrayOf(shapeFirst, *shapeRest))
-
-public interface WithShape {
-    public val shape: Shape
-
-    public val indices: ShapeIndexer get() = ColumnStrides(shape)
-}
-
-internal fun requireIndexInShape(index: IntArray, shape: Shape) {
-    if (index.size != shape.size) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(shape, index)
-    shape.forEachIndexed { axis, axisShape ->
-        if (index[axis] !in 0 until axisShape) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(shape, index)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
index d2ea302fd..37e0c7b5e 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
  * A converter from linear index to multivariate index
  */
 public interface ShapeIndexer : Iterable<IntArray> {
-    public val shape: Shape
+    public val shape: ShapeND
 
     /**
      * Get linear index from multidimensional index
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ public abstract class Strides : ShapeIndexer {
 /**
  * Column-first [Strides]. Columns are represented as continuous arrays
  */
-public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: Shape) : Strides() {
+public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: ShapeND) : Strides() {
     override val linearSize: Int get() = strides[shape.size]
 
     /**
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: Shape) : Strides() {
  *
  * @param shape the shape of the tensor.
  */
-public class RowStrides(override val shape: Shape) : Strides() {
+public class RowStrides(override val shape: ShapeND) : Strides() {
 
     override val strides: IntArray by lazy {
         val nDim = shape.size
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ public class RowStrides(override val shape: Shape) : Strides() {
 }
 
 @ThreadLocal
-private val defaultStridesCache = HashMap<Shape, Strides>()
+private val defaultStridesCache = HashMap<ShapeND, Strides>()
 
 /**
  * Cached builder for default strides
  */
-public fun Strides(shape: Shape): Strides = defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { RowStrides(shape) }
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun Strides(shape: ShapeND): Strides = defaultStridesCache.getOrPut(shape) { RowStrides(shape) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeND.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63728e94f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeND.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.nd
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
+import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
+
+/**
+ * A read-only ND shape
+ */
+@JvmInline
+public value class ShapeND(@PublishedApi internal val array: IntArray) {
+    public val size: Int get() = array.size
+    public operator fun get(index: Int): Int = array[index]
+    override fun toString(): String = array.contentToString()
+}
+
+public inline fun ShapeND.forEach(block: (value: Int) -> Unit): Unit = array.forEach(block)
+
+public inline fun ShapeND.forEachIndexed(block: (index: Int, value: Int) -> Unit): Unit = array.forEachIndexed(block)
+
+public infix fun ShapeND.contentEquals(other: ShapeND): Boolean = array.contentEquals(other.array)
+
+public fun ShapeND.contentHashCode(): Int = array.contentHashCode()
+
+public val ShapeND.indices: IntRange get() = array.indices
+public val ShapeND.linearSize: Int get() = array.reduce(Int::times)
+
+public fun ShapeND.slice(range: IntRange): ShapeND = ShapeND(array.sliceArray(range))
+
+public fun ShapeND.last(): Int = array.last()
+
+/**
+ * A shape including last [n] dimensions of this shape
+ */
+public fun ShapeND.last(n: Int): ShapeND = ShapeND(array.copyOfRange(size - n, size))
+
+public fun ShapeND.first(): Int = array.first()
+
+/**
+ * A shape including first [n] dimensions of this shape
+ */
+public fun ShapeND.first(n: Int): ShapeND = ShapeND(array.copyOfRange(0, n))
+
+public operator fun ShapeND.plus(add: IntArray): ShapeND = ShapeND(array + add)
+
+public operator fun ShapeND.plus(add: ShapeND): ShapeND = ShapeND(array + add.array)
+
+public fun ShapeND.isEmpty(): Boolean = size == 0
+public fun ShapeND.isNotEmpty(): Boolean = size > 0
+
+public fun ShapeND.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): ShapeND = ShapeND(array.copyOf().apply {
+    val ith = get(i)
+    val jth = get(j)
+    set(i, jth)
+    set(j, ith)
+})
+
+public operator fun ShapeND.component1(): Int = get(0)
+public operator fun ShapeND.component2(): Int = get(1)
+public operator fun ShapeND.component3(): Int = get(2)
+
+/**
+ * Convert to array with protective copy
+ */
+public fun ShapeND.toArray(): IntArray = array.copyOf()
+
+@UnsafeKMathAPI
+public fun ShapeND.asArray(): IntArray = array
+
+public fun ShapeND.asList(): List<Int> = array.asList()
+
+
+/**
+ * An exception is thrown when the expected and actual shape of NDArray differ.
+ *
+ * @property expected the expected shape.
+ * @property actual the actual shape.
+ */
+public class ShapeMismatchException(public val expected: ShapeND, public val actual: ShapeND) :
+    RuntimeException("Shape $actual doesn't fit in expected shape ${expected}.")
+
+public class IndexOutOfShapeException(public val shape: ShapeND, public val index: IntArray) :
+    RuntimeException("Index ${index.contentToString()} is out of shape ${shape}")
+
+public fun ShapeND(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): ShapeND = ShapeND(intArrayOf(shapeFirst, *shapeRest))
+
+public interface WithShape {
+    public val shape: ShapeND
+
+    public val indices: ShapeIndexer get() = ColumnStrides(shape)
+}
+
+internal fun requireIndexInShape(index: IntArray, shape: ShapeND) {
+    if (index.size != shape.size) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(shape, index)
+    shape.forEachIndexed { axis, axisShape ->
+        if (index[axis] !in 0 until axisShape) throw IndexOutOfShapeException(shape, index)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt
index d34c722a1..34d748b3f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShortRingND.kt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public sealed class ShortRingOpsND : BufferedRingOpsND<Short, ShortRing>(ShortRi
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 public class ShortRingND(
-    override val shape: Shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND
 ) : ShortRingOpsND(), RingND<Short, ShortRing>, NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Short>> {
 
     override fun number(value: Number): BufferND<Short> {
@@ -30,5 +30,5 @@ public class ShortRingND(
 
 public inline fun <R> ShortRing.withNdAlgebra(vararg shape: Int, action: ShortRingND.() -> R): R {
     contract { callsInPlace(action, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ShortRingND(Shape(shape)).run(action)
+    return ShortRingND(ShapeND(shape)).run(action)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
index 51a3d7fd0..ba48e25ce 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure1D.kt
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public interface MutableStructure1D<T> : Structure1D<T>, MutableStructureND<T>,
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Structure1DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 
     @PerformancePitfall
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ private value class Structure1DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : S
  * A 1D wrapper for a mutable nd-structure
  */
 private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>) : MutableStructure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
     override val size: Int get() = structure.shape[0]
 
     @PerformancePitfall
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ private class MutableStructure1DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>)
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Buffer1DWrapper<out T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(buffer.size)
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(buffer.size)
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
     @PerformancePitfall
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ private value class Buffer1DWrapper<out T>(val buffer: Buffer<T>) : Structure1D<
 }
 
 internal class MutableBuffer1DWrapper<T>(val buffer: MutableBuffer<T>) : MutableStructure1D<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(buffer.size)
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(buffer.size)
     override val size: Int get() = buffer.size
 
     @PerformancePitfall
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
index d10c43c25..a9c6c2748 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/Structure2D.kt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public interface Structure2D<out T> : StructureND<T> {
      */
     public val colNum: Int
 
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(rowNum, colNum)
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(rowNum, colNum)
 
     /**
      * The buffer of rows of this structure. It gets elements from the structure dynamically.
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public interface MutableStructure2D<T> : Structure2D<T>, MutableStructureND<T> {
  */
 @JvmInline
 private value class Structure2DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : Structure2D<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
 
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
     override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ private value class Structure2DWrapper<out T>(val structure: StructureND<T>) : S
  * A 2D wrapper for a mutable nd-structure
  */
 private class MutableStructure2DWrapper<T>(val structure: MutableStructureND<T>) : MutableStructure2D<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
 
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
     override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
index baea5da15..c96843651 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StructureND.kt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
      * The shape of structure i.e., non-empty sequence of non-negative integers that specify sizes of dimensions of
      * this structure.
      */
-    override val shape: Shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND
 
     /**
      * The count of dimensions in this structure. It should be equal to size of [shape].
@@ -147,13 +147,13 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
         ): BufferND<T> = BufferND(strides, Buffer.auto(type, strides.linearSize) { i -> initializer(strides.index(i)) })
 
         public fun <T> buffered(
-            shape: Shape,
+            shape: ShapeND,
             bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory.boxing(),
             initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> = buffered(ColumnStrides(shape), bufferFactory, initializer)
 
         public inline fun <reified T : Any> auto(
-            shape: Shape,
+            shape: ShapeND,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> = auto(ColumnStrides(shape), initializer)
 
@@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ public interface StructureND<out T> : Featured<StructureFeature>, WithShape {
             vararg shape: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
         ): BufferND<T> =
-            auto(ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)), initializer)
+            auto(ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)), initializer)
 
         public inline fun <T : Any> auto(
             type: KClass<T>,
             vararg shape: Int,
             crossinline initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
-        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)), initializer)
+        ): BufferND<T> = auto(type, ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)), initializer)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
index e5edeef7f..4932dca41 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/VirtualStructureND.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 
 public open class VirtualStructureND<T>(
-    override val shape: Shape,
+    override val shape: ShapeND,
     public val producer: (IntArray) -> T,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
 
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ public open class VirtualStructureND<T>(
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public class VirtualDoubleStructureND(
-    shape: Shape,
+    shape: ShapeND,
     producer: (IntArray) -> Double,
 ) : VirtualStructureND<Double>(shape, producer)
 
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public class VirtualIntStructureND(
-    shape: Shape,
+    shape: ShapeND,
     producer: (IntArray) -> Int,
 ) : VirtualStructureND<Int>(shape, producer)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/algebraNDExtentions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/algebraNDExtentions.kt
index 1b7bd20db..f0d4bd7f5 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/algebraNDExtentions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/algebraNDExtentions.kt
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ public fun <T, A : Algebra<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.structureND(
     shapeFirst: Int,
     vararg shapeRest: Int,
     initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T
-): StructureND<T> = structureND(Shape(shapeFirst, *shapeRest), initializer)
+): StructureND<T> = structureND(ShapeND(shapeFirst, *shapeRest), initializer)
 
-public fun <T, A : Group<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.zero(shape: Shape): StructureND<T> = structureND(shape) { zero }
+public fun <T, A : Group<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.zero(shape: ShapeND): StructureND<T> = structureND(shape) { zero }
 
 @JvmName("zeroVarArg")
 public fun <T, A : Group<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.zero(
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ public fun <T, A : Group<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.zero(
     vararg shapeRest: Int,
 ): StructureND<T> = structureND(shapeFirst, *shapeRest) { zero }
 
-public fun <T, A : Ring<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.one(shape: Shape): StructureND<T> = structureND(shape) { one }
+public fun <T, A : Ring<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.one(shape: ShapeND): StructureND<T> = structureND(shape) { one }
 
 @JvmName("oneVarArg")
 public fun <T, A : Ring<T>> AlgebraND<T, A>.one(
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
index b1b6fba9f..48f3e919b 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/BufferAccessor2D.kt
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ internal class BufferAccessor2D<T>(
 
     //TODO optimize wrapper
     fun MutableBuffer<T>.collect(): Structure2D<T> = StructureND.buffered(
-        ColumnStrides(Shape(rowNum, colNum)),
+        ColumnStrides(ShapeND(rowNum, colNum)),
         factory
     ) { (i, j) ->
         get(i, j)
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
index 7044eb930..e6335f652 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/StridesTest.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import kotlin.test.Test
 class StridesTest {
     @Test
     fun checkRowBasedStrides() {
-        val strides = RowStrides(Shape(3, 3))
+        val strides = RowStrides(ShapeND(3, 3))
         var counter = 0
         for(i in 0..2){
             for(j in 0..2){
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class StridesTest {
 
     @Test
     fun checkColumnBasedStrides() {
-        val strides = ColumnStrides(Shape(3, 3))
+        val strides = ColumnStrides(ShapeND(3, 3))
         var counter = 0
         for(i in 0..2){
             for(j in 0..2){
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
index 97e27df96..1f717658e 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/LazyStructureND.kt
@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.coroutines.Math
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 
 public class LazyStructureND<out T>(
     public val scope: CoroutineScope,
-    override val shape: Shape,
+    override val shape: ShapeND,
     public val function: suspend (IntArray) -> T,
 ) : StructureND<T> {
     private val cache: MutableMap<IntArray, Deferred<T>> = HashMap()
@@ -35,20 +35,24 @@ public class LazyStructureND<out T>(
     }
 }
 
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public fun <T> StructureND<T>.async(index: IntArray): Deferred<T> =
     if (this is LazyStructureND<T>) this@async.async(index) else CompletableDeferred(get(index))
 
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public suspend fun <T> StructureND<T>.await(index: IntArray): T =
     if (this is LazyStructureND<T>) await(index) else get(index)
 
 /**
  * PENDING would benefit from KEEP-176
  */
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public inline fun <T, R> StructureND<T>.mapAsyncIndexed(
     scope: CoroutineScope,
     crossinline function: suspend (T, index: IntArray) -> R,
 ): LazyStructureND<R> = LazyStructureND(scope, shape) { index -> function(get(index), index) }
 
+@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public inline fun <T, R> StructureND<T>.mapAsync(
     scope: CoroutineScope,
     crossinline function: suspend (T) -> R,
diff --git a/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt b/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt
index 30c84d848..dde2d4fcf 100644
--- a/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt
+++ b/kmath-dimensions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/dimensions/Wrappers.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.dimensions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Structure2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ public interface DMatrix<out T, R : Dimension, C : Dimension> : Structure2D<T> {
 public value class DMatrixWrapper<out T, R : Dimension, C : Dimension>(
     private val structure: Structure2D<T>,
 ) : DMatrix<T, R, C> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = structure.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = structure.shape
     override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
     override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
     override operator fun get(i: Int, j: Int): T = structure[i, j]
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
index 06320c8d9..623452422 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/HistogramND.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.FieldOpsND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Group
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public class HistogramND<T : Comparable<T>, D : Domain<T>, V : Any>(
  */
 public interface HistogramGroupND<T : Comparable<T>, D : Domain<T>, V : Any> :
     Group<HistogramND<T, D, V>>, ScaleOperations<HistogramND<T, D, V>> {
-    public val shape: Shape
+    public val shape: ShapeND
     public val valueAlgebraND: FieldOpsND<V, *> //= NDAlgebra.space(valueSpace, Buffer.Companion::boxing, *shape),
 
     /**
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
index cf8b59087..f22ea9776 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public class UniformHistogramGroupND<V : Any, A : Field<V>>(
 
     public val dimension: Int get() = lower.size
 
-    override val shape: Shape = Shape(IntArray(binNums.size) { binNums[it] + 2 })
+    override val shape: ShapeND = ShapeND(IntArray(binNums.size) { binNums[it] + 2 })
 
     private val binSize = DoubleBuffer(dimension) { (upper[it] - lower[it]) / binNums[it] }
 
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt
index 88c004c7b..ae526873d 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensor.kt
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.multik
 
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.ndarray.data.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 @JvmInline
 public value class MultikTensor<T>(public val array: MutableMultiArray<T, DN>) : Tensor<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(array.shape)
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(array.shape)
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T = array[index]
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
index 99cbc3193..1736b48e3 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     protected val multikStat: Statistics = multikEngine.getStatistics()
 
     @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): MultikTensor<T> {
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): MultikTensor<T> {
         val strides = ColumnStrides(shape)
         val memoryView = initMemoryView<T>(strides.linearSize, type)
         strides.asSequence().forEachIndexed { linearIndex, tensorIndex ->
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     public fun MutableMultiArray<T, *>.wrap(): MultikTensor<T> = MultikTensor(this.asDNArray())
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
-    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals Shape(1)) {
+    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals ShapeND(1)) {
         get(intArrayOf(0))
     } else null
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
 
     override fun StructureND<T>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): MultikTensor<T> = asMultik().array.transpose(i, j).wrap()
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): MultikTensor<T> {
+    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: ShapeND): MultikTensor<T> {
         require(shape.asList().all { it > 0 })
         require(shape.linearSize == this.shape.size) {
             "Cannot reshape array of size ${this.shape.size} into a new shape ${
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ public abstract class MultikTensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
         }
 
         val mt = asMultik().array
-        return if (Shape(mt.shape).contentEquals(shape)) {
+        return if (ShapeND(mt.shape).contentEquals(shape)) {
             mt
         } else {
             @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
index de54af732..afd292904 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.multik
 
 import org.jetbrains.kotlinx.multik.default.DefaultEngine
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.one
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ internal class MultikNDTest {
     fun dotResult() {
         val dim = 100
 
-        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12224)
-        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12225)
+        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = ShapeND(dim, dim), 12224)
+        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = ShapeND(dim, dim), 12225)
 
         val multikResult = with(multikAlgebra) {
             tensor1 dot tensor2
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt
index 7654ec9ce..6f01233d7 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayAlgebra.kt
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jArrayAlgebra<T, out C : Algebra<T>> : AlgebraND<T, C
      */
     public val StructureND<T>.ndArray: INDArray
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: C.(IntArray) -> T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: C.(IntArray) -> T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> {
         @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
         val struct: Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Nd4j.create(*shape.asArray())!!.wrap()
         struct.indicesIterator().forEach { struct[it] = elementAlgebra.initializer(it) }
@@ -224,10 +225,10 @@ public open class DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps : Nd4jArrayExtendedFieldOps<Double, Do
 
 public val DoubleField.nd4j: DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps get() = DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps
 
-public class DoubleNd4jArrayField(override val shape: Shape) : DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps(), FieldND<Double, DoubleField>
+public class DoubleNd4jArrayField(override val shape: ShapeND) : DoubleNd4jArrayFieldOps(), FieldND<Double, DoubleField>
 
 public fun DoubleField.nd4j(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): DoubleNd4jArrayField =
-    DoubleNd4jArrayField(Shape(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
+    DoubleNd4jArrayField(ShapeND(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
 
 
 /**
@@ -271,12 +272,12 @@ public open class FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps : Nd4jArrayExtendedFieldOps<Float, Floa
     public companion object : FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps()
 }
 
-public class FloatNd4jArrayField(override val shape: Shape) : FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps(), RingND<Float, FloatField>
+public class FloatNd4jArrayField(override val shape: ShapeND) : FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps(), RingND<Float, FloatField>
 
 public val FloatField.nd4j: FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps get() = FloatNd4jArrayFieldOps
 
 public fun FloatField.nd4j(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): FloatNd4jArrayField =
-    FloatNd4jArrayField(Shape(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
+    FloatNd4jArrayField(ShapeND(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
 
 /**
  * Represents [RingND] over [Nd4jArrayIntStructure].
@@ -312,7 +313,7 @@ public open class IntNd4jArrayRingOps : Nd4jArrayRingOps<Int, IntRing> {
 
 public val IntRing.nd4j: IntNd4jArrayRingOps get() = IntNd4jArrayRingOps
 
-public class IntNd4jArrayRing(override val shape: Shape) : IntNd4jArrayRingOps(), RingND<Int, IntRing>
+public class IntNd4jArrayRing(override val shape: ShapeND) : IntNd4jArrayRingOps(), RingND<Int, IntRing>
 
 public fun IntRing.nd4j(shapeFirst: Int, vararg shapeRest: Int): IntNd4jArrayRing =
-    IntNd4jArrayRing(Shape(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
\ No newline at end of file
+    IntNd4jArrayRing(ShapeND(shapeFirst, * shapeRest))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt
index 60c865a02..a1405ccfb 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jArrayStructure.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public sealed class Nd4jArrayStructure<T> : MutableStructureND<T> {
      */
     public abstract val ndArray: INDArray
 
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(ndArray.shape().toIntArray())
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(ndArray.shape().toIntArray())
 
     internal abstract fun elementsIterator(): Iterator<Pair<IntArray, T>>
     internal fun indicesIterator(): Iterator<IntArray> = ndArray.indicesIterator()
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
index d505b3c0e..62bfe90ba 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jTensorAlgebra<T : Number, A : Field<T>> : AnalyticTe
      */
     public val StructureND<T>.ndArray: INDArray
 
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T>
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: A.(IntArray) -> T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T>
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun StructureND<T>.map(transform: A.(T) -> T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jTensorAlgebra<T : Number, A : Field<T>> : AnalyticTe
         ndArray.max(keepDim, dim).wrap()
 
     @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
-    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.reshape(shape.asArray()).wrap()
+    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: ShapeND): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.reshape(shape.asArray()).wrap()
 
     override fun Tensor<T>.viewAs(other: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = view(other.shape)
 
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ public object DoubleNd4jTensorAlgebra : Nd4jTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
     override fun INDArray.wrap(): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> = asDoubleStructure()
 
     @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> {
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): Nd4jArrayStructure<Double> {
         val array: INDArray = Nd4j.zeros(*shape.asArray())
         val indices = ColumnStrides(shape)
         indices.asSequence().forEach { index ->
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ public object DoubleNd4jTensorAlgebra : Nd4jTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
         }
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.valueOrNull(): Double? =
-        if (shape contentEquals Shape(1)) ndArray.getDouble(0) else null
+        if (shape contentEquals ShapeND(1)) ndArray.getDouble(0) else null
 
     // TODO rewrite
     override fun diagonalEmbedding(
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
index 674485fd1..27a20aafe 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra.kt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.PowerOperations
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ public class DoubleTensorFlowOutput(
 
 }
 
-internal fun Shape.toLongArray(): LongArray = LongArray(size) { get(it).toLong() }
+internal fun ShapeND.toLongArray(): LongArray = LongArray(size) { get(it).toLong() }
 
 public class DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra internal constructor(
     graph: Graph,
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public class DoubleTensorFlowAlgebra internal constructor(
     override val elementAlgebra: DoubleField get() = DoubleField
 
     override fun structureND(
-        shape: Shape,
+        shape: ShapeND,
         initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double,
     ): StructureND<Double> {
         val res = TFloat64.tensorOf(org.tensorflow.ndarray.Shape.of(*shape.toLongArray())) { array ->
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
index a1e0335f8..435b01b80 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import org.tensorflow.types.family.TType
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnsafeKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.asArray
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
@@ -41,12 +41,14 @@ public sealed interface TensorFlowTensor<T> : Tensor<T>
  */
 @JvmInline
 public value class TensorFlowArray<T>(public val tensor: NdArray<T>) : Tensor<T> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(tensor.shape().asArray().toIntArray())
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(tensor.shape().asArray().toIntArray())
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T = tensor.getObject(*index.toLongArray())
 
     //TODO implement native element sequence
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
         tensor.setObject(value, *index.toLongArray())
     }
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowOutput<T, TT : TType>(
     public var output: Output<TT> = output
         internal set
 
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(output.shape().asArray().toIntArray())
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(output.shape().asArray().toIntArray())
 
     protected abstract fun org.tensorflow.Tensor.actualizeTensor(): NdArray<T>
 
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowAlgebra<T, TT : TNumber, A : Ring<T>> internal c
 
     protected abstract fun const(value: T): Constant<TT>
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals Shape(1))
+    override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals ShapeND(1))
         get(intArrayOf(0)) else null
 
     /**
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowAlgebra<T, TT : TNumber, A : Ring<T>> internal c
         ops.linalg.transpose(it, ops.constant(intArrayOf(i, j)))
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): Tensor<T> = operate {
+    override fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: ShapeND): Tensor<T> = operate {
         @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
         ops.reshape(it, ops.constant(shape.asArray()))
     }
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
index 44a594299..ff11dc8fe 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensorflow
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.get
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.structureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ class DoubleTensorFlowOps {
     fun dot(){
         val dim = 1000
 
-        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12224)
-        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = Shape(dim, dim), 12225)
+        val tensor1 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = ShapeND(dim, dim), 12224)
+        val tensor2 = DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape = ShapeND(dim, dim), 12225)
 
         DoubleField.produceWithTF {
             tensor1 dot tensor2
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt
index ec5d6f5e6..f923400c5 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/TensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RingOpsND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
 
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ public interface TensorAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>> : RingOpsND<T, A> {
      * @param shape the desired size
      * @return tensor with new shape
      */
-    public fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: Shape): Tensor<T>
+    public fun Tensor<T>.view(shape: ShapeND): Tensor<T>
 
     /**
      * View this tensor as the same size as [other].
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
index c4266c669..a7283e4c8 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/BufferedTensor.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.RowStrides
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Strides
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
  * Represents [Tensor] over a [MutableBuffer] intended to be used through [DoubleTensor] and [IntTensor]
  */
 public abstract class BufferedTensor<T>(
-    override val shape: Shape,
+    override val shape: ShapeND,
 ) : Tensor<T> {
 
     public abstract val source: MutableBuffer<T>
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
index 3dfea7f8a..12e9549da 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public inline fun OffsetDoubleBuffer.mapInPlace(operation: (Double) -> Double) {
  * [DoubleTensor] always uses row-based strides
  */
 public class DoubleTensor(
-    shape: Shape,
+    shape: ShapeND,
     override val source: OffsetDoubleBuffer,
 ) : BufferedTensor<Double>(shape), MutableStructureNDOfDouble {
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public class DoubleTensor(
         require(linearSize == source.size) { "Source buffer size must be equal tensor size" }
     }
 
-    public constructor(shape: Shape, buffer: DoubleBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetDoubleBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
+    public constructor(shape: ShapeND, buffer: DoubleBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetDoubleBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
 
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ public value class DoubleTensor2D(public val tensor: DoubleTensor) : MutableStru
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = tensor.elements()
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = tensor[index]
-    override val shape: Shape get() = tensor.shape
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = tensor.shape
 }
 
 public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleTensor2D(): DoubleTensor2D = DoubleTensor2D(this)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ public inline fun DoubleTensor.forEachMatrix(block: (index: IntArray, matrix: Do
     val n = shape.size
     check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
     val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-    val matrixShape = Shape(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+    val matrixShape = ShapeND(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
     val size = matrixShape.linearSize
     for (i in 0 until linearSize / matrixOffset) {
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index a022f31a6..ce1778013 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.valueOrNull(): Double? {
         val dt = asDoubleTensor()
-        return if (dt.shape contentEquals Shape(1)) dt.source[0] else null
+        return if (dt.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1)) dt.source[0] else null
     }
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.value(): Double = valueOrNull()
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param array one-dimensional data array.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and [array] data.
      */
-    public fun fromArray(shape: Shape, array: DoubleArray): DoubleTensor {
+    public fun fromArray(shape: ShapeND, array: DoubleArray): DoubleTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
         checkEmptyDoubleBuffer(array)
         checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape, array)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param initializer mapping tensor indices to values.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and data generated by the [initializer].
      */
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleTensor = fromArray(
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): DoubleTensor = fromArray(
         shape,
         RowStrides(shape).asSequence().map { DoubleField.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toDoubleArray()
     )
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     override fun Tensor<Double>.getTensor(i: Int): DoubleTensor {
         val dt = asDoubleTensor()
         val lastShape = shape.last(shape.size - 1)
-        val newShape: Shape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else Shape(1)
+        val newShape: ShapeND = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else ShapeND(1)
         return DoubleTensor(
             newShape,
             dt.source.view(newShape.linearSize * i, newShape.linearSize)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and filled with [value].
      */
-    public fun full(value: Double, shape: Shape): DoubleTensor {
+    public fun full(value: Double, shape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
         val buffer = DoubleBuffer(shape.linearSize) { value }
         return DoubleTensor(shape, buffer)
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `0.0`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun zeros(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = full(0.0, shape)
+    public fun zeros(shape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor = full(0.0, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `0.0`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `1.0`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun ones(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = full(1.0, shape)
+    public fun ones(shape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor = full(1.0, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `1.0`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @return a 2-D tensor with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
      */
     public fun eye(n: Int): DoubleTensor {
-        val shape = Shape(n, n)
+        val shape = ShapeND(n, n)
         val buffer = DoubleBuffer(n * n) { 0.0 }
         val res = DoubleTensor(shape, buffer)
         for (i in 0 until n) {
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 //        return resTensor
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<Double>.view(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor {
+    override fun Tensor<Double>.view(shape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor {
         checkView(asDoubleTensor(), shape)
         return DoubleTensor(shape, asDoubleTensor().source)
     }
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     @UnstableKMathAPI
     public infix fun StructureND<Double>.matmul(other: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor {
         if (shape.size == 1 && other.shape.size == 1) {
-            return DoubleTensor(Shape(1), DoubleBuffer(times(other).sum()))
+            return DoubleTensor(ShapeND(1), DoubleBuffer(times(other).sum()))
         }
 
         var penultimateDim = false
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
         if (shape.size == 1) {
             penultimateDim = true
-            newThis = newThis.view(Shape(1) + shape)
+            newThis = newThis.view(ShapeND(1) + shape)
         }
 
         if (other.shape.size == 1) {
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 //        }
 
         return if (penultimateDim) {
-            resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.first(resTensor.shape.size - 2) + Shape(resTensor.shape.last()))
+            resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.first(resTensor.shape.size - 2) + ShapeND(resTensor.shape.last()))
         } else if (lastDim) {
             resTensor.view(resTensor.shape.first(resTensor.shape.size - 1))
         } else {
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @return tensor of a given shape filled with numbers from the normal distribution
      * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
      */
-    public fun randomNormal(shape: Shape, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
+    public fun randomNormal(shape: ShapeND, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
         DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.linearSize, seed))
 
     /**
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
         val shape = tensors[0].shape
         check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals shape }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
-        val resShape = Shape(tensors.size) + shape
+        val resShape = ShapeND(tensors.size) + shape
 //        val resBuffer: List<Double> = tensors.flatMap {
 //            it.asDoubleTensor().source.array.drop(it.asDoubleTensor().bufferStart)
 //                .take(it.asDoubleTensor().linearSize)
@@ -685,9 +685,9 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
         val n = tensors.size
         val m = tensors[0].shape[0]
-        check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals Shape(m) }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
+        check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals ShapeND(m) }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
         val resTensor = DoubleTensor(
-            Shape(n, n),
+            ShapeND(n, n),
             DoubleBuffer(n * n) { 0.0 }
         )
         for (i in 0 until n) {
@@ -875,9 +875,9 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         val size = dimension
         val commonShape = shape.slice(0 until size - 2)
         val (n, m) = shape.slice(size - 2 until size)
-        val uTensor = zeros(commonShape + Shape(min(n, m), n))
-        val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + Shape(min(n, m)))
-        val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + Shape(min(n, m), m))
+        val uTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m), n))
+        val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m)))
+        val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m), m))
 
         val matrices = asDoubleTensor().matrices
         val uTensors = uTensor.matrices
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
         val n = shape.size
 
-        val detTensorShape = Shape(IntArray(n - 1) { i -> shape[i] }.apply {
+        val detTensorShape = ShapeND(IntArray(n - 1) { i -> shape[i] }.apply {
             set(n - 2, 1)
         })
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt
index a99773f84..a77c4de4c 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensor.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 
 /**
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public inline fun OffsetIntBuffer.mapInPlace(operation: (Int) -> Int) {
  * Default [BufferedTensor] implementation for [Int] values
  */
 public class IntTensor(
-    shape: Shape,
+    shape: ShapeND,
     override val source: OffsetIntBuffer,
 ) : BufferedTensor<Int>(shape) {
 
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public class IntTensor(
         require(linearSize == source.size) { "Source buffer size must be equal tensor size" }
     }
 
-    public constructor(shape: Shape, buffer: IntBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetIntBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
+    public constructor(shape: ShapeND, buffer: IntBuffer) : this(shape, OffsetIntBuffer(buffer, 0, buffer.size))
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun get(index: IntArray): Int = this.source[indices.offset(index)]
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
index 86199d19b..429b3ffa9 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/IntTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
 
     override fun StructureND<Int>.valueOrNull(): Int? {
         val dt = asIntTensor()
-        return if (dt.shape contentEquals Shape(1)) dt.source[0] else null
+        return if (dt.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1)) dt.source[0] else null
     }
 
     override fun StructureND<Int>.value(): Int = valueOrNull()
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param array one-dimensional data array.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and [array] data.
      */
-    public fun fromArray(shape: Shape, array: IntArray): IntTensor {
+    public fun fromArray(shape: ShapeND, array: IntArray): IntTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
         check(array.isNotEmpty()) { "Illegal empty buffer provided" }
         check(array.size == shape.linearSize) {
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param initializer mapping tensor indices to values.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and data generated by the [initializer].
      */
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntTensor = fromArray(
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: IntRing.(IntArray) -> Int): IntTensor = fromArray(
         shape,
         RowStrides(shape).asSequence().map { IntRing.initializer(it) }.toMutableList().toIntArray()
     )
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
     override fun Tensor<Int>.getTensor(i: Int): IntTensor {
         val dt = asIntTensor()
         val lastShape = shape.last(shape.size - 1)
-        val newShape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else Shape(1)
+        val newShape = if (lastShape.isNotEmpty()) lastShape else ShapeND(1)
         return IntTensor(newShape, dt.source.view(newShape.linearSize * i))
     }
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and filled with [value].
      */
-    public fun full(value: Int, shape: Shape): IntTensor {
+    public fun full(value: Int, shape: ShapeND): IntTensor {
         checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
         val buffer = IntBuffer(shape.linearSize) { value }
         return IntTensor(shape, buffer)
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `0`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun zeros(shape: Shape): IntTensor = full(0, shape)
+    public fun zeros(shape: ShapeND): IntTensor = full(0, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `0`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @param shape array of integers defining the shape of the output tensor.
      * @return tensor filled with the scalar value `1`, with the [shape] shape.
      */
-    public fun ones(shape: Shape): IntTensor = full(1, shape)
+    public fun ones(shape: ShapeND): IntTensor = full(1, shape)
 
     /**
      * Returns a tensor filled with the scalar value `1`, with the same shape as a given array.
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
      * @return a 2-D tensor with ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
      */
     public fun eye(n: Int): IntTensor {
-        val shape = Shape(n, n)
+        val shape = ShapeND(n, n)
         val buffer = IntBuffer(n * n) { 0 }
         val res = IntTensor(shape, buffer)
         for (i in 0 until n) {
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
 //        return resTensor
     }
 
-    override fun Tensor<Int>.view(shape: Shape): IntTensor {
+    override fun Tensor<Int>.view(shape: ShapeND): IntTensor {
         checkView(asIntTensor(), shape)
         return IntTensor(shape, asIntTensor().source)
     }
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ public open class IntTensorAlgebra : TensorAlgebra<Int, IntRing> {
         check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
         val shape = tensors[0].shape
         check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals shape }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
-        val resShape = Shape(tensors.size) + shape
+        val resShape = ShapeND(tensors.size) + shape
 //        val resBuffer: List<Int> = tensors.flatMap {
 //            it.asIntTensor().source.array.drop(it.asIntTensor().bufferStart)
 //                .take(it.asIntTensor().linearSize)
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
index dcb16b755..0b0325a85 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/broadcastUtils.kt
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ internal fun multiIndexBroadCasting(tensor: DoubleTensor, resTensor: DoubleTenso
     }
 }
 
-internal fun broadcastShapes(shapes: List<Shape>): Shape {
+internal fun broadcastShapes(shapes: List<ShapeND>): ShapeND {
     var totalDim = 0
     for (shape in shapes) {
         totalDim = max(totalDim, shape.size)
@@ -57,10 +57,10 @@ internal fun broadcastShapes(shapes: List<Shape>): Shape {
         }
     }
 
-    return Shape(totalShape)
+    return ShapeND(totalShape)
 }
 
-internal fun broadcastTo(tensor: DoubleTensor, newShape: Shape): DoubleTensor {
+internal fun broadcastTo(tensor: DoubleTensor, newShape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor {
     require(tensor.shape.size <= newShape.size) {
         "Tensor is not compatible with the new shape"
     }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ internal fun broadcastOuterTensors(vararg tensors: DoubleTensor): List<DoubleTen
                 var curMultiIndex = tensor.shape.slice(0..tensor.shape.size - 3).asArray()
                 curMultiIndex = IntArray(totalMultiIndex.size - curMultiIndex.size) { 1 } + curMultiIndex
 
-                val newTensor = DoubleTensor(Shape(curMultiIndex) + matrixShape, tensor.source)
+                val newTensor = DoubleTensor(ShapeND(curMultiIndex) + matrixShape, tensor.source)
 
                 for (i in curMultiIndex.indices) {
                     if (curMultiIndex[i] != 1) {
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
index 33724764f..dcdf49e1e 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.linearSize
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.asDoubleTensor
 
 
-internal fun checkNotEmptyShape(shape: Shape) =
+internal fun checkNotEmptyShape(shape: ShapeND) =
     check(shape.size > 0) {
         "Illegal empty shape provided"
     }
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ internal fun checkEmptyDoubleBuffer(buffer: DoubleArray) = check(buffer.isNotEmp
     "Illegal empty buffer provided"
 }
 
-internal fun checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape: Shape, buffer: DoubleArray) =
+internal fun checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape: ShapeND, buffer: DoubleArray) =
     check(buffer.size == shape.linearSize) {
         "Inconsistent shape ${shape} for buffer of size ${buffer.size} provided"
     }
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ internal fun checkTranspose(dim: Int, i: Int, j: Int) =
         "Cannot transpose $i to $j for a tensor of dim $dim"
     }
 
-internal fun <T> checkView(a: Tensor<T>, shape: Shape) =
+internal fun <T> checkView(a: Tensor<T>, shape: ShapeND) =
     check(a.shape.linearSize == shape.linearSize)
 
-internal fun checkSquareMatrix(shape: Shape) {
+internal fun checkSquareMatrix(shape: ShapeND) {
     val n = shape.size
     check(n >= 2) {
         "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n instead"
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
index 1c6e5edfb..a293c8da3 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/doubleTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.vectors: List<DoubleTensor>
     get() {
         val n = shape.size
         val vectorOffset = shape[n - 1]
-        val vectorShape = Shape(shape.last())
+        val vectorShape = ShapeND(shape.last())
 
         return List(linearSize / vectorOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * vectorOffset
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ internal val DoubleTensor.matrices: List<DoubleTensor>
         val n = shape.size
         check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
         val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-        val matrixShape = Shape(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+        val matrixShape = ShapeND(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
         val size = matrixShape.linearSize
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
index 2513dedb7..35f0bf324 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/intTensorHelpers.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.first
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.last
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asSequence
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ internal val IntTensor.matrices: VirtualBuffer<IntTensor>
         val n = shape.size
         check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
         val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-        val matrixShape = Shape(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+        val matrixShape = ShapeND(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
 
         return VirtualBuffer(linearSize / matrixOffset) { index ->
             val offset = index * matrixOffset
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
index b01e67eee..44459ad14 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ internal fun <T> StructureND<T>.setUpPivots(): IntTensor {
     pivotsShape[n - 2] = m + 1
 
     return IntTensor(
-        Shape(pivotsShape),
+        ShapeND(pivotsShape),
         IntBuffer(pivotsShape.reduce(Int::times)) { 0 }
     )
 }
@@ -240,10 +240,10 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svd1d(a: DoubleTensor, epsilon: Double = 1e-10)
     val b: DoubleTensor
     if (n > m) {
         b = a.transposed(0, 1).dot(a)
-        v = DoubleTensor(Shape(m), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(m, 0))
+        v = DoubleTensor(ShapeND(m), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(m, 0))
     } else {
         b = a.dot(a.transposed(0, 1))
-        v = DoubleTensor(Shape(n), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(n, 0))
+        v = DoubleTensor(ShapeND(n), DoubleBuffer.randomUnitVector(n, 0))
     }
 
     var lastV: DoubleTensor
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svdHelper(
                     outerProduct[i * v.shape[0] + j] = u.getTensor(i).value() * v.getTensor(j).value()
                 }
             }
-            a = a - singularValue.times(DoubleTensor(Shape(u.shape[0], v.shape[0]), outerProduct.asBuffer()))
+            a = a - singularValue.times(DoubleTensor(ShapeND(u.shape[0], v.shape[0]), outerProduct.asBuffer()))
         }
         var v: DoubleTensor
         var u: DoubleTensor
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt
index 7e30c7965..1733c1a7e 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorAlgebraExtensions.kt
@@ -8,15 +8,15 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
 @JvmName("varArgOne")
-public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = ones(Shape(shape))
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = ones(ShapeND(shape))
 
-public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = ones(shape)
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.one(shape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor = ones(shape)
 
 @JvmName("varArgZero")
-public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = zeros(Shape(shape))
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(vararg shape: Int): DoubleTensor = zeros(ShapeND(shape))
 
-public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(shape: Shape): DoubleTensor = zeros(shape)
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.zero(shape: ShapeND): DoubleTensor = zeros(shape)
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt
index 5940d44e9..73aed8a7b 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestBroadcasting.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.broadcastOuterTensors
@@ -21,38 +21,38 @@ internal class TestBroadcasting {
     fun testBroadcastShapes() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue(
             broadcastShapes(
-                listOf(Shape(2, 3), Shape(1, 3), Shape(1, 1, 1))
-            ) contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3)
+                listOf(ShapeND(2, 3), ShapeND(1, 3), ShapeND(1, 1, 1))
+            ) contentEquals ShapeND(1, 2, 3)
         )
 
         assertTrue(
             broadcastShapes(
-                listOf(Shape(6, 7), Shape(5, 6, 1), Shape(7), Shape(5, 1, 7))
-            ) contentEquals Shape(5, 6, 7)
+                listOf(ShapeND(6, 7), ShapeND(5, 6, 1), ShapeND(7), ShapeND(5, 1, 7))
+            ) contentEquals ShapeND(5, 6, 7)
         )
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastTo() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
 
         val res = broadcastTo(tensor2, tensor1.shape)
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2, 3))
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastTensors() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val res = broadcastTensors(tensor1, tensor2, tensor3)
 
-        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 2, 3))
 
         assertTrue(res[0].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         assertTrue(res[1].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
@@ -61,15 +61,15 @@ internal class TestBroadcasting {
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastOuterTensors() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val res = broadcastOuterTensors(tensor1, tensor2, tensor3)
 
-        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1, 1))
+        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 1, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 1, 1))
 
         assertTrue(res[0].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         assertTrue(res[1].source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
@@ -78,37 +78,37 @@ internal class TestBroadcasting {
 
     @Test
     fun testBroadcastOuterTensorsShapes() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 1, 3, 2, 3), DoubleArray(2 * 1 * 3 * 2 * 3) { 0.0 })
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 3), DoubleArray(4 * 2 * 5 * 1 * 3 * 3) { 0.0 })
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 1, 3, 2, 3), DoubleArray(2 * 1 * 3 * 2 * 3) { 0.0 })
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 3), DoubleArray(4 * 2 * 5 * 1 * 3 * 3) { 0.0 })
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val res = broadcastOuterTensors(tensor1, tensor2, tensor3)
 
-        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 5, 3, 2, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 5, 3, 3, 3))
-        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 5, 3, 1, 1))
+        assertTrue(res[0].shape contentEquals ShapeND(4, 2, 5, 3, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[1].shape contentEquals ShapeND(4, 2, 5, 3, 3, 3))
+        assertTrue(res[2].shape contentEquals ShapeND(4, 2, 5, 3, 1, 1))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testMinusTensor() = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra.invoke {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 1, 1), doubleArrayOf(500.0))
 
         val tensor21 = tensor2 - tensor1
         val tensor31 = tensor3 - tensor1
         val tensor32 = tensor3 - tensor2
 
-        assertTrue(tensor21.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3))
+        assertTrue(tensor21.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2, 3))
         assertTrue(tensor21.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(9.0, 18.0, 27.0, 6.0, 15.0, 24.0))
 
-        assertTrue(tensor31.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 2, 3))
+        assertTrue(tensor31.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 2, 3))
         assertTrue(
             tensor31.source
                     contentEquals doubleArrayOf(499.0, 498.0, 497.0, 496.0, 495.0, 494.0)
         )
 
-        assertTrue(tensor32.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1, 3))
+        assertTrue(tensor32.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 1, 3))
         assertTrue(tensor32.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(490.0, 480.0, 470.0))
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
index f098eecb0..2ef2d87d6 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.math.*
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
 
-    val shape = Shape(2, 1, 3, 2)
+    val shape = ShapeND(2, 1, 3, 2)
     val buffer = doubleArrayOf(
         27.1, 20.0, 19.84,
         23.123, 3.0, 2.0,
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor.floor() eq expectedTensor(::floor) }
     }
 
-    val shape2 = Shape(2, 2)
+    val shape2 = ShapeND(2, 2)
     val buffer2 = doubleArrayOf(
         1.0, 2.0,
         -3.0, 4.0
@@ -115,13 +115,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.min() == -3.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.min(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(1, 2),
+                ShapeND(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-3.0, 2.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.min(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(2),
+                ShapeND(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.0, -3.0)
             )
         }
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.max() == 4.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.max(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(1, 2),
+                ShapeND(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.max(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(2),
+                ShapeND(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(2.0, 4.0)
             )
         }
@@ -149,13 +149,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.sum() == 4.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.sum(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(1, 2),
+                ShapeND(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-2.0, 6.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.sum(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(2),
+                ShapeND(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(3.0, 1.0)
             )
         }
@@ -166,13 +166,13 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
         assertTrue { tensor2.mean() == 1.0 }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.mean(0, true) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(1, 2),
+                ShapeND(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 3.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
             tensor2.mean(1, false) eq fromArray(
-                Shape(2),
+                ShapeND(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.5, 0.5)
             )
         }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
index b9f845bb2..d47af4a64 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.svd1d
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     @Test
     fun testDetLU() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = fromArray(
-            Shape(2, 2, 2),
+            ShapeND(2, 2, 2),
             doubleArrayOf(
                 1.0, 3.0,
                 1.0, 2.0,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
         )
 
         val expectedTensor = fromArray(
-            Shape(2, 1),
+            ShapeND(2, 1),
             doubleArrayOf(
                 -1.0,
                 -7.0
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     fun testDet() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val expectedValue = 0.019827417
         val m = fromArray(
-            Shape(3, 3), doubleArrayOf(
+            ShapeND(3, 3), doubleArrayOf(
                 2.1843, 1.4391, -0.4845,
                 1.4391, 1.7772, 0.4055,
                 -0.4845, 0.4055, 0.7519
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     fun testDetSingle() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val expectedValue = 48.151623
         val m = fromArray(
-            Shape(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(
+            ShapeND(1, 1), doubleArrayOf(
                 expectedValue
             )
         )
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     @Test
     fun testInvLU() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = fromArray(
-            Shape(2, 2, 2),
+            ShapeND(2, 2, 2),
             doubleArrayOf(
                 1.0, 0.0,
                 0.0, 2.0,
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
         )
 
         val expectedTensor = fromArray(
-            Shape(2, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(
+            ShapeND(2, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(
                 1.0, 0.0,
                 0.0, 0.5,
                 0.0, 1.0,
@@ -94,14 +94,14 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testScalarProduct() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val a = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(1.8, 2.5, 6.8))
-        val b = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(5.5, 2.6, 6.4))
+        val a = fromArray(ShapeND(3), doubleArrayOf(1.8, 2.5, 6.8))
+        val b = fromArray(ShapeND(3), doubleArrayOf(5.5, 2.6, 6.4))
         assertEquals(a.dot(b).value(), 59.92)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testQR() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val shape = Shape(2, 2, 2)
+        val shape = ShapeND(2, 2, 2)
         val buffer = doubleArrayOf(
             1.0, 3.0,
             1.0, 2.0,
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testLU() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val shape = Shape(2, 2, 2)
+        val shape = ShapeND(2, 2, 2)
         val buffer = doubleArrayOf(
             1.0, 3.0,
             1.0, 2.0,
@@ -142,9 +142,9 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testCholesky() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = randomNormal(Shape(2, 5, 5), 0)
+        val tensor = randomNormal(ShapeND(2, 5, 5), 0)
         val sigma = (tensor matmul tensor.transposed()) + diagonalEmbedding(
-            fromArray(Shape(2, 5), DoubleArray(10) { 0.1 })
+            fromArray(ShapeND(2, 5), DoubleArray(10) { 0.1 })
         )
         val low = sigma.cholesky()
         val sigmChol = low matmul low.transposed()
@@ -153,24 +153,24 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testSVD1D() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
 
         val res = svd1d(tensor2)
 
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(2))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2))
         assertTrue { abs(abs(res.source[0]) - 0.386) < 0.01 }
         assertTrue { abs(abs(res.source[1]) - 0.922) < 0.01 }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testSVD() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        testSVDFor(fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0)))
-        testSVDFor(fromArray(Shape(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 0.0, 239.0, 238.0)))
+        testSVDFor(fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0)))
+        testSVDFor(fromArray(ShapeND(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 0.0, 239.0, 238.0)))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testBatchedSVD() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = randomNormal(Shape(2, 5, 3), 0)
+        val tensor = randomNormal(ShapeND(2, 5, 3), 0)
         val (tensorU, tensorS, tensorV) = tensor.svd()
         val tensorSVD = tensorU matmul (diagonalEmbedding(tensorS) matmul tensorV.transposed())
         assertTrue(tensor.eq(tensorSVD))
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testBatchedSymEig() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = randomNormal(shape = Shape(2, 3, 3), 0)
+        val tensor = randomNormal(shape = ShapeND(2, 3, 3), 0)
         val tensorSigma = tensor + tensor.transposed()
         val (tensorS, tensorV) = tensorSigma.symEig()
         val tensorSigmaCalc = tensorV matmul (diagonalEmbedding(tensorS) matmul tensorV.transposed())
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
index f07614d05..d01ae124b 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensor.kt
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
     @Test
     fun testValue() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val value = 12.5
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1), doubleArrayOf(value))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(1), doubleArrayOf(value))
         assertEquals(tensor.value(), value)
     }
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     @Test
     fun testStrides() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
         assertEquals(tensor[intArrayOf(0, 1)], 5.8)
         assertTrue(
             tensor.elements().map { it.second }.toList()
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
     @Test
     fun testGet() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 2, 2), doubleArrayOf(3.5, 5.8, 58.4, 2.4))
         val matrix = tensor.getTensor(0).asDoubleTensor2D()
         assertEquals(matrix[0, 1], 5.8)
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
         val doubleArray = DoubleBuffer(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
 
         // create ND buffers, no data is copied
-        val ndArray: MutableBufferND<Double> = DoubleBufferND(ColumnStrides(Shape(3)), doubleArray)
+        val ndArray: MutableBufferND<Double> = DoubleBufferND(ColumnStrides(ShapeND(3)), doubleArray)
 
         // map to tensors
         val tensorArray = ndArray.asDoubleTensor() // Data is copied because of strides change.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
     @Test
     fun test2D() = with(DoubleTensorAlgebra) {
-        val tensor: DoubleTensor = structureND(Shape(3, 3)) { (i, j) -> (i - j).toDouble() }
+        val tensor: DoubleTensor = structureND(ShapeND(3, 3)) { (i, j) -> (i - j).toDouble() }
         //println(tensor.toPrettyString())
         val tensor2d = tensor.asDoubleTensor2D()
         assertBufferEquals(DoubleBuffer(1.0, 0.0, -1.0), tensor2d.rows[1])
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensor {
 
     @Test
     fun testMatrixIteration() = with(DoubleTensorAlgebra) {
-        val tensor = structureND(Shape(3, 3, 3, 3)) { index -> index.sum().toDouble() }
+        val tensor = structureND(ShapeND(3, 3, 3, 3)) { index -> index.sum().toDouble() }
         tensor.forEachMatrix { index, matrix ->
             println(index.joinToString { it.toString() })
             println(matrix)
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index 3c693b089..cae01bed8 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.get
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
@@ -20,53 +20,53 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testDoublePlus() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0))
         val res = 10.0 + tensor
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(11.0, 12.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDoubleDiv() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2), doubleArrayOf(2.0, 4.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(2), doubleArrayOf(2.0, 4.0))
         val res = 2.0 / tensor
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 0.5))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDivDouble() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(2), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 5.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(2), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 5.0))
         val res = tensor / 2.5
         assertTrue(res.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(4.0, 2.0))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTranspose1x1() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1), doubleArrayOf(0.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(1), doubleArrayOf(0.0))
         val res = tensor.transposed(0, 0)
 
         assertTrue(res.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(0.0))
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(1))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTranspose3x2() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         val res = tensor.transposed(1, 0)
 
         assertTrue(res.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 3.0, 5.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0))
-        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3))
+        assertTrue(res.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2, 3))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTranspose1x2x3() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor = fromArray(Shape(1, 2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         val res01 = tensor.transposed(0, 1)
         val res02 = tensor.transposed(-3, 2)
         val res12 = tensor.transposed()
 
-        assertTrue(res01.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 1, 3))
-        assertTrue(res02.shape contentEquals Shape(3, 2, 1))
-        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 3, 2))
+        assertTrue(res01.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2, 1, 3))
+        assertTrue(res02.shape contentEquals ShapeND(3, 2, 1))
+        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 3, 2))
 
         assertTrue(res01.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
         assertTrue(res02.asDoubleTensor().source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1.0, 4.0, 2.0, 5.0, 3.0, 6.0))
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testLinearStructure() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val shape = Shape(3)
+        val shape = ShapeND(3)
         val tensorA = full(value = -4.5, shape = shape)
         val tensorB = full(value = 10.9, shape = shape)
         val tensorC = full(value = 789.3, shape = shape)
@@ -107,28 +107,28 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testDot() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor11 = fromArray(Shape(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(1, 1, 3), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -2.0, -3.0))
-        val tensor4 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
-        val tensor5 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { 1 + it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor11 = fromArray(ShapeND(3, 2), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(ShapeND(1, 1, 3), doubleArrayOf(-1.0, -2.0, -3.0))
+        val tensor4 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
+        val tensor5 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3, 3), (1..18).map { 1 + it.toDouble() }.toDoubleArray())
 
         val res12 = tensor1.dot(tensor2)
         assertTrue(res12.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(140.0, 320.0))
-        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals Shape(2))
+        assertTrue(res12.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2))
 
         val res32 = tensor3.matmul(tensor2)
         assertTrue(res32.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(-140.0))
-        assertTrue(res32.shape contentEquals Shape(1, 1))
+        assertTrue(res32.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1, 1))
 
         val res22 = tensor2.dot(tensor2)
         assertTrue(res22.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(1400.0))
-        assertTrue(res22.shape contentEquals Shape(1))
+        assertTrue(res22.shape contentEquals ShapeND(1))
 
         val res11 = tensor1.dot(tensor11)
         assertTrue(res11.source contentEquals doubleArrayOf(22.0, 28.0, 49.0, 64.0))
-        assertTrue(res11.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 2))
+        assertTrue(res11.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2, 2))
 
         val res45 = tensor4.matmul(tensor5)
         assertTrue(
@@ -137,44 +137,44 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
                 468.0, 501.0, 534.0, 594.0, 636.0, 678.0, 720.0, 771.0, 822.0
             )
         )
-        assertTrue(res45.shape contentEquals Shape(2, 3, 3))
+        assertTrue(res45.shape contentEquals ShapeND(2, 3, 3))
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testDiagonalEmbedding() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor3 = zeros(Shape(2, 3, 4, 5))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(3), doubleArrayOf(10.0, 20.0, 30.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor3 = zeros(ShapeND(2, 3, 4, 5))
 
         assertTrue(
             diagonalEmbedding(tensor3, 0, 3, 4).shape contentEquals
-                    Shape(2, 3, 4, 5, 5)
+                    ShapeND(2, 3, 4, 5, 5)
         )
         assertTrue(
             diagonalEmbedding(tensor3, 1, 3, 4).shape contentEquals
-                    Shape(2, 3, 4, 6, 6)
+                    ShapeND(2, 3, 4, 6, 6)
         )
         assertTrue(
             diagonalEmbedding(tensor3, 2, 0, 3).shape contentEquals
-                    Shape(7, 2, 3, 7, 4)
+                    ShapeND(7, 2, 3, 7, 4)
         )
 
         val diagonal1 = diagonalEmbedding(tensor1, 0, 1, 0)
-        assertTrue(diagonal1.shape contentEquals Shape(3, 3))
+        assertTrue(diagonal1.shape contentEquals ShapeND(3, 3))
         assertTrue(
             diagonal1.source contentEquals
                     doubleArrayOf(10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 30.0)
         )
 
         val diagonal1Offset = diagonalEmbedding(tensor1, 1, 1, 0)
-        assertTrue(diagonal1Offset.shape contentEquals Shape(4, 4))
+        assertTrue(diagonal1Offset.shape contentEquals ShapeND(4, 4))
         assertTrue(
             diagonal1Offset.source contentEquals
                     doubleArrayOf(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 10.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 20.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 30.0, 0.0)
         )
 
         val diagonal2 = diagonalEmbedding(tensor2, 1, 0, 2)
-        assertTrue(diagonal2.shape contentEquals Shape(4, 2, 4))
+        assertTrue(diagonal2.shape contentEquals ShapeND(4, 2, 4))
         assertTrue(
             diagonal2.source contentEquals
                     doubleArrayOf(
@@ -188,9 +188,9 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testEq() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        val tensor1 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor2 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
-        val tensor3 = fromArray(Shape(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0))
+        val tensor1 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor2 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0))
+        val tensor3 = fromArray(ShapeND(2, 3), doubleArrayOf(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 5.0))
 
         assertTrue(tensor1 eq tensor1)
         assertTrue(tensor1 eq tensor2)
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val l = tensor.getTensor(0).map { it + 1.0 }
         val r = tensor.getTensor(1).map { it - 1.0 }
         val res = l + r
-        assertTrue { Shape(5, 5) contentEquals res.shape }
+        assertTrue { ShapeND(5, 5) contentEquals res.shape }
         assertEquals(2.0, res[4, 4])
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
index 5ac1c74a3..8533c9d32 100644
--- a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
+++ b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorFieldOpsND.kt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
     override val elementAlgebra: DoubleField get() = DoubleField
 
     @OptIn(UnsafeKMathAPI::class)
-    override fun structureND(shape: Shape, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
+    override fun structureND(shape: ShapeND, initializer: DoubleField.(IntArray) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
         F64Array(*shape.asArray()).apply {
             ColumnStrides(shape).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.initializer(index), indices = index)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun StructureND<Double>.map(transform: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): ViktorStructureND =
         F64Array(*shape.asArray()).apply {
-            ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+            ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)).asSequence().forEach { index ->
                 set(value = DoubleField.transform(this@map[index]), indices = index)
             }
         }.asStructure()
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldOpsND :
     override fun StructureND<Double>.mapIndexed(
         transform: DoubleField.(index: IntArray, Double) -> Double,
     ): ViktorStructureND = F64Array(*shape.asArray()).apply {
-        ColumnStrides(Shape(shape)).asSequence().forEach { index ->
+        ColumnStrides(ShapeND(shape)).asSequence().forEach { index ->
             set(value = DoubleField.transform(index, this@mapIndexed[index]), indices = index)
         }
     }.asStructure()
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public open class ViktorFieldND(
     private val shapeAsArray: IntArray,
 ) : ViktorFieldOpsND(), FieldND<Double, DoubleField>, NumbersAddOps<StructureND<Double>> {
 
-    override val shape: Shape = Shape(shapeAsArray)
+    override val shape: ShapeND = ShapeND(shapeAsArray)
 
 
     override val zero: ViktorStructureND by lazy { F64Array.full(init = 0.0, shape = shapeAsArray).asStructure() }
diff --git a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
index cee52b06d..085790355 100644
--- a/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
+++ b/kmath-viktor/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/viktor/ViktorStructureND.kt
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import org.jetbrains.bio.viktor.F64Array
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ColumnStrides
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.nd.Shape
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 
 @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE")
 public class ViktorStructureND(public val f64Buffer: F64Array) : MutableStructureND<Double> {
-    override val shape: Shape get() = Shape(f64Buffer.shape)
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = ShapeND(f64Buffer.shape)
 
     @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override inline fun get(index: IntArray): Double = f64Buffer.get(*index)

From e24463c58bc6368709c2db681f9d1b8518f36f7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Oct 2022 18:45:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 14/72] Refactor Dubins path

---
 build.gradle.kts                              |   2 +-
 .../kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt     |   3 +
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 177 +++++++++---------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt |  36 ++++
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Pose2D.kt |  33 ----
 .../{Trajectory.kt => Trajectory2D.kt}        |  64 ++++---
 .../kmath/trajectory/TrajectoryCost.kt        |  14 --
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt  |   4 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt   |  12 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt    |  18 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |   8 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt    |  22 +--
 12 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 192 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Pose2D.kt
 rename kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/{Trajectory.kt => Trajectory2D.kt} (53%)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TrajectoryCost.kt

diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index c7e2e5892..bf732c893 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-5"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-6"
 }
 
 subprojects {
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
index 435b01b80..bc5fb9616 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/TensorFlowAlgebra.kt
@@ -77,11 +77,13 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowOutput<T, TT : TType>(
         }
     }
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun get(index: IntArray): T = actualTensor[index]
 
     @PerformancePitfall
     override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, T>> = actualTensor.elements()
 
+    @PerformancePitfall
     override fun set(index: IntArray, value: T) {
         actualTensor[index] = value
     }
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ public abstract class TensorFlowAlgebra<T, TT : TNumber, A : Ring<T>> internal c
 
     protected abstract fun const(value: T): Constant<TT>
 
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
     override fun StructureND<T>.valueOrNull(): T? = if (shape contentEquals ShapeND(1))
         get(intArrayOf(0)) else null
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 6a340f6b9..1ba9936ee 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -13,75 +13,80 @@ import kotlin.math.acos
 import kotlin.math.cos
 import kotlin.math.sin
 
-internal fun Pose2D.getLeftCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).first
+internal fun DubinsPose2D.getLeftCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).first
 
-internal fun Pose2D.getRightCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).second
+internal fun DubinsPose2D.getRightCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).second
 
-internal fun Pose2D.getTangentCircles(radius: Double): Pair<Circle2D, Circle2D> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    val dX = radius * cos(theta)
-    val dY = radius * sin(theta)
+internal fun DubinsPose2D.getTangentCircles(radius: Double): Pair<Circle2D, Circle2D> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    val dX = radius * cos(bearing)
+    val dY = radius * sin(bearing)
     return Circle2D(vector(x - dX, y + dY), radius) to Circle2D(vector(x + dX, y - dY), radius)
 }
 
-internal fun leftOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory = outerTangent(a, b, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+internal fun leftOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D =
+    outerTangent(a, b, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
 
-internal fun rightOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory = outerTangent(a, b,
-    CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT
+internal fun rightOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D = outerTangent(
+    a, b,
+    CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT
 )
 
-private fun outerTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory.Direction): StraightTrajectory = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-    val centers = StraightTrajectory(a.center, b.center)
-    val p1 = when (side) {
-        CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT -> vector(
-            a.center.x - a.radius * cos(centers.theta),
-            a.center.y + a.radius * sin(centers.theta)
-        )
-        CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT -> vector(
-            a.center.x + a.radius * cos(centers.theta),
-            a.center.y - a.radius * sin(centers.theta)
+private fun outerTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory2D.Direction): StraightTrajectory2D =
+    with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(a.center, b.center)
+        val p1 = when (side) {
+            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT -> vector(
+                a.center.x - a.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
+                a.center.y + a.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
+            )
+
+            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT -> vector(
+                a.center.x + a.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
+                a.center.y - a.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
+            )
+        }
+        return StraightTrajectory2D(
+            p1,
+            vector(p1.x + (centers.end.x - centers.start.x), p1.y + (centers.end.y - centers.start.y))
         )
     }
-    return StraightTrajectory(
-        p1,
-        vector(p1.x + (centers.end.x - centers.start.x), p1.y + (centers.end.y - centers.start.y))
-    )
-}
 
-internal fun leftInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory? =
-    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+internal fun leftInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D? =
+    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
 
-internal fun rightInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory? =
-    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+internal fun rightInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D? =
+    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
 
-private fun innerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory.Direction): StraightTrajectory? = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-    val centers = StraightTrajectory(base.center, direction.center)
-    if (centers.length < base.radius * 2) return null
-    val angle = theta(
-        when (side) {
-            CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT -> centers.theta + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
-            CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.theta - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
-        }
-    )
-    val dX = base.radius * sin(angle)
-    val dY = base.radius * cos(angle)
-    val p1 = vector(base.center.x + dX, base.center.y + dY)
-    val p2 = vector(direction.center.x - dX, direction.center.y - dY)
-    return StraightTrajectory(p1, p2)
-}
+private fun innerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory2D.Direction): StraightTrajectory2D? =
+    with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(base.center, direction.center)
+        if (centers.length < base.radius * 2) return null
+        val angle = theta(
+            when (side) {
+                CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT -> centers.bearing + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
+                CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.bearing - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
+            }
+        )
+        val dX = base.radius * sin(angle)
+        val dY = base.radius * cos(angle)
+        val p1 = vector(base.center.x + dX, base.center.y + dY)
+        val p2 = vector(direction.center.x - dX, direction.center.y - dY)
+        return StraightTrajectory2D(p1, p2)
+    }
 
 internal fun theta(theta: Double): Double = (theta + (2 * PI)) % (2 * PI)
 
 @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
 public class DubinsPath(
-    public val a: CircleTrajectory,
-    public val b: Trajectory,
-    public val c: CircleTrajectory,
-) : CompositeTrajectory(listOf(a,b,c)) {
+    public val a: CircleTrajectory2D,
+    public val b: Trajectory2D,
+    public val c: CircleTrajectory2D,
+) : CompositeTrajectory2D(listOf(a, b, c)) {
 
     public val type: TYPE = TYPE.valueOf(
         arrayOf(
             a.direction.name[0],
-            if (b is CircleTrajectory) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
+            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
             c.direction.name[0]
         ).toCharArray().concatToString()
     )
@@ -92,8 +97,8 @@ public class DubinsPath(
 
     public companion object {
         public fun all(
-            start: Pose2D,
-            end: Pose2D,
+            start: DubinsPose2D,
+            end: DubinsPose2D,
             turningRadius: Double,
         ): List<DubinsPath> = listOfNotNull(
             rlr(start, end, turningRadius),
@@ -104,132 +109,132 @@ public class DubinsPath(
             lsr(start, end, turningRadius)
         )
 
-        public fun shortest(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath =
+        public fun shortest(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath =
             all(start, end, turningRadius).minBy { it.length }
 
-        public fun rlr(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+        public fun rlr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
             val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val centers = StraightTrajectory(c1.center, c2.center)
+            val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(c1.center, c2.center)
             if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
 
             val firstVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
                 DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             val secondVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
                 DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
         }
 
-        public fun lrl(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+        public fun lrl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
             val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val centers = StraightTrajectory(c1.center, c2.center)
+            val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(c1.center, c2.center)
             if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
 
             val firstVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
                 DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             val secondVariant = run{
-                var theta = theta(centers.theta - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.theta + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
                 DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
         }
 
-        public fun rsr(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
+        public fun rsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
             val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val s = leftOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
 
-        public fun lsl(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
+        public fun lsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
             val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val s = rightOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
 
-        public fun rsl(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? {
+        public fun rsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? {
             val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val s = rightInnerTangent(c1, c2)
             if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
 
-        public fun lsr(start: Pose2D, end: Pose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? {
+        public fun lsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? {
             val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val s = leftInnerTangent(c1, c2)
             if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
             return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
         }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba001b4a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Vector
+import kotlin.math.atan2
+
+/**
+ * Combination of [Vector] and its view angle (clockwise from positive y-axis direction)
+ */
+public interface DubinsPose2D : DoubleVector2D {
+    public val coordinate: DoubleVector2D
+    public val bearing: Double
+}
+
+public class PhaseVector2D(
+    override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
+    public val velocity: DoubleVector2D,
+) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate {
+    override val bearing: Double get() = atan2(velocity.x, velocity.y)
+}
+
+internal class Pose2DImpl(
+    override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
+    override val bearing: Double,
+) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate{
+
+    override fun toString(): String = "Pose2D(x=$x, y=$y, bearing=$bearing)"
+}
+
+
+public fun Pose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Double): DubinsPose2D = Pose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Pose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Pose2D.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 788cf57af..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Pose2D.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Vector
-import kotlin.math.atan2
-
-/**
- * Combination of [Vector] and its view angle
- */
-public interface Pose2D: DoubleVector2D{
-    public val coordinate: DoubleVector2D
-    public val theta: Double
-}
-
-public class PhaseVector2D(
-    override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
-    public val velocity: DoubleVector2D
-): Pose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate{
-    override val theta: Double get() = atan2(velocity.y, velocity.x)
-}
-
-internal class Pose2DImpl(
-    override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
-    override val theta: Double
-) : Pose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate
-
-
-public fun Pose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Double): Pose2D = Pose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
similarity index 53%
rename from kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt
rename to kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index 1085f7847..f1ae20722 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -8,58 +8,61 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
 import kotlin.math.PI
 import kotlin.math.atan2
 
-public sealed interface Trajectory {
+public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
     public val length: Double
 }
 
 /**
  * Straight path segment. The order of start and end defines the direction
  */
-public data class StraightTrajectory(
+public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
     internal val start: DoubleVector2D,
     internal val end: DoubleVector2D,
-) : Trajectory {
+) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = start.distanceTo(end)
 
-    internal val theta: Double get() = theta(atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y))
+    internal val bearing: Double get() = theta(atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y))
 }
 
 /**
  * An arc segment
  */
-public data class CircleTrajectory(
+public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     public val circle: Circle2D,
-    public val start: Pose2D,
-    public val end: Pose2D,
-) : Trajectory {
+    public val start: DubinsPose2D,
+    public val end: DubinsPose2D,
+) : Trajectory2D {
 
     public enum class Direction {
         LEFT, RIGHT
     }
 
-    override val length: Double by lazy {
-        val angle: Double = theta(
+    /**
+     * Arc length in radians
+     */
+    val arcLength: Double
+        get() = theta(
             if (direction == Direction.LEFT) {
-                start.theta - end.theta
+                start.bearing - end.bearing
             } else {
-                end.theta - start.theta
+                end.bearing - start.bearing
             }
         )
-        val proportion = angle / (2 * PI)
-        circle.circumference * proportion
+
+    override val length: Double by lazy {
+        circle.radius * arcLength
     }
 
     internal val direction: Direction by lazy {
         if (start.y < circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.theta > PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+            if (start.bearing > PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
         } else if (start.y > circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.theta < PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+            if (start.bearing < PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
         } else {
-            if (start.theta == 0.0) {
+            if (start.bearing == 0.0) {
                 if (start.x < circle.center.x) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
             } else {
                 if (start.x > circle.center.x) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
@@ -68,12 +71,17 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory(
     }
 
     public companion object {
-        public fun of(center: DoubleVector2D, start: DoubleVector2D, end: DoubleVector2D, direction: Direction): CircleTrajectory {
+        public fun of(
+            center: DoubleVector2D,
+            start: DoubleVector2D,
+            end: DoubleVector2D,
+            direction: Direction,
+        ): CircleTrajectory2D {
             fun calculatePose(
                 vector: DoubleVector2D,
                 theta: Double,
                 direction: Direction,
-            ): Pose2D = Pose2D(
+            ): DubinsPose2D = Pose2D(
                 vector,
                 when (direction) {
                     Direction.LEFT -> theta(theta - PI / 2)
@@ -81,16 +89,20 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory(
                 }
             )
 
-            val s1 = StraightTrajectory(center, start)
-            val s2 = StraightTrajectory(center, end)
-            val pose1 = calculatePose(start, s1.theta, direction)
-            val pose2 = calculatePose(end, s2.theta, direction)
-            return CircleTrajectory(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
+            val s1 = StraightTrajectory2D(center, start)
+            val s2 = StraightTrajectory2D(center, end)
+            val pose1 = calculatePose(start, s1.bearing, direction)
+            val pose2 = calculatePose(end, s2.bearing, direction)
+            val trajectory = CircleTrajectory2D(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
+            if(trajectory.direction != direction){
+                error("Trajectory direction mismatch")
+            }
+            return trajectory
         }
     }
 }
 
-public open class CompositeTrajectory(public val segments: Collection<Trajectory>) : Trajectory {
+public open class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: Collection<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = segments.sumOf { it.length }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TrajectoryCost.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TrajectoryCost.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 3782a9a32..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TrajectoryCost.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-public fun interface TrajectoryCost {
-    public fun estimate(trajectory: Trajectory): Double
-
-    public companion object{
-        public val length: TrajectoryCost = TrajectoryCost { it.length }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt
index 2e8e43be9..56350835d 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ public fun interface MaxCurvature {
 public fun DubinsPath.Companion.shortest(
     start: PhaseVector2D,
     end: PhaseVector2D,
-    computer: MaxCurvature,
-): DubinsPath = shortest(start, end, computer.compute(start))
+    maxCurvature: MaxCurvature,
+): DubinsPath = shortest(start, end, maxCurvature.compute(start))
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
index 64513f6e2..4599f30f8 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ const val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
 fun Double.radiansToDegrees() = this * 180 / PI
 
 fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double) = abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
-fun Pose2D.equalsFloat(other: Pose2D) = x.equalFloat(other.x) && y.equalFloat(other.y) && theta.equalFloat(other.theta)
+fun DubinsPose2D.equalsFloat(other: DubinsPose2D) = x.equalFloat(other.x) && y.equalFloat(other.y) && bearing.equalFloat(other.bearing)
 
-fun StraightTrajectory.inverse() = StraightTrajectory(end, start)
-fun StraightTrajectory.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-    val dX = width * sin(inverse().theta)
-    val dY = width * sin(theta)
+fun StraightTrajectory2D.inverse() = StraightTrajectory2D(end, start)
+fun StraightTrajectory2D.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory2D = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
+    val dX = width * sin(inverse().bearing)
+    val dY = width * sin(bearing)
 
-    return StraightTrajectory(
+    return StraightTrajectory2D(
         vector(start.x - dX * shift, start.y - dY * shift),
         vector(end.x - dX * shift, end.y - dY * shift)
     )
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
index b545b7c94..8cea22b45 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@ class DubinsTests {
 
     @Test
     fun dubinsTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val straight = StraightTrajectory(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
+        val straight = StraightTrajectory2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
         val lineP1 = straight.shift(1, 10.0).inverse()
 
-        val start = Pose2D(straight.end, straight.theta)
-        val end = Pose2D(lineP1.start, lineP1.theta)
+        val start = Pose2D(straight.end, straight.bearing)
+        val end = Pose2D(lineP1.start, lineP1.bearing)
         val radius = 2.0
         val dubins = DubinsPath.all(start, end, radius)
 
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ class DubinsTests {
             assertTrue(end.equalsFloat(path.c.end))
 
             // Not working, theta double precision inaccuracy
-            if (path.b is CircleTrajectory) {
-                val b = path.b as CircleTrajectory
+            if (path.b is CircleTrajectory2D) {
+                val b = path.b as CircleTrajectory2D
                 assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(b.start))
                 assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
-            } else if (path.b is StraightTrajectory) {
-                val b = path.b as StraightTrajectory
-                assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.start, b.theta)))
-                assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.end, b.theta)))
+            } else if (path.b is StraightTrajectory2D) {
+                val b = path.b as StraightTrajectory2D
+                assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.start, b.bearing)))
+                assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
index 17277c35e..af1444ade 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.CircleTrajectory
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.CircleTrajectory2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.radiansToDegrees
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ class ArcTests {
     @Test
     fun arcTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         val circle = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 2.0)
-        val arc = CircleTrajectory.of(circle.center, vector(-2.0, 0.0), vector(0.0, 2.0), CircleTrajectory.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val arc = CircleTrajectory2D.of(circle.center, vector(-2.0, 0.0), vector(0.0, 2.0), CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
         assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
-        assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.theta.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
index 4b54d775c..03320a3df 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.StraightTrajectory
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.StraightTrajectory2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.radiansToDegrees
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
@@ -17,21 +17,21 @@ class LineTests {
 
     @Test
     fun lineTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val straight = StraightTrajectory(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
+        val straight = StraightTrajectory2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
         assertEquals(sqrt(100.0.pow(2) + 100.0.pow(2)), straight.length)
-        assertEquals(45.0, straight.theta.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(45.0, straight.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
     }
 
     @Test
     fun lineAngleTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         //val zero = Vector2D(0.0, 0.0)
-        val north = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(0.0, 2.0))
-        assertEquals(0.0, north.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        val east = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(2.0, 0.0))
-        assertEquals(90.0, east.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        val south = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(0.0, -2.0))
-        assertEquals(180.0, south.theta.radiansToDegrees())
-        val west = StraightTrajectory(Euclidean2DSpace.zero, vector(-2.0, 0.0))
-        assertEquals(270.0, west.theta.radiansToDegrees())
+        val north = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(0.0, 2.0))
+        assertEquals(0.0, north.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        val east = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(2.0, 0.0))
+        assertEquals(90.0, east.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        val south = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(0.0, -2.0))
+        assertEquals(180.0, south.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        val west = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(-2.0, 0.0))
+        assertEquals(270.0, west.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
     }
 }

From fb0d016aa824227b2b76f102525584426ad1e48a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Oct 2022 18:58:30 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 15/72] Perform merge build only on JVM

---
 .github/workflows/build.yml | 28 ++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index cffef64b0..20d5f9a68 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -7,26 +7,18 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   build:
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        os: [ macOS-latest, windows-latest ]
-    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
-    timeout-minutes: 40
+    runs-on: windows-latest
+    timeout-minutes: 20
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3.0.0
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3.5.1
         with:
-          java-version: 11
-          distribution: liberica
-      - name: Cache konan
-        uses: actions/cache@v3.0.1
-        with:
-          path: ~/.konan
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-gradle-${{ hashFiles('*.gradle.kts') }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-gradle-
+          java-version: '11'
+          distribution: 'liberica'
+          cache: 'gradle'
       - name: Gradle Wrapper Validation
         uses: gradle/wrapper-validation-action@v1.0.4
-      - uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.1.5
+      - name: Gradle Build
+        uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.3.2
         with:
-          arguments: build
+          arguments: test jvmTest

From 94489b28e254f0f3c5c95c1b8a63588e3a390838 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Oct 2022 14:41:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 16/72] Fix visibility in Trajectory2D

---
 build.gradle.kts                                     | 12 ++++++------
 docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md                  |  6 +++++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt  |  4 ++--
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt  | 10 +++++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt  |  8 ++++----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/{Math.kt => math.kt}   |  0
 6 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 rename kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/{Math.kt => math.kt} (100%)

diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index bf732c893..92379d915 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import space.kscience.gradle.isInDevelopment
 import space.kscience.gradle.useApache2Licence
 import space.kscience.gradle.useSPCTeam
 
@@ -77,12 +78,11 @@ ksciencePublish {
     }
     github("kmath", "SciProgCentre")
     space(
-        "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/maven"
-//        if (isInDevelopment) {
-//            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/dev"
-//        } else {
-//            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/release"
-//        }
+        if (isInDevelopment) {
+            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/dev"
+        } else {
+            "https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/maven"
+        }
     )
     sonatype()
 }
diff --git a/docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md b/docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md
index 1bac2a8ff..a3e47e693 100644
--- a/docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 The Maven coordinates of this project are `${group}:${name}:${version}`.
 
 **Gradle:**
-```gradle
+```groovy
 repositories {
     maven { url 'https://repo.kotlin.link' }
     mavenCentral()
+    // development and snapshot versions
+    maven { url 'https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/dev' }
 }
 
 dependencies {
@@ -18,6 +20,8 @@ dependencies {
 repositories {
     maven("https://repo.kotlin.link")
     mavenCentral()
+    // development and snapshot versions
+    maven("https://maven.pkg.jetbrains.space/spc/p/sci/dev")
 }
 
 dependencies {
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
index ba001b4a5..5aa8c1455 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public class PhaseVector2D(
     override val bearing: Double get() = atan2(velocity.x, velocity.y)
 }
 
-internal class Pose2DImpl(
+private class DubinsPose2DImpl(
     override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
     override val bearing: Double,
 ) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate{
@@ -33,4 +33,4 @@ internal class Pose2DImpl(
 }
 
 
-public fun Pose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Double): DubinsPose2D = Pose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun DubinsPose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Double): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index f1ae20722..3fcf4365d 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
  * Straight path segment. The order of start and end defines the direction
  */
 public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
-    internal val start: DoubleVector2D,
-    internal val end: DoubleVector2D,
+    public val start: DoubleVector2D,
+    public val end: DoubleVector2D,
 ) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = start.distanceTo(end)
 
-    internal val bearing: Double get() = theta(atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y))
+    public val bearing: Double get() = theta(atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y))
 }
 
 /**
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
         circle.radius * arcLength
     }
 
-    internal val direction: Direction by lazy {
+    public val direction: Direction by lazy {
         if (start.y < circle.center.y) {
             if (start.bearing > PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
         } else if (start.y > circle.center.y) {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
                 vector: DoubleVector2D,
                 theta: Double,
                 direction: Direction,
-            ): DubinsPose2D = Pose2D(
+            ): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2D(
                 vector,
                 when (direction) {
                     Direction.LEFT -> theta(theta - PI / 2)
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
index 8cea22b45..5bbf8c294 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ class DubinsTests {
         val straight = StraightTrajectory2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
         val lineP1 = straight.shift(1, 10.0).inverse()
 
-        val start = Pose2D(straight.end, straight.bearing)
-        val end = Pose2D(lineP1.start, lineP1.bearing)
+        val start = DubinsPose2D(straight.end, straight.bearing)
+        val end = DubinsPose2D(lineP1.start, lineP1.bearing)
         val radius = 2.0
         val dubins = DubinsPath.all(start, end, radius)
 
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ class DubinsTests {
                 assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
             } else if (path.b is StraightTrajectory2D) {
                 val b = path.b as StraightTrajectory2D
-                assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.start, b.bearing)))
-                assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(Pose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
+                assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.start, b.bearing)))
+                assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
similarity index 100%
rename from kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Math.kt
rename to kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt

From 8286db30afef0fb5e647117fd7892f20ebfc1e73 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Oct 2022 20:15:37 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 17/72] Optimize tensor shape computation

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt   | 35 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
index 37e0c7b5e..3a27614c5 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/ShapeIndices.kt
@@ -51,10 +51,15 @@ public abstract class Strides : ShapeIndexer {
      */
     internal abstract val strides: IntArray
 
-    public override fun offset(index: IntArray): Int = index.mapIndexed { i, value ->
-        if (value !in 0 until shape[i]) throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $value out of shape bounds: (0, ${this.shape[i]})")
-        value * strides[i]
-    }.sum()
+    public override fun offset(index: IntArray): Int {
+        var res = 0
+        index.forEachIndexed { i, value ->
+            if (value !in 0 until shape[i]) throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $value out of shape bounds: (0, ${this.shape[i]})")
+            res += value * strides[i]
+
+        }
+        return res
+    }
 
     // TODO introduce a fast way to calculate index of the next element?
 
@@ -74,17 +79,15 @@ public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: ShapeND) : Strides() {
     /**
      * Strides for memory access
      */
-    override val strides: IntArray by lazy {
-        sequence {
-            var current = 1
-            yield(1)
+    override val strides: IntArray = sequence {
+        var current = 1
+        yield(1)
 
-            shape.forEach {
-                current *= it
-                yield(current)
-            }
-        }.toList().toIntArray()
-    }
+        shape.forEach {
+            current *= it
+            yield(current)
+        }
+    }.toList().toIntArray()
 
     override fun index(offset: Int): IntArray {
         val res = IntArray(shape.size)
@@ -120,10 +123,10 @@ public class ColumnStrides(override val shape: ShapeND) : Strides() {
  */
 public class RowStrides(override val shape: ShapeND) : Strides() {
 
-    override val strides: IntArray by lazy {
+    override val strides: IntArray = run {
         val nDim = shape.size
         val res = IntArray(nDim)
-        if (nDim == 0) return@lazy res
+        if (nDim == 0) return@run res
 
         var current = nDim - 1
         res[current] = 1

From cff563c321fba4c5fe9be3660d504079acfdc746 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Nov 2022 16:14:23 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 18/72] Major tensor refactoring

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   3 +
 .../benchmarks/TensorAlgebraBenchmark.kt      |   6 +-
 build.gradle.kts                              |   2 +-
 .../structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt     |  11 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt      |  11 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt       |  21 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt     |  11 +-
 .../tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt     |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt   |  12 +-
 gradle.properties                             |   4 +
 .../commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt      |   3 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt   |   4 +-
 .../kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt   |   2 +
 .../kmath/operations/DoubleBufferField.kt     | 105 +---
 .../kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt       | 110 ++--
 .../kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt     |  28 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt |   3 +
 .../kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt      |  50 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/structures/types.kt  |  20 +
 .../kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt       |   4 +-
 .../integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt |   6 +-
 .../kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt     |   6 +-
 .../histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt      |   2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt     |   1 +
 .../kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt  |  56 +-
 .../tmp/minuit/HessianGradientCalculator.kt   |   2 +-
 .../src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/MnPosDef.kt     |  10 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt  |  12 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt      |  17 +-
 .../kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt   |   1 +
 .../tensors/api/AnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt      |  81 +--
 .../tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt     |  10 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt        |  61 +--
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor1D.kt      |  45 ++
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor2D.kt      |  71 +++
 .../kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt | 490 +++---------------
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt     |   7 +-
 .../kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt   |   8 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorOps.kt  | 370 +++++++++++++
 .../core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt   |  34 +-
 .../core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt        |  16 +-
 41 files changed, 897 insertions(+), 821 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/types.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor1D.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor2D.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorOps.kt

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index eea1dd3ea..c31740a31 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 ### Added
+- Type-aliases for numbers like `Float64`
 - 2D optimal trajectory computation in a separate module `kmath-trajectory`
 - Autodiff for generic algebra elements in core!
 - Algebra now has an obligatory `bufferFactory` (#477).
 
 ### Changed
+- Tensor operations switched to prefix notation
+- Row-wise and column-wise ND shapes in the core
 - Shape is read-only
 - Major refactor of tensors (only minor API changes)
 - Kotlin 1.7.20
diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/TensorAlgebraBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/TensorAlgebraBenchmark.kt
index 3ed7163b3..c4382374a 100644
--- a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/TensorAlgebraBenchmark.kt
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/TensorAlgebraBenchmark.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.linear.linearSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.matrix
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.symmetric
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.symEigJacobi
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.symEigSvd
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import kotlin.random.Random
 
@@ -27,11 +29,11 @@ internal class TensorAlgebraBenchmark {
 
     @Benchmark
     fun tensorSymEigSvd(blackhole: Blackhole) = with(Double.tensorAlgebra) {
-        blackhole.consume(matrix.symEigSvd(1e-10))
+        blackhole.consume(symEigSvd(matrix, 1e-10))
     }
 
     @Benchmark
     fun tensorSymEigJacobi(blackhole: Blackhole) = with(Double.tensorAlgebra) {
-        blackhole.consume(matrix.symEigJacobi(50, 1e-10))
+        blackhole.consume(symEigJacobi(matrix, 50, 1e-10))
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index 92379d915..e03bec9af 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-6"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-7"
 }
 
 subprojects {
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
index 522eeb768..14c058417 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/StructureWriteBenchmark.kt
@@ -8,17 +8,20 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.structures
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.BufferND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.mapToBuffer
 import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
 
-private inline fun <T, reified R: Any> BufferND<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): BufferND<R> = BufferND(indices, buffer.map(block))
+private inline fun <T, reified R : Any> BufferND<T>.mapToBufferND(
+    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R> = BufferFactory.auto(),
+    crossinline block: (T) -> R,
+): BufferND<R> = BufferND(indices, buffer.mapToBuffer(bufferFactory, block))
 
 @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE")
 fun main() {
     val n = 6000
     val structure = StructureND.buffered(ShapeND(n, n), Buffer.Companion::auto) { 1.0 }
-    structure.map { it + 1 } // warm-up
-    val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.map { it + 1 } }
+    structure.mapToBufferND { it + 1 } // warm-up
+    val time1 = measureTimeMillis { val res = structure.mapToBufferND { it + 1 } }
     println("Structure mapping finished in $time1 millis")
     val array = DoubleArray(n * n) { 1.0 }
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
index 40b927215..2c570ea34 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/OLSWithSVD.kt
@@ -5,18 +5,17 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
-
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.randomNormal
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.randomNormalLike
 import kotlin.math.abs
 
 // OLS estimator using SVD
 
-@OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 fun main() {
     //seed for random
     val randSeed = 100500L
@@ -42,10 +41,10 @@ fun main() {
 
         // calculate y and add gaussian noise (N(0, 0.05))
         val y = x dot alpha
-        y += y.randomNormalLike(randSeed) * 0.05
+        y += randomNormalLike(y, randSeed) * 0.05
 
         // now restore the coefficient vector with OSL estimator with SVD
-        val (u, singValues, v) = x.svd()
+        val (u, singValues, v) = svd(x)
 
         // we have to make sure the singular values of the matrix are not close to zero
         println("Singular values:\n$singValues")
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ fun main() {
             require(yTrue.shape contentEquals yPred.shape)
 
             val diff = yTrue - yPred
-            return diff.dot(diff).sqrt().value()
+            return sqrt(diff.dot(diff)).value()
         }
 
         println("MSE: ${mse(alpha, alphaOLS)}")
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
index 78199aa8b..fb774a39d 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/PCA.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.*
 
 
 // simple PCA
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
     )
 
     // take y dependent on x with noise
-    val y = 2.0 * x + (3.0 + x.randomNormalLike(seed) * 1.5)
+    val y = 2.0 * x + (3.0 + randomNormalLike(x, seed) * 1.5)
 
     println("x:\n$x")
     println("y:\n$y")
@@ -31,14 +30,14 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
     val dataset = stack(listOf(x, y)).transposed()
 
     // normalize both x and y
-    val xMean = x.mean()
-    val yMean = y.mean()
+    val xMean = mean(x)
+    val yMean = mean(y)
 
-    val xStd = x.std()
-    val yStd = y.std()
+    val xStd = std(x)
+    val yStd = std(y)
 
-    val xScaled = (x - xMean) / xStd
-    val yScaled = (y - yMean) / yStd
+    val xScaled: DoubleTensor = (x - xMean) / xStd
+    val yScaled: DoubleTensor = (y - yMean) / yStd
 
     // save means ans standard deviations for further recovery
     val mean = fromArray(
@@ -54,11 +53,11 @@ fun main(): Unit = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with
     println("Standard deviations:\n$std")
 
     // calculate the covariance matrix of scaled x and y
-    val covMatrix = cov(listOf(xScaled, yScaled))
+    val covMatrix = covariance(listOf(xScaled.asDoubleTensor1D(), yScaled.asDoubleTensor1D()))
     println("Covariance matrix:\n$covMatrix")
 
     // and find out eigenvector of it
-    val (_, evecs) = covMatrix.symEig()
+    val (_, evecs) = symEig(covMatrix)
     val v = evecs.getTensor(0)
     println("Eigenvector:\n$v")
 
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
index 091889e8e..45c2ff120 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/dataSetNormalization.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.tensors
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.randomNormal
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.withBroadcast
 
@@ -23,8 +24,8 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with broad
 
 
     // find out mean and standard deviation of each column
-    val mean = dataset.mean(0, false)
-    val std = dataset.std(0, false)
+    val mean = mean(dataset, 0, false)
+    val std = std(dataset, 0, false)
 
     println("Mean:\n$mean")
     println("Standard deviation:\n$std")
@@ -36,8 +37,8 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {  // work in context with broad
     // now we can scale dataset with mean normalization
     val datasetScaled = (dataset - mean) / std
 
-    // find out mean and std of scaled dataset
+    // find out mean and standardDiviation of scaled dataset
 
-    println("Mean of scaled:\n${datasetScaled.mean(0, false)}")
-    println("Mean of scaled:\n${datasetScaled.std(0, false)}")
+    println("Mean of scaled:\n${mean(datasetScaled, 0, false)}")
+    println("Mean of scaled:\n${std(datasetScaled, 0, false)}")
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
index 60716d0ba..238696cf9 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/linearSystemSolvingWithLUP.kt
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ fun main() = Double.tensorAlgebra.withBroadcast {// work in context with linear
     // solve `Ax = b` system using LUP decomposition
 
     // get P, L, U such that PA = LU
-    val (p, l, u) = a.lu()
+    val (p, l, u) = lu(a)
 
     // check P is permutation matrix
     println("P:\n$p")
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
index 52b3b556c..8fd5ae5ad 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/neuralNetwork.kt
@@ -9,10 +9,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.contentEquals
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.toDoubleTensor
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.*
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
 
 const val seed = 100500L
@@ -51,7 +48,7 @@ fun reluDer(x: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
 class ReLU : Activation(::relu, ::reluDer)
 
 fun sigmoid(x: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-    1.0 / (1.0 + (-x).exp())
+    1.0 / (1.0 + exp((-x)))
 }
 
 fun sigmoidDer(x: DoubleTensor): DoubleTensor = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
@@ -85,7 +82,7 @@ class Dense(
         val gradInput = outputError dot weights.transposed()
 
         val gradW = input.transposed() dot outputError
-        val gradBias = outputError.mean(dim = 0, keepDim = false) * input.shape[0].toDouble()
+        val gradBias = mean(structureND = outputError, dim = 0, keepDim = false) * input.shape[0].toDouble()
 
         weights -= learningRate * gradW
         bias -= learningRate * gradBias
@@ -118,7 +115,7 @@ class NeuralNetwork(private val layers: List<Layer>) {
             onesForAnswers[intArrayOf(index, label)] = 1.0
         }
 
-        val softmaxValue = yPred.exp() / yPred.exp().sum(dim = 1, keepDim = true)
+        val softmaxValue = exp(yPred) / exp(yPred).sum(dim = 1, keepDim = true)
 
         (-onesForAnswers + softmaxValue) / (yPred.shape[0].toDouble())
     }
@@ -176,7 +173,6 @@ class NeuralNetwork(private val layers: List<Layer>) {
 }
 
 
-@OptIn(ExperimentalStdlibApi::class)
 fun main() = BroadcastDoubleTensorAlgebra {
     val features = 5
     val sampleSize = 250
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 216ebf74a..da5867ea4 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -11,3 +11,7 @@ org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
 toolsVersion=0.13.1-kotlin-1.7.20
+
+
+org.gradle.parallel=true
+org.gradle.workers.max=4
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
index f6819a27f..7c8ba7d27 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
@@ -13,12 +13,11 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.y
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps.Companion.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
 internal class OptimizeTest {
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
index fa8bf5e58..e7ade4f66 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ public open class DSRing<T, A>(
 
     protected fun DS<T, A>.mapData(block: A.(T) -> T): DS<T, A> {
         require(derivativeAlgebra == this@DSRing) { "All derivative operations should be done in the same algebra" }
-        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.map(valueBufferFactory) {
+        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapToBuffer(valueBufferFactory) {
             algebra.block(it)
         }
         return DS(newData)
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ public open class DSRing<T, A>(
 
     protected fun DS<T, A>.mapDataIndexed(block: (Int, T) -> T): DS<T, A> {
         require(derivativeAlgebra == this@DSRing) { "All derivative operations should be done in the same algebra" }
-        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapIndexed(valueBufferFactory, block)
+        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapIndexedToBuffer(valueBufferFactory, block)
         return DS(newData)
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
index 8cfa1b353..59dfeb8ea 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.indices
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
 
+//TODO move to stat
+
 /**
  * Generate a chi squared expression from given x-y-sigma data and inline model. Provides automatic
  * differentiation.
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferField.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferField.kt
index 449730e7a..2e6b63a92 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferField.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferField.kt
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 
@@ -32,9 +30,9 @@ public class DoubleBufferField(public val size: Int) : ExtendedField<Buffer<Doub
     override fun atanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = super<DoubleBufferOps>.atanh(arg)
 
     override fun power(arg: Buffer<Double>, pow: Number): DoubleBuffer = if (pow.isInteger()) {
-        arg.mapInline { it.pow(pow.toInt()) }
+        arg.map { it.pow(pow.toInt()) }
     } else {
-        arg.mapInline {
+        arg.map {
             if(it<0) throw IllegalArgumentException("Negative argument $it could not be raised to the fractional power")
             it.pow(pow.toDouble())
         }
@@ -42,103 +40,4 @@ public class DoubleBufferField(public val size: Int) : ExtendedField<Buffer<Doub
 
     override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Buffer<Double>) -> Buffer<Double> =
         super<ExtendedField>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
-
-    //    override fun number(value: Number): Buffer<Double> = DoubleBuffer(size) { value.toDouble() }
-//
-//    override fun Buffer<Double>.unaryMinus(): Buffer<Double> = DoubleBufferOperations.run {
-//        -this@unaryMinus
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun add(a: Buffer<Double>, b: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(a.size == size) { "The buffer size ${a.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.add(a, b)
-//    }
-//
-
-//
-//    override fun multiply(a: Buffer<Double>, b: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(a.size == size) { "The buffer size ${a.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.multiply(a, b)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun divide(a: Buffer<Double>, b: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(a.size == size) { "The buffer size ${a.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.divide(a, b)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun sin(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.sin(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun cos(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.cos(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun tan(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.tan(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun asin(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.asin(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun acos(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.acos(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun atan(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.atan(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun sinh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.sinh(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun cosh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.cosh(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun tanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.tanh(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun asinh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.asinh(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun acosh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.acosh(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun atanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.atanh(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun power(arg: Buffer<Double>, pow: Number): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.power(arg, pow)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun exp(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.exp(arg)
-//    }
-//
-//    override fun ln(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
-//        require(arg.size == size) { "The buffer size ${arg.size} does not match context size $size" }
-//        return DoubleBufferOperations.ln(arg)
-//    }
-
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
index ded8753a3..7ba1a7066 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/DoubleBufferOps.kt
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
@@ -19,10 +17,29 @@ public abstract class DoubleBufferOps : BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>, Exte
     Norm<Buffer<Double>, Double> {
 
     override val elementAlgebra: DoubleField get() = DoubleField
+
     override val elementBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<Double> get() = elementAlgebra.bufferFactory
 
-    override fun Buffer<Double>.map(block: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): DoubleBuffer =
-        mapInline { DoubleField.block(it) }
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    final override inline fun Buffer<Double>.map(block: DoubleField.(Double) -> Double): DoubleBuffer =
+        DoubleArray(size) { DoubleField.block(getDouble(it)) }.asBuffer()
+
+
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    final override inline fun Buffer<Double>.mapIndexed(block: DoubleField.(index: Int, arg: Double) -> Double): DoubleBuffer =
+        DoubleBuffer(size) { DoubleField.block(it, getDouble(it)) }
+
+    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+    @Suppress("OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
+    final override inline fun Buffer<Double>.zip(
+        other: Buffer<Double>,
+        block: DoubleField.(left: Double, right: Double) -> Double,
+    ): DoubleBuffer {
+        require(size == other.size) { "Incompatible buffer sizes. left: ${size}, right: ${other.size}" }
+        return DoubleBuffer(size) { DoubleField.block(getDouble(it), other.getDouble(it)) }
+    }
 
     override fun unaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (arg: Buffer<Double>) -> Buffer<Double> =
         super<ExtendedFieldOps>.unaryOperationFunction(operation)
@@ -30,7 +47,7 @@ public abstract class DoubleBufferOps : BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>, Exte
     override fun binaryOperationFunction(operation: String): (left: Buffer<Double>, right: Buffer<Double>) -> Buffer<Double> =
         super<ExtendedFieldOps>.binaryOperationFunction(operation)
 
-    override fun Buffer<Double>.unaryMinus(): DoubleBuffer = mapInline { -it }
+    override fun Buffer<Double>.unaryMinus(): DoubleBuffer = map { -it }
 
     override fun add(left: Buffer<Double>, right: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
         require(right.size == left.size) {
@@ -77,6 +94,7 @@ public abstract class DoubleBufferOps : BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>, Exte
 //        } else RealBuffer(DoubleArray(a.size) { a[it] / kValue })
 //    }
 
+    @UnstableKMathAPI
     override fun multiply(left: Buffer<Double>, right: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer {
         require(right.size == left.size) {
             "The size of the first buffer ${left.size} should be the same as for second one: ${right.size} "
@@ -101,55 +119,83 @@ public abstract class DoubleBufferOps : BufferAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>, Exte
         } else DoubleBuffer(DoubleArray(left.size) { left[it] / right[it] })
     }
 
-    override fun sin(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::sin)
+    override fun sin(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { sin(it) }
 
-    override fun cos(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::cos)
+    override fun cos(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { cos(it) }
 
-    override fun tan(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::tan)
+    override fun tan(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { tan(it) }
 
-    override fun asin(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::asin)
+    override fun asin(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { asin(it) }
 
-    override fun acos(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::acos)
+    override fun acos(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { acos(it) }
 
-    override fun atan(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::atan)
+    override fun atan(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { atan(it) }
 
-    override fun sinh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::sinh)
+    override fun sinh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { sinh(it) }
 
-    override fun cosh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::cosh)
+    override fun cosh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { cosh(it) }
 
-    override fun tanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::tanh)
+    override fun tanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { tanh(it) }
 
-    override fun asinh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::asinh)
+    override fun asinh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { asinh(it) }
 
-    override fun acosh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::acosh)
+    override fun acosh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { acosh(it) }
 
-    override fun atanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::atanh)
+    override fun atanh(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { atanh(it) }
 
-    override fun exp(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::exp)
+    override fun exp(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { exp(it) }
 
-    override fun ln(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.mapInline(::ln)
+    override fun ln(arg: Buffer<Double>): DoubleBuffer = arg.map { ln(it) }
 
     override fun norm(arg: Buffer<Double>): Double = DoubleL2Norm.norm(arg)
 
-    override fun scale(a: Buffer<Double>, value: Double): DoubleBuffer = a.mapInline { it * value }
+    override fun scale(a: Buffer<Double>, value: Double): DoubleBuffer = a.map { it * value }
 
     override fun power(arg: Buffer<Double>, pow: Number): Buffer<Double> = if (pow is Int) {
-        arg.mapInline { it.pow(pow) }
+        arg.map { it.pow(pow) }
     } else {
-        arg.mapInline { it.pow(pow.toDouble()) }
+        arg.map { it.pow(pow.toDouble()) }
     }
 
-    public companion object : DoubleBufferOps() {
-        public inline fun Buffer<Double>.mapInline(block: (Double) -> Double): DoubleBuffer =
-            if (this is DoubleBuffer) {
-                DoubleArray(size) { block(array[it]) }.asBuffer()
-            } else {
-                DoubleArray(size) { block(get(it)) }.asBuffer()
-            }
-    }
+    public companion object : DoubleBufferOps()
 }
 
 public object DoubleL2Norm : Norm<Point<Double>, Double> {
     override fun norm(arg: Point<Double>): Double = sqrt(arg.fold(0.0) { acc: Double, d: Double -> acc + d.pow(2) })
 }
 
+public fun DoubleBufferOps.sum(buffer: Buffer<Double>): Double = buffer.reduce(Double::plus)
+
+/**
+ * Sum of elements using given [conversion]
+ */
+public inline fun <T> DoubleBufferOps.sumOf(buffer: Buffer<T>, conversion: (T) -> Double): Double =
+    buffer.fold(0.0) { acc, value -> acc + conversion(value) }
+
+public fun DoubleBufferOps.average(buffer: Buffer<Double>): Double = sum(buffer) / buffer.size
+
+/**
+ * Average of elements using given [conversion]
+ */
+public inline fun <T> DoubleBufferOps.averageOf(buffer: Buffer<T>, conversion: (T) -> Double): Double =
+    sumOf(buffer, conversion) / buffer.size
+
+public fun DoubleBufferOps.dispersion(buffer: Buffer<Double>): Double {
+    val av = average(buffer)
+    return buffer.fold(0.0) { acc, value -> acc + (value - av).pow(2) } / buffer.size
+}
+
+public fun DoubleBufferOps.std(buffer: Buffer<Double>): Double = sqrt(dispersion(buffer))
+
+public fun DoubleBufferOps.covariance(x: Buffer<Double>, y: Buffer<Double>): Double {
+    require(x.size == y.size) { "Expected buffers of the same size, but x.size == ${x.size} and y.size == ${y.size}" }
+    val xMean = average(x)
+    val yMean = average(y)
+    var sum = 0.0
+    x.indices.forEach {
+        sum += (x[it] - xMean) * (y[it] - yMean)
+    }
+    return sum / (x.size - 1)
+}
+
+
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt
index efadfb3cc..f05ddafb8 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,21 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.operations
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+
+/**
+ * Returns the sum of all elements in the iterable in this [Group].
+ *
+ * @receiver the algebra that provides addition.
+ * @param data the iterable to sum up.
+ * @return the sum.
+ */
+@PerformancePitfall("Potential boxing access to buffer elements")
+public fun <T> Group<T>.sum(data: Buffer<T>): T = data.fold(zero) { left, right ->
+    add(left, right)
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the sum of all elements in the iterable in this [Group].
  *
@@ -29,6 +44,18 @@ public fun <T> Group<T>.sum(data: Sequence<T>): T = data.fold(zero) { left, righ
     add(left, right)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Returns an average value of elements in the iterable in this [Group].
+ *
+ * @receiver the algebra that provides addition and division.
+ * @param data the iterable to find average.
+ * @return the average value.
+ * @author Iaroslav Postovalov
+ */
+@PerformancePitfall("Potential boxing access to buffer elements")
+public fun <T, S> S.average(data: Buffer<T>): T where S : Group<T>, S : ScaleOperations<T> =
+    sum(data) / data.size
+
 /**
  * Returns an average value of elements in the iterable in this [Group].
  *
@@ -95,4 +122,3 @@ public fun <T, S> Iterable<T>.averageWith(space: S): T where S : Group<T>, S : S
  */
 public fun <T, S> Sequence<T>.averageWith(space: S): T where S : Group<T>, S : ScaleOperations<T> =
     space.average(this)
-
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
index 5a8594616..1696d5055 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/DoubleBuffer.kt
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ public fun Buffer<Double>.toDoubleArray(): DoubleArray = when (this) {
     else -> DoubleArray(size, ::get)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Represent this buffer as [DoubleBuffer]. Does not guarantee that changes in the original buffer are reflected on this buffer.
+ */
 public fun Buffer<Double>.toDoubleBuffer(): DoubleBuffer = when (this) {
     is DoubleBuffer -> this
     else -> DoubleArray(size, ::get).asBuffer()
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt
index 0a5d6b964..0a475187f 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/bufferExtensions.kt
@@ -61,18 +61,18 @@ public fun <T> Buffer<T>.toMutableList(): MutableList<T> = when (this) {
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public inline fun <reified T> Buffer<T>.toTypedArray(): Array<T> = Array(size, ::get)
-
-/**
- * Create a new buffer from this one with the given mapping function and using [Buffer.Companion.auto] buffer factory.
- */
-public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): Buffer<R> =
-    Buffer.auto(size) { block(get(it)) }
+//
+///**
+// * Create a new buffer from this one with the given mapping function and using [Buffer.Companion.auto] buffer factory.
+// */
+//public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.map(block: (T) -> R): Buffer<R> =
+//    Buffer.auto(size) { block(get(it)) }
 
 /**
  * Create a new buffer from this one with the given mapping function.
  * Provided [bufferFactory] is used to construct the new buffer.
  */
-public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.map(
+public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.mapToBuffer(
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R>,
     crossinline block: (T) -> R,
 ): Buffer<R> = bufferFactory(size) { block(get(it)) }
@@ -81,23 +81,24 @@ public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.map(
  * Create a new buffer from this one with the given mapping (indexed) function.
  * Provided [bufferFactory] is used to construct the new buffer.
  */
-public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.mapIndexed(
+public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.mapIndexedToBuffer(
     bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R>,
     crossinline block: (index: Int, value: T) -> R,
 ): Buffer<R> = bufferFactory(size) { block(it, get(it)) }
-
-/**
- * Create a new buffer from this one with the given indexed mapping function.
- * Provided [BufferFactory] is used to construct the new buffer.
- */
-public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.mapIndexed(
-    crossinline block: (index: Int, value: T) -> R,
-): Buffer<R> = Buffer.auto(size) { block(it, get(it)) }
+//
+///**
+// * Create a new buffer from this one with the given indexed mapping function.
+// * Provided [BufferFactory] is used to construct the new buffer.
+// */
+//public inline fun <T, reified R : Any> Buffer<T>.mapIndexed(
+//    crossinline block: (index: Int, value: T) -> R,
+//): Buffer<R> = Buffer.auto(size) { block(it, get(it)) }
 
 /**
  * Fold given buffer according to [operation]
  */
 public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: (acc: R, T) -> R): R {
+    if (size == 0) return initial
     var accumulator = initial
     for (index in this.indices) accumulator = operation(accumulator, get(index))
     return accumulator
@@ -107,18 +108,31 @@ public inline fun <T, R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: (acc: R, T) -> R)
  * Fold given buffer according to indexed [operation]
  */
 public inline fun <T : Any, R> Buffer<T>.foldIndexed(initial: R, operation: (index: Int, acc: R, T) -> R): R {
+    if (size == 0) return initial
     var accumulator = initial
     for (index in this.indices) accumulator = operation(index, accumulator, get(index))
     return accumulator
 }
 
+/**
+ * Reduce a buffer from left to right according to [operation]
+ */
+public inline fun <T> Buffer<T>.reduce(operation: (left: T, value: T) -> T): T {
+    require(size > 0) { "Buffer must have elements" }
+    var current = get(0)
+    for (i in 1 until size) {
+        current = operation(current, get(i))
+    }
+    return current
+}
+
 /**
  * Zip two buffers using given [transform].
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <T1, T2 : Any, reified R : Any> Buffer<T1>.zip(
+public inline fun <T1, T2, R> Buffer<T1>.combineToBuffer(
     other: Buffer<T2>,
-    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R> = BufferFactory.auto(),
+    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<R>,
     crossinline transform: (T1, T2) -> R,
 ): Buffer<R> {
     require(size == other.size) { "Buffer size mismatch in zip: expected $size but found ${other.size}" }
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/types.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/types.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ace17538
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/structures/types.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.structures
+
+
+public typealias Float32 = Float
+public typealias Float64 = Double
+
+public typealias Int8 = Byte
+public typealias Int16 = Short
+public typealias Int32 = Int
+public typealias Int64 = Long
+
+public typealias UInt8 = UByte
+public typealias UInt16 = UShort
+public typealias UInt32 = UInt
+public typealias UInt64 = ULong
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
index 3f06693b0..7bae388a8 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
@@ -81,9 +81,7 @@ public suspend fun <T> AsyncFlow<T>.collect(concurrency: Int, collector: FlowCol
 public suspend inline fun <T> AsyncFlow<T>.collect(
     concurrency: Int,
     crossinline action: suspend (value: T) -> Unit,
-): Unit = collect(concurrency, object : FlowCollector<T> {
-    override suspend fun emit(value: T): Unit = action(value)
-})
+): Unit = collect(concurrency, FlowCollector<T> { value -> action(value) })
 
 public inline fun <T, R> Flow<T>.mapParallel(
     dispatcher: CoroutineDispatcher = Dispatchers.Default,
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
index 3845bd2a7..fc76ea819 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.integration
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.map
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.mapToBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ public fun GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.build(
     val normalized: Pair<Buffer<Double>, Buffer<Double>> = build(numPoints)
     val length = range.endInclusive - range.start
 
-    val points = normalized.first.map(::DoubleBuffer) {
+    val points = normalized.first.mapToBuffer(::DoubleBuffer) {
         range.start + length / 2 + length / 2 * it
     }
 
-    val weights = normalized.second.map(::DoubleBuffer) {
+    val weights = normalized.second.mapToBuffer(::DoubleBuffer) {
         it * length / 2
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
index 9a8f475c8..c66674fbb 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/SplineIntegrator.kt
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@ public class SplineIntegrator<T : Comparable<T>>(
             DoubleBuffer(numPoints) { i -> range.start + i * step }
         }
 
-        val values = nodes.map(bufferFactory) { integrand.function(it) }
+        val values = nodes.mapToBuffer(bufferFactory) { integrand.function(it) }
         val polynomials = interpolator.interpolatePolynomials(
-            nodes.map(bufferFactory) { number(it) },
+            nodes.mapToBuffer(bufferFactory) { number(it) },
             values
         )
         val res = polynomials.integrate(algebra, number(range.start)..number(range.endInclusive))
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public object DoubleSplineIntegrator : UnivariateIntegrator<Double> {
             DoubleBuffer(numPoints) { i -> range.start + i * step }
         }
 
-        val values = nodes.map { integrand.function(it) }
+        val values = nodes.mapToBuffer(::DoubleBuffer) { integrand.function(it) }
         val polynomials = interpolator.interpolatePolynomials(nodes, values)
         val res = polynomials.integrate(DoubleField, range)
         return integrand + IntegrandValue(res) + IntegrandCallsPerformed(integrand.calls + nodes.size)
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
index f22ea9776..b62780ed5 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
+++ b/kmath-histograms/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/histogram/UniformHistogramGroupND.kt
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ public class UniformHistogramGroupND<V : Any, A : Field<V>>(
             }
         }
         hBuilder.apply(builder)
-        val values: BufferND<V> = BufferND(ndCounter.indices, ndCounter.buffer.map(valueBufferFactory) { it.value })
+        val values: BufferND<V> = BufferND(ndCounter.indices, ndCounter.buffer.mapToBuffer(valueBufferFactory) { it.value })
 
         return HistogramND(this, values)
     }
diff --git a/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt b/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
index afd292904..d52420fc6 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-multik/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/multik/MultikNDTest.kt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.one
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.randomNormal
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.tensorAlgebra
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
diff --git a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
index 62bfe90ba..ef7b7f257 100644
--- a/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-nd4j/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd4j/Nd4jTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -118,35 +118,35 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jTensorAlgebra<T : Number, A : Field<T>> : AnalyticTe
     override fun StructureND<T>.argMax(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<Int> =
         ndBase.get().argmax(ndArray, keepDim, dim).asIntStructure()
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.mean(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
-        ndArray.mean(keepDim, dim).wrap()
+    override fun mean(structureND: StructureND<T>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T> =
+        structureND.ndArray.mean(keepDim, dim).wrap()
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.exp(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.exp(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.ln(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.log(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.sqrt(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.sqrt(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.cos(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.cos(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.acos(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.acos(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.cosh(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.cosh(ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun exp(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.exp(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun ln(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.log(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun sqrt(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.sqrt(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun cos(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.cos(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun acos(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.acos(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun cosh(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.cosh(arg.ndArray).wrap()
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.acosh(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
-        Nd4j.getExecutioner().exec(ACosh(ndArray, ndArray.ulike())).wrap()
+    override fun acosh(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
+        Nd4j.getExecutioner().exec(ACosh(arg.ndArray, arg.ndArray.ulike())).wrap()
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.sin(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.sin(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.asin(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.asin(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.sinh(): Tensor<T> = Transforms.sinh(ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun sin(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.sin(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun asin(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.asin(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun sinh(arg: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T> = Transforms.sinh(arg.ndArray).wrap()
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.asinh(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
-        Nd4j.getExecutioner().exec(ASinh(ndArray, ndArray.ulike())).wrap()
+    override fun asinh(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
+        Nd4j.getExecutioner().exec(ASinh(arg.ndArray, arg.ndArray.ulike())).wrap()
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.tan(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.tan(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.atan(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.atan(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.tanh(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.tanh(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.atanh(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.atanh(ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun tan(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.tan(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun atan(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.atan(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun tanh(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.tanh(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun atanh(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.atanh(arg.ndArray).wrap()
     override fun power(arg: StructureND<T>, pow: Number): StructureND<T> = Transforms.pow(arg.ndArray, pow).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.ceil(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.ceil(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.floor(): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.floor(ndArray).wrap()
-    override fun StructureND<T>.std(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
-        ndArray.std(true, keepDim, dim).wrap()
+    override fun ceil(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.ceil(arg.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun floor(structureND: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = Transforms.floor(structureND.ndArray).wrap()
+    override fun std(structureND: StructureND<T>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T> =
+        structureND.ndArray.std(true, keepDim, dim).wrap()
 
     override fun T.div(arg: StructureND<T>): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = arg.ndArray.rdiv(this).wrap()
     override fun StructureND<T>.div(arg: T): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> = ndArray.div(arg).wrap()
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ public sealed interface Nd4jTensorAlgebra<T : Number, A : Field<T>> : AnalyticTe
         ndArray.divi(arg.ndArray)
     }
 
-    override fun StructureND<T>.variance(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Nd4jArrayStructure<T> =
-        Nd4j.getExecutioner().exec(Variance(ndArray, true, true, dim)).wrap()
+    override fun variance(structureND: StructureND<T>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T> =
+        Nd4j.getExecutioner().exec(Variance(structureND.ndArray, true, true, dim)).wrap()
 
     private companion object {
         private val ndBase: ThreadLocal<NDBase> = ThreadLocal.withInitial(::NDBase)
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ public object DoubleNd4jTensorAlgebra : Nd4jTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
     override fun StructureND<Double>.sum(): Double = ndArray.sumNumber().toDouble()
     override fun StructureND<Double>.min(): Double = ndArray.minNumber().toDouble()
     override fun StructureND<Double>.max(): Double = ndArray.maxNumber().toDouble()
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.mean(): Double = ndArray.meanNumber().toDouble()
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.std(): Double = ndArray.stdNumber().toDouble()
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.variance(): Double = ndArray.varNumber().toDouble()
+    override fun mean(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Double = structureND.ndArray.meanNumber().toDouble()
+    override fun std(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Double = structureND.ndArray.stdNumber().toDouble()
+    override fun variance(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Double = structureND.ndArray.varNumber().toDouble()
 }
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/HessianGradientCalculator.kt b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/HessianGradientCalculator.kt
index 150d192f9..4ef743955 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/HessianGradientCalculator.kt
+++ b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/HessianGradientCalculator.kt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ internal class HessianGradientCalculator(fcn: MnFcn, par: MnUserTransformation,
         val g2: RealVector = gradient.getGradientDerivative()
         val gstep: RealVector = gradient.getStep()
         val fcnmin: Double = par.fval()
-        //   std::cout<<"fval: "<<fcnmin<<std::endl;
+        //   standardDiviation::cout<<"fval: "<<fcnmin<<standardDiviation::endl;
         val dfmin: Double = 4.0 * precision().eps2() * (abs(fcnmin) + theFcn.errorDef())
         val n: Int = x.getDimension()
         val dgrd: RealVector = ArrayRealVector(n)
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/MnPosDef.kt b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/MnPosDef.kt
index f94e387d9..e8d29c8e4 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/MnPosDef.kt
+++ b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/tmp/minuit/MnPosDef.kt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ internal object MnPosDef {
         if (err.size() === 1 && err[0, 0] > prec.eps()) {
             return e
         }
-        //   std::cout<<"MnPosDef init matrix= "<<err<<std::endl;
+        //   standardDiviation::cout<<"MnPosDef init matrix= "<<err<<standardDiviation::endl;
         val epspdf: Double = max(1e-6, prec.eps2())
         var dgmin: Double = err[0, 0]
         for (i in 0 until err.nrow()) {
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ internal object MnPosDef {
             }
         }
 
-        //   std::cout<<"MnPosDef p: "<<p<<std::endl;
+        //   standardDiviation::cout<<"MnPosDef p: "<<p<<standardDiviation::endl;
         val eval: RealVector = p.eigenvalues()
         val pmin: Double = eval.getEntry(0)
         var pmax: Double = eval.getEntry(eval.getDimension() - 1)
-        //   std::cout<<"pmin= "<<pmin<<" pmax= "<<pmax<<std::endl;
+        //   standardDiviation::cout<<"pmin= "<<pmin<<" pmax= "<<pmax<<standardDiviation::endl;
         pmax = max(abs(pmax), 1.0)
         if (pmin > epspdf * pmax) {
             return e
@@ -81,9 +81,9 @@ internal object MnPosDef {
             err[i, i] = err[i, i] * (1.0 + padd)
             MINUITPlugin.logStatic(java.lang.Double.toString(eval.getEntry(i)))
         }
-        //   std::cout<<"MnPosDef final matrix: "<<err<<std::endl;
+        //   standardDiviation::cout<<"MnPosDef final matrix: "<<err<<standardDiviation::endl;
         MINUITPlugin.logStatic("matrix forced pos-def by adding $padd to diagonal")
-        //   std::cout<<"eigenvalues: "<<eval<<std::endl;
+        //   standardDiviation::cout<<"eigenvalues: "<<eval<<standardDiviation::endl;
         return MinimumError(err, MnMadePosDef())
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
index feb888169..3bf8b33e8 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/Mean.kt
@@ -52,16 +52,16 @@ public class Mean<T>(
         @Deprecated("Use Long.mean instead")
         public val long: Mean<Long> = Mean(LongRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
 
-        public fun evaluate(buffer: Buffer<Double>): Double = Double.mean.evaluateBlocking(buffer)
-        public fun evaluate(buffer: Buffer<Int>): Int = Int.mean.evaluateBlocking(buffer)
-        public fun evaluate(buffer: Buffer<Long>): Long = Long.mean.evaluateBlocking(buffer)
+        public fun evaluate(buffer: Buffer<Double>): Double = DoubleField.mean.evaluateBlocking(buffer)
+        public fun evaluate(buffer: Buffer<Int>): Int = IntRing.mean.evaluateBlocking(buffer)
+        public fun evaluate(buffer: Buffer<Long>): Long = LongRing.mean.evaluateBlocking(buffer)
     }
 }
 
 
 //TODO replace with optimized version which respects overflow
-public val Double.Companion.mean: Mean<Double> get() = Mean(DoubleField) { sum, count -> sum / count }
-public val Int.Companion.mean: Mean<Int> get() = Mean(IntRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
-public val Long.Companion.mean: Mean<Long> get() = Mean(LongRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
+public val DoubleField.mean: Mean<Double> get() = Mean(DoubleField) { sum, count -> sum / count }
+public val IntRing.mean: Mean<Int> get() = Mean(IntRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
+public val LongRing.mean: Mean<Long> get() = Mean(LongRing) { sum, count -> sum / count }
 
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt
index 264d62246..3be7fa314 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/jvmTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/StatisticTest.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.first
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.last
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.take
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.chain
 import space.kscience.kmath.streaming.chunked
@@ -27,26 +28,26 @@ internal class StatisticTest {
 
     @Test
     fun singleBlockingMean() {
-        val first = runBlocking { chunked.first()}
-        val res = Double.mean(first)
-        assertEquals(0.5,res, 1e-1)
+        val first = runBlocking { chunked.first() }
+        val res = DoubleField.mean(first)
+        assertEquals(0.5, res, 1e-1)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun singleSuspendMean() = runBlocking {
-        val first = runBlocking { chunked.first()}
-        val res = Double.mean(first)
-        assertEquals(0.5,res, 1e-1)
+        val first = runBlocking { chunked.first() }
+        val res = DoubleField.mean(first)
+        assertEquals(0.5, res, 1e-1)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun parallelMean() = runBlocking {
-        val average = Double.mean
+        val average = DoubleField.mean
             .flow(chunked) //create a flow from evaluated results
             .take(100) // Take 100 data chunks from the source and accumulate them
             .last() //get 1e5 data samples average
 
-        assertEquals(0.5,average, 1e-2)
+        assertEquals(0.5, average, 1e-2)
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt b/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
index ff11dc8fe..af754f841 100644
--- a/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensorflow/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensorflow/DoubleTensorFlowOps.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.structureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra.Companion.sum
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.randomNormal
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/AnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/AnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
index 587096500..1a324b200 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/AnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/AnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public interface AnalyticTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> :
     /**
      * @return the mean of all elements in the input tensor.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.mean(): T
+    public fun mean(structureND: StructureND<T>): T
 
     /**
      * Returns the mean of each row of the input tensor in the given dimension [dim].
@@ -34,12 +34,12 @@ public interface AnalyticTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> :
      * @param keepDim whether the output tensor has [dim] retained or not.
      * @return the mean of each row of the input tensor in the given dimension [dim].
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.mean(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T>
+    public fun mean(structureND: StructureND<T>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T>
 
     /**
      * @return the standard deviation of all elements in the input tensor.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.std(): T
+    public fun std(structureND: StructureND<T>): T
 
     /**
      * Returns the standard deviation of each row of the input tensor in the given dimension [dim].
@@ -52,12 +52,12 @@ public interface AnalyticTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> :
      * @param keepDim whether the output tensor has [dim] retained or not.
      * @return the standard deviation of each row of the input tensor in the given dimension [dim].
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.std(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T>
+    public fun std(structureND: StructureND<T>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T>
 
     /**
      * @return the variance of all elements in the input tensor.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.variance(): T
+    public fun variance(structureND: StructureND<T>): T
 
     /**
      * Returns the variance of each row of the input tensor in the given dimension [dim].
@@ -70,80 +70,45 @@ public interface AnalyticTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> :
      * @param keepDim whether the output tensor has [dim] retained or not.
      * @return the variance of each row of the input tensor in the given dimension [dim].
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.variance(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.exp.html
-    public fun StructureND<T>.exp(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.log.html
-    public fun StructureND<T>.ln(): Tensor<T>
+    public fun variance(structureND: StructureND<T>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<T>
 
     //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.sqrt.html
-    public fun StructureND<T>.sqrt(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.acos.html#torch.cos
-    public fun StructureND<T>.cos(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.acos.html#torch.acos
-    public fun StructureND<T>.acos(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.acosh.html#torch.cosh
-    public fun StructureND<T>.cosh(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.acosh.html#torch.acosh
-    public fun StructureND<T>.acosh(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.asin.html#torch.sin
-    public fun StructureND<T>.sin(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.asin.html#torch.asin
-    public fun StructureND<T>.asin(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.asin.html#torch.sinh
-    public fun StructureND<T>.sinh(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.asin.html#torch.asinh
-    public fun StructureND<T>.asinh(): Tensor<T>
+    override fun sqrt(arg: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T>
 
     //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.atan.html#torch.tan
-    public fun StructureND<T>.tan(): Tensor<T>
+    override fun tan(arg: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T>
 
     //https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.atan.html#torch.atan
-    public fun StructureND<T>.atan(): Tensor<T>
+    override fun atan(arg: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T>
 
     //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.atanh.html#torch.tanh
-    public fun StructureND<T>.tanh(): Tensor<T>
-
-    //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.atanh.html#torch.atanh
-    public fun StructureND<T>.atanh(): Tensor<T>
+    override fun tanh(arg: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T>
 
     //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.ceil.html#torch.ceil
-    public fun StructureND<T>.ceil(): Tensor<T>
+    public fun ceil(arg: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T>
 
     //For information: https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.floor.html#torch.floor
-    public fun StructureND<T>.floor(): Tensor<T>
+    public fun floor(structureND: StructureND<T>): Tensor<T>
 
-    override fun sin(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.sin()
+    override fun sin(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> 
 
-    override fun cos(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.cos()
+    override fun cos(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> 
 
-    override fun asin(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.asin()
+    override fun asin(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun acos(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.acos()
+    override fun acos(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun atan(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.atan()
+    override fun exp(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> 
 
-    override fun exp(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.exp()
+    override fun ln(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun ln(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.ln()
+    override fun sinh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun sinh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.sinh()
+    override fun cosh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun cosh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.cosh()
+    override fun asinh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun asinh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.asinh()
+    override fun acosh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
-    override fun acosh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.acosh()
-
-    override fun atanh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T> = arg.atanh()
+    override fun atanh(arg: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt
index e15fbb3a6..faff2eb80 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/api/LinearOpsTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return the batch of `L` matrices.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.cholesky(): StructureND<T>
+    public fun cholesky(structureND: StructureND<T>): StructureND<T>
 
     /**
      * QR decomposition.
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return pair of `Q` and `R` tensors.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.qr(): Pair<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
+    public fun qr(structureND: StructureND<T>): Pair<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
     /**
      * LUP decomposition
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return triple of P, L and U tensors
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.lu(): Triple<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
+    public fun lu(structureND: StructureND<T>): Triple<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
     /**
      * Singular Value Decomposition.
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return triple `Triple(U, S, V)`.
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.svd(): Triple<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
+    public fun svd(structureND: StructureND<T>): Triple<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
     /**
      * Returns eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix `input` or a batch of real symmetric matrices,
@@ -101,6 +101,6 @@ public interface LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<T, A : Field<T>> : TensorPartialDivision
      * @receiver the `input`.
      * @return a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`
      */
-    public fun StructureND<T>.symEig(): Pair<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
+    public fun symEig(structureND: StructureND<T>): Pair<StructureND<T>, StructureND<T>>
 
 }
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
index 12e9549da..4eed7a2a8 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.toPrettyString
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 
 public class OffsetDoubleBuffer(
     override val origin: DoubleBuffer,
@@ -83,9 +82,9 @@ public inline fun OffsetDoubleBuffer.mapInPlace(operation: (Double) -> Double) {
  *
  * [DoubleTensor] always uses row-based strides
  */
-public class DoubleTensor(
+public open class DoubleTensor(
     shape: ShapeND,
-    override val source: OffsetDoubleBuffer,
+    final override val source: OffsetDoubleBuffer,
 ) : BufferedTensor<Double>(shape), MutableStructureNDOfDouble {
 
     init {
@@ -103,7 +102,7 @@ public class DoubleTensor(
         source[indices.offset(index)] = value
     }
 
-    override fun getDouble(index: IntArray): Double = get(index)
+    override fun getDouble(index: IntArray): Double = source[indices.offset(index)]
 
     override fun setDouble(index: IntArray, value: Double) {
         set(index, value)
@@ -112,62 +111,8 @@ public class DoubleTensor(
     override fun toString(): String = toPrettyString()
 }
 
-@JvmInline
-public value class DoubleTensor2D(public val tensor: DoubleTensor) : MutableStructureND<Double> by tensor,
-    MutableStructure2D<Double> {
-
-    init {
-        require(tensor.shape.size == 2) { "Only 2D tensors could be cast to 2D" }
-    }
-
-    override val rowNum: Int get() = shape[0]
-    override val colNum: Int get() = shape[1]
-
-    override fun get(i: Int, j: Int): Double = tensor.source[i * colNum + j]
-
-    override fun set(i: Int, j: Int, value: Double) {
-        tensor.source[i * colNum + j] = value
-    }
-
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
-    override val rows: List<OffsetDoubleBuffer>
-        get() = List(rowNum) { i ->
-            tensor.source.view(i * colNum, colNum)
-        }
-
-
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
-    override val columns: List<PermutedMutableBuffer<Double>>
-        get() = List(colNum) { j ->
-            val indices = IntArray(rowNum) { i -> j + i * colNum }
-            tensor.source.permute(indices)
-        }
-
-    @PerformancePitfall
-    override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = tensor.elements()
-    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
-    override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = tensor[index]
-    override val shape: ShapeND get() = tensor.shape
-}
-
-public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleTensor2D(): DoubleTensor2D = DoubleTensor2D(this)
-
 public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleBuffer(): OffsetDoubleBuffer = if (shape.size == 1) {
     source
 } else {
     error("Only 1D tensors could be cast to 1D")
 }
-
-public inline fun DoubleTensor.forEachMatrix(block: (index: IntArray, matrix: DoubleTensor2D) -> Unit) {
-    val n = shape.size
-    check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
-    val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
-    val matrixShape = ShapeND(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
-
-    val size = matrixShape.linearSize
-    for (i in 0 until linearSize / matrixOffset) {
-        val offset = i * matrixOffset
-        val index = indices.index(offset).sliceArray(0 until (shape.size - 2))
-        block(index, DoubleTensor(matrixShape, source.view(offset, size)).asDoubleTensor2D())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor1D.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor1D.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e74f73800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor1D.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure1D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
+
+public class DoubleTensor1D(
+    source: OffsetDoubleBuffer,
+) : DoubleTensor(ShapeND(source.size), source), MutableStructure1D<Double> {
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = super<MutableStructure1D>.get(index)
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
+    override fun set(index: IntArray, value: Double) {
+        super<MutableStructure1D>.set(index, value)
+    }
+
+    override val size: Int get() = source.size
+
+    override fun get(index: Int): Double = source[index]
+
+    override fun set(index: Int, value: Double) {
+        source[index] = value
+    }
+
+    override fun copy(): MutableBuffer<Double> = source.copy()
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
+    override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = super<MutableStructure1D>.elements()
+}
+
+/**
+ * A zero-copy cast to 1D structure. Changes in resulting structure are reflected on original tensor.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleTensor1D(): DoubleTensor1D {
+    require(shape.size == 1) { "Only 1D tensors could be cast to 1D" }
+    return DoubleTensor1D(source)
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor2D.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor2D.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c84b91e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensor2D.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.MutableStructure2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.ShapeND
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.linearSize
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.PermutedMutableBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.permute
+
+public class DoubleTensor2D(
+    override val rowNum: Int,
+    override val colNum: Int,
+    source: OffsetDoubleBuffer,
+) : DoubleTensor(ShapeND(rowNum, colNum), source), MutableStructure2D<Double> {
+
+    override fun get(i: Int, j: Int): Double = source[i * colNum + j]
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override fun get(index: IntArray): Double = getDouble(index)
+
+    override fun set(i: Int, j: Int, value: Double) {
+        source[i * colNum + j] = value
+    }
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override val rows: List<OffsetDoubleBuffer>
+        get() = List(rowNum) { i ->
+            source.view(i * colNum, colNum)
+        }
+
+
+    @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
+    override val columns: List<PermutedMutableBuffer<Double>>
+        get() = List(colNum) { j ->
+            val indices = IntArray(rowNum) { i -> j + i * colNum }
+            source.permute(indices)
+        }
+
+    override val shape: ShapeND get() = super<DoubleTensor>.shape
+
+    @PerformancePitfall
+    override fun elements(): Sequence<Pair<IntArray, Double>> = super<MutableStructure2D>.elements()
+}
+
+/**
+ * A zero-copy cast to 2D structure. Changes in resulting structure are reflected on original tensor.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensor.asDoubleTensor2D(): DoubleTensor2D {
+    require(shape.size == 2) { "Only 2D tensors could be cast to 2D" }
+    return DoubleTensor2D(shape[0], shape[1], source)
+}
+
+
+public inline fun DoubleTensor.forEachMatrix(block: (index: IntArray, matrix: DoubleTensor2D) -> Unit) {
+    val n = shape.size
+    check(n >= 2) { "Expected tensor with 2 or more dimensions, got size $n" }
+    val matrixOffset = shape[n - 1] * shape[n - 2]
+    val matrixShape = ShapeND(shape[n - 2], shape[n - 1])
+
+    val size = matrixShape.linearSize
+    for (i in 0 until linearSize / matrixOffset) {
+        val offset = i * matrixOffset
+        val index = indices.index(offset).sliceArray(0 until (shape.size - 2))
+        block(index, DoubleTensor(matrixShape, source.view(offset, size)).asDoubleTensor2D())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
index ce1778013..997c0a316 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/DoubleTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.AnalyticTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.LinearOpsTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
-import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.TensorPartialDivisionAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.*
 import kotlin.math.*
 
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import kotlin.math.*
  */
 @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
 public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
-    TensorPartialDivisionAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>,
     AnalyticTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField>,
     LinearOpsTensorAlgebra<Double, DoubleField> {
 
@@ -33,6 +32,8 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     override val elementAlgebra: DoubleField get() = DoubleField
 
+    public val bufferAlgebra: DoubleBufferOps get() = DoubleBufferOps
+
 
     /**
      * Applies the [transform] function to each element of the tensor and returns the resulting modified tensor.
@@ -98,6 +99,16 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
     override fun StructureND<Double>.value(): Double = valueOrNull()
         ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("The tensor shape is $shape, but value method is allowed only for shape [1]")
 
+    public fun fromBuffer(shape: ShapeND, buffer: Buffer<Double>): DoubleTensor {
+        checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
+        check(buffer.size > 0) { "Illegal empty buffer provided" }
+        check(buffer.size == shape.linearSize) {
+            "Inconsistent shape $shape for buffer of size ${buffer.size} provided"
+        }
+        return DoubleTensor(shape, buffer.toDoubleBuffer())
+    }
+
+
     /**
      * Constructs a tensor with the specified shape and data.
      *
@@ -105,12 +116,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
      * @param array one-dimensional data array.
      * @return tensor with the [shape] shape and [array] data.
      */
-    public fun fromArray(shape: ShapeND, array: DoubleArray): DoubleTensor {
-        checkNotEmptyShape(shape)
-        checkEmptyDoubleBuffer(array)
-        checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape, array)
-        return DoubleTensor(shape, array.asBuffer())
-    }
+    public fun fromArray(shape: ShapeND, array: DoubleArray): DoubleTensor = fromBuffer(shape, array.asBuffer())
 
     /**
      * Constructs a tensor with the specified shape and initializer.
@@ -271,7 +277,7 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
 
     override fun StructureND<Double>.transposed(i: Int, j: Int): Tensor<Double> {
         val actualI = if (i >= 0) i else shape.size + i
-        val actualJ = if(j>=0) j else shape.size + j
+        val actualJ = if (j >= 0) j else shape.size + j
         return asDoubleTensor().permute(
             shape.transposed(actualI, actualJ)
         ) { originIndex ->
@@ -498,48 +504,6 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         return true
     }
 
-    /**
-     * Returns a tensor of random numbers drawn from normal distributions with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
-     *
-     * @param shape the desired shape for the output tensor.
-     * @param seed the random seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
-     * @return tensor of a given shape filled with numbers from the normal distribution
-     * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
-     */
-    public fun randomNormal(shape: ShapeND, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
-        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.linearSize, seed))
-
-    /**
-     * Returns a tensor with the same shape as `input` of random numbers drawn from normal distributions
-     * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
-     *
-     * @receiver the `input`.
-     * @param seed the random seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
-     * @return a tensor with the same shape as `input` filled with numbers from the normal distribution
-     * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
-     */
-    public fun Tensor<Double>.randomNormalLike(seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
-        DoubleTensor(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.linearSize, seed))
-
-    /**
-     * Concatenates a sequence of tensors with equal shapes along the first dimension.
-     *
-     * @param tensors the [List] of tensors with same shapes to concatenate
-     * @return tensor with concatenation result
-     */
-    public fun stack(tensors: List<Tensor<Double>>): DoubleTensor {
-        check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
-        val shape = tensors[0].shape
-        check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals shape }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
-        val resShape = ShapeND(tensors.size) + shape
-//        val resBuffer: List<Double> = tensors.flatMap {
-//            it.asDoubleTensor().source.array.drop(it.asDoubleTensor().bufferStart)
-//                .take(it.asDoubleTensor().linearSize)
-//        }
-        val resBuffer = tensors.map { it.asDoubleTensor().source }.concat()
-        return DoubleTensor(resShape, resBuffer)
-    }
-
     /**
      * Builds tensor from rows of the input tensor.
      *
@@ -631,102 +595,75 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         }
 
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.mean(): Double = sum() / indices.linearSize
+    override fun mean(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Double = structureND.sum() / structureND.indices.linearSize
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.mean(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): DoubleTensor =
-        foldDimToDouble(dim, keepDim) { arr ->
-            check(dim < dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range $dimension" }
-            arr.sum() / shape[dim]
+    override fun mean(structureND: StructureND<Double>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<Double> =
+        structureND.foldDimToDouble(dim, keepDim) { arr ->
+            check(dim < structureND.dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range ${structureND.dimension}" }
+            arr.sum() / structureND.shape[dim]
         }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.std(): Double = reduceElements { arr ->
-        val mean = arr.array.sum() / indices.linearSize
-        sqrt(arr.array.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (indices.linearSize - 1))
+    override fun std(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Double = structureND.reduceElements { arr ->
+        val mean = arr.array.sum() / structureND.indices.linearSize
+        sqrt(arr.array.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (structureND.indices.linearSize - 1))
     }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.std(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): DoubleTensor = foldDimToDouble(
-        dim,
-        keepDim
-    ) { arr ->
-        check(dim < dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range $dimension" }
-        val mean = arr.sum() / shape[dim]
-        sqrt(arr.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (shape[dim] - 1))
-    }
+    override fun std(structureND: StructureND<Double>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<Double> =
+        structureND.foldDimToDouble(
+            dim,
+            keepDim
+        ) { arr ->
+            check(dim < structureND.dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range ${structureND.dimension}" }
+            val mean = arr.sum() / structureND.shape[dim]
+            sqrt(arr.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (structureND.shape[dim] - 1))
+        }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.variance(): Double = reduceElements { arr ->
-        val linearSize = indices.linearSize
+    override fun variance(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Double = structureND.reduceElements { arr ->
+        val linearSize = structureND.indices.linearSize
         val mean = arr.array.sum() / linearSize
         arr.array.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (linearSize - 1)
     }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.variance(dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): DoubleTensor = foldDimToDouble(
-        dim,
-        keepDim
-    ) { arr ->
-        check(dim < dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range $dimension" }
-        val mean = arr.sum() / shape[dim]
-        arr.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (shape[dim] - 1)
-    }
-
-    private fun cov(x: StructureND<Double>, y: StructureND<Double>): Double {
-        val n = x.shape[0]
-        return ((x - x.mean()) * (y - y.mean())).mean() * n / (n - 1)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the covariance matrix `M` of given vectors.
-     *
-     * `M[i, j]` contains covariance of `i`-th and `j`-th given vectors
-     *
-     * @param tensors the [List] of 1-dimensional tensors with same shape
-     * @return `M`.
-     */
-    public fun cov(tensors: List<StructureND<Double>>): DoubleTensor {
-        check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
-        val n = tensors.size
-        val m = tensors[0].shape[0]
-        check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals ShapeND(m) }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
-        val resTensor = DoubleTensor(
-            ShapeND(n, n),
-            DoubleBuffer(n * n) { 0.0 }
-        )
-        for (i in 0 until n) {
-            for (j in 0 until n) {
-                resTensor[intArrayOf(i, j)] = cov(tensors[i], tensors[j])
-            }
+    override fun variance(structureND: StructureND<Double>, dim: Int, keepDim: Boolean): Tensor<Double> =
+        structureND.foldDimToDouble(
+            dim,
+            keepDim
+        ) { arr ->
+            check(dim < structureND.dimension) { "Dimension $dim out of range ${structureND.dimension}" }
+            val mean = arr.sum() / structureND.shape[dim]
+            arr.sumOf { (it - mean) * (it - mean) } / (structureND.shape[dim] - 1)
         }
-        return resTensor
-    }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.exp(): DoubleTensor = map { exp(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.ln(): DoubleTensor = map { ln(it) }
+    override fun exp(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.exp(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.sqrt(): DoubleTensor = map { sqrt(it) }
+    override fun ln(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.ln(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.cos(): DoubleTensor = map { cos(it) }
+    override fun sqrt(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.sqrt(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.acos(): DoubleTensor = map { acos(it) }
+    override fun cos(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.cos(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.cosh(): DoubleTensor = map { cosh(it) }
+    override fun acos(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.acos(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.acosh(): DoubleTensor = map { acosh(it) }
+    override fun cosh(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.cosh(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.sin(): DoubleTensor = map { sin(it) }
+    override fun acosh(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.acosh(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.asin(): DoubleTensor = map { asin(it) }
+    override fun sin(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.sin(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.sinh(): DoubleTensor = map { sinh(it) }
+    override fun asin(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.asin(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.asinh(): DoubleTensor = map { asinh(it) }
+    override fun sinh(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.sinh(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.tan(): DoubleTensor = map { tan(it) }
+    override fun asinh(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.asinh(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.atan(): DoubleTensor = map { atan(it) }
+    override fun tan(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.tan(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.tanh(): DoubleTensor = map { tanh(it) }
+    override fun atan(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.atan(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.atanh(): DoubleTensor = map { atanh(it) }
+    override fun tanh(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.tanh(it) }
+
+    override fun atanh(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { this.atanh(it) }
 
     override fun power(arg: StructureND<Double>, pow: Number): StructureND<Double> = if (pow is Int) {
         arg.map { it.pow(pow) }
@@ -734,115 +671,26 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         arg.map { it.pow(pow.toDouble()) }
     }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.ceil(): DoubleTensor = map { ceil(it) }
+    override fun ceil(arg: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = arg.map { ceil(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.floor(): DoubleTensor = map { floor(it) }
+    override fun floor(structureND: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = structureND.map { floor(it) }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.inv(): DoubleTensor = invLU(1e-9)
+    override fun StructureND<Double>.inv(): DoubleTensor = invLU(this, 1e-9)
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.det(): DoubleTensor = detLU(1e-9)
+    override fun StructureND<Double>.det(): DoubleTensor = detLU(this, 1e-9)
 
-    /**
-     * Computes the LU factorization of a matrix or batches of matrices `input`.
-     * Returns a tuple containing the LU factorization and pivots of `input`.
-     *
-     * @param epsilon permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix with zero
-     * @return pair of `factorization` and `pivots`.
-     * The `factorization` has the shape ``(*, m, n)``, where``(*, m, n)`` is the shape of the `input` tensor.
-     * The `pivots`  has the shape ``(∗, min(m, n))``. `pivots` stores all the intermediate transpositions of rows.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.luFactor(epsilon: Double): Pair<DoubleTensor, IntTensor> =
-        computeLU(this, epsilon)
-            ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("Tensor contains matrices which are singular at precision $epsilon")
+    override fun lu(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> =
+        lu(structureND, 1e-9)
 
-    /**
-     * Computes the LU factorization of a matrix or batches of matrices `input`.
-     * Returns a tuple containing the LU factorization and pivots of `input`.
-     * Uses an error of ``1e-9`` when calculating whether a matrix is degenerate.
-     *
-     * @return pair of `factorization` and `pivots`.
-     * The `factorization` has the shape ``(*, m, n)``, where``(*, m, n)`` is the shape of the `input` tensor.
-     * The `pivots`  has the shape ``(∗, min(m, n))``. `pivots` stores all the intermediate transpositions of rows.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.luFactor(): Pair<DoubleTensor, IntTensor> = luFactor(1e-9)
+    override fun cholesky(structureND: StructureND<Double>): DoubleTensor = cholesky(structureND, 1e-6)
 
-    /**
-     * Unpacks the data and pivots from a LU factorization of a tensor.
-     * Given a tensor [luTensor], return tensors `Triple(P, L, U)` satisfying `P dot luTensor = L dot U`,
-     * with `P` being a permutation matrix or batch of matrices,
-     * `L` being a lower triangular matrix or batch of matrices,
-     * `U` being an upper triangular matrix or batch of matrices.
-     *
-     * @param luTensor the packed LU factorization data
-     * @param pivotsTensor the packed LU factorization pivots
-     * @return triple of `P`, `L` and `U` tensors
-     */
-    public fun luPivot(
-        luTensor: StructureND<Double>,
-        pivotsTensor: Tensor<Int>,
-    ): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
-        checkSquareMatrix(luTensor.shape)
-        check(
-            luTensor.shape.first(luTensor.shape.size - 2) contentEquals pivotsTensor.shape.first(pivotsTensor.shape.size - 1) ||
-                    luTensor.shape.last() == pivotsTensor.shape.last() - 1
-        ) { "Inappropriate shapes of input tensors" }
-
-        val n = luTensor.shape.last()
-        val pTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
-        pTensor
-            .matrixSequence()
-            .zip(pivotsTensor.asIntTensor().vectorSequence())
-            .forEach { (p, pivot) -> pivInit(p.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivot.as1D(), n) }
-
-        val lTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
-        val uTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
-
-        lTensor.matrixSequence()
-            .zip(uTensor.matrixSequence())
-            .zip(luTensor.asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence())
-            .forEach { (pairLU, lu) ->
-                val (l, u) = pairLU
-                luPivotHelper(l.asDoubleTensor2D(), u.asDoubleTensor2D(), lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), n)
-            }
-
-        return Triple(pTensor, lTensor, uTensor)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * QR decomposition.
-     *
-     * Computes the QR decomposition of a matrix or a batch of matrices, and returns a pair `Q to R` of tensors.
-     * Given a tensor `input`, return tensors `Q to R` satisfying `input == Q dot R`,
-     * with `Q` being an orthogonal matrix or batch of orthogonal matrices
-     * and `R` being an upper triangular matrix or batch of upper triangular matrices.
-     *
-     * @receiver the `input`.
-     * @param epsilon the permissible error when comparing tensors for equality.
-     * Used when checking the positive definiteness of the input matrix or matrices.
-     * @return a pair of `Q` and `R` tensors.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.cholesky(epsilon: Double): DoubleTensor {
-        checkSquareMatrix(shape)
-        checkPositiveDefinite(asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
-
-        val n = shape.last()
-        val lTensor = zeroesLike(this)
-
-        for ((a, l) in asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence().zip(lTensor.matrixSequence()))
-            for (i in 0 until n) choleskyHelper(a.asDoubleTensor2D(), l.asDoubleTensor2D(), n)
-
-        return lTensor
-    }
-
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.cholesky(): DoubleTensor = cholesky(1e-6)
-
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.qr(): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
-        checkSquareMatrix(shape)
-        val qTensor = zeroesLike(this)
-        val rTensor = zeroesLike(this)
+    override fun qr(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
+        checkSquareMatrix(structureND.shape)
+        val qTensor = zeroesLike(structureND)
+        val rTensor = zeroesLike(structureND)
 
         //TODO replace with cycle
-        asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence()
+        structureND.asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence()
             .zip(
                 (qTensor.matrixSequence()
                     .zip(rTensor.matrixSequence()))
@@ -854,200 +702,14 @@ public open class DoubleTensorAlgebra :
         return qTensor to rTensor
     }
 
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.svd(): Triple<StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>> =
-        svd(epsilon = 1e-10)
+    override fun svd(
+        structureND: StructureND<Double>,
+    ): Triple<StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>> =
+        svd(structureND = structureND, epsilon = 1e-10)
 
+    override fun symEig(structureND: StructureND<Double>): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> =
+        symEigJacobi(structureND = structureND, maxIteration = 50, epsilon = 1e-15)
 
-    /**
-     * Singular Value Decomposition.
-     *
-     * Computes the singular value decomposition of either a matrix or batch of matrices `input`.
-     * The singular value decomposition is represented as a triple `Triple(U, S, V)`,
-     * such that `input == U dot diagonalEmbedding(S) dot V.transpose()`.
-     * If `input` is a batch of tensors, then U, S, and Vh are also batched with the same batch dimensions as `input.
-     *
-     * @receiver the `input`.
-     * @param epsilon permissible error when calculating the dot product of vectors
-     * i.e., the precision with which the cosine approaches 1 in an iterative algorithm.
-     * @return a triple `Triple(U, S, V)`.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.svd(epsilon: Double): Triple<StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>> {
-        val size = dimension
-        val commonShape = shape.slice(0 until size - 2)
-        val (n, m) = shape.slice(size - 2 until size)
-        val uTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m), n))
-        val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m)))
-        val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m), m))
-
-        val matrices = asDoubleTensor().matrices
-        val uTensors = uTensor.matrices
-        val sTensorVectors = sTensor.vectors
-        val vTensors = vTensor.matrices
-
-        for (index in matrices.indices) {
-            val matrix = matrices[index]
-            val usv = Triple(
-                uTensors[index],
-                sTensorVectors[index],
-                vTensors[index]
-            )
-            val matrixSize = matrix.shape.linearSize
-            val curMatrix = DoubleTensor(
-                matrix.shape,
-                matrix.source.view(0, matrixSize)
-            )
-            svdHelper(curMatrix, usv, m, n, epsilon)
-        }
-
-        return Triple(uTensor.transposed(), sTensor, vTensor.transposed())
-    }
-
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.symEig(): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> =
-        symEigJacobi(maxIteration = 50, epsilon = 1e-15)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix input or a batch of real symmetric matrices,
-     * represented by a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`.
-     *
-     * @param epsilon the permissible error when comparing tensors for equality
-     * and when the cosine approaches 1 in the SVD algorithm.
-     * @return a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.symEigSvd(epsilon: Double): Pair<DoubleTensor, StructureND<Double>> {
-        //TODO optimize conversion
-        checkSymmetric(asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
-
-        fun MutableStructure2D<Double>.cleanSym(n: Int) {
-            for (i in 0 until n) {
-                for (j in 0 until n) {
-                    if (i == j) {
-                        this[i, j] = sign(this[i, j])
-                    } else {
-                        this[i, j] = 0.0
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        val (u, s, v) = svd(epsilon)
-        val shp = s.shape + intArrayOf(1)
-        val utv = u.transposed() matmul v
-        val n = s.shape.last()
-        for (matrix in utv.matrixSequence()) {
-            matrix.asDoubleTensor2D().cleanSym(n)
-        }
-
-        val eig = (utv dot s.asDoubleTensor().view(shp)).view(s.shape)
-        return eig to v
-    }
-
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.symEigJacobi(maxIteration: Int, epsilon: Double): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
-        //TODO optimize conversion
-        checkSymmetric(asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
-
-        val size = this.dimension
-        val eigenvectors = zeros(shape)
-        val eigenvalues = zeros(shape.slice(0 until size - 1))
-
-        var eigenvalueStart = 0
-        var eigenvectorStart = 0
-        for (matrix in asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence()) {
-            val matrix2D = matrix.asDoubleTensor2D()
-            val (d, v) = matrix2D.jacobiHelper(maxIteration, epsilon)
-
-            for (i in 0 until matrix2D.rowNum) {
-                for (j in 0 until matrix2D.colNum) {
-                    eigenvectors.source[eigenvectorStart + i * matrix2D.rowNum + j] = v[i, j]
-                }
-            }
-
-            for (i in 0 until matrix2D.rowNum) {
-                eigenvalues.source[eigenvalueStart + i] = d[i]
-            }
-
-            eigenvalueStart += this.shape.last()
-            eigenvectorStart += this.shape.last() * this.shape.last()
-        }
-
-        return eigenvalues to eigenvectors
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the determinant of a square matrix input, or of each square matrix in a batched input
-     * using LU factorization algorithm.
-     *
-     * @param epsilon the error in the LU algorithm&mdash;permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix
-     * with zero.
-     * @return the determinant.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.detLU(epsilon: Double = 1e-9): DoubleTensor {
-        checkSquareMatrix(shape)
-        //TODO check for unnecessary copies
-        val luTensor = copyToTensor()
-        val pivotsTensor = setUpPivots()
-
-        val n = shape.size
-
-        val detTensorShape = ShapeND(IntArray(n - 1) { i -> shape[i] }.apply {
-            set(n - 2, 1)
-        })
-
-        val resBuffer = DoubleBuffer(detTensorShape.linearSize) { 0.0 }
-
-        val detTensor = DoubleTensor(
-            detTensorShape,
-            resBuffer
-        )
-
-        luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()).forEachIndexed { index, (lu, pivots) ->
-            resBuffer[index] = if (luHelper(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), epsilon))
-                0.0 else luMatrixDet(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D())
-        }
-
-        return detTensor
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Computes the multiplicative inverse matrix of a square matrix input, or of each square matrix in a batched input
-     * using LU factorization algorithm.
-     * Given a square matrix `a`, return the matrix `aInv` satisfying
-     * `a dot aInv == aInv dot a == eye(a.shape[0])`.
-     *
-     * @param epsilon error in the LU algorithm&mdash;permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix with zero
-     * @return the multiplicative inverse of a matrix.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.invLU(epsilon: Double = 1e-9): DoubleTensor {
-        val (luTensor, pivotsTensor) = luFactor(epsilon)
-        val invTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
-
-        //TODO replace sequence with a cycle
-        val seq = luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()).zip(invTensor.matrixSequence())
-        for ((luP, invMatrix) in seq) {
-            val (lu, pivots) = luP
-            luMatrixInv(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), invMatrix.asDoubleTensor2D())
-        }
-
-        return invTensor
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * LUP decomposition.
-     *
-     * Computes the LUP decomposition of a matrix or a batch of matrices.
-     * Given a tensor `input`, return tensors `Triple(P, L, U)` satisfying `P dot input == L dot U`,
-     * with `P` being a permutation matrix or batch of matrices,
-     * `L` being a lower triangular matrix or batch of matrices,
-     * `U` being an upper triangular matrix or batch of matrices.
-     *
-     * @param epsilon permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix with zero.
-     * @return triple of `P`, `L` and `U` tensors.
-     */
-    public fun StructureND<Double>.lu(epsilon: Double = 1e-9): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
-        val (lu, pivots) = luFactor(epsilon)
-        return luPivot(lu, pivots)
-    }
-
-    override fun StructureND<Double>.lu(): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> = lu(1e-9)
 }
 
 public val Double.Companion.tensorAlgebra: DoubleTensorAlgebra get() = DoubleTensorAlgebra
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
index dcdf49e1e..f384ed462 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/checks.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensor
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.DoubleTensorAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.asDoubleTensor
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.detLU
 
 
 internal fun checkNotEmptyShape(shape: ShapeND) =
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ internal fun checkEmptyDoubleBuffer(buffer: DoubleArray) = check(buffer.isNotEmp
 
 internal fun checkBufferShapeConsistency(shape: ShapeND, buffer: DoubleArray) =
     check(buffer.size == shape.linearSize) {
-        "Inconsistent shape ${shape} for buffer of size ${buffer.size} provided"
+        "Inconsistent shape $shape for buffer of size ${buffer.size} provided"
     }
 
 @PublishedApi
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.checkSymmetric(
 internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.checkPositiveDefinite(tensor: DoubleTensor, epsilon: Double = 1e-6) {
     checkSymmetric(tensor, epsilon)
     for (mat in tensor.matrixSequence())
-        check(mat.asDoubleTensor().detLU().value() > 0.0) {
-            "Tensor contains matrices which are not positive definite ${mat.asDoubleTensor().detLU().value()}"
+        check(detLU(mat.asDoubleTensor()).value() > 0.0) {
+            "Tensor contains matrices which are not positive definite ${detLU(mat.asDoubleTensor()).value()}"
         }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
index 44459ad14..cf3697e76 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/internal/linUtils.kt
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.qrHelper(
                 }
             }
         }
-        r[j, j] = DoubleTensorAlgebra { (v dot v).sqrt().value() }
+        r[j, j] = DoubleTensorAlgebra { sqrt((v dot v)).value() }
         for (i in 0 until n) {
             qM[i, j] = vv[i] / r[j, j]
         }
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svd1d(a: DoubleTensor, epsilon: Double = 1e-10)
     while (true) {
         lastV = v
         v = b.dot(lastV)
-        val norm = DoubleTensorAlgebra { (v dot v).sqrt().value() }
+        val norm = DoubleTensorAlgebra { sqrt((v dot v)).value() }
         v = v.times(1.0 / norm)
         if (abs(v.dot(lastV).value()) > 1 - epsilon) {
             return v
@@ -283,12 +283,12 @@ internal fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svdHelper(
         if (n > m) {
             v = svd1d(a, epsilon)
             u = matrix.dot(v)
-            norm = DoubleTensorAlgebra { (u dot u).sqrt().value() }
+            norm = DoubleTensorAlgebra { sqrt((u dot u)).value() }
             u = u.times(1.0 / norm)
         } else {
             u = svd1d(a, epsilon)
             v = matrix.transposed(0, 1).dot(u)
-            norm = DoubleTensorAlgebra { (v dot v).sqrt().value() }
+            norm = DoubleTensorAlgebra { sqrt((v dot v)).value() }
             v = v.times(1.0 / norm)
         }
 
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorOps.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorOps.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5dc55f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/tensorOps.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.nd.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.covariance
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.api.Tensor
+import space.kscience.kmath.tensors.core.internal.*
+import kotlin.math.min
+import kotlin.math.sign
+
+
+/**
+ * Returns a tensor of random numbers drawn from normal distributions with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
+ *
+ * @param shape the desired shape for the output tensor.
+ * @param seed the random seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
+ * @return tensor of a given shape filled with numbers from the normal distribution
+ * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormal(shape: ShapeND, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
+    fromBuffer(shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(shape.linearSize, seed))
+
+/**
+ * Returns a tensor with the same shape as `input` of random numbers drawn from normal distributions
+ * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
+ *
+ * @receiver the `input`.
+ * @param seed the random seed of the pseudo-random number generator.
+ * @return a tensor with the same shape as `input` filled with numbers from the normal distribution
+ * with `0.0` mean and `1.0` standard deviation.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.randomNormalLike(structure: WithShape, seed: Long = 0): DoubleTensor =
+    DoubleTensor(structure.shape, DoubleBuffer.randomNormals(structure.shape.linearSize, seed))
+
+/**
+ * Concatenates a sequence of tensors with equal shapes along the first dimension.
+ *
+ * @param tensors the [List] of tensors with same shapes to concatenate
+ * @return tensor with concatenation result
+ */
+public fun stack(tensors: List<Tensor<Double>>): DoubleTensor {
+    check(tensors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
+    val shape = tensors[0].shape
+    check(tensors.all { it.shape contentEquals shape }) { "Tensors must have same shapes" }
+    val resShape = ShapeND(tensors.size) + shape
+//        val resBuffer: List<Double> = tensors.flatMap {
+//            it.asDoubleTensor().source.array.drop(it.asDoubleTensor().bufferStart)
+//                .take(it.asDoubleTensor().linearSize)
+//        }
+    val resBuffer = tensors.map { it.asDoubleTensor().source }.concat()
+    return DoubleTensor(resShape, resBuffer)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the LU factorization of a matrix or batches of matrices `input`.
+ * Returns a tuple containing the LU factorization and pivots of `input`.
+ *
+ * @param epsilon permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix with zero default is 1e-9
+ * @return pair of `factorization` and `pivots`.
+ * The `factorization` has the shape ``(*, m, n)``, where``(*, m, n)`` is the shape of the `input` tensor.
+ * The `pivots`  has the shape ``(∗, min(m, n))``. `pivots` stores all the intermediate transpositions of rows.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.luFactor(
+    structureND: StructureND<Double>,
+    epsilon: Double = 1e-9,
+): Pair<DoubleTensor, IntTensor> =
+    computeLU(structureND, epsilon)
+        ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("Tensor contains matrices which are singular at precision $epsilon")
+
+
+/**
+ * Unpacks the data and pivots from a LU factorization of a tensor.
+ * Given a tensor [luTensor], return tensors `Triple(P, L, U)` satisfying `P dot luTensor = L dot U`,
+ * with `P` being a permutation matrix or batch of matrices,
+ * `L` being a lower triangular matrix or batch of matrices,
+ * `U` being an upper triangular matrix or batch of matrices.
+ *
+ * @param luTensor the packed LU factorization data
+ * @param pivotsTensor the packed LU factorization pivots
+ * @return triple of `P`, `L` and `U` tensors
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.luPivot(
+    luTensor: StructureND<Double>,
+    pivotsTensor: Tensor<Int>,
+): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
+    checkSquareMatrix(luTensor.shape)
+    check(
+        luTensor.shape.first(luTensor.shape.size - 2) contentEquals pivotsTensor.shape.first(pivotsTensor.shape.size - 1) ||
+                luTensor.shape.last() == pivotsTensor.shape.last() - 1
+    ) { "Inappropriate shapes of input tensors" }
+
+    val n = luTensor.shape.last()
+    val pTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
+    pTensor
+        .matrixSequence()
+        .zip(pivotsTensor.asIntTensor().vectorSequence())
+        .forEach { (p, pivot) -> pivInit(p.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivot.as1D(), n) }
+
+    val lTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
+    val uTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
+
+    lTensor.matrixSequence()
+        .zip(uTensor.matrixSequence())
+        .zip(luTensor.asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence())
+        .forEach { (pairLU, lu) ->
+            val (l, u) = pairLU
+            luPivotHelper(l.asDoubleTensor2D(), u.asDoubleTensor2D(), lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), n)
+        }
+
+    return Triple(pTensor, lTensor, uTensor)
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * LUP decomposition.
+ *
+ * Computes the LUP decomposition of a matrix or a batch of matrices.
+ * Given a tensor `input`, return tensors `Triple(P, L, U)` satisfying `P dot input == L dot U`,
+ * with `P` being a permutation matrix or batch of matrices,
+ * `L` being a lower triangular matrix or batch of matrices,
+ * `U` being an upper triangular matrix or batch of matrices.
+ *
+ * @param epsilon permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix with zero.
+ * @return triple of `P`, `L` and `U` tensors.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.lu(
+    structureND: StructureND<Double>,
+    epsilon: Double = 1e-9,
+): Triple<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
+    val (lu, pivots) = luFactor(structureND, epsilon)
+    return luPivot(lu, pivots)
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * QR decomposition.
+ *
+ * Computes the QR decomposition of a matrix or a batch of matrices, and returns a pair `Q to R` of tensors.
+ * Given a tensor `input`, return tensors `Q to R` satisfying `input == Q dot R`,
+ * with `Q` being an orthogonal matrix or batch of orthogonal matrices
+ * and `R` being an upper triangular matrix or batch of upper triangular matrices.
+ *
+ * @receiver the `input`.
+ * @param epsilon the permissible error when comparing tensors for equality. The default is 1e-6
+ * Used when checking the positive definiteness of the input matrix or matrices.
+ * @return a pair of `Q` and `R` tensors.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.cholesky(structureND: StructureND<Double>, epsilon: Double = 1e-6): DoubleTensor {
+    checkSquareMatrix(structureND.shape)
+    checkPositiveDefinite(structureND.asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
+
+    val n = structureND.shape.last()
+    val lTensor = zeroesLike(structureND)
+
+    for ((a, l) in structureND.asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence().zip(lTensor.matrixSequence()))
+        for (i in 0 until n) choleskyHelper(a.asDoubleTensor2D(), l.asDoubleTensor2D(), n)
+
+    return lTensor
+}
+
+
+/**
+ * Singular Value Decomposition.
+ *
+ * Computes the singular value decomposition of either a matrix or batch of matrices `input`.
+ * The singular value decomposition is represented as a triple `Triple(U, S, V)`,
+ * such that `input == U dot diagonalEmbedding(S) dot V.transpose()`.
+ * If `input` is a batch of tensors, then U, S, and Vh are also batched with the same batch dimensions as `input.
+ *
+ * @receiver the `input`.
+ * @param epsilon permissible error when calculating the dot product of vectors
+ * i.e., the precision with which the cosine approaches 1 in an iterative algorithm.
+ * @return a triple `Triple(U, S, V)`.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.svd(
+    structureND: StructureND<Double>,
+    epsilon: Double,
+): Triple<StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>, StructureND<Double>> {
+    val size = structureND.dimension
+    val commonShape = structureND.shape.slice(0 until size - 2)
+    val (n, m) = structureND.shape.slice(size - 2 until size)
+    val uTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m), n))
+    val sTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m)))
+    val vTensor = zeros(commonShape + ShapeND(min(n, m), m))
+
+    val matrices = structureND.asDoubleTensor().matrices
+    val uTensors = uTensor.matrices
+    val sTensorVectors = sTensor.vectors
+    val vTensors = vTensor.matrices
+
+    for (index in matrices.indices) {
+        val matrix = matrices[index]
+        val usv = Triple(
+            uTensors[index],
+            sTensorVectors[index],
+            vTensors[index]
+        )
+        val matrixSize = matrix.shape.linearSize
+        val curMatrix = DoubleTensor(
+            matrix.shape,
+            matrix.source.view(0, matrixSize)
+        )
+        svdHelper(curMatrix, usv, m, n, epsilon)
+    }
+
+    return Triple(uTensor.transposed(), sTensor, vTensor.transposed())
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a real symmetric matrix input or a batch of real symmetric matrices,
+ * represented by a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`.
+ *
+ * @param epsilon the permissible error when comparing tensors for equality
+ * and when the cosine approaches 1 in the SVD algorithm.
+ * @return a pair `eigenvalues to eigenvectors`.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.symEigSvd(
+    structureND: StructureND<Double>,
+    epsilon: Double,
+): Pair<DoubleTensor, StructureND<Double>> {
+    //TODO optimize conversion
+    checkSymmetric(structureND.asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
+
+    fun MutableStructure2D<Double>.cleanSym(n: Int) {
+        for (i in 0 until n) {
+            for (j in 0 until n) {
+                if (i == j) {
+                    this[i, j] = sign(this[i, j])
+                } else {
+                    this[i, j] = 0.0
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    val (u, s, v) = svd(structureND, epsilon)
+    val shp = s.shape + intArrayOf(1)
+    val utv = u.transposed() matmul v
+    val n = s.shape.last()
+    for (matrix in utv.matrixSequence()) {
+        matrix.asDoubleTensor2D().cleanSym(n)
+    }
+
+    val eig = (utv dot s.asDoubleTensor().view(shp)).view(s.shape)
+    return eig to v
+}
+
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.symEigJacobi(
+    structureND: StructureND<Double>,
+    maxIteration: Int,
+    epsilon: Double,
+): Pair<DoubleTensor, DoubleTensor> {
+    //TODO optimize conversion
+    checkSymmetric(structureND.asDoubleTensor(), epsilon)
+
+    val size = structureND.dimension
+    val eigenvectors = zeros(structureND.shape)
+    val eigenvalues = zeros(structureND.shape.slice(0 until size - 1))
+
+    var eigenvalueStart = 0
+    var eigenvectorStart = 0
+    for (matrix in structureND.asDoubleTensor().matrixSequence()) {
+        val matrix2D = matrix.asDoubleTensor2D()
+        val (d, v) = matrix2D.jacobiHelper(maxIteration, epsilon)
+
+        for (i in 0 until matrix2D.rowNum) {
+            for (j in 0 until matrix2D.colNum) {
+                eigenvectors.source[eigenvectorStart + i * matrix2D.rowNum + j] = v[i, j]
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (i in 0 until matrix2D.rowNum) {
+            eigenvalues.source[eigenvalueStart + i] = d[i]
+        }
+
+        eigenvalueStart += structureND.shape.last()
+        eigenvectorStart += structureND.shape.last() * structureND.shape.last()
+    }
+
+    return eigenvalues to eigenvectors
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the determinant of a square matrix input, or of each square matrix in a batched input
+ * using LU factorization algorithm.
+ *
+ * @param epsilon the error in the LU algorithm&mdash;permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix
+ * with zero.
+ * @return the determinant.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.detLU(structureND: StructureND<Double>, epsilon: Double = 1e-9): DoubleTensor {
+    checkSquareMatrix(structureND.shape)
+    //TODO check for unnecessary copies
+    val luTensor = structureND.copyToTensor()
+    val pivotsTensor = structureND.setUpPivots()
+
+    val n = structureND.shape.size
+
+    val detTensorShape = ShapeND(IntArray(n - 1) { i -> structureND.shape[i] }.apply {
+        set(n - 2, 1)
+    })
+
+    val resBuffer = DoubleBuffer(detTensorShape.linearSize) { 0.0 }
+
+    val detTensor = DoubleTensor(
+        detTensorShape,
+        resBuffer
+    )
+
+    luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()).forEachIndexed { index, (lu, pivots) ->
+        resBuffer[index] = if (luHelper(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), epsilon))
+            0.0 else luMatrixDet(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D())
+    }
+
+    return detTensor
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the multiplicative inverse matrix of a square matrix input, or of each square matrix in a batched input
+ * using LU factorization algorithm.
+ * Given a square matrix `a`, return the matrix `aInv` satisfying
+ * `a dot aInv == aInv dot a == eye(a.shape[0])`.
+ *
+ * @param epsilon error in the LU algorithm&mdash;permissible error when comparing the determinant of a matrix with zero
+ * @return the multiplicative inverse of a matrix.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.invLU(structureND: StructureND<Double>, epsilon: Double = 1e-9): DoubleTensor {
+    val (luTensor, pivotsTensor) = luFactor(structureND, epsilon)
+    val invTensor = zeroesLike(luTensor)
+
+    //TODO replace sequence with a cycle
+    val seq = luTensor.matrixSequence().zip(pivotsTensor.vectorSequence()).zip(invTensor.matrixSequence())
+    for ((luP, invMatrix) in seq) {
+        val (lu, pivots) = luP
+        luMatrixInv(lu.asDoubleTensor2D(), pivots.as1D(), invMatrix.asDoubleTensor2D())
+    }
+
+    return invTensor
+}
+
+/**
+ * Returns the covariance matrix `M` of given vectors.
+ *
+ * `M[i, j]` contains covariance of `i`-th and `j`-th given vectors
+ *
+ * @param vectors the [List] of 1-dimensional tensors with same shape
+ * @return `M`.
+ */
+public fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.covariance(vectors: List<Buffer<Double>>): DoubleTensor {
+    check(vectors.isNotEmpty()) { "List must have at least 1 element" }
+    val n = vectors.size
+    val m = vectors[0].size
+    check(vectors.all { it.size == m }) { "Vectors must have same shapes" }
+    val resTensor = DoubleTensor(
+        ShapeND(n, n),
+        DoubleBuffer(n * n) { 0.0 }
+    )
+    for (i in 0 until n) {
+        for (j in 0 until n) {
+            resTensor[intArrayOf(i, j)] = bufferAlgebra.covariance(vectors[i], vectors[j])
+        }
+    }
+    return resTensor
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
index 2ef2d87d6..e4c2c40ea 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra.kt
@@ -34,73 +34,73 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testExp() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.exp() eq expectedTensor(::exp) }
+        assertTrue { exp(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::exp) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testLog() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.ln() eq expectedTensor(::ln) }
+        assertTrue { ln(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::ln) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testSqrt() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.sqrt() eq expectedTensor(::sqrt) }
+        assertTrue { sqrt(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::sqrt) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testCos() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.cos() eq expectedTensor(::cos) }
+        assertTrue { cos(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::cos) }
     }
 
 
     @Test
     fun testCosh() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.cosh() eq expectedTensor(::cosh) }
+        assertTrue { cosh(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::cosh) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testAcosh() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.acosh() eq expectedTensor(::acosh) }
+        assertTrue { acosh(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::acosh) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testSin() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.sin() eq expectedTensor(::sin) }
+        assertTrue { sin(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::sin) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testSinh() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.sinh() eq expectedTensor(::sinh) }
+        assertTrue { sinh(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::sinh) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testAsinh() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.asinh() eq expectedTensor(::asinh) }
+        assertTrue { asinh(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::asinh) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTan() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.tan() eq expectedTensor(::tan) }
+        assertTrue { tan(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::tan) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testAtan() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.atan() eq expectedTensor(::atan) }
+        assertTrue { atan(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::atan) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testTanh() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.tanh() eq expectedTensor(::tanh) }
+        assertTrue { tanh(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::tanh) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testCeil() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.ceil() eq expectedTensor(::ceil) }
+        assertTrue { ceil(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::ceil) }
     }
 
     @Test
     fun testFloor() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor.floor() eq expectedTensor(::floor) }
+        assertTrue { floor(tensor) eq expectedTensor(::floor) }
     }
 
     val shape2 = ShapeND(2, 2)
@@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ internal class TestDoubleAnalyticTensorAlgebra {
 
     @Test
     fun testMean() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
-        assertTrue { tensor2.mean() == 1.0 }
+        assertTrue { mean(tensor2) == 1.0 }
         assertTrue {
-            tensor2.mean(0, true) eq fromArray(
+            mean(tensor2, 0, true) eq fromArray(
                 ShapeND(1, 2),
                 doubleArrayOf(-1.0, 3.0)
             )
         }
         assertTrue {
-            tensor2.mean(1, false) eq fromArray(
+            mean(tensor2, 1, false) eq fromArray(
                 ShapeND(2),
                 doubleArrayOf(1.5, 0.5)
             )
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
index d47af4a64..cbd7b9887 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-tensors/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/tensors/core/TestDoubleLinearOpsAlgebra.kt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
                 -7.0
             )
         )
-        val detTensor = tensor.detLU()
+        val detTensor = detLU(tensor)
 
         assertTrue(detTensor.eq(expectedTensor))
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
             )
         )
 
-        val invTensor = tensor.invLU()
+        val invTensor = invLU(tensor)
         assertTrue(invTensor.eq(expectedTensor))
     }
 
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
         val tensor = fromArray(shape, buffer)
 
-        val (q, r) = tensor.qr()
+        val (q, r) = qr(tensor)
 
         assertTrue { q.shape contentEquals shape }
         assertTrue { r.shape contentEquals shape }
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
         )
         val tensor = fromArray(shape, buffer)
 
-        val (p, l, u) = tensor.lu()
+        val (p, l, u) = lu(tensor)
 
         assertTrue { p.shape contentEquals shape }
         assertTrue { l.shape contentEquals shape }
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
         val sigma = (tensor matmul tensor.transposed()) + diagonalEmbedding(
             fromArray(ShapeND(2, 5), DoubleArray(10) { 0.1 })
         )
-        val low = sigma.cholesky()
+        val low = cholesky(sigma)
         val sigmChol = low matmul low.transposed()
         assertTrue(sigma.eq(sigmChol))
     }
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     @Test
     fun testBatchedSVD() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = randomNormal(ShapeND(2, 5, 3), 0)
-        val (tensorU, tensorS, tensorV) = tensor.svd()
+        val (tensorU, tensorS, tensorV) = svd(tensor)
         val tensorSVD = tensorU matmul (diagonalEmbedding(tensorS) matmul tensorV.transposed())
         assertTrue(tensor.eq(tensorSVD))
     }
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
     fun testBatchedSymEig() = DoubleTensorAlgebra {
         val tensor = randomNormal(shape = ShapeND(2, 3, 3), 0)
         val tensorSigma = tensor + tensor.transposed()
-        val (tensorS, tensorV) = tensorSigma.symEig()
+        val (tensorS, tensorV) = symEig(tensorSigma)
         val tensorSigmaCalc = tensorV matmul (diagonalEmbedding(tensorS) matmul tensorV.transposed())
         assertTrue(tensorSigma.eq(tensorSigmaCalc))
     }
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ internal class TestDoubleLinearOpsTensorAlgebra {
 
 
 private fun DoubleTensorAlgebra.testSVDFor(tensor: DoubleTensor, epsilon: Double = 1e-10) {
-    val svd = tensor.svd()
+    val svd = svd(tensor)
 
     val tensorSVD = svd.first
         .dot(

From b14e2fdd083e26a7843e75ec35a0a5c5118a2d53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Nov 2022 21:44:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 19/72] Moved polynomials to
 https://github.com/SciProgCentre/kmath-polynomial

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |     1 +
 examples/build.gradle.kts                     |     1 -
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/polynomials.kt   |   399 -
 kmath-polynomial/README.md                    |    50 -
 kmath-polynomial/build.gradle.kts             |    69 -
 .../kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt      |   529 -
 .../functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt      |    92 -
 .../kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt         |   374 -
 .../kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt   |   123 -
 .../kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt     |   350 -
 .../functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt     |   225 -
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt    |   527 -
 .../kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt       |  1689 ---
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/algebraicStub.kt |   146 -
 .../kmath/functions/collectionUtils.kt        |   906 --
 .../kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt    |   779 -
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt   |   321 -
 .../kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt       |    92 -
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt      |   255 -
 .../space/kscience/kmath/functions/misc.kt    |    22 -
 .../kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt   |   491 -
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt  |   513 -
 .../kmath/functions/AlgebraicStubTest.kt      |   589 -
 .../functions/LabeledConstructorsTest.kt      |   127 -
 .../kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialTest.kt  |  2555 ----
 .../functions/LabeledPolynomialUtilTest.kt    |  8222 -----------
 .../kmath/functions/ListPolynomialTest.kt     |   544 -
 .../kmath/functions/ListPolynomialUtilTest.kt |   982 --
 .../functions/NumberedConstructorsTest.kt     |   123 -
 .../kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialTest.kt |  1740 ---
 .../functions/NumberedPolynomialUtilTest.kt   | 12021 ----------------
 .../kmath/functions/testUtils/BufferUtils.kt  |    12 -
 .../kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModulo.kt    |   133 -
 .../functions/testUtils/IntModuloUtils.kt     |    19 -
 .../kmath/functions/testUtils/NTMisc.kt       |    29 -
 .../kmath/functions/testUtils/Rational.kt     |   177 -
 .../kmath/functions/testUtils/assertion.kt    |   104 -
 .../kmath/functions/testUtils/misc.kt         |    19 -
 settings.gradle.kts                           |     1 -
 39 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 35350 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/polynomials.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/README.md
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/build.gradle.kts
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/algebraicStub.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/collectionUtils.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/misc.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/AlgebraicStubTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledConstructorsTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialUtilTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialUtilTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedConstructorsTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialUtilTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/BufferUtils.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModulo.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModuloUtils.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/NTMisc.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/Rational.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/assertion.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/misc.kt

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c31740a31..1b3ab75fd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 ### Deprecated
 
 ### Removed
+- Polynomials moved to https://github.com/SciProgCentre/kmath-polynomial
 
 ### Fixed
 
diff --git a/examples/build.gradle.kts b/examples/build.gradle.kts
index 1d224bace..da645f012 100644
--- a/examples/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/examples/build.gradle.kts
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ dependencies {
     implementation(project(":kmath-commons"))
     implementation(project(":kmath-complex"))
     implementation(project(":kmath-functions"))
-    implementation(project(":kmath-polynomial"))
     implementation(project(":kmath-optimization"))
     implementation(project(":kmath-stat"))
     implementation(project(":kmath-viktor"))
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/polynomials.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/polynomials.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8228983e2..000000000
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/polynomials.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,399 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("LocalVariableName")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-
-
-/**
- * Shows [ListPolynomial]s' and [ListRationalFunction]s' capabilities.
- */
-fun listPolynomialsExample() {
-    // [ListPolynomial] is a representation of a univariate polynomial as a list of coefficients from the least term to
-    // the greatest term. For example,
-    val polynomial1: ListPolynomial<Int> = ListPolynomial(listOf(2, -3, 1))
-    // represents polynomial 2 + (-3) x + x^2
-
-    // There are also shortcut fabrics:
-    val polynomial2: ListPolynomial<Int> = ListPolynomial(2, -3, 1)
-    println(polynomial1 == polynomial2) // true
-    // and even
-    val polynomial3: ListPolynomial<Int> = 57.asListPolynomial()
-    val polynomial4: ListPolynomial<Int> = ListPolynomial(listOf(57))
-    println(polynomial3 == polynomial4) // true
-
-    val polynomial5: ListPolynomial<Int> = ListPolynomial(3, -1)
-    // For every ring there can be provided a polynomial ring:
-    Int.algebra.listPolynomialSpace {
-        println(-polynomial5 == ListPolynomial(-3, 1)) // true
-        println(polynomial1 + polynomial5 == ListPolynomial(5, -4, 1)) // true
-        println(polynomial1 - polynomial5 == ListPolynomial(-1, -2, 1)) // true
-        println(polynomial1 * polynomial5 == ListPolynomial(6, -11, 6, -1)) // true
-    }
-    // You can even write
-    val x: ListPolynomial<Double> = ListPolynomial(0.0, 1.0)
-    val polynomial6: ListPolynomial<Double> = ListPolynomial(2.0, -3.0, 1.0)
-    Double.algebra.listPolynomialSpace {
-        println(2 - 3 * x + x * x == polynomial6)
-        println(2.0 - 3.0 * x + x * x == polynomial6)
-    }
-
-    // Also there are some utilities for polynomials:
-    println(polynomial1.substitute(Int.algebra, 1) == 0) // true, because 2 + (-3) * 1 + 1^2 = 0
-    println(polynomial1.substitute(Int.algebra, polynomial5) == polynomial1) // true, because 2 + (-3) * (3-x) + (3-x)^2 = 2 - 3x + x^2
-    println(polynomial1.derivative(Int.algebra) == ListPolynomial(-3, 2)) // true, (2 - 3x + x^2)' = -3 + 2x
-    println(polynomial1.nthDerivative(Int.algebra, 2) == 2.asListPolynomial()) // true, (2 - 3x + x^2)'' = 2
-
-    // Lastly, there are rational functions and some other utilities:
-    Double.algebra.listRationalFunctionSpace {
-        val rationalFunction1: ListRationalFunction<Double> = ListRationalFunction(listOf(2.0, -3.0, 1.0), listOf(3.0, -1.0))
-        // It's just (2 - 3x + x^2)/(3 - x)
-
-        val rationalFunction2 : ListRationalFunction<Double> = ListRationalFunction(listOf(5.0, -4.0, 1.0), listOf(3.0, -1.0))
-        // It's just (5 - 4x + x^2)/(3 - x)
-
-        println(rationalFunction1 + 1 == rationalFunction2)
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows [NumberedPolynomial]s' and [NumberedRationalFunction]s' capabilities.
- */
-fun numberedPolynomialsExample() {
-    // Consider polynomial
-    // 3 + 5 x_2 - 7 x_1^2 x_3
-    // Consider, for example, its term -7 x_1^2 x_3. -7 is a coefficient of the term, whereas (2, 0, 1, 0, 0, ...) is
-    // description of degrees of variables x_1, x_2, ... in the term. Such description with removed leading zeros
-    // [2, 0, 1] is called "signature" of the term -7 x_1^2 x_3.
-
-    val polynomial1: NumberedPolynomial<Int>
-    with(Int.algebra) {
-        // [NumberedPolynomial] is a representation of a multivariate polynomial, that stores terms in a map with terms'
-        // signatures as the map's keys and terms' coefficients as corresponding values. For example,
-        polynomial1 = NumberedPolynomial(
-            mapOf(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 3,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 5,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to -7,
-            )
-        )
-        // represents polynomial 3 + 5 x_2 - 7 x_1^2 x_3
-
-        // This `NumberedPolynomial` function needs context of either ring of constant (as `Int.algebra` in this example)
-        // or space of NumberedPolynomials over it. To understand why it is like this see documentations of functions
-        // NumberedPolynomial and NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
-
-        // There are also shortcut fabrics:
-        val polynomial2: NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial(
-            listOf<UInt>() to 3,
-            listOf(0u, 1u) to 5,
-            listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to -7,
-        )
-        println(polynomial1 == polynomial2) // true
-        // and even
-        val polynomial3: NumberedPolynomial<Int> = 57.asNumberedPolynomial() // This one actually does not algebraic context!
-        val polynomial4: NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial(listOf<UInt>() to 57)
-        println(polynomial3 == polynomial4) // true
-
-        numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            // Also there is DSL for constructing NumberedPolynomials:
-            val polynomial5: NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomialDSL1 {
-                3 {}
-                5 { 1 inPowerOf 1u }
-                -7 with { 0 pow 2u; 2 pow 1u }
-                // `pow` and `inPowerOf` are the same
-                // `with` is omittable
-            }
-            println(polynomial1 == polynomial5) // true
-
-            // Unfortunately the DSL does not work good in bare context of constants' ring, so for now it's disabled and
-            // works only in NumberedPolynomialSpace and NumberedRationalFunctionSpace
-        }
-    }
-
-    val polynomial6: NumberedPolynomial<Int> = Int.algebra {
-        NumberedPolynomial(
-            listOf<UInt>() to 7,
-            listOf(0u, 1u) to -5,
-            listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to 0,
-            listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to 4,
-        )
-    }
-    // For every ring there can be provided a polynomial ring:
-    Int.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-        println(
-            -polynomial6 == NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to -7,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 5,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to 0,
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to (-4),
-            )
-        ) // true
-        println(
-            polynomial1 + polynomial6 == NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 10,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to -7,
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to 4,
-            )
-        ) // true
-        println(
-            polynomial1 - polynomial6 == NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to -4,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 10,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to -7,
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to -4,
-            )
-        ) // true
-
-        polynomial1 * polynomial6 // Multiplication works too
-    }
-
-    Double.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-        // You can even write
-        val x_1: NumberedPolynomial<Double> = NumberedPolynomial(listOf(1u) to 1.0)
-        val x_2: NumberedPolynomial<Double> = NumberedPolynomial(listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.0)
-        val x_3: NumberedPolynomial<Double> = NumberedPolynomial(listOf(0u, 0u, 1u) to 1.0)
-        val polynomial7: NumberedPolynomial<Double> = NumberedPolynomial(
-            listOf<UInt>() to 3.0,
-            listOf(0u, 1u) to 5.0,
-            listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to -7.0,
-        )
-        Double.algebra.listPolynomialSpace {
-            println(3 + 5 * x_2 - 7 * x_1 * x_1 * x_3 == polynomial7)
-            println(3.0 + 5.0 * x_2 - 7.0 * x_1 * x_1 * x_3 == polynomial7)
-        }
-    }
-
-    Int.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-        val x_4: NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial(listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to 1)
-        // Also there are some utilities for polynomials:
-        println(polynomial1.substitute(mapOf(0 to 1, 1 to -2, 2 to -1)) == 0.asNumberedPolynomial()) // true,
-            // because it's substitution x_1 -> 1, x_2 -> -2, x_3 -> -1,
-            // so 3 + 5 x_2 - 7 x_1^2 x_3 = 3 + 5 * (-2) - 7 * 1^2 * (-1) = 3 - 10 + 7 = 0
-        println(
-            polynomial1.substitute(mapOf(1 to x_4)) == NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 3,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 5,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to -7,
-            )
-        ) // true, because it's substitution x_2 -> x_4, so result is 3 + 5 x_4 - 7 x_1^2 x_3
-        println(
-            polynomial1.derivativeWithRespectTo(Int.algebra, 1) ==
-                    NumberedPolynomial(listOf<UInt>() to 5)
-        ) // true, d/dx_2 (3 + 5 x_2 - 7 x_1^2 x_3) = 5
-    }
-
-    // Lastly, there are rational functions and some other utilities:
-    Double.algebra.numberedRationalFunctionSpace {
-        val rationalFunction1: NumberedRationalFunction<Double> = NumberedRationalFunction(
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 2.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -3.0,
-                listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 3.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -1.0,
-            )
-        )
-        // It's just (2 - 3x + x^2)/(3 - x) where x = x_1
-
-        val rationalFunction2: NumberedRationalFunction<Double> = NumberedRationalFunction(
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 5.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -4.0,
-                listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 3.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -1.0,
-            )
-        )
-        // It's just (5 - 4x + x^2)/(3 - x) where x = x_1
-
-        println(rationalFunction1 + 1 == rationalFunction2)
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows [LabeledPolynomial]s' and [LabeledRationalFunction]s' capabilities.
- */
-fun labeledPolynomialsExample() {
-    val x by symbol
-    val y by symbol
-    val z by symbol
-    val t by symbol
-
-    // Consider polynomial
-    // 3 + 5 y - 7 x^2 z
-    // Consider, for example, its term -7 x^2 z. -7 is a coefficient of the term, whereas matching (x -> 2, z -> 3) is
-    // description of degrees of variables x_1, x_2, ... in the term. Such description is called "signature" of the
-    // term -7 x_1^2 x_3.
-
-    val polynomial1: LabeledPolynomial<Int>
-    with(Int.algebra) {
-        // [LabeledPolynomial] is a representation of a multivariate polynomial, that stores terms in a map with terms'
-        // signatures as the map's keys and terms' coefficients as corresponding values. For example,
-        polynomial1 = LabeledPolynomial(
-            mapOf(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 3,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 5,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to -7,
-            )
-        )
-        // represents polynomial 3 + 5 y - 7 x^2 z
-
-        // This `LabeledPolynomial` function needs context of either ring of constant (as `Int.algebra` in this example)
-        // or space of LabeledPolynomials over it. To understand why it is like this see documentations of functions
-        // LabeledPolynomial and LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
-
-        // There are also shortcut fabrics:
-        val polynomial2: LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomial(
-            mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 3,
-            mapOf(y to 1u) to 5,
-            mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to -7,
-        )
-        println(polynomial1 == polynomial2) // true
-        // and even
-        val polynomial3: LabeledPolynomial<Int> = 57.asLabeledPolynomial() // This one actually does not algebraic context!
-        val polynomial4: LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomial(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 57)
-        println(polynomial3 == polynomial4) // true
-
-        labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            // Also there is DSL for constructing NumberedPolynomials:
-            val polynomial5: LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
-                3 {}
-                5 { y inPowerOf 1u }
-                -7 with { x pow 2u; z pow 1u }
-                // `pow` and `inPowerOf` are the same
-                // `with` is omittable
-            }
-            println(polynomial1 == polynomial5) // true
-
-            // Unfortunately the DSL does not work good in bare context of constants' ring, so for now it's disabled and
-            // works only in NumberedPolynomialSpace and NumberedRationalFunctionSpace
-        }
-    }
-
-    val polynomial6: LabeledPolynomial<Int> = Int.algebra {
-        LabeledPolynomial(
-            mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 7,
-            mapOf(y to 1u) to -5,
-            mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to 0,
-            mapOf(t to 4u) to 4,
-        )
-    }
-    // For every ring there can be provided a polynomial ring:
-    Int.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-        println(
-            -polynomial6 == LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -7,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 5,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to 0,
-                mapOf(t to 4u) to -4,
-            )
-        ) // true
-        println(
-            polynomial1 + polynomial6 == LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 10,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to -7,
-                mapOf(t to 4u) to 4,
-            )
-        ) // true
-        println(
-            polynomial1 - polynomial6 == LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -4,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 10,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to -7,
-                mapOf(t to 4u) to -4,
-            )
-        ) // true
-
-        polynomial1 * polynomial6 // Multiplication works too
-    }
-
-    Double.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-        // You can even write
-        val polynomial7: LabeledPolynomial<Double> = LabeledPolynomial(
-            mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 3.0,
-            mapOf(y to 1u) to 5.0,
-            mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to -7.0,
-        )
-        Double.algebra.listPolynomialSpace {
-            println(3 + 5 * y - 7 * x * x * z == polynomial7)
-            println(3.0 + 5.0 * y - 7.0 * x * x * z == polynomial7)
-        }
-    }
-
-    Int.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-        // Also there are some utilities for polynomials:
-        println(polynomial1.substitute(mapOf(x to 1, y to -2, z to -1)) == 0.asLabeledPolynomial()) // true,
-        // because it's substitution x -> 1, y -> -2, z -> -1,
-        // so 3 + 5 y - 7 x^2 z = 3 + 5 * (-2) - 7 * 1^2 * (-1) = 3 - 10 + 7 = 0
-        println(
-            polynomial1.substitute(mapOf(y to t.asPolynomial())) == LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 3,
-                mapOf(t to 1u) to 5,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 1u) to -7,
-                )
-        ) // true, because it's substitution y -> t, so result is 3 + 5 t - 7 x^2 z
-        println(
-            polynomial1.derivativeWithRespectTo(Int.algebra, y) == LabeledPolynomial(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 5)
-        ) // true, d/dy (3 + 5 y - 7 x^2 z) = 5
-    }
-
-    // Lastly, there are rational functions and some other utilities:
-    Double.algebra.labeledRationalFunctionSpace {
-        val rationalFunction1: LabeledRationalFunction<Double> = LabeledRationalFunction(
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 2.0,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to -3.0,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.0,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 3.0,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.0,
-            )
-        )
-        // It's just (2 - 3x + x^2)/(3 - x)
-
-        val rationalFunction2: LabeledRationalFunction<Double> = LabeledRationalFunction(
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 5.0,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to -4.0,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.0,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 3.0,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.0,
-            )
-        )
-        // It's just (5 - 4x + x^2)/(3 - x)
-
-        println(rationalFunction1 + 1 == rationalFunction2)
-    }
-}
-
-fun main() {
-    println("ListPolynomials:")
-    listPolynomialsExample()
-    println()
-
-    println("NumberedPolynomials:")
-    numberedPolynomialsExample()
-    println()
-
-    println("ListPolynomials:")
-    labeledPolynomialsExample()
-    println()
-}
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/README.md b/kmath-polynomial/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index a5078a7e0..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-# Module kmath-polynomial
-
-Polynomials, rational functions, and utilities
-
-## Features
-
- - [polynomial abstraction](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt) : Abstraction for polynomial spaces.
- - [rational function abstraction](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt) : Abstraction for rational functions spaces.
- - ["list" polynomials](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt) : List implementation of univariate polynomials.
- - ["list" rational functions](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt) : List implementation of univariate rational functions.
- - ["list" polynomials and rational functions constructors](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt) : Constructors for list polynomials and rational functions.
- - ["list" polynomials and rational functions utilities](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt) : Utilities for list polynomials and rational functions.
- - ["numbered" polynomials](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt) : Numbered implementation of multivariate polynomials.
- - ["numbered" rational functions](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt) : Numbered implementation of multivariate rational functions.
- - ["numbered" polynomials and rational functions constructors](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt) : Constructors for numbered polynomials and rational functions.
- - ["numbered" polynomials and rational functions utilities](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt) : Utilities for numbered polynomials and rational functions.
- - ["labeled" polynomials](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt) : Labeled implementation of multivariate polynomials.
- - ["labeled" rational functions](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt) : Labeled implementation of multivariate rational functions.
- - ["labeled" polynomials and rational functions constructors](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt) : Constructors for labeled polynomials and rational functions.
- - ["labeled" polynomials and rational functions utilities](src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt) : Utilities for labeled polynomials and rational functions.
-
-
-## Usage
-
-## Artifact:
-
-The Maven coordinates of this project are `space.kscience:kmath-polynomial:0.3.1-dev-1`.
-
-**Gradle Groovy:**
-```groovy
-repositories {
-    maven { url 'https://repo.kotlin.link' }
-    mavenCentral()
-}
-
-dependencies {
-    implementation 'space.kscience:kmath-polynomial:0.3.1-dev-1'
-}
-```
-**Gradle Kotlin DSL:**
-```kotlin
-repositories {
-    maven("https://repo.kotlin.link")
-    mavenCentral()
-}
-
-dependencies {
-    implementation("space.kscience:kmath-polynomial:0.3.1-dev-1")
-}
-```
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-polynomial/build.gradle.kts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e469f0d1..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/build.gradle.kts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-plugins {
-    id("space.kscience.gradle.mpp")
-}
-
-kscience{
-    native()
-}
-
-description = "Polynomials, rational functions, and utilities"
-
-kotlin.sourceSets {
-    commonMain {
-        dependencies {
-            api(projects.kmathCore)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-dependencies {
-    dokkaPlugin("org.jetbrains.dokka:mathjax-plugin:${npmlibs.versions.dokka.get()}")
-}
-
-readme {
-    maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.PROTOTYPE
-    propertyByTemplate("artifact", rootProject.file("docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md"))
-
-    feature("polynomial abstraction", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt") {
-        "Abstraction for polynomial spaces."
-    }
-    feature("rational function abstraction", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt") {
-        "Abstraction for rational functions spaces."
-    }
-    feature("\"list\" polynomials", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt") {
-        "List implementation of univariate polynomials."
-    }
-    feature("\"list\" rational functions", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt") {
-        "List implementation of univariate rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"list\" polynomials and rational functions constructors", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt") {
-        "Constructors for list polynomials and rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"list\" polynomials and rational functions utilities", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt") {
-        "Utilities for list polynomials and rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"numbered\" polynomials", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt") {
-        "Numbered implementation of multivariate polynomials."
-    }
-    feature("\"numbered\" rational functions", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt") {
-        "Numbered implementation of multivariate rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"numbered\" polynomials and rational functions constructors", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt") {
-        "Constructors for numbered polynomials and rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"numbered\" polynomials and rational functions utilities", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt") {
-        "Utilities for numbered polynomials and rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"labeled\" polynomials", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt") {
-        "Labeled implementation of multivariate polynomials."
-    }
-    feature("\"labeled\" rational functions", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt") {
-        "Labeled implementation of multivariate rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"labeled\" polynomials and rational functions constructors", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt") {
-        "Constructors for labeled polynomials and rational functions."
-    }
-    feature("\"labeled\" polynomials and rational functions utilities", "src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt") {
-        "Utilities for labeled polynomials and rational functions."
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 662e8ca74..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomial.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,529 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-import kotlin.math.max
-
-
-/**
- * Represents multivariate polynomial that stores its coefficients in a [Map] and terms' signatures in a [Map] that
- * associates variables (of type [Symbol]) with their degree.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants.
- */
-public data class LabeledPolynomial<out C>
-@PublishedApi
-internal constructor(
-    /**
-     * Map that contains coefficients of the polynomial.
-     *
-     * Every monomial \(a x_1^{d_1} ... x_n^{d_n}\) is stored as a pair "key-value" in the map, where the value is the
-     * coefficient \(a\) and the key is a map that associates variables in the monomial with their degree in the monomial.
-     * For example, coefficients of a polynomial \(5 a^2 c^3 - 6 b\) can be represented as
-     * ```
-     * mapOf(
-     *      mapOf(
-     *          a to 2,
-     *          c to 3
-     *      ) to 5,
-     *      mapOf(
-     *          b to 1
-     *      ) to (-6)
-     * )
-     * ```
-     * and also as
-     * ```
-     * mapOf(
-     *      mapOf(
-     *          a to 2,
-     *          c to 3
-     *      ) to 5,
-     *      mapOf(
-     *          b to 1
-     *      ) to (-6),
-     *      mapOf(
-     *          b to 1,
-     *          c to 1
-     *      ) to 0
-     * )
-     * ```
-     * where \(a\), \(b\) and \(c\) are corresponding [Symbol] objects.
-     *
-     * It is not prohibited to put extra zero monomials into the map (as for \(0 b c\) in the example). But the
-     * bigger the coefficients map the worse performance of arithmetical operations performed on it. Thus, it is
-     * recommended not to put (or even to remove) extra (or useless) monomials in the coefficients map.
-     * @usesMathJax
-     */
-    public val coefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>
-) {
-    override fun toString(): String = "LabeledPolynomial$coefficients"
-}
-
-/**
- * Arithmetic context for multivariate polynomials with coefficients stored as a [Map] and terms' signatures stored as a
- * [Map] constructed with the provided [ring] of constants.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of provided underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public class LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, out A : Ring<C>>(
-    public override val ring: A,
-) : MultivariatePolynomialSpace<C, Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<C>>, PolynomialSpaceOverRing<C, LabeledPolynomial<C>, A> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.plus(other: Int): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@plus to 1U) to constantOne,
-        )
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@plus to 1U) to constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to other.asConstant(),
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.minus(other: Int): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@minus to 1U) to constantOne,
-        )
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@minus to 1U) to constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to (-other).asConstant(),
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.times(other: Int): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) zero
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U) to other.asConstant(),
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == 0) LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to constantOne,
-        )
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to this@plus.asConstant(),
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == 0) LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to -constantOne,
-        )
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to -constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to constantOne * this@minus,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == 0) zero
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to this@times.asConstant(),
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.plus(other: Int): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        when {
-            other == 0 -> this
-            coefficients.isEmpty() -> other.asPolynomial()
-            else -> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyMap(), other.asConstant()) { it -> it + other }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.minus(other: Int): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        when {
-            other == 0 -> this
-            coefficients.isEmpty() -> other.asPolynomial()
-            else -> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyMap(), (-other).asConstant()) { it -> it - other }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.times(other: Int): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        when(other) {
-            0 -> zero
-            1 -> this
-            else -> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                coefficients.mapValues { (_, value) -> value * other }
-            )
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        when {
-            this == 0 -> other
-            other.coefficients.isEmpty() -> this@plus.asPolynomial()
-            else -> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                other.coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyMap(), this@plus.asConstant()) { it -> this@plus + it }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        when {
-            this == 0 -> -other
-            other.coefficients.isEmpty() -> this@minus.asPolynomial()
-            else -> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                buildMap(other.coefficients.size + 1) {
-                    put(emptyMap(), asConstant())
-                    other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }, { currentC, newC -> currentC - newC })
-                }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        when(this) {
-            0 -> zero
-            1 -> other
-            else -> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                other.coefficients.mapValues { (_, value) -> this@times * value }
-            )
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.plus(other: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@plus to 1U) to constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to other,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.minus(other: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@minus to 1U) to constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to -other,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.times(other: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this@times to 1U) to other,
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to this@plus,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to -constantOne,
-            emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to this@minus,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to this@times,
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun C.plus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other.coefficients.isEmpty()) this@plus.asLabeledPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyMap(), this@plus) { it -> this@plus + it }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun C.minus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other.coefficients.isEmpty()) this@minus.asPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(other.coefficients.size + 1) {
-                put(emptyMap(), this@minus)
-                other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }, { currentC, newC -> currentC - newC })
-            }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun C.times(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients.mapValues { this@times * it.value }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.plus(other: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) other.asLabeledPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyMap(), other) { it -> it + other }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.minus(other: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) other.asLabeledPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyMap(), -other) { it -> it - other }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.times(other: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.mapValues { it.value * other }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun number(value: C): LabeledPolynomial<C> = value.asLabeledPolynomial()
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.unaryPlus(): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U) to constantOne,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of representation of the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.unaryMinus(): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U) to -constantOne,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.plus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == other) LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U) to constantOne * 2
-        )
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U) to constantOne,
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to constantOne,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.minus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == other) zero
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U) to constantOne,
-            mapOf(other to 1U) to -constantOne,
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.times(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == other) LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 2U) to constantOne
-        )
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mapOf(this to 1U, other to 1U) to constantOne,
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.plus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other.coefficients.isEmpty()) this@plus.asPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients.withPutOrChanged(mapOf(this@plus to 1U), constantOne) { it -> constantOne + it }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.minus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other.coefficients.isEmpty()) this@minus.asPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(other.coefficients.size + 1) {
-                put(mapOf(this@minus to 1U), constantOne)
-                other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }) { currentC, newC -> currentC - newC }
-            }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Symbol.times(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients
-                .mapKeys { (degs, _) -> degs.withPutOrChanged(this, 1u) { it -> it + 1u } }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.plus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) other.asPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(mapOf(other to 1U), constantOne) { it -> it + constantOne }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.minus(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) other.asPolynomial()
-        else LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(mapOf(other to 1U), -constantOne) { it -> it - constantOne }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.times(other: Symbol): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients
-                .mapKeys { (degs, _) -> degs.withPutOrChanged(other, 1u) { it -> it + 1u } }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the polynomial.
-     */
-    override fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.unaryMinus(): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.mapValues { -it.value }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomials.
-     */
-    override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.plus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            mergeBy(coefficients, other.coefficients) { c1, c2 -> c1 + c2 }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the polynomials.
-     */
-    override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.minus(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(coefficients.size + other.coefficients.size) {
-                coefficients.copyTo(this)
-                other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }, { currentC, newC -> currentC - newC })
-            }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomials.
-     */
-    override operator fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.times(other: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(coefficients.size * other.coefficients.size) {
-                for ((degs1, c1) in coefficients) for ((degs2, c2) in other.coefficients) {
-                    val degs = mergeBy(degs1, degs2) { deg1, deg2 -> deg1 + deg2 }
-                    val c = c1 * c2
-                    this.putOrChange(degs, c) { it -> it + c }
-                }
-            }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero polynomial (zero of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    override val zero: LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomialAsIs()
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    override val one: LabeledPolynomial<C> = constantOne.asLabeledPolynomial()
-
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    override val LabeledPolynomial<C>.degree: Int
-        get() = coefficients.entries.maxOfOrNull { (degs, _) -> degs.values.sum().toInt() } ?: -1
-    /**
-     * Map that associates variables (that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents) with their most exponents
-     * in which they are appeared in the polynomial.
-     *
-     * As consequence all values in the map are positive integers. Also, if the polynomial is constant, the map is empty.
-     * And keys of the map is the same as in [variables].
-     */
-    public override val LabeledPolynomial<C>.degrees: Map<Symbol, UInt>
-        get() =
-            buildMap {
-                coefficients.keys.forEach { degs ->
-                    degs.copyToBy(this, ::max)
-                }
-            }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variable].
-     */
-    public override fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.degreeBy(variable: Symbol): UInt =
-        coefficients.entries.maxOfOrNull { (degs, _) -> degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } } ?: 0u
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variables].
-     */
-    public override fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.degreeBy(variables: Collection<Symbol>): UInt =
-        coefficients.entries.maxOfOrNull { (degs, _) -> degs.filterKeys { it in variables }.values.sum() } ?: 0u
-    /**
-     * Set of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public override val LabeledPolynomial<C>.variables: Set<Symbol>
-        get() =
-            buildSet {
-                coefficients.entries.forEach { (degs, _) -> addAll(degs.keys) }
-            }
-    /**
-     * Count of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public override val LabeledPolynomial<C>.countOfVariables: Int get() = variables.size
-
-    // TODO: When context receivers will be ready move all of this substitutions and invocations to utilities with
-    //  [ListPolynomialSpace] as a context receiver
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(arguments: Map<Symbol, C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(arguments: Map<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 185782f22..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledRationalFunction.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-
-
-/**
- * Represents multivariate rational function that stores its numerator and denominator as [LabeledPolynomial]s.
- */
-public data class LabeledRationalFunction<C>(
-    public override val numerator: LabeledPolynomial<C>,
-    public override val denominator: LabeledPolynomial<C>
-) : RationalFunction<C, LabeledPolynomial<C>> {
-    override fun toString(): String = "LabeledRationalFunction${numerator.coefficients}/${denominator.coefficients}"
-}
-
-/**
- * Arithmetic context for univariate rational functions with numerator and denominator represented as [LabeledPolynomial]s.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of provided underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public class LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A: Ring<C>>(
-    public val ring: A,
-) :
-    MultivariateRationalFunctionSpaceOverMultivariatePolynomialSpace<
-            C,
-            Symbol,
-            LabeledPolynomial<C>,
-            LabeledRationalFunction<C>,
-            LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>,
-            >,
-    MultivariatePolynomialSpaceOfFractions<
-            C,
-            Symbol,
-            LabeledPolynomial<C>,
-            LabeledRationalFunction<C>,
-            >() {
-
-    /**
-     * Underlying polynomial ring. Its polynomial operations are inherited by local polynomial operations.
-     */
-    override val polynomialRing : LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A> = LabeledPolynomialSpace(ring)
-    /**
-     * Constructor of rational functions (of type [LabeledRationalFunction]) from numerator and denominator (of type [LabeledPolynomial]).
-     */
-    override fun constructRationalFunction(
-        numerator: LabeledPolynomial<C>,
-        denominator: LabeledPolynomial<C>
-    ): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-        LabeledRationalFunction<C>(numerator, denominator)
-
-    // TODO: When context receivers will be ready move all of this substitutions and invocations to utilities with
-    //  [ListPolynomialSpace] as a context receiver
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Symbol, C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<C>>): LabeledPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-    public inline fun LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Symbol, LabeledRationalFunction<C>>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    public inline fun LabeledRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Symbol, C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun LabeledRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<C>>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-    public inline fun LabeledRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Symbol, LabeledRationalFunction<C>>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 3753a93c4..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomial.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,374 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kotlin.math.max
-import kotlin.math.min
-
-
-/**
- * Represents univariate polynomial that stores its coefficients in a [List].
- *
- * @param C the type of constants.
- */
-public data class ListPolynomial<out C>(
-    /**
-     * List that contains coefficients of the polynomial.
-     *
-     * Every monomial \(a x^d\) is stored as a coefficient \(a\) placed
-     * into the list at index \(d\). For example, coefficients of a polynomial \(5 x^2 - 6\) can be represented as
-     * ```
-     * listOf(
-     *     -6, // -6 +
-     *     0,  // 0 x +
-     *     5,  // 5 x^2
-     * )
-     * ```
-     * and also as
-     * ```
-     * listOf(
-     *     -6, // -6 +
-     *     0,  // 0 x +
-     *     5,  // 5 x^2
-     *     0,  // 0 x^3
-     *     0,  // 0 x^4
-     * )
-     * ```
-     * It is not prohibited to put extra zeros at end of the list (as for \(0x^3\) and \(0x^4\) in the example). But the
-     * longer the coefficients list the worse performance of arithmetical operations performed on it. Thus, it is
-     * recommended not to put (or even to remove) extra (or useless) coefficients at the end of the coefficients list.
-     * @usesMathJax
-     */
-    public val coefficients: List<C>
-) {
-    override fun toString(): String = "ListPolynomial$coefficients"
-}
-
-/**
- * Arithmetic context for univariate polynomials with coefficients stored as a [List] constructed with the provided
- * [ring] of constants.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of provided underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public open class ListPolynomialSpace<C, out A : Ring<C>>(
-    public override val ring: A,
-) : PolynomialSpaceOverRing<C, ListPolynomial<C>, A> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.plus(other: Int): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) this
-        else
-            ListPolynomial(
-                coefficients
-                    .toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        val result = getOrElse(0) { constantZero } + other
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.minus(other: Int): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) this
-        else
-            ListPolynomial(
-                coefficients
-                    .toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        val result = getOrElse(0) { constantZero } - other
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.times(other: Int): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        when (other) {
-            0 -> zero
-            1 -> this
-            else -> ListPolynomial(
-                coefficients.map { it * other }
-            )
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == 0) other
-        else
-            ListPolynomial(
-                other.coefficients
-                    .toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        val result = this@plus + getOrElse(0) { constantZero }
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        ListPolynomial(
-            other.coefficients
-                .toMutableList()
-                .apply {
-                    if (this@minus == 0) {
-                        indices.forEach { this[it] = -this[it] }
-                    } else {
-                        (1..lastIndex).forEach { this[it] = -this[it] }
-
-                        val result = this@minus - getOrElse(0) { constantZero }
-
-                        if (size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-                }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        when (this) {
-            0 -> zero
-            1 -> other
-            else -> ListPolynomial(
-                other.coefficients.map { this@times * it }
-            )
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        with(other.coefficients) {
-            if (isEmpty()) ListPolynomial(listOf(this@plus))
-            else ListPolynomial(
-                toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        val result = if (size == 0) this@plus else this@plus + get(0)
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        with(other.coefficients) {
-            if (isEmpty()) ListPolynomial(listOf(this@minus))
-            else ListPolynomial(
-                toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        (1 .. lastIndex).forEach { this[it] = -this[it] }
-
-                        val result = if (size == 0) this@minus else this@minus - get(0)
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        ListPolynomial(
-            other.coefficients.map { this@times * it }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.plus(other: C): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        with(coefficients) {
-            if (isEmpty()) ListPolynomial(listOf(other))
-            else ListPolynomial(
-                toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        val result = if (size == 0) other else get(0) + other
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.minus(other: C): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        with(coefficients) {
-            if (isEmpty()) ListPolynomial(listOf(-other))
-            else ListPolynomial(
-                toMutableList()
-                    .apply {
-                        val result = if (size == 0) other else get(0) - other
-
-                        if(size == 0) add(result)
-                        else this[0] = result
-                    }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.times(other: C): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        ListPolynomial(
-            coefficients.map { it * other }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun number(value: C): ListPolynomial<C> = ListPolynomial(listOf(value))
-
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.unaryMinus(): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        ListPolynomial(coefficients.map { -it })
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.plus(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> {
-        val thisDegree = degree
-        val otherDegree = other.degree
-        return ListPolynomial(
-            List(max(thisDegree, otherDegree) + 1) {
-                when {
-                    it > thisDegree -> other.coefficients[it]
-                    it > otherDegree -> coefficients[it]
-                    else -> coefficients[it] + other.coefficients[it]
-                }
-            }
-        )
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the polynomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.minus(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> {
-        val thisDegree = degree
-        val otherDegree = other.degree
-        return ListPolynomial(
-            List(max(thisDegree, otherDegree) + 1) {
-                when {
-                    it > thisDegree -> -other.coefficients[it]
-                    it > otherDegree -> coefficients[it]
-                    else -> coefficients[it] - other.coefficients[it]
-                }
-            }
-        )
-    }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.times(other: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> {
-        val thisDegree = degree
-        val otherDegree = other.degree
-        return ListPolynomial(
-            List(thisDegree + otherDegree + 1) { d ->
-                (max(0, d - otherDegree)..min(thisDegree, d))
-                    .map { coefficients[it] * other.coefficients[d - it] }
-                    .reduce { acc, rational -> acc + rational }
-            }
-        )
-    }
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-    override fun power(arg: ListPolynomial<C>, exponent: UInt): ListPolynomial<C> = super.power(arg, exponent)
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero polynomial (zero of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    override val zero: ListPolynomial<C> = ListPolynomial(emptyList())
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    override val one: ListPolynomial<C> by lazy { ListPolynomial(listOf(constantOne)) }
-
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    public override val ListPolynomial<C>.degree: Int get() = coefficients.lastIndex
-
-    // TODO: When context receivers will be ready move all of this substitutions and invocations to utilities with
-    //  [ListPolynomialSpace] as a context receiver
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided [argument].
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: C): C = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunction(): (C) -> C = asFunctionOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfConstant(): (C) -> C = asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomial(): (ListPolynomial<C>) -> ListPolynomial<C> = asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring)
-
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided [argument].
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.invoke(argument: C): C = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided [argument].
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.invoke(argument: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-}
-
-/**
- * Space of polynomials constructed over ring.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public class ScalableListPolynomialSpace<C, out A>(
-    ring: A,
-) : ListPolynomialSpace<C, A>(ring), ScaleOperations<ListPolynomial<C>> where A : Ring<C>, A : ScaleOperations<C> {
-    override fun scale(a: ListPolynomial<C>, value: Double): ListPolynomial<C> =
-        ring { ListPolynomial(a.coefficients.map { scale(it, value) }) }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index c2fa6b2ec..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListRationalFunction.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-
-
-/**
- * Represents univariate rational function that stores its numerator and denominator as [ListPolynomial]s.
- */
-public data class ListRationalFunction<C>(
-    public override val numerator: ListPolynomial<C>,
-    public override val denominator: ListPolynomial<C>
-) : RationalFunction<C, ListPolynomial<C>> {
-    override fun toString(): String = "ListRationalFunction${numerator.coefficients}/${denominator.coefficients}"
-}
-
-/**
- * Arithmetic context for univariate rational functions with numerator and denominator represented as [ListPolynomial]s.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of provided underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public class ListRationalFunctionSpace<C, A : Ring<C>> (
-    public val ring: A,
-) :
-    RationalFunctionSpaceOverPolynomialSpace<
-            C,
-            ListPolynomial<C>,
-            ListRationalFunction<C>,
-            ListPolynomialSpace<C, A>,
-            >,
-    PolynomialSpaceOfFractions<
-            C,
-            ListPolynomial<C>,
-            ListRationalFunction<C>,
-            >() {
-
-    /**
-     * Underlying polynomial ring. Its polynomial operations are inherited by local polynomial operations.
-     */
-    override val polynomialRing : ListPolynomialSpace<C, A> = ListPolynomialSpace(ring)
-    /**
-     * Constructor of [ListRationalFunction] from numerator and denominator [ListPolynomial].
-     */
-    override fun constructRationalFunction(numerator: ListPolynomial<C>, denominator: ListPolynomial<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> =
-        ListRationalFunction(numerator, denominator)
-
-    // TODO: When context receivers will be ready move all of this substitutions and invocations to utilities with
-    //  [ListPolynomialSpace] as a context receiver
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided argument.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: C): C = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: ListRationalFunction<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: ListPolynomial<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: ListRationalFunction<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunction(): (C) -> C = { substitute(ring, it) }
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfConstant(): (C) -> C = { substitute(ring, it) }
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomial(): (ListPolynomial<C>) -> ListPolynomial<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunction(): (ListRationalFunction<C>) -> ListRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomial(): (ListPolynomial<C>) -> ListRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun ListRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunction(): (ListRationalFunction<C>) -> ListRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided argument.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.invoke(argument: C): C = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided argument.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.invoke(argument: ListPolynomial<C>): ListPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided argument.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListPolynomial<C>.invoke(argument: ListRationalFunction<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] rational function on provided argument.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListRationalFunction<C>.invoke(argument: ListPolynomial<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] rational function on provided argument.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun ListRationalFunction<C>.invoke(argument: ListRationalFunction<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index eaf5befb1..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomial.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,350 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-import kotlin.math.max
-
-
-/**
- * Represents multivariate polynomial that stores its coefficients in a [Map] and terms' signatures in a [List].
- *
- * @param C the type of constants.
- */
-public data class NumberedPolynomial<out C>
-@PublishedApi
-internal constructor(
-    /**
-     * Map that contains coefficients of the polynomial.
-     *
-     * Every monomial \(a x_1^{d_1} ... x_n^{d_n}\) is stored as a pair "key-value" in the map, where the value is the
-     * coefficient \(a\) and the key is a list that associates index of every variable in the monomial with their degree
-     * in the monomial. For example, coefficients of a polynomial \(5 x_1^2 x_3^3 - 6 x_2\) can be represented as
-     * ```
-     * mapOf(
-     *      listOf(2, 0, 3) to 5, // 5 x_1^2 x_3^3 +
-     *      listOf(0, 1) to (-6), // (-6) x_2^1
-     * )
-     * ```
-     * and also as
-     * ```
-     * mapOf(
-     *      listOf(2, 0, 3) to 5, // 5 x_1^2 x_3^3 +
-     *      listOf(0, 1) to (-6), // (-6) x_2^1
-     *      listOf(0, 1, 1) to 0, // 0 x_2^1 x_3^1
-     * )
-     * ```
-     * It is not prohibited to put extra zero monomials into the map (as for \(0 x_2 x_3\) in the example). But the
-     * bigger the coefficients map the worse performance of arithmetical operations performed on it. Thus, it is
-     * recommended not to put (or even to remove) extra (or useless) monomials in the coefficients map.
-     * @usesMathJax
-     */
-    public val coefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>
-) {
-    override fun toString(): String = "NumberedPolynomial$coefficients"
-}
-
-/**
- * Arithmetic context for multivariate polynomials with coefficients stored as a [Map] and terms' signatures stored as a
- * [List] constructed with the provided [ring] of constants.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of provided underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public class NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, out A : Ring<C>>(
-    public override val ring: A,
-) : PolynomialSpaceOverRing<C, NumberedPolynomial<C>, A> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.plus(other: Int): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) this
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyList(), other.asConstant()) { it -> it + other }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.minus(other: Int): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other == 0) this
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyList(), (-other).asConstant()) { it -> it - other }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.times(other: Int): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        when (other) {
-            0 -> zero
-            1 -> this
-            else -> NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                coefficients.mapValues { it.value * other }
-            )
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (this == 0) other
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyList(), this@plus.asConstant()) { it -> this@plus + it }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        when {
-            this == 0 -> -other
-            other.coefficients.isEmpty() -> this.asPolynomial()
-            else -> NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                buildMap(other.coefficients.size + 1) {
-                    put(emptyList(), other.coefficients.computeOnOrElse(emptyList(), { this@minus.asConstant() }, { it -> this@minus - it}))
-                    other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }) { currentC, _ -> currentC }
-                }
-            )
-        }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        when (this) {
-            0 -> zero
-            1 -> other
-            else -> NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                other.coefficients.mapValues { this@times * it.value }
-            )
-        }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun C.plus(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other.coefficients.isEmpty()) this@plus.asPolynomial()
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyList(), this@plus) { it -> this@plus + it }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun C.minus(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (other.coefficients.isEmpty()) this@minus.asPolynomial()
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(other.coefficients.size) {
-                put(emptyList(), other.coefficients.computeOnOrElse(emptyList(), this@minus) { it -> this@minus - it })
-                other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }, { currentC, _ -> currentC })
-            }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun C.times(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            other.coefficients.mapValues { this@times * it.value }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.plus(other: C): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) other.asPolynomial()
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyList(), other) { it -> it + other }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.minus(other: C): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) other.asPolynomial()
-        else NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.withPutOrChanged(emptyList(), -other) { it -> it - other }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.times(other: C): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.mapValues { it.value * other }
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun number(value: C): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to value))
-
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the polynomial.
-     */
-    override fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.unaryMinus(): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            coefficients.mapValues { -it.value }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomials.
-     */
-    override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.plus(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            mergeBy(coefficients, other.coefficients) { c1, c2 -> c1 + c2 }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the polynomials.
-     */
-    override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.minus(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(coefficients.size + other.coefficients.size) {
-                coefficients.copyTo(this)
-                other.coefficients.copyMapToBy(this, { _, c -> -c }, { currentC, newC -> currentC - newC })
-            }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomials.
-     */
-    override operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.times(other: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            buildMap(coefficients.size * other.coefficients.size) {
-                for ((degs1, c1) in coefficients) for ((degs2, c2) in other.coefficients) {
-                    val degs =
-                        (0..max(degs1.lastIndex, degs2.lastIndex))
-                            .map { degs1.getOrElse(it) { 0U } + degs2.getOrElse(it) { 0U } }
-                    val c = c1 * c2
-                    putOrChange(degs, c) { it -> it + c }
-                }
-            }
-        )
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-    override fun power(arg: NumberedPolynomial<C>, exponent: UInt): NumberedPolynomial<C> = super.power(arg, exponent)
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero polynomial (zero of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    override val zero: NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyMap())
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    override val one: NumberedPolynomial<C> by lazy { NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to constantOne)) }
-
-    /**
-     * Maximal index (ID) of variable occurring in the polynomial with positive power. If there is no such variable,
-     * the result is -1.
-     */
-    public val NumberedPolynomial<C>.lastVariable: Int
-        get() = coefficients.keys.maxOfOrNull { degs -> degs.lastIndex } ?: -1
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    override val NumberedPolynomial<C>.degree: Int
-        get() = coefficients.keys.maxOfOrNull { degs -> degs.sum().toInt() } ?: -1
-    /**
-     * List that associates indices of variables (that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents) with their most
-     * exponents in which the variables are appeared in the polynomial.
-     *
-     * As consequence all values in the list are non-negative integers. Also, if the polynomial is constant, the list is empty.
-     * And last index of the list is [lastVariable].
-     */
-    public val NumberedPolynomial<C>.degrees: List<UInt>
-        get() =
-            MutableList(lastVariable + 1) { 0u }.apply {
-                coefficients.keys.forEach { degs ->
-                    degs.forEachIndexed { index, deg ->
-                        this[index] = max(this[index], deg)
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variable].
-     */
-    public fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.degreeBy(variable: Int): UInt =
-        coefficients.keys.maxOfOrNull { degs -> degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } } ?: 0u
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variables].
-     */
-    public fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.degreeBy(variables: Collection<Int>): UInt =
-        coefficients.keys.maxOfOrNull { degs ->
-            degs.withIndex().fold(0u) { acc, (index, value) -> if (index in variables) acc + value else acc }
-        } ?: 0u
-    /**
-     * Count of variables occurring in the polynomial with positive power. If there is no such variable,
-     * the result is 0.
-     */
-    public val NumberedPolynomial<C>.countOfVariables: Int
-        get() =
-            MutableList(lastVariable + 1) { false }.apply {
-                coefficients.entries.forEach { (degs, _) ->
-                    degs.forEachIndexed { index, deg ->
-                        if (deg != 0u) this[index] = true
-                    }
-                }
-            }.count { it }
-
-    // TODO: When context receivers will be ready move all of this substitutions and invocations to utilities with
-    //  [ListPolynomialSpace] as a context receiver
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(arguments: Map<Int, C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(arguments: Map<Int, NumberedPolynomial<C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(arguments: Buffer<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(arguments: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided arguments [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substituteFully(arguments: Buffer<C>): C = this.substituteFully(ring, arguments)
-
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunction(): (Buffer<C>) -> C = asFunctionOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfConstant(): (Buffer<C>) -> C = asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomial(): (Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) -> NumberedPolynomial<C> = asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring)
-
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided [arguments].
-     */
-    public inline operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<C>): C = substituteFully(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("invokePolynomial")
-    public inline operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 4109338fd..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedRationalFunction.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,225 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-import kotlin.math.max
-
-
-/**
- * Represents multivariate rational function that stores its numerator and denominator as [NumberedPolynomial]s.
- */
-public data class NumberedRationalFunction<C>(
-    public override val numerator: NumberedPolynomial<C>,
-    public override val denominator: NumberedPolynomial<C>
-) : RationalFunction<C, NumberedPolynomial<C>> {
-    override fun toString(): String = "NumberedRationalFunction${numerator.coefficients}/${denominator.coefficients}"
-}
-
-/**
- * Arithmetic context for univariate rational functions with numerator and denominator represented as [NumberedPolynomial]s.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them a coefficients in their terms.
- * @param A type of provided underlying ring of constants. It's [Ring] of [C].
- * @param ring underlying ring of constants of type [A].
- */
-public class NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A: Ring<C>> (
-    public val ring: A,
-) :
-    RationalFunctionSpaceOverPolynomialSpace<
-            C,
-            NumberedPolynomial<C>,
-            NumberedRationalFunction<C>,
-            NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>,
-            >,
-    PolynomialSpaceOfFractions<
-            C,
-            NumberedPolynomial<C>,
-            NumberedRationalFunction<C>,
-            >() {
-
-    /**
-     * Underlying polynomial ring. Its polynomial operations are inherited by local polynomial operations.
-     */
-    public override val polynomialRing : NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A> = NumberedPolynomialSpace(ring)
-    /**
-     * Constructor of rational functions (of type [NumberedRationalFunction]) from numerator and denominator (of type [NumberedPolynomial]).
-     */
-    protected override fun constructRationalFunction(
-        numerator: NumberedPolynomial<C>,
-        denominator: NumberedPolynomial<C>
-    ): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-        NumberedRationalFunction(numerator, denominator)
-
-    /**
-     * Maximal index (ID) of variable occurring in the polynomial with positive power. If there is no such variable,
-     * the result is `-1`.
-     */
-    public val NumberedPolynomial<C>.lastVariable: Int get() = polynomialRing { lastVariable }
-    /**
-     * List that associates indices of variables (that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents) with their most
-     * exponents in which the variables are appeared in the polynomial.
-     *
-     * As consequence all values in the list are non-negative integers. Also, if the polynomial is constant, the list is empty.
-     * And last index of the list is [lastVariable].
-     */
-    public val NumberedPolynomial<C>.degrees: List<UInt> get() = polynomialRing { degrees }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variable].
-     */
-    public fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.degreeBy(variable: Int): UInt = polynomialRing { degreeBy(variable) }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variables].
-     */
-    public fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.degreeBy(variables: Collection<Int>): UInt = polynomialRing { degreeBy(variables) }
-    /**
-     * Count of variables occurring in the polynomial with positive power. If there is no such variable,
-     * the result is `0`.
-     */
-    public val NumberedPolynomial<C>.countOfVariables: Int get() = polynomialRing { countOfVariables }
-
-    /**
-     * Count of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val NumberedRationalFunction<C>.lastVariable: Int
-        get() = polynomialRing { max(numerator.lastVariable, denominator.lastVariable) }
-    /**
-     * Count of variables occurring in the rational function with positive power. If there is no such variable,
-     * the result is `0`.
-     */
-    public val NumberedRationalFunction<C>.countOfVariables: Int
-        get() =
-            MutableList(lastVariable + 1) { false }.apply {
-                numerator.coefficients.entries.forEach { (degs, _) ->
-                    degs.forEachIndexed { index, deg ->
-                        if (deg != 0u) this[index] = true
-                    }
-                }
-                denominator.coefficients.entries.forEach { (degs, _) ->
-                    degs.forEachIndexed { index, deg ->
-                        if (deg != 0u) this[index] = true
-                    }
-                }
-            }.count { it }
-
-    // TODO: When context receivers will be ready move all of this substitutions and invocations to utilities with
-    //  [ListPolynomialSpace] as a context receiver
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Int, C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Int, NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Int, NumberedRationalFunction<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Int, C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Int, NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Map<Int, NumberedRationalFunction<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Buffer<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [argument] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(argument: Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [argument] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(argument: Buffer<C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, argument)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided polynomial [arguments] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(arguments: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided rational function [arguments] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(arguments: Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided constant [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.substituteFully(arguments: Buffer<C>): C = substituteFully(ring, arguments)
-
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunction(): (Buffer<C>) -> C = asFunctionOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfConstant(): (Buffer<C>) -> C = asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomial(): (Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) -> NumberedPolynomial<C> = asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunction(): (Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) -> NumberedRationalFunction<C> = asFunctionOfRationalFunctionOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomial(): (Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) -> NumberedRationalFunction<C> = asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring)
-    /**
-     * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
-     */
-    public inline fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunction(): (Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) -> NumberedRationalFunction<C> = asFunctionOfRationalFunctionOver(ring)
-
-    /**
-     * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided [arguments].
-     */
-    public inline operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<C>): C = substituteFully(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("invokePolynomial")
-    public inline operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided [arguments] into [this] polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("invokeRationalFunction")
-    public inline operator fun NumberedPolynomial<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided [arguments] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("invokePolynomial")
-    public inline operator fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-    /**
-     * Substitutes provided [arguments] into [this] rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("invokeRationalFunction")
-    public inline operator fun NumberedRationalFunction<C>.invoke(arguments: Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> = substitute(ring, arguments)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 7140ba70e..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/Polynomial.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,527 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kotlin.js.JsName
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of ring of polynomials of type [P] over ring of constants of type [C].
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME", "PARAMETER_NAME_CHANGED_ON_OVERRIDE") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface PolynomialSpace<C, P> : Ring<P> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit of underlying ring to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantInt")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: Int): C
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit of underlying ring from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantInt")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: Int): C
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantInt")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: Int): C
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit of underlying ring to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntConstant")
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit of underlying ring from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntConstant")
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntConstant")
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: C): C
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to constant.
-     */
-    public fun constantNumber(value: Int): C = constantOne * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to constant.
-     */
-    public fun Int.asConstant(): C = constantNumber(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: Int): P = addMultipliedByDoubling(this, one, other)
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: Int): P = addMultipliedByDoubling(this, one, -other)
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    public operator fun P.times(other: Int): P = multiplyByDoubling(this, other)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: P): P = addMultipliedByDoubling(other, one, this)
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: P): P = addMultipliedByDoubling(-other, one, this)
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: P): P = multiplyByDoubling(other, this)
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun number(value: Int): P = number(constantNumber(value))
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun Int.asPolynomial(): P = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusConstant")
-    @JsName("unaryPlusConstant")
-    public operator fun C.unaryPlus(): C = this
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    @JsName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    public operator fun C.unaryMinus(): C
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantConstant")
-    @JsName("plusConstantConstant")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantConstant")
-    @JsName("minusConstantConstant")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantConstant")
-    @JsName("timesConstantConstant")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerConstant")
-    @JsName("powerConstant")
-    public fun power(arg: C, exponent: UInt) : C
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero constant (zero of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public val constantZero: C
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit constant (unit of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public val constantOne: C
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantPolynomial")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantPolynomial")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantPolynomial")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: P): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialConstant")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialConstant")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialConstant")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: C): P
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun number(value: C): P = one * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun C.asPolynomial(): P = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun P.unaryPlus(): P = this
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the polynomial.
-     */
-    public override operator fun P.unaryMinus(): P
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun P.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the polynomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun P.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomials.
-     */
-    public override operator fun P.times(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    public override fun power(arg: P, exponent: UInt) : P = exponentiateBySquaring(arg, exponent)
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero polynomial (zero of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    public override val zero: P
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    public override val one: P
-
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    public val P.degree: Int
-
-    override fun add(left: P, right: P): P = left + right
-    override fun multiply(left: P, right: P): P = left * right
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of ring of polynomials of type [P] over ring of constants of type [C]. It also assumes that there is
- * provided [ring] (of type [A]), that provides constant-wise operations.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials.
- * @param A the type of algebraic structure (precisely, of ring) provided for constants.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface PolynomialSpaceOverRing<C, P, out A: Ring<C>> : PolynomialSpace<C, P> {
-
-    /**
-     * Underlying ring of constants. Its operations on constants are inherited by local operations on constants.
-     */
-    public val ring: A
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit of underlying ring to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: Int): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(this@plus, one, other) }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit of underlying ring from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: Int): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(this@minus, one, -other) }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: Int): C = ring { multiplyByDoubling(this@times, other) }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit of underlying ring to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: C): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(other, one, this@plus) }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit of underlying ring from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: C): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(-other, one, this@minus) }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: C): C = ring { multiplyByDoubling(other, this@times) }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.unaryMinus(): C = ring { -this@unaryMinus }
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: C): C = ring { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: C): C = ring { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: C): C = ring { this@times * other }
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerConstant")
-    override fun power(arg: C, exponent: UInt): C = ring { power(arg, exponent) }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero constant (zero of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public override val constantZero: C get() = ring.zero
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit constant (unit of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public override val constantOne: C get() = ring.one
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of ring of polynomials of type [P] of variables of type [V] and over ring of constants of type [C].
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param V the type of variables. Polynomials have them in representations of terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface MultivariatePolynomialSpace<C, V, P>: PolynomialSpace<C, P> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableInt")
-    @JsName("plusVariableInt")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: Int): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableInt")
-    @JsName("minusVariableInt")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: Int): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableInt")
-    @JsName("timesVariableInt")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: Int): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntVariable")
-    @JsName("plusIntVariable")
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntVariable")
-    @JsName("minusIntVariable")
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntVariable")
-    @JsName("timesIntVariable")
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableConstant")
-    @JsName("plusVariableConstant")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableConstant")
-    @JsName("minusVariableConstant")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableConstant")
-    @JsName("timesVariableConstant")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: C): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantVariable")
-    @JsName("plusConstantVariable")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantVariable")
-    @JsName("minusConstantVariable")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantVariable")
-    @JsName("timesConstantVariable")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusVariable")
-    public operator fun V.unaryPlus(): P
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of representation of the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusVariable")
-    public operator fun V.unaryMinus(): P
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableVariable")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableVariable")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableVariable")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the [variable] as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("numberVariable")
-    public fun number(variable: V): P = +variable
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("asPolynomialVariable")
-    public fun V.asPolynomial(): P = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariablePolynomial")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariablePolynomial")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariablePolynomial")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: P): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialVariable")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialVariable")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialVariable")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Map that associates variables (that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents) with their most exponents
-     * in which they are appeared in the polynomial.
-     *
-     * As consequence all values in the map are positive integers. Also, if the polynomial is constant, the map is empty.
-     * And keys of the map is the same as in [variables].
-     */
-    public val P.degrees: Map<V, UInt>
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variable].
-     */
-    public fun P.degreeBy(variable: V): UInt = degrees.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variables].
-     */
-    public fun P.degreeBy(variables: Collection<V>): UInt
-    /**
-     * Set of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val P.variables: Set<V> get() = degrees.keys
-    /**
-     * Count of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val P.countOfVariables: Int get() = variables.size
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 766d9ce98..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/RationalFunction.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1689 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kotlin.js.JsName
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of rational function.
- */
-public interface RationalFunction<C, P> {
-    public val numerator: P
-    public val denominator: P
-    public operator fun component1(): P = numerator
-    public operator fun component2(): P = denominator
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] and constants of type
- * [C].
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME", "PARAMETER_NAME_CHANGED_ON_OVERRIDE") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface RationalFunctionSpace<C, P, R: RationalFunction<C, P>> : Ring<R> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit of underlying ring to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantInt")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: Int): C
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit of underlying ring from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantInt")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: Int): C
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantInt")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: Int): C
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit of underlying ring to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntConstant")
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit of underlying ring from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntConstant")
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntConstant")
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: C): C
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to constant.
-     */
-    public fun constantNumber(value: Int): C = constantOne * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to constant.
-     */
-    public fun Int.asConstant(): C = constantNumber(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialInt")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: Int): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialInt")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: Int): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialInt")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: Int): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a polynomial and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntPolynomial")
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a polynomial and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntPolynomial")
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a polynomial and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntPolynomial")
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: P): P
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun polynomialNumber(value: Int): P = polynomialOne * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun Int.asPolynomial(): P = polynomialNumber(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    public operator fun R.plus(other: Int): R = addMultipliedByDoubling(this, one, other)
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    public operator fun R.minus(other: Int): R = addMultipliedByDoubling(this, one, -other)
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    public operator fun R.times(other: Int): R = multiplyByDoubling(this, other)
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to creating a new rational function by preserving numerator of [this] and
-     * multiplication denominator of [this] to [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun R.div(other: Int): R = this / multiplyByDoubling(one, other)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: R): R = addMultipliedByDoubling(other, one, this)
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: R): R = addMultipliedByDoubling(-other, one, this)
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: R): R = multiplyByDoubling(other, this)
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to creating a new rational function which numerator is [this] times denominator of
-     * [other] and which denominator is [other]'s numerator.
-     */
-    public operator fun Int.div(other: R): R = multiplyByDoubling(one / other, this)
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to rational function.
-     */
-    public fun number(value: Int): R = one * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to rational function.
-     */
-    public fun Int.asRationalFunction(): R = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusConstant")
-    @JsName("unaryPlusConstant")
-    public operator fun C.unaryPlus(): C = this
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    @JsName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    public operator fun C.unaryMinus(): C
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantConstant")
-    @JsName("plusConstantConstant")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantConstant")
-    @JsName("minusConstantConstant")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantConstant")
-    @JsName("timesConstantConstant")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: C): C
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerConstant")
-    @JsName("powerConstant")
-    public fun power(arg: C, exponent: UInt) : C
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero constant (zero of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public val constantZero: C
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit constant (unit of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public val constantOne: C
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantPolynomial")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantPolynomial")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantPolynomial")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: P): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialConstant")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialConstant")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialConstant")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: C): P
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun polynomialNumber(value: C): P = polynomialOne * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant to polynomial.
-     */
-    public fun C.asPolynomial(): P = polynomialNumber(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusPolynomial")
-    public operator fun P.unaryPlus(): P = this
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusPolynomial")
-    public operator fun P.unaryMinus(): P
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the polynomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the polynomials as rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public operator fun P.div(other: P): R
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerPolynomial")
-    public fun power(arg: P, exponent: UInt) : P
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero polynomial (zero of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    public val polynomialZero: P
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    public val polynomialOne: P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantRational")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantRational")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantRational")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the constant represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divConstantRational")
-    public operator fun C.div(other: R): R
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational function and the constant represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusRationalConstant")
-    public operator fun R.plus(other: C): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the rational function and the constant represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusRationalConstant")
-    public operator fun R.minus(other: C): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational function and the constant represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesRationalConstant")
-    public operator fun R.times(other: C): R
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational function and the constant represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divRationalConstant")
-    public operator fun R.div(other: C): R
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("numberConstant")
-    public fun number(value: C): R = one * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant to rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("asRationalFunctionConstant")
-    public fun C.asRationalFunction(): R = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialRational")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialRational")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialRational")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the polynomial represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divPolynomialRational")
-    public operator fun P.div(other: R): R
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational function and the polynomial represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusRationalPolynomial")
-    public operator fun R.plus(other: P): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the rational function and the polynomial represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusRationalPolynomial")
-    public operator fun R.minus(other: P): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational function and the polynomial represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesRationalPolynomial")
-    public operator fun R.times(other: P): R
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational function and the polynomial represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divRationalPolynomial")
-    public operator fun R.div(other: P): R
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the polynomial [value] to rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("numberPolynomial")
-    public fun number(value: P): R = one * value
-    /**
-     * Converts the polynomial to rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("asRationalFunctionPolynomial")
-    public fun P.asRationalFunction(): R = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same rational function.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.unaryPlus(): R = this
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the rational function.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.unaryMinus(): R
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.plus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.minus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.times(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public operator fun R.div(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    public override fun power(arg: R, exponent: UInt) : R = exponentiateBySquaring(arg, exponent)
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero rational function (zero of the rational functions ring).
-     */
-    public override val zero: R
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the rational functions ring).
-     */
-    public override val one: R
-
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    public val P.degree: Int
-
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    public val R.numeratorDegree: Int get() = numerator.degree
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    public val R.denominatorDegree: Int get() = denominator.degree
-
-    override fun add(left: R, right: R): R = left + right
-    override fun multiply(left: R, right: R): R = left * right
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] and constants of type
- * [C]. It also assumes that there is provided [ring] (of type [A]), that provides constant-wise operations.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators in them.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- * @param A the type of algebraic structure (precisely, of ring) provided for constants.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface RationalFunctionSpaceOverRing<
-        C,
-        P,
-        R: RationalFunction<C, P>,
-        out A: Ring<C>
-        > : RationalFunctionSpace<C, P, R> {
-
-    /**
-     * Underlying ring of constants. Its operations on constants are inherited by local operations on constants.
-     */
-    public val ring: A
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit of underlying ring to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: Int): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(this@plus, one, other) }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit of underlying ring from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: Int): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(this@minus, one, -other) }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: Int): C = ring { multiplyByDoubling(this@times, other) }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit of underlying ring to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: C): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(other, one, this@plus) }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit of underlying ring from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: C): C = ring { addMultipliedByDoubling(-other, one, this@minus) }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: C): C = ring { multiplyByDoubling(other, this@times) }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.unaryPlus(): C = ring { +this@unaryPlus }
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.unaryMinus(): C = ring { -this@unaryMinus }
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: C): C = ring { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: C): C = ring { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: C): C = ring { this@times * other }
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerConstant")
-    public override fun power(arg: C, exponent: UInt) : C = ring { power(arg, exponent) }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero constant (zero of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public override val constantZero: C get() = ring.zero
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit constant (unit of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public override val constantOne: C get() = ring.one
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] and constants of type
- * [C]. It also assumes that there is provided [polynomialRing] (of type [AP]), that provides constant- and
- * polynomial-wise operations.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators in them.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- * @param AP the type of algebraic structure (precisely, of ring) provided for polynomials.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface RationalFunctionSpaceOverPolynomialSpace<
-        C,
-        P,
-        R: RationalFunction<C, P>,
-        out AP: PolynomialSpace<C, P>,
-        > : RationalFunctionSpace<C, P, R> {
-
-    /**
-     * Underlying polynomial ring. Its polynomial operations are inherited by local polynomial operations.
-     */
-    public val polynomialRing: AP
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit of underlying ring to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: Int): C = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit of underlying ring from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: Int): C = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring).
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantInt")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: Int): C = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit of underlying ring to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: C): C = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit of underlying ring from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: C): C = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant (member of underlying ring) and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntConstant")
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: C): C = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to constant.
-     */
-    public override fun constantNumber(value: Int): C = polynomialRing { constantNumber(value) }
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to constant.
-     */
-    override fun Int.asConstant(): C = polynomialRing { asConstant() }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialInt")
-    public override operator fun P.plus(other: Int): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialInt")
-    public override operator fun P.minus(other: Int): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant and the integer represented as a polynomial.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialInt")
-    public override operator fun P.times(other: Int): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a polynomial and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a polynomial and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a polynomial and the constant.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun polynomialNumber(value: Int): P = polynomialRing { number(value) }
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun Int.asPolynomial(): P = polynomialRing { asPolynomial() }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.unaryPlus(): C = polynomialRing { +this@unaryPlus }
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the constant.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.unaryMinus(): C = polynomialRing { -this@unaryMinus }
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: C): C = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: C): C = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constants.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantConstant")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: C): C = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerConstant")
-    public override fun power(arg: C, exponent: UInt) : C = polynomialRing { power(arg, exponent) }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero constant (zero of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public override val constantZero: C get() = polynomialRing.constantZero
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit constant (unit of the underlying ring).
-     */
-    public override val constantOne: C get() = polynomialRing.constantOne
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialConstant")
-    public override operator fun P.plus(other: C): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialConstant")
-    public override operator fun P.minus(other: C): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialConstant")
-    public override operator fun P.times(other: C): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun polynomialNumber(value: C): P = polynomialRing { number(value) }
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant to polynomial.
-     */
-    public override fun C.asPolynomial(): P = polynomialRing { asPolynomial() }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the same polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun P.unaryPlus(): P = polynomialRing { +this@unaryPlus }
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun P.unaryMinus(): P = polynomialRing { -this@unaryMinus }
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun P.plus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the polynomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun P.minus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun P.times(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    @JvmName("powerPolynomial")
-    public override fun power(arg: P, exponent: UInt) : P = polynomialRing { power(arg, exponent) }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero polynomial (zero of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    public override val polynomialZero: P get() = polynomialRing.zero
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the polynomial ring).
-     */
-    public override val polynomialOne: P get() = polynomialRing.one
-
-    /**
-     * Degree of the polynomial, [see also](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_a_polynomial). If the polynomial is
-     * zero, degree is -1.
-     */
-    public override val P.degree: Int get() = polynomialRing { this@degree.degree }
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] and constants of type
- * [C]. It also assumes that there is provided constructor [constructRationalFunction] of rational functions from
- * polynomial numerator and denominator.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators in them.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public abstract class PolynomialSpaceOfFractions<
-        C,
-        P,
-        R: RationalFunction<C, P>,
-        > : RationalFunctionSpace<C, P, R> {
-
-    /**
-     * Constructor of rational functions (of type [R]) from numerator and denominator (of type [P]).
-     */
-    protected abstract fun constructRationalFunction(numerator: P, denominator: P = polynomialOne) : R
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [other] copies of unit polynomial to [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.plus(other: Int): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator + denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [other] copies of unit polynomial from [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.minus(other: Int): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator - denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [other] copies of [this].
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.times(other: Int): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational function and the integer represented as a rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to creating a new rational function by preserving numerator of [this] and
-     * multiplication denominator of [this] to [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.div(other: Int): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator,
-            denominator * other
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to adding [this] copies of unit polynomial to [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            other.denominator * this + other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to subtraction [this] copies of unit polynomial from [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            other.denominator * this - other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to sum of [this] copies of [other].
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the integer represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     *
-     * The operation is equivalent to creating a new rational function which numerator is [this] times denominator of
-     * [other] and which denominator is [other]'s numerator.
-     */
-    public override operator fun Int.div(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.denominator,
-            other.numerator
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the integer [value] to rational function.
-     */
-    public override fun number(value: Int): R = constructRationalFunction(polynomialNumber(value))
-
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the polynomials as rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divPolynomialPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun P.div(other: P): R = constructRationalFunction(this, other)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantRational")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            other.denominator * this + other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantRational")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            other.denominator * this - other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantRational")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the constant represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divConstantRational")
-    public override operator fun C.div(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.denominator,
-            other.numerator
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusRationalConstant")
-    public override operator fun R.plus(other: C): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator + denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusRationalConstant")
-    public override operator fun R.minus(other: C): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator - denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesRationalConstant")
-    public override operator fun R.times(other: C): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational function and the constant represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divRationalConstant")
-    public override operator fun R.div(other: C): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator,
-            denominator * other
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the constant [value] to rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("numberConstant")
-    public override fun number(value: C): R = constructRationalFunction(polynomialNumber(value))
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialRational")
-    public override operator fun P.plus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            other.denominator * this + other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialRational")
-    public override operator fun P.minus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            other.denominator * this - other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialRational")
-    public override operator fun P.times(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the polynomial represented as a polynomial and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divPolynomialRational")
-    public override operator fun P.div(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.denominator,
-            other.numerator
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusRationalPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun R.plus(other: P): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator + denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusRationalPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun R.minus(other: P): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator - denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesRationalPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun R.times(other: P): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational function and the polynomial represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("divRationalPolynomial")
-    public override operator fun R.div(other: P): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator,
-            denominator * other
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Converts the polynomial [value] to rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("numberPolynomial")
-    public override fun number(value: P): R = constructRationalFunction(value)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of the rational function.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.unaryMinus(): R = constructRationalFunction(-numerator, denominator)
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.plus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other.denominator + denominator * other.numerator,
-            denominator * other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.minus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other.denominator - denominator * other.numerator,
-            denominator * other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.times(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other.numerator,
-            denominator * other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns quotient of the rational functions.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.div(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other.denominator,
-            denominator * other.numerator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
-     */
-    public override fun power(arg: R, exponent: UInt): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            power(arg.numerator, exponent),
-            power(arg.denominator, exponent),
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of zero rational function (zero of the rational functions ring).
-     */
-    public override val zero: R by lazy { constructRationalFunction(polynomialZero) }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance of unit polynomial (unit of the rational functions ring).
-     */
-    public override val one: R by lazy { constructRationalFunction(polynomialOne) }
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] of variables of type
- * [V] and over ring of constants of type [C].
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param V the type of variables. Polynomials have them in representations of terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators in them.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface MultivariateRationalFunctionSpace<
-        C,
-        V,
-        P,
-        R: RationalFunction<C, P>
-        >: RationalFunctionSpace<C, P, R> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableInt")
-    @JsName("plusVariableInt")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: Int): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableInt")
-    @JsName("minusVariableInt")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: Int): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableInt")
-    @JsName("timesVariableInt")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: Int): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntVariable")
-    @JsName("plusIntVariable")
-    public operator fun Int.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntVariable")
-    @JsName("minusIntVariable")
-    public operator fun Int.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntVariable")
-    @JsName("timesIntVariable")
-    public operator fun Int.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableConstant")
-    @JsName("plusVariableConstant")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableConstant")
-    @JsName("minusVariableConstant")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: C): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableConstant")
-    @JsName("timesVariableConstant")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: C): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantVariable")
-    @JsName("plusConstantVariable")
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantVariable")
-    @JsName("minusConstantVariable")
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantVariable")
-    @JsName("timesConstantVariable")
-    public operator fun C.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusVariable")
-    @JsName("unaryPlusVariable")
-    public operator fun V.unaryPlus(): P
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of representation of the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusVariable")
-    @JsName("unaryMinusVariable")
-    public operator fun V.unaryMinus(): P
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableVariable")
-    @JsName("plusVariableVariable")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableVariable")
-    @JsName("minusVariableVariable")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableVariable")
-    @JsName("timesVariableVariable")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the [variable] as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("polynomialNumberVariable")
-    public fun polynomialNumber(variable: V): P = +variable
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("asPolynomialVariable")
-    public fun V.asPolynomial(): P = polynomialNumber(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the [variable] as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("numberVariable")
-    @JsName("numberVariable")
-    public fun number(variable: V): R = number(polynomialNumber(variable))
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("asRationalFunctionVariable")
-    @JsName("asRationalFunctionVariable")
-    public fun V.asRationalFunction(): R = number(this)
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariablePolynomial")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariablePolynomial")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: P): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariablePolynomial")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: P): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialVariable")
-    public operator fun P.plus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialVariable")
-    public operator fun P.minus(other: V): P
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialVariable")
-    public operator fun P.times(other: V): P
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableRational")
-    public operator fun V.plus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableRational")
-    public operator fun V.minus(other: R): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableRational")
-    public operator fun V.times(other: R): R
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational function and the variable represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusRationalVariable")
-    public operator fun R.plus(other: V): R
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the rational function and the variable represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusRationalVariable")
-    public operator fun R.minus(other: V): R
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational function and the variable represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesRationalVariable")
-    public operator fun R.times(other: V): R
-
-    /**
-     * Map that associates variables (that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents) with their most exponents
-     * in which they are appeared in the polynomial.
-     *
-     * As consequence all values in the map are positive integers. Also, if the polynomial is constant, the map is empty.
-     * And keys of the map is the same as in [variables].
-     */
-    public val P.degrees: Map<V, UInt>
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variable].
-     */
-    public fun P.degreeBy(variable: V): UInt = degrees.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variables].
-     */
-    public fun P.degreeBy(variables: Collection<V>): UInt
-    /**
-     * Set of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val P.variables: Set<V> get() = degrees.keys
-    /**
-     * Count of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val P.countOfVariables: Int get() = variables.size
-
-    /**
-     * Set of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val R.variables: Set<V> get() = numerator.variables union denominator.variables
-    /**
-     * Count of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public val R.countOfVariables: Int get() = variables.size
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] of variables of type
- * [V] and over ring of constants of type [C]. It also assumes that there is provided [polynomialRing] (of type [AP]),
- * that provides constant-, variable- and polynomial-wise operations.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param V the type of variables. Polynomials have them in representations of terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators in them.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- * @param AP the type of algebraic structure (precisely, of ring) provided for polynomials.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public interface MultivariateRationalFunctionSpaceOverMultivariatePolynomialSpace<
-        C,
-        V,
-        P,
-        R: RationalFunction<C, P>,
-        out AP: MultivariatePolynomialSpace<C, V, P>,
-        > : RationalFunctionSpaceOverPolynomialSpace<C, P, R, AP>, MultivariateRationalFunctionSpace<C, V, P, R> {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableInt")
-    public override operator fun V.plus(other: Int): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableInt")
-    public override operator fun V.minus(other: Int): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the integer represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableInt")
-    public override operator fun V.times(other: Int): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusIntVariable")
-    public override operator fun Int.plus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusIntVariable")
-    public override operator fun Int.minus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the integer represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesIntVariable")
-    public override operator fun Int.times(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableConstant")
-    public override operator fun V.plus(other: C): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableConstant")
-    public override operator fun V.minus(other: C): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the constant represented as a constant polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableConstant")
-    public override operator fun V.times(other: C): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusConstantVariable")
-    public override operator fun C.plus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusConstantVariable")
-    public override operator fun C.minus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the constant represented as a constant polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesConstantVariable")
-    public override operator fun C.times(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryPlusVariable")
-    public override operator fun V.unaryPlus(): P = polynomialRing { +this@unaryPlus }
-    /**
-     * Returns negation of representation of the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("unaryMinusVariable")
-    public override operator fun V.unaryMinus(): P = polynomialRing { -this@unaryMinus }
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableVariable")
-    public override operator fun V.plus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableVariable")
-    public override operator fun V.minus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variables represented as monic monomials.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableVariable")
-    public override operator fun V.times(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Represents the [variable] as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("polynomialNumberVariable")
-    public override fun polynomialNumber(variable: V): P = polynomialRing { number(variable) }
-    /**
-     * Represents the variable as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("asPolynomialVariable")
-    public override fun V.asPolynomial(): P = polynomialRing { this@asPolynomial.asPolynomial() }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariablePolynomial")
-    public override operator fun V.plus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariablePolynomial")
-    public override operator fun V.minus(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a monic monomial and the polynomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariablePolynomial")
-    public override operator fun V.times(other: P): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusPolynomialVariable")
-    public override operator fun P.plus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@plus + other }
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusPolynomialVariable")
-    public override operator fun P.minus(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@minus - other }
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the polynomial and the variable represented as a monic monomial.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesPolynomialVariable")
-    public override operator fun P.times(other: V): P = polynomialRing { this@times * other }
-
-    /**
-     * Map that associates variables (that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents) with their most exponents
-     * in which they are appeared in the polynomial.
-     *
-     * As consequence all values in the map are positive integers. Also, if the polynomial is constant, the map is empty.
-     * And keys of the map is the same as in [variables].
-     */
-    public override val P.degrees: Map<V, UInt> get() = polynomialRing { degrees }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variable].
-     */
-    public override fun P.degreeBy(variable: V): UInt = polynomialRing { degreeBy(variable) }
-    /**
-     * Counts degree of the polynomial by the specified [variables].
-     */
-    public override fun P.degreeBy(variables: Collection<V>): UInt = polynomialRing { degreeBy(variables) }
-    /**
-     * Set of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public override val P.variables: Set<V> get() = polynomialRing { variables }
-    /**
-     * Count of all variables that appear in the polynomial in positive exponents.
-     */
-    public override val P.countOfVariables: Int get() = polynomialRing { countOfVariables }
-}
-
-/**
- * Abstraction of field of rational functions of type [R] with respect to polynomials of type [P] of variables of type
- * [V] and over ring of constants of type [C]. It also assumes that there is provided constructor
- * [constructRationalFunction] of rational functions from polynomial numerator and denominator.
- *
- * @param C the type of constants. Polynomials have them as coefficients in their terms.
- * @param V the type of variables. Polynomials have them in representations of terms.
- * @param P the type of polynomials. Rational functions have them as numerators and denominators in them.
- * @param R the type of rational functions.
- */
-@Suppress("INAPPLICABLE_JVM_NAME") // FIXME: Waiting for KT-31420
-public abstract class MultivariatePolynomialSpaceOfFractions<
-        C,
-        V,
-        P,
-        R: RationalFunction<C, P>,
-        > : MultivariateRationalFunctionSpace<C, V, P, R>,  PolynomialSpaceOfFractions<C, P, R>() {
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the variable represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusVariableRational")
-    public override operator fun V.plus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.denominator + other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the variable represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusVariableRational")
-    public override operator fun V.minus(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.denominator - other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the variable represented as a rational function and the rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("timesVariableRational")
-    public override operator fun V.times(other: R): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            this * other.numerator,
-            other.denominator
-        )
-
-    /**
-     * Returns sum of the rational function and the variable represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("plusRationalVariable")
-    public override operator fun R.plus(other: V): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator + denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns difference between the rational function and the variable represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    @JvmName("minusRationalVariable")
-    public override operator fun R.minus(other: V): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator - denominator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-    /**
-     * Returns product of the rational function and the variable represented as a rational function.
-     */
-    public override operator fun R.times(other: V): R =
-        constructRationalFunction(
-            numerator * other,
-            denominator
-        )
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/algebraicStub.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/algebraicStub.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 80bf6ec53..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/algebraicStub.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,146 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
-
-
-// TODO: All of this should be moved to algebraic structures' place for utilities
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Returns product of [arg] and integer [multiplier].
- *
- * @param arg the multiplicand.
- * @param multiplier the integer multiplier.
- * @return product of the multiplicand [arg] and the multiplier [multiplier].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal fun <C> Group<C>.multiplyByDoubling(arg: C, multiplier: Int): C =
-    if (multiplier >= 0) multiplyByDoubling(arg, multiplier.toUInt())
-    else multiplyByDoubling(-arg, (-multiplier).toUInt())
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Adds product of [arg] and [multiplier] to [base].
- *
- * @param base the augend.
- * @param arg the multiplicand.
- * @param multiplier the integer multiplier.
- * @return sum of the augend [base] and product of the multiplicand [arg] and the multiplier [multiplier].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal fun <C> GroupOps<C>.addMultipliedByDoubling(base: C, arg: C, multiplier: Int): C =
-    if (multiplier >= 0) addMultipliedByDoubling(base, arg, multiplier.toUInt())
-    else addMultipliedByDoubling(base, -arg, (-multiplier).toUInt())
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Returns product of [arg] and integer [multiplier].
- *
- * This is implementation of variation of [exponentiation by squaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring)
- *
- * @param arg the multiplicand.
- * @param multiplier the integer multiplier.
- * @return product of the multiplicand [arg] and the multiplier [multiplier].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal tailrec fun <C> Group<C>.multiplyByDoubling(arg: C, multiplier: UInt): C =
-    when {
-        multiplier == 0u -> zero
-        multiplier == 1u -> arg
-        multiplier and 1u == 0u -> multiplyByDoubling(arg + arg, multiplier shr 1)
-        multiplier and 1u == 1u -> addMultipliedByDoubling(arg, arg + arg, multiplier shr 1)
-        else -> error("Error in multiplication group instant by unsigned integer: got reminder by division by 2 different from 0 and 1")
-    }
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Adds product of [arg] and [multiplier] to [base].
- *
- * This is implementation of variation of [exponentiation by squaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring)
- *
- * @param base the augend.
- * @param arg the multiplicand.
- * @param multiplier the integer multiplier.
- * @return sum of the augend [base] and product of the multiplicand [arg] and the multiplier [multiplier].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal tailrec fun <C> GroupOps<C>.addMultipliedByDoubling(base: C, arg: C, multiplier: UInt): C =
-    when {
-        multiplier == 0u -> base
-        multiplier == 1u -> base + arg
-        multiplier and 1u == 0u -> addMultipliedByDoubling(base, arg + arg, multiplier shr 1)
-        multiplier and 1u == 1u -> addMultipliedByDoubling(base + arg, arg + arg, multiplier shr 1)
-        else -> error("Error in multiplication group instant by unsigned integer: got reminder by division by 2 different from 0 and 1")
-    }
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
- *
- * @param arg the base of the power.
- * @param exponent the exponent of the power.
- * @return [arg] raised to the power [exponent].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal fun <C> Field<C>.exponentiateBySquaring(arg: C, exponent: Int): C =
-    if (exponent >= 0) exponentiateBySquaring(arg, exponent.toUInt())
-    else exponentiateBySquaring(one / arg, (-exponent).toUInt())
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Multiplies [base] and [arg] raised to the integer power [exponent].
- *
- * @param base the multiplicand.
- * @param arg the base of the power.
- * @param exponent the exponent of the power.
- * @return product of [base] and [arg] raised to the power [exponent].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal fun <C> Field<C>.multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(base: C, arg: C, exponent: Int): C =
-    if (exponent >= 0) multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(base, arg, exponent.toUInt())
-    else multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(base, one / arg, (-exponent).toUInt())
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Raises [arg] to the integer power [exponent].
- *
- * This is implementation of variation of [exponentiation by squaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring)
- *
- * @param arg the base of the power.
- * @param exponent the exponent of the power.
- * @return [arg] raised to the power [exponent].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal tailrec fun <C> Ring<C>.exponentiateBySquaring(arg: C, exponent: UInt): C =
-    when {
-        exponent == 0u -> zero
-        exponent == 1u -> arg
-        exponent and 1u == 0u -> exponentiateBySquaring(arg * arg, exponent shr 1)
-        exponent and 1u == 1u -> multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(arg, arg * arg, exponent shr 1)
-        else -> error("Error in multiplication group instant by unsigned integer: got reminder by division by 2 different from 0 and 1")
-    }
-
-// FIXME: Move receiver to context receiver
-/**
- * Multiplies [base] and [arg] raised to the integer power [exponent].
- *
- * This is implementation of variation of [exponentiation by squaring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring)
- *
- * @param base the multiplicand.
- * @param arg the base of the power.
- * @param exponent the exponent of the power.
- * @return product of [base] and [arg] raised to the power [exponent].
- * @author Gleb Minaev
- */
-internal tailrec fun <C> RingOps<C>.multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(base: C, arg: C, exponent: UInt): C =
-    when {
-        exponent == 0u -> base
-        exponent == 1u -> base * arg
-        exponent and 1u == 0u -> multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(base, arg * arg, exponent shr 1)
-        exponent and 1u == 1u -> multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(base * arg, arg * arg, exponent shr 1)
-        else -> error("Error in multiplication group instant by unsigned integer: got reminder by division by 2 different from 0 and 1")
-    }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/collectionUtils.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/collectionUtils.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index e294f3533..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/collectionUtils.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,906 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind.*
-import kotlin.contracts.contract
-
-
-/**
- * Computes the given lambda [compute] on value corresponding to the provided [key] or `null` if the key is not present.
- *
- * @param key key which corresponding value will be used if it's present.
- * @param compute lambda that is computed on the received value.
- * @return result of the computation of the lambda.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, R> Map<in K, V>.computeOn(key: K, compute: (V?) -> R): R {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(compute, EXACTLY_ONCE)
-    }
-    return compute(get(key))
-}
-
-/**
- * Computes the given lambda [compute] on value corresponding to the provided [key] or computes the given lambda
- * [defaultResult] if the key is not present.
- *
- * @param key key which corresponding value will be used if it's present.
- * @param compute lambda that is computed on the value corresponding to the [key].
- * @param defaultResult lambda that is computed if the [key] is not present.
- * @return result of [compute] lambda if the [key] is present or result of [defaultResult] otherwise.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, R> Map<K, V>.computeOnOrElse(key: K, defaultResult: () -> R, compute: (value: V) -> R): R {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(defaultResult, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-        callsInPlace(compute, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-    return (if (key !in this) defaultResult() else compute(get(key) as V))
-}
-
-/**
- * Computes the given lambda [compute] on value corresponding to the provided [key] or computes the given lambda
- * [defaultResult] if the key is not present.
- *
- * @param key key which corresponding value will be used if it's present.
- * @param compute lambda that is computed on the value corresponding to the [key].
- * @param defaultResult default result that is returned in case of the [key]'s absence.
- * @return result of [compute] lambda if the [key] is present or [defaultResult] otherwise.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, R> Map<K, V>.computeOnOrElse(key: K, defaultResult: R, compute: (value: V) -> R): R {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(compute, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return computeOnOrElse(key, { defaultResult }, compute)
-}
-
-/**
- * Computes the given lambda [compute] on value corresponding to the provided [key] or computes the given lambda
- * [defaultResult] if the key is not present.
- *
- * @param key key which corresponding value will be used if it's present.
- * @param compute lambda that is computed on the value corresponding to the [key].
- * @param defaultResult default result that is returned in case of the [key]'s absence.
- * @return result of [compute] lambda if the [key] is present or [defaultResult] otherwise.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, R> Map<K, V>.computeOnOrElse(key: K, defaultResult: R, compute: (key: K, value: V) -> R): R {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(compute, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return computeOnOrElse(key, { defaultResult }, { it -> compute(key, it) })
-}
-
-/**
- * Applies the [transformation][transform] to the value corresponding to the given [key] or null instead if it's not
- * present.
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param transform transformation to apply.
- * @return result of the transformation
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> MutableMap<in K, V>.applyToKey(key: K, transform: (currentValue: V?) -> V): V {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transform, EXACTLY_ONCE)
-    }
-    return computeOn(key, transform).also { this[key] = it }
-}
-
-/**
- * Depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new value calculated by [valueOnPut] or
- * changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut lazily calculated value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * current value as a parameter.
- * @return result value corresponding to the [key].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> MutableMap<K, V>.putOrChange(key: K, valueOnPut: () -> V, transformOnChange: (currentValue: V) -> V): V {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(valueOnPut, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return computeOnOrElse(key, valueOnPut, transformOnChange).also { this[key] = it }
-}
-
-/**
- * Depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new value [valueOnPut] or
- * changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * current value as a parameter.
- * @return result value corresponding to the [key].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> MutableMap<K, V>.putOrChange(key: K, valueOnPut: V, transformOnChange: (currentValue: V) -> V): V {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return putOrChange<K, V>(key, { valueOnPut }, transformOnChange)
-}
-
-/**
- * Depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new value [valueOnPut] or
- * changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * current value and new value as parameters.
- * @return result value corresponding to the [key].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> MutableMap<K, V>.putOrChange(key: K, valueOnPut: V, transformOnChange: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): V {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return putOrChange<K, V>(key, { valueOnPut }, { transformOnChange(it, valueOnPut) })
-}
-
-/**
- * Depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new value [valueOnPut] or
- * changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * the [key], current value, and new value as parameters.
- * @return result value corresponding to the [key].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> MutableMap<K, V>.putOrChange(key: K, valueOnPut: V, transformOnChange: (key: K, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): V {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return putOrChange<K, V>(key, { valueOnPut }, { transformOnChange(key, it, valueOnPut) })
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates copy of [the map][this] and applies the [transformation][transform] to the value corresponding to the given
- * [key] in the copy or null instead if it's not present.
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param transform transformation to apply.
- * @return the copy of [the map][this].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> Map<in K, V>.withAppliedToKey(key: K, transform: (currentValue: V?) -> V): Map<K, V> {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transform, EXACTLY_ONCE)
-    }
-    return buildMap(size) {
-        putAll(this)
-        applyToKey(key, transform)
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates copy of [the map][this] and depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new
- * value calculated by [valueOnPut] or changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut lazily calculated value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * current value as a parameter.
- * @return the copy of [the map][this].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> Map<K, V>.withPutOrChanged(key: K, valueOnPut: () -> V, transformOnChange: (currentValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(valueOnPut, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return buildMap(size + 1) {
-        putAll(this@withPutOrChanged)
-        putOrChange(key, valueOnPut, transformOnChange)
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates copy of [the map][this] and depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new
- * value [valueOnPut] or changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * current value as a parameter.
- * @return the copy of [the map][this].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> Map<K, V>.withPutOrChanged(key: K, valueOnPut: V, transformOnChange: (currentValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return withPutOrChanged<K, V>(key, { valueOnPut }, transformOnChange)
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates copy of [the map][this] and depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new
- * value [valueOnPut] or changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * current value and new value as parameters.
- * @return the copy of [the map][this].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> Map<K, V>.withPutOrChanged(key: K, valueOnPut: V, transformOnChange: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return withPutOrChanged<K, V>(key, { valueOnPut }, { transformOnChange(it, valueOnPut) })
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates copy of [the map][this] and depending on presence of value corresponding to the given [key] either puts new
- * value [valueOnPut] or changes the present value with [transformOnChange].
- *
- * @param key key to check.
- * @param valueOnPut value to put in case of absence of the [key].
- * @param transformOnChange transform to apply to current value corresponding to the [key] in case of its presence. Uses
- * the [key], current value, and new value as parameters.
- * @return the copy of [the map][this].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V> Map<K, V>.withPutOrChanged(key: K, valueOnPut: V, transformOnChange: (key: K, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> {
-    contract {
-        callsInPlace(transformOnChange, AT_MOST_ONCE)
-    }
-    return withPutOrChanged<K, V>(key, { valueOnPut }, { transformOnChange(key, it, valueOnPut) })
-}
-
-/**
- * Copies entries of [this map][this] to the [destination] map overriding present ones if needed.
- *
- * @receiver map to be copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal fun <K, V, D: MutableMap<K, V>> Map<K, V>.copyTo(destination: D): D {
-    for ((key, value) in this) {
-        destination[key] = value
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Copies entries of [this map][this] to the [destination] map merging present entries with new ones using [resolve]
- * lambda.
- *
- * @receiver map to be copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves overriding. It takes a key, current value corresponding to the key, and
- * a new one and returns value to associate to the key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V: W, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyToBy(destination: D, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: W, newValue: V) -> W): D {
-    for ((key, value) in this) {
-        destination.putOrChange(key, value) { it -> resolve(key, it, value) }
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Copies entries of [this map][this] to the [destination] map merging present entries with new ones using [resolve]
- * lambda.
- *
- * @receiver map to be copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves overriding. It takes current value corresponding to some key, and
- * a new one and returns value to associate to the key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V: W, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyToBy(destination: D, resolve: (currentValue: W, newValue: V) -> W): D =
-    copyToBy(destination) { _, currentValue, newValue -> resolve(currentValue, newValue) }
-
-/**
- * Transforms values of entries of [this map][this] with [the given transformation][transform] and copies resulting
- * entries to the [destination] map overriding present ones if needed. Is equivalent to
- * ```kotlin
- * this.mapValues(transform).copyTo(destination)
- * ```
- *
- * @receiver map to be transformed and copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param transform generates value of transformed entry using initial entry as an argument. Key of transformed entry is
- * the same as initial entry.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyMapTo(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> W): D {
-    for (entry in this) {
-        destination[entry.key] = transform(entry)
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Transforms values of entries of [this map][this] with [the given transformation][transform] and copies resulting
- * entries to the [destination] map overriding present ones if needed. Is equivalent to
- * ```kotlin
- * this.mapValues(transform).copyTo(destination)
- * ```
- *
- * @receiver map to be transformed and copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param transform generates value of transformed entry using initial entry as an argument. Key of transformed entry is
- * the same as initial entry.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyMapTo(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> W): D =
-    copyMapTo(destination) { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }
-
-/**
- * Transforms values of entries of [this map][this] with [the given transformation][transform] and copies resulting
- * entries to the [destination] map merging present entries with new ones using [resolve] lambda. Is equivalent to
- * ```kotlin
- * this.mapValues(transform).copyToBy(destination, resolve)
- * ```
- *
- * @receiver map to be transformed and copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param transform generates value of transformed entry using initial entry as an argument. Key of transformed entry is
- * the same as initial entry.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves overriding. It takes a key, current value corresponding to the key, and
- * a new one and returns value to associate to the key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyMapToBy(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> W, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: W, newValue: V) -> W): D {
-    for (entry in this) {
-        val (key, value) = entry
-        destination.putOrChange(key, transform(entry)) { it -> resolve(key, it, value) }
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Transforms values of entries of [this map][this] with [the given transformation][transform] and copies resulting
- * entries to the [destination] map merging present entries with new ones using [resolve] lambda. Is equivalent to
- * ```kotlin
- * this.mapValues(transform).copyToBy(destination, resolve)
- * ```
- *
- * @receiver map to be transformed and copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param transform generates value of transformed entry using initial entry as an argument. Key of transformed entry is
- * the same as initial entry.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves overriding. It takes a key, current value corresponding to the key, and
- * a new one and returns value to associate to the key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyMapToBy(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> W, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: W, newValue: V) -> W): D =
-    copyMapToBy(destination, { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Transforms values of entries of [this map][this] with [the given transformation][transform] and copies resulting
- * entries to the [destination] map merging present entries with new ones using [resolve] lambda. Is equivalent to
- * ```kotlin
- * this.mapValues(transform).copyToBy(destination, resolve)
- * ```
- *
- * @receiver map to be transformed and copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param transform generates value of transformed entry using initial entry as an argument. Key of transformed entry is
- * the same as initial entry.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves overriding. It takes current value corresponding to some key, and
- * a new one and returns value to associate to the key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyMapToBy(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> W, resolve: (currentValue: W, newValue: V) -> W): D =
-    copyMapToBy(destination, transform, { _, currentValue, newValue -> resolve(currentValue, newValue) })
-
-/**
- * Transforms values of entries of [this map][this] with [the given transformation][transform] and copies resulting
- * entries to the [destination] map merging present entries with new ones using [resolve] lambda. Is equivalent to
- * ```kotlin
- * this.mapValues(transform).copyToBy(destination, resolve)
- * ```
- *
- * @receiver map to be transformed and copied.
- * @param destination map to receive copies.
- * @param transform generates value of transformed entry using initial entry as an argument. Key of transformed entry is
- * the same as initial entry.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves overriding. It takes current value corresponding to some key, and
- * a new one and returns value to associate to the key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.copyMapToBy(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> W, resolve: (currentValue: W, newValue: V) -> W): D =
-    copyMapToBy(destination, { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }, { _, currentValue, newValue -> resolve(currentValue, newValue) })
-
-/**
- * Merges [the first map][map1] and [the second map][map2] prioritising the second one, puts result to the [destination]
- * and returns the [destination].
- *
- * Precisely, corresponding keys and values of the received maps are put into the destination overriding existing values
- * in the [destination] if needed. For every key appearing in both maps corresponding value from the second map is
- * chosen.
- *
- * @param map1 the first (less prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param map2 the second (more prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param destination the map where result of the merge is put.
- * @return the destination.
- */
-internal fun <K, V, D: MutableMap<in K, in V>> mergeTo(map1: Map<out K, V>, map2: Map<out K, V>, destination: D): D {
-    for ((key, value) in map1) {
-        destination.put(key, value)
-    }
-    for ((key, value) in map2) {
-        destination.put(key, value)
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Merges [the first map][map1] and [the second map][map2] resolving conflicts with [resolve] lambda, puts result to the
- * [destination] and returns the [destination].
- *
- * Precisely, corresponding keys and values of the received maps are put into the destination overriding existing values
- * in the [destination] if needed. For every key appearing in both maps corresponding value is a result of the [resolve]
- * lambda calculated on the key and its corresponding values from the merged maps.
- *
- * @param map1 the first (less prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param map2 the second (more prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts.
- * @param destination the map where result of the merge is put.
- * @return the destination.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V1: W, V2: W, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> mergeToBy(map1: Map<out K, V1>, map2: Map<out K, V2>, destination: D, resolve: (key: K, value1: V1, value2: V2) -> W): D {
-    for (key in map2.keys) {
-        destination.remove(key)
-    }
-    for ((key, value) in map1) {
-        destination.put(key, value)
-    }
-    for ((key, value) in map2) {
-        @Suppress("UNCHECKED_CAST")
-        destination.putOrChange(key, value) { it -> resolve(key, it as V1, value) }
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Merges [the first map][map1] and [the second map][map2] resolving conflicts with [resolve] lambda, puts result to the
- * [destination] and returns the [destination].
- *
- * Precisely, corresponding keys and values of the received maps are put into the destination overriding existing values
- * in the [destination] if needed. For every key appearing in both maps corresponding value is a result of the [resolve]
- * lambda calculated on the key's corresponding values from the merged maps.
- *
- * @param map1 the first (less prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param map2 the second (more prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts.
- * @param destination the map where result of the merge is put.
- * @return the destination.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V1: W, V2: W, W, D: MutableMap<K, W>> mergeToBy(map1: Map<K, V1>, map2: Map<K, V2>, destination: D, resolve: (value1: V1, value2: V2) -> W): D =
-    mergeToBy(map1, map2, destination) { _, value1, value2 -> resolve(value1, value2) }
-
-/**
- * Merges [the first map][map1] and [the second map][map2] prioritising the second one.
- *
- * Precisely, corresponding keys and values of the received maps are put into a new empty map which is returned after
- * afterwards. For every key appearing in both maps corresponding value from the second map is chosen.
- *
- * @param map1 the first (less prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param map2 the second (more prioritised) map to merge.
- * @return the result of the merge.
- */
-internal fun <K, V1: W, V2: W, W> merge(map1: Map<K, V1>, map2: Map<K, V2>): Map<K, W> {
-    val result = LinkedHashMap<K, W>(map1.size + map2.size)
-    return mergeTo(map1, map2, result)
-}
-
-/**
- * Merges [the first map][map1] and [the second map][map2] resolving conflicts with [resolve] lambda.
- *
- * Precisely, corresponding keys and values of the received maps are put into a new empty map which is returned after
- * afterwards. For every key appearing in both maps corresponding value is a result of the [resolve] lambda calculated
- * on the key and its corresponding values from the merged maps.
- *
- * @param map1 the first (less prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param map2 the second (more prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts.
- * @return the result of the merge.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V1: W, V2: W, W> mergeBy(map1: Map<K, V1>, map2: Map<K, V2>, resolve: (key: K, value1: V1, value2: V2) -> W): Map<K, W> {
-    val result = LinkedHashMap<K, W>(map1.size + map2.size)
-    return mergeToBy(map1, map2, result, resolve)
-}
-
-/**
- * Merges [the first map][map1] and [the second map][map2] resolving conflicts with [resolve] lambda.
- *
- * Precisely, corresponding keys and values of the received maps are put into a new empty map which is returned after
- * afterwards. For every key appearing in both maps corresponding value is a result of the [resolve] lambda calculated
- * on the key's corresponding values from the merged maps.
- *
- * @param map1 the first (less prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param map2 the second (more prioritised) map to merge.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts.
- * @return the result of the merge.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V1: W, V2: W, W> mergeBy(map1: Map<K, V1>, map2: Map<K, V2>, resolve: (value1: V1, value2: V2) -> W): Map<K, W> =
-    mergeBy(map1, map2) { _, value1, value2 -> resolve(value1, value2) }
-
-/**
- * Populates the [destination] map with key-value pairs provided by [transform] function applied to each element of the
- * given collection resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each element to key-value.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V, D : MutableMap<K, V>> Iterable<T>.associateTo(destination: D, transform: (T) -> Pair<K, V>, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D {
-    for (element in this) {
-        val (key, value) = transform(element)
-        destination.putOrChange(key, value, resolve)
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Populates the [destination] map with key-value pairs, where key is provided by [keySelector] function and value is
- * provided by [valueTransform] applied to each element of the given collection, resolving conflicts with [resolve]
- * function and returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param valueTransform lambda functions that generates value for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V, D : MutableMap<K, V>> Iterable<T>.associateByTo(destination: D, keySelector: (T) -> K, valueTransform: (T) -> V, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D {
-    for (element in this) {
-        val key = keySelector(element)
-        val value = valueTransform(element)
-        destination.putOrChange(key, value, resolve)
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Populates the [destination] map with key-value pairs, where key is provided by [keySelector] function applied to each
- * element of the given collection and value is the element itself, resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and
- * returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, D : MutableMap<K, T>> Iterable<T>.associateByTo(destination: D, keySelector: (T) -> K, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: T, newValue: T) -> T): D {
-    for (element in this) {
-        val key = keySelector(element)
-        destination.putOrChange(key, element, resolve)
-    }
-    return destination
-}
-
-/**
- * Populates the [destination] map with key-value pairs provided by [transform] function applied to each element of the
- * given collection resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each element to key-value pair.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V, D : MutableMap<K, V>> Iterable<T>.associateTo(destination: D, transform: (T) -> Pair<K, V>, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D =
-    associateTo(destination, transform) { _, currentValue, newValue -> resolve(currentValue, newValue) }
-
-/**
- * Populates the [destination] map with key-value pairs, where key is provided by [keySelector] function and value is
- * provided by [valueTransform] applied to each element of the given collection, resolving conflicts with [resolve]
- * function and returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param valueTransform lambda functions that generates value for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V, D : MutableMap<K, V>> Iterable<T>.associateByTo(destination: D, keySelector: (T) -> K, valueTransform: (T) -> V, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D =
-    associateByTo(destination, keySelector, valueTransform) { _, currentValue, newValue -> resolve(currentValue, newValue) }
-
-/**
- * Populates the [destination] map with key-value pairs, where key is provided by [keySelector] function applied to each
- * element of the given collection and value is the element itself, resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and
- * returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, D : MutableMap<K, T>> Iterable<T>.associateByTo(destination: D, keySelector: (T) -> K, resolve: (currentValue: T, newValue: T) -> T): D =
-    associateByTo(destination, keySelector) { _, currentValue, newValue -> resolve(currentValue, newValue) }
-
-/**
- * Returns a map containing key-value pairs provided by [transform] function applied to elements of the given collection.
- *
- * All pairs are added in order of iteration. If some key is already added to the map, adding new key-value pair with the
- * key is resolved with [resolve] function which takes the key, current value corresponding to the key, and new value
- * from the pair.
- *
- * @param transform function which transforms each element to key-value pair.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V> Iterable<T>.associate(transform: (T) -> Pair<K, V>, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> =
-    associateTo(LinkedHashMap(), transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a map containing the values provided by [valueTransform] and indexed by [keySelector] functions applied to
- * elements of the given collection.
- *
- * All pairs are added in order of iteration. If some key is already added to the map, adding new key-value pair with
- * the key is resolved with [resolve] function which takes the key, current value corresponding to the key, and new
- * value from the pair.
- *
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param valueTransform lambda functions that generates value for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V> Iterable<T>.associateBy(keySelector: (T) -> K, valueTransform: (T) -> V, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> =
-    associateByTo(LinkedHashMap(), keySelector, valueTransform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a map containing the elements from the given collection indexed by the key returned from [keySelector]
- * function applied to each element.
- *
- * All pairs are added in order of iteration. If some key is already added to the map, adding new key-value pair with
- * the key is resolved with [resolve] function which takes the key, current value corresponding to the key, and new
- * value from the pair.
- *
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K> Iterable<T>.associateBy(keySelector: (T) -> K, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: T, newValue: T) -> T): Map<K, T> =
-    associateByTo(LinkedHashMap(), keySelector, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a map containing key-value pairs provided by [transform] function applied to elements of the given collection.
- *
- * All pairs are added in order of iteration. If some key is already added to the map, adding new key-value pair with
- * the key is resolved with [resolve] function which takes current value corresponding to the key and new value from the
- * pair.
- *
- * @param transform function which transforms each element to key-value pair.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V> Iterable<T>.associate(transform: (T) -> Pair<K, V>, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> =
-    associateTo(LinkedHashMap(), transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a map containing the values provided by [valueTransform] and indexed by [keySelector] functions applied to
- * elements of the given collection.
- *
- * All pairs are added in order of iteration. If some key is already added to the map, adding new key-value pair with
- * the key is resolved with [resolve] function which takes current value corresponding to the key and new value from the
- * pair.
- *
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param valueTransform lambda functions that generates value for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K, V> Iterable<T>.associateBy(keySelector: (T) -> K, valueTransform: (T) -> V, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<K, V> =
-    associateByTo(LinkedHashMap(), keySelector, valueTransform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a map containing the elements from the given collection indexed by the key returned from [keySelector]
- * function applied to each element.
- *
- * All pairs are added in order of iteration. If some key is already added to the map, adding new key-value pair with
- * the key is resolved with [resolve] function which takes current value corresponding to the key and new value from the
- * pair.
- *
- * @param keySelector lambda functions that generates keys for the key-value pairs.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <T, K> Iterable<T>.associateBy(keySelector: (T) -> K, resolve: (currentValue: T, newValue: T) -> T): Map<K, T> =
-    associateByTo(LinkedHashMap(), keySelector, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys of this map and the values obtained
- * by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this map resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and
- * returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new value.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D : MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.mapValuesTo(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> W, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: W, newValue: W) -> W): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, { it.key }, transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys of this map and the values obtained
- * by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this map resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and
- * returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new value.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D : MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.mapValuesTo(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> W, resolve: (key: K, currentValue: W, newValue: W) -> W): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, { it.key }, { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys of this map and the values obtained
- * by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this map resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and
- * returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new value.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which current and new values corresponding to some key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D : MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.mapValuesTo(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> W, resolve: (currentValue: W, newValue: W) -> W): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, { it.key }, transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys of this map and the values obtained
- * by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this map resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and
- * returns the [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new value.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which current and new values corresponding to some key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, W, D : MutableMap<K, W>> Map<out K, V>.mapValuesTo(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> W, resolve: (currentValue: W, newValue: W) -> W): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, { it.key }, { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to
- * each entry in this map and the values of this map, resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and returns the
- * [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L, D : MutableMap<L, V>> Map<out K, V>.mapKeysTo(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> L, resolve: (key: L, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, transform, { it.value }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to
- * each entry in this map and the values of this map, resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and returns the
- * [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L, D : MutableMap<L, V>> Map<out K, V>.mapKeysTo(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> L, resolve: (key: L, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }, { it.value }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to
- * each entry in this map and the values of this map, resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and returns the
- * [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which current and new values corresponding to some key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L, D : MutableMap<L, V>> Map<out K, V>.mapKeysTo(destination: D, transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> L, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, transform, { it.value }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Populates the given [destination] map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to
- * each entry in this map and the values of this map, resolving conflicts with [resolve] function and returns the
- * [destination].
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param destination the destination of the generated key-value pairs.
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which current and new values corresponding to some key.
- * @return the [destination].
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L, D : MutableMap<L, V>> Map<out K, V>.mapKeysTo(destination: D, transform: (key: K, value: V) -> L, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): D =
-    entries.associateByTo(destination, { (key, value) -> transform(key, value) }, { it.value }, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a new map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this
- * map and the values of this map and resolving conflicts with [resolve] function.
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L> Map<out K, V>.mapKeys(transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> L, resolve: (key: L, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<L, V> =
-    mapKeysTo(LinkedHashMap(size), transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a new map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this
- * map and the values of this map and resolving conflicts with [resolve] function.
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which receives some key, its current, and new
- * corresponding values.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L> Map<out K, V>.mapKeys(transform: (key: K, value: V) -> L, resolve: (key: L, currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<L, V> =
-    mapKeysTo(LinkedHashMap(size), transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a new map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this
- * map and the values of this map and resolving conflicts with [resolve] function.
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which current and new values corresponding to some key.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L> Map<out K, V>.mapKeys(transform: (Map.Entry<K, V>) -> L, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<L, V> =
-    mapKeysTo(LinkedHashMap(size), transform, resolve)
-
-/**
- * Returns a new map with entries having the keys obtained by applying the [transform] function to each entry in this
- * map and the values of this map and resolving conflicts with [resolve] function.
- *
- * All pairs are added and resolved in order of iteration.
- *
- * @param transform function which transforms each key-value pair to new key.
- * @param resolve lambda function that resolves merge conflicts which current and new values corresponding to some key.
- * @return the result map.
- */
-internal inline fun <K, V, L> Map<out K, V>.mapKeys(transform: (key: K, value: V) -> L, resolve: (currentValue: V, newValue: V) -> V): Map<L, V> =
-    mapKeysTo(LinkedHashMap(size), transform, resolve)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 78bb3b290..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledConstructors.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,779 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("FunctionName", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-
-
-/**
- * Returns the same degrees' description of the monomial, but without zero degrees.
- */
-internal fun Map<Symbol, UInt>.cleanUp() = filterValues { it > 0U }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs]. The map is used as is.
- */
-@PublishedApi
-internal inline fun <C> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(coefs: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(coefs)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The collections will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- */
-@PublishedApi
-internal inline fun <C> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(pairs: Collection<Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided array of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The array will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- */
-@PublishedApi
-internal inline fun <C> LabeledPolynomialAsIs(vararg pairs: Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs]. The map is used as is.
- *
- * **Be sure you read description of [LabeledPolynomial.coefficients]. Otherwise, you may make a mistake that will
- * cause wrong computation result or even runtime error.**
- */
-@DelicatePolynomialAPI
-public inline fun <C> LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck(coefs: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(coefs)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The collections will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- *
- * **Be sure you read description of [LabeledPolynomial.coefficients]. Otherwise, you may make a mistake that will
- * cause wrong computation result or even runtime error.**
- */
-@DelicatePolynomialAPI
-public inline fun <C> LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck(pairs: Collection<Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided array of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The array will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- *
- * **Be sure you read description of [LabeledPolynomial.coefficients]. Otherwise, you may make a mistake that will
- * cause wrong computation result or even runtime error.**
- */
-@DelicatePolynomialAPI
-public inline fun <C> LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck(vararg pairs: Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public fun <C> LabeledPolynomial(coefs: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>, add: (C, C) -> C) : LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-        coefs.mapKeys({ key, _ -> key.cleanUp() }, add)
-    )
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public fun <C> LabeledPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>>, add: (C, C) -> C) : LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-        pairs.associateBy({ it.first.cleanUp() }, { it.second }, add)
-    )
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public fun <C> LabeledPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>, add: (C, C) -> C) : LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-        pairs.asIterable().associateBy({ it.first.cleanUp() }, { it.second }, add)
-    )
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledPolynomial(coefs: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(coefs, ::add)
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomial(coefs: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(coefs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomial(coefs: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(coefs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(pairs, ::add)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(*pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(*pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see LabeledPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial(*pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Converts [this] constant to [LabeledPolynomial].
- */
-public inline fun <C> C.asLabeledPolynomial() : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to this))
-
-///**
-//// * Converts [this] variable to [LabeledPolynomial].
-//// */
-//context(A)
-//public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> Symbol.asLabeledPolynomial() : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(mapOf(mapOf(this to 1u) to one))
-///**
-// * Converts [this] variable to [LabeledPolynomial].
-// */
-//context(LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>)
-//public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> Symbol.asLabeledPolynomial() : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(mapOf(mapOf(this to 1u) to constantOne))
-///**
-// * Converts [this] variable to [LabeledPolynomial].
-// */
-//context(LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>)
-//public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> Symbol.asLabeledPolynomial() : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(mapOf(mapOf(this to 1u) to constantOne))
-
-/**
- * Marks DSL that allows to more simply create [LabeledPolynomial]s with good performance.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 a^2 c^3 - 6 b\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val labeledPolynomial : LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
- *         5 { a inPowerOf 2u; c inPowerOf 3u } // 5 a^2 c^3 +
- *         (-6) { b inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) b^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@DslMarker
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-internal annotation class LabeledPolynomialConstructorDSL1
-
-/**
- * Builder of [LabeledPolynomial] signature. It should be used as an implicit context for lambdas that describe term signature.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-@LabeledPolynomialConstructorDSL1
-public class DSL1LabeledPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder {
-    /**
-     * Signature storage. Any declaration of any variable's power updates the storage by increasing corresponding value.
-     * Afterward the storage will be used as a resulting signature.
-     */
-    private val signature: MutableMap<Symbol, UInt> = LinkedHashMap()
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the resulting signature.
-     *
-     * In fact, it just returns [signature] as regular signature of type `List<UInt>`.
-     */
-    @PublishedApi
-    internal fun build(): Map<Symbol, UInt> = signature
-
-    /**
-     * Declares power of [this] variable of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public infix fun Symbol.inPowerOf(deg: UInt) {
-        if (deg == 0u) return
-        signature.putOrChange(this, deg) { it -> it + deg }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Declares power of [this] variable of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun Symbol.pow(deg: UInt): Unit = this inPowerOf deg
-    /**
-     * Declares power of [this] variable of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun Symbol.`in`(deg: UInt): Unit = this inPowerOf deg
-    /**
-     * Declares power of [this] variable of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun Symbol.of(deg: UInt): Unit = this inPowerOf deg
-}
-
-/**
- * Builder of [LabeledPolynomial]. It should be used as an implicit context for lambdas that describe [LabeledPolynomial].
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-@LabeledPolynomialConstructorDSL1
-public class DSL1LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>(
-    /**
-     * Summation operation that will be used to sum coefficients of monomials of same signatures.
-     */
-    private val add: (C, C) -> C,
-    /**
-     * Initial capacity of coefficients map.
-     */
-    initialCapacity: Int? = null
-) {
-    /**
-     * Coefficients storage. Any declaration of any monomial updates the storage.
-     * Afterward the storage will be used as a resulting coefficients map.
-     */
-    private val coefficients: MutableMap<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C> = if (initialCapacity != null) LinkedHashMap(initialCapacity) else LinkedHashMap()
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the resulting coefficients map.
-     *
-     * In fact, it just returns [coefficients] as regular coefficients map of type `Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>`.
-     */
-    @PublishedApi
-    internal fun build(): LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(coefficients)
-
-    /**
-     * Declares monomial with [this] coefficient and provided [signature].
-     *
-     * Declaring another monomial with the same signature will add [this] coefficient to existing one. If the sum of such
-     * coefficients is zero at any moment the monomial won't be removed but will be left as it is.
-     */
-    public infix fun C.with(signature: Map<Symbol, UInt>) {
-        coefficients.putOrChange(signature, this@with, add)
-    }
-    /**
-     * Declares monomial with [this] coefficient and signature constructed by [block].
-     *
-     * Declaring another monomial with the same signature will add [this] coefficient to existing one. If the sum of such
-     * coefficients is zero at any moment the monomial won't be removed but will be left as it is.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun C.with(noinline block: DSL1LabeledPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder.() -> Unit): Unit = this.invoke(block)
-    /**
-     * Declares monomial with [this] coefficient and signature constructed by [block].
-     *
-     * Declaring another monomial with the same signature will add [this] coefficient to existing one. If the sum of such
-     * coefficients is zero at any moment the monomial won't be removed but will be left as it is.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun C.invoke(block: DSL1LabeledPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder.() -> Unit): Unit =
-        this with DSL1LabeledPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder().apply(block).build()
-}
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-///**
-// * Creates [LabeledPolynomial] with lambda [block] in context of [this] ring of constants.
-// *
-// * For example, polynomial \(5 a^2 c^3 - 6 b\) can be described as
-// * ```
-// * Int.algebra {
-// *     val labeledPolynomial : LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
-// *         5 { a inPowerOf 2u; c inPowerOf 3u } // 5 a^2 c^3 +
-// *         (-6) { b inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) b^1
-// *     }
-// * }
-// * ```
-// * @usesMathJax
-// */
-// FIXME: For now this fabric does not let next two fabrics work. (See KT-52803.) Possible feature solutions:
-//  1. `LowPriorityInOverloadResolution` becomes public. Then it should be applied to this function.
-//  2. Union types are implemented. Then all three functions should be rewritten
-//     as one with single union type as a (context) receiver.
-//@UnstableKMathAPI
-//public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledPolynomialDSL1(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomialBuilder(::add, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-/**
- * Creates [LabeledPolynomial] with lambda [block] in context of [this] ring of [LabeledPolynomial]s.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 a^2 c^3 - 6 b\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val labeledPolynomial : LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
- *         5 { a inPowerOf 2u; c inPowerOf 3u } // 5 a^2 c^3 +
- *         (-6) { b inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) b^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomialDSL1(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL1LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = DSL1LabeledPolynomialBuilder({ left: C, right: C -> left + right }, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-/**
- * Creates [LabeledPolynomial] with lambda [block] in context of [this] field of [LabeledRationalFunction]s.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 a^2 c^3 - 6 b\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val labeledPolynomial : LabeledPolynomial<Int> = LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
- *         5 { a inPowerOf 2u; c inPowerOf 3u } // 5 a^2 c^3 +
- *         (-6) { b inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) b^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomialDSL1(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL1LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit) : LabeledPolynomial<C> = DSL1LabeledPolynomialBuilder({ left: C, right: C -> left + right }, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-
-/**
- * Marks DSL that allows to more simply create [LabeledPolynomial]s with good performance.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 a^2 c^3 - 6 b\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val numberedPolynomial : NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial {
- *         5 { a inPowerOf 2u; c inPowerOf 3u } // 5 a^2 c^3 +
- *         (-6) { b inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) b^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@DslMarker
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-internal annotation class LabeledPolynomialBuilderDSL2
-
-/**
- * Builder of [LabeledPolynomial]. It should be used as an implicit context for lambdas that describe [LabeledPolynomial].
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-@LabeledPolynomialBuilderDSL2
-public class DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>(
-    private val ring: Ring<C>,
-    /**
-     * Initial capacity of coefficients map.
-     */
-    initialCapacity: Int? = null
-) {
-    /**
-     * Coefficients storage. Any declaration of any monomial updates the storage.
-     * Afterward the storage will be used as a resulting coefficients map.
-     */
-    private val coefficients: MutableMap<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C> = if (initialCapacity != null) LinkedHashMap(initialCapacity) else LinkedHashMap()
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the resulting coefficients map.
-     *
-     * In fact, it just returns [coefficients] as regular coefficients map of type `Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>`.
-     */
-    @PublishedApi
-    internal fun build(): LabeledPolynomial<C> = LabeledPolynomial<C>(coefficients)
-
-    public inner class Term internal constructor(
-        internal val signature: Map<Symbol, UInt> = HashMap(),
-        internal val coefficient: C
-    )
-
-    private inline fun submit(signature: Map<Symbol, UInt>, onPut: Ring<C>.() -> C, onChange: Ring<C>.(C) -> C) {
-        coefficients.putOrChange<_, C>(signature, { ring.onPut() }, { ring.onChange(it) })
-    }
-
-    private inline fun submit(signature: Map<Symbol, UInt>, lazyCoefficient: Ring<C>.() -> C) {
-        submit(signature, lazyCoefficient) { it + lazyCoefficient() }
-    }
-
-    private fun submit(signature: Map<Symbol, UInt>, coefficient: C) {
-        submit(signature) { coefficient }
-    }
-
-    // TODO: `@submit` will be resolved differently. Change it to `@C`.
-    private fun C.submitSelf() = submit(emptyMap()) { this@submitSelf }
-
-    private fun Symbol.submit() = submit(mapOf(this to 1u)) { one }
-
-    private fun Term.submit(): Submit {
-        submit(signature, coefficient)
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public object Submit
-
-    public operator fun C.unaryPlus(): Submit {
-        submitSelf()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.unaryMinus(): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap(), { -this@unaryMinus }, { it - this@unaryMinus })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: C): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap()) { this@plus + other }
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: C): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap()) { this@minus - other }
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.times(other: C): C = ring { this@times * other }
-
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: Symbol): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap(), this)
-        submit(mapOf(other to 1u), ring.one)
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: Symbol): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap(), this)
-        submit(mapOf(other to 1u), { -one }, { it - one })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.times(other: Symbol): Term = Term(mapOf(other to 1u), this)
-
-    public operator fun C.plus(other: Term): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap(), this)
-        other.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.minus(other: Term): Submit {
-        submit(emptyMap(), this)
-        submit(other.signature, { -other.coefficient }, { it - other.coefficient })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun C.times(other: Term): Term = Term(other.signature, ring { this@times * other.coefficient })
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.plus(other: C): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        other.submitSelf()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.minus(other: C): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        submit(emptyMap(), { -other }, { it - other })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.times(other: C): Term = Term(mapOf(this to 1u), other)
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.unaryPlus(): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.unaryMinus(): Submit {
-        submit(mapOf(this to 1u), { -one }, { it - one })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.plus(other: Symbol): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        other.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.minus(other: Symbol): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        submit(mapOf(other to 1u), { -one }, { it - one })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.times(other: Symbol): Term =
-        if (this == other) Term(mapOf(this to 2u), ring.one)
-        else Term(mapOf(this to 1u, other to 1u), ring.one)
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.plus(other: Term): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        other.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.minus(other: Term): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        submit(other.signature, { -other.coefficient }, { it - other.coefficient })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Symbol.times(other: Term): Term =
-        Term(
-            other.signature.withPutOrChanged(this, 1u) { it -> it + 1u },
-            other.coefficient
-        )
-
-    public operator fun Term.plus(other: C): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        other.submitSelf()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.minus(other: C): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        submit(emptyMap(), { -other }, { it - other })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.times(other: C): Term =
-        Term(
-            signature,
-            ring { coefficient * other }
-        )
-
-    public operator fun Term.plus(other: Symbol): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        other.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.minus(other: Symbol): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        submit(mapOf(other to 1u), { -one }, { it - one })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.times(other: Symbol): Term =
-        Term(
-            signature.withPutOrChanged(other, 1u) { it -> it + 1u },
-            coefficient
-        )
-
-    public operator fun Term.unaryPlus(): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.unaryMinus(): Submit {
-        submit(signature, { -coefficient }, { it - coefficient })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.plus(other: Term): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        other.submit()
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.minus(other: Term): Submit {
-        this.submit()
-        submit(other.signature, { -other.coefficient }, { it - other.coefficient })
-        return Submit
-    }
-
-    public operator fun Term.times(other: Term): Term =
-        Term(
-            mergeBy(signature, other.signature) { deg1, deg2 -> deg1 + deg2 },
-            ring { coefficient * other.coefficient }
-        )
-}
-
-//@UnstableKMathAPI
-//public fun <C> Ring<C>.LabeledPolynomialDSL2(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit): LabeledPolynomial<C> = DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder(this, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomialDSL2(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit): LabeledPolynomial<C> = DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder(ring, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledPolynomialDSL2(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit): LabeledPolynomial<C> = DSL2LabeledPolynomialBuilder(ring, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledRationalFunction] with provided coefficients maps [numeratorCoefficients] and [denominatorCoefficients].
- *
- * The maps will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. the maps' keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>, denominatorCoefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction<C>(
-        LabeledPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        LabeledPolynomial(denominatorCoefficients)
-    )
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledRationalFunction] with provided coefficients maps [numeratorCoefficients] and [denominatorCoefficients].
- *
- * The maps will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. the maps' keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>, denominatorCoefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction<C>(
-        LabeledPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        LabeledPolynomial(denominatorCoefficients)
-    )
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledRationalFunction] with provided [numerator] and unit denominator.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledRationalFunction(numerator: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction<C>(numerator, LabeledPolynomial(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to one)))
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledRationalFunction] with provided [numerator] and unit denominator.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledRationalFunction(numerator: LabeledPolynomial<C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction<C>(numerator, polynomialOne)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledRationalFunction] with provided coefficients map [numeratorCoefficients] for numerator and unit
- * denominator.
- *
- * [numeratorCoefficients] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [numeratorCoefficients]'s keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.LabeledRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction<C>(
-        LabeledPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        polynomialOne
-    )
-/**
- * Constructs [LabeledRationalFunction] with provided coefficients map [numeratorCoefficients] for numerator and unit
- * denominator.
- *
- * [numeratorCoefficients] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [numeratorCoefficients]'s keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.LabeledRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<Map<Symbol, UInt>, C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction<C>(
-        LabeledPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to one))
-    )
-
-///**
-// * Converts [this] constant to [LabeledRationalFunction].
-// */
-//context(A)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asLabeledRationalFunction() : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-//    LabeledRationalFunction(
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to this)),
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to one))
-//    )
-///**
-// * Converts [this] constant to [LabeledRationalFunction].
-// */
-//context(LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asLabeledRationalFunction() : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-//    LabeledRationalFunction(
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to this)),
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to constantOne))
-//    )
-
-///**
-// * Converts [this] variable to [LabeledRationalFunction].
-// */
-//context(A)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> Symbol.asLabeledRationalFunction() : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-//    LabeledRationalFunction(
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(mapOf(this to 1u) to one)),
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to one))
-//    )
-///**
-// * Converts [this] variable to [LabeledRationalFunction].
-// */
-//context(LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> Symbol.asLabeledRationalFunction() : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-//    LabeledRationalFunction(
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(mapOf(this to 1u) to constantOne)),
-//        LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to constantOne))
-//    )
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 188240bf7..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/labeledUtil.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
-import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
-import kotlin.contracts.contract
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a [LabeledPolynomialSpace] over a received ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A : Ring<C>> A.labeledPolynomialSpace: LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>
-    get() = LabeledPolynomialSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [LabeledPolynomialSpace]'s scope over a received ring.
- */
-public inline fun <C, A : Ring<C>, R> A.labeledPolynomialSpace(block: LabeledPolynomialSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return LabeledPolynomialSpace(this).block()
-}
-/**
- * Creates a [LabeledRationalFunctionSpace] over a received ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A : Ring<C>> A.labeledRationalFunctionSpace: LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>
-    get() = LabeledRationalFunctionSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [LabeledRationalFunctionSpace]'s scope over a received ring.
- */
-public inline fun <C, A : Ring<C>, R> A.labeledRationalFunctionSpace(block: LabeledRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return LabeledRationalFunctionSpace(this).block()
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double polynomial.
- */
-public fun LabeledPolynomial<Double>.substitute(args: Map<Symbol, Double>): LabeledPolynomial<Double> = Double.algebra {
-    if (coefficients.isEmpty()) return this@substitute
-    LabeledPolynomial<Double>(
-        buildMap {
-            coefficients.forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                val newDegs = degs.filterKeys { it !in args }
-                val newC = args.entries.fold(c) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                    val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-                }
-                putOrChange(newDegs, newC, ::add)
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */
-public fun <C> LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Symbol, C>): LabeledPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    if (coefficients.isEmpty()) return this@substitute
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap {
-            coefficients.forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                val newDegs = degs.filterKeys { it !in args }
-                val newC = args.entries.fold(c) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                    val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-                }
-                putOrChange(newDegs, newC, ::add)
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-@JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-public fun <C> LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<C>>) : LabeledPolynomial<C> =
-    ring.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-        coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-            val newDegs = degs.filterKeys { it !in args }
-            acc + args.entries.fold(LabeledPolynomial<C>(mapOf(newDegs to c))) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-@JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-public fun <C> LabeledPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Symbol, LabeledRationalFunction<C>>) : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.labeledRationalFunctionSpace {
-        coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-            val newDegs = degs.filterKeys { it !in args }
-            acc + args.entries.fold(LabeledRationalFunction(LabeledPolynomial<C>(mapOf(newDegs to c)))) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double rational function.
- */
-public fun LabeledRationalFunction<Double>.substitute(args: Map<Symbol, Double>): LabeledRationalFunction<Double> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(args), denominator.substitute(args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */
-public fun <C> LabeledRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Symbol, C>): LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(ring, args), denominator.substitute(ring, args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize calculation
-@JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-public fun <C> LabeledRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<C>>) : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    LabeledRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(ring, args), denominator.substitute(ring, args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize calculation
-@JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-public fun <C> LabeledRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Symbol, LabeledRationalFunction<C>>) : LabeledRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.labeledRationalFunctionSpace {
-        numerator.substitute(ring, args) / denominator.substitute(ring, args)
-    }
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomial<C>.derivativeWithRespectTo(
-    algebra: A,
-    variable: Symbol,
-): LabeledPolynomial<C> = algebra {
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.count { it.key.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } >= 1u }) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    if (variable !in degs) return@forEach
-                    put(
-                        buildMap {
-                            degs.forEach { (vari, deg) ->
-                                when {
-                                    vari != variable -> put(vari, deg)
-                                    deg > 1u -> put(vari, deg - 1u)
-                                }
-                            }
-                        },
-                        multiplyByDoubling(c, degs[variable]!!)
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable of specified order.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomial<C>.nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(
-    algebra: A,
-    variable: Symbol,
-    order: UInt
-): LabeledPolynomial<C> = algebra {
-    if (order == 0u) return this@nthDerivativeWithRespectTo
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.count { it.key.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } >= order }) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    if (degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } < order) return@forEach
-                    put(
-                        buildMap {
-                            degs.forEach { (vari, deg) ->
-                                when {
-                                    vari != variable -> put(vari, deg)
-                                    deg > order -> put(vari, deg - order)
-                                }
-                            }
-                        },
-                        degs[variable]!!.let { deg ->
-                            (deg downTo deg - order + 1u)
-                                .fold(c) { acc, ord -> multiplyByDoubling(acc, ord) }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variables of specified orders.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> LabeledPolynomial<C>.nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(
-    algebra: A,
-    variablesAndOrders: Map<Symbol, UInt>,
-): LabeledPolynomial<C> = algebra {
-    val filteredVariablesAndOrders = variablesAndOrders.filterValues { it != 0u }
-    if (filteredVariablesAndOrders.isEmpty()) return this@nthDerivativeWithRespectTo
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(
-            coefficients.count {
-                variablesAndOrders.all { (variable, order) ->
-                    it.key.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } >= order
-                }
-            }
-        ) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    if (filteredVariablesAndOrders.any { (variable, order) -> degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } < order }) return@forEach
-                    put(
-                        buildMap {
-                            degs.forEach { (vari, deg) ->
-                                if (vari !in filteredVariablesAndOrders) put(vari, deg)
-                                else {
-                                    val order = filteredVariablesAndOrders[vari]!!
-                                    if (deg > order) put(vari, deg - order)
-                                }
-                            }
-                        },
-                        filteredVariablesAndOrders.entries.fold(c) { acc1, (index, order) ->
-                            degs[index]!!.let { deg ->
-                                (deg downTo deg - order + 1u)
-                                    .fold(acc1) { acc2, ord -> multiplyByDoubling(acc2, ord) }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic antiderivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> LabeledPolynomial<C>.antiderivativeWithRespectTo(
-    algebra: A,
-    variable: Symbol,
-): LabeledPolynomial<C> = algebra {
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    val newDegs = degs.withPutOrChanged(variable, 1u) { it -> it + 1u }
-                    put(
-                        newDegs,
-                        c / multiplyByDoubling(one, newDegs[variable]!!)
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic antiderivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable of specified order.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> LabeledPolynomial<C>.nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(
-    algebra: A,
-    variable: Symbol,
-    order: UInt
-): LabeledPolynomial<C> = algebra {
-    if (order == 0u) return this@nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    val newDegs = degs.withPutOrChanged(variable, order) { it -> it + order }
-                    put(
-                        newDegs,
-                        newDegs[variable]!!.let { deg ->
-                            (deg downTo  deg - order + 1u)
-                                .fold(c) { acc, ord -> acc / multiplyByDoubling(one, ord) }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variables of specified orders.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> LabeledPolynomial<C>.nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(
-    algebra: A,
-    variablesAndOrders: Map<Symbol, UInt>,
-): LabeledPolynomial<C> = algebra {
-    val filteredVariablesAndOrders = variablesAndOrders.filterValues { it != 0u }
-    if (filteredVariablesAndOrders.isEmpty()) return this@nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo
-    LabeledPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    val newDegs = mergeBy(degs, filteredVariablesAndOrders) { deg, order -> deg + order }
-                    put(
-                        newDegs,
-                        filteredVariablesAndOrders.entries.fold(c) { acc1, (index, order) ->
-                            newDegs[index]!!.let { deg ->
-                                (deg downTo deg - order + 1u)
-                                    .fold(acc1) { acc2, ord -> acc2 / multiplyByDoubling(one, ord) }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 30b1e2fe4..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listConstructors.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-
-
-/**
- * Constructs a [ListPolynomial] instance with provided [coefficients]. The collection of coefficients will be reversed
- * if [reverse] parameter is true.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C> ListPolynomial(coefficients: List<C>, reverse: Boolean = false): ListPolynomial<C> =
-    ListPolynomial(with(coefficients) { if (reverse) reversed() else this })
-
-/**
- * Constructs a [ListPolynomial] instance with provided [coefficients]. The collection of coefficients will be reversed
- * if [reverse] parameter is true.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C> ListPolynomial(vararg coefficients: C, reverse: Boolean = false): ListPolynomial<C> =
-    ListPolynomial(with(coefficients) { if (reverse) reversed() else toList() })
-
-/**
- * Represents [this] constant as a [ListPolynomial].
- */
-public fun <C> C.asListPolynomial() : ListPolynomial<C> = ListPolynomial(listOf(this))
-
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-/**
- * Constructs [ListRationalFunction] instance with numerator and denominator constructed with provided
- * [numeratorCoefficients] and [denominatorCoefficients]. The both collections of coefficients will be reversed if
- * [reverse] parameter is true.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C> ListRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: List<C>, denominatorCoefficients: List<C>, reverse: Boolean = false): ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ListRationalFunction<C>(
-        ListPolynomial( with(numeratorCoefficients) { if (reverse) reversed() else this } ),
-        ListPolynomial( with(denominatorCoefficients) { if (reverse) reversed() else this } )
-    )
-/**
- * Constructs [ListRationalFunction] instance with provided [numerator] and unit denominator.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.ListRationalFunction(numerator: ListPolynomial<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ListRationalFunction<C>(numerator, ListPolynomial(listOf(one)))
-/**
- * Constructs [ListRationalFunction] instance with provided [numerator] and unit denominator.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> ListRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.ListRationalFunction(numerator: ListPolynomial<C>): ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ListRationalFunction<C>(numerator, polynomialOne)
-/**
- * Constructs [ListRationalFunction] instance with numerator constructed with provided [numeratorCoefficients] and unit
- * denominator. The collection of numerator coefficients will be reversed if [reverse] parameter is true.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.ListRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: List<C>, reverse: Boolean = false): ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ListRationalFunction<C>(
-        ListPolynomial( with(numeratorCoefficients) { if (reverse) reversed() else this } ),
-        ListPolynomial(listOf(one))
-    )
-/**
- * Constructs [ListRationalFunction] instance with numerator constructed with provided [numeratorCoefficients] and unit
- * denominator. The collection of numerator coefficients will be reversed if [reverse] parameter is true.
- */
-@Suppress("FunctionName")
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> ListRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.ListRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: List<C>, reverse: Boolean = false): ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ListRationalFunction<C>(
-        ListPolynomial( with(numeratorCoefficients) { if (reverse) reversed() else this } ),
-        polynomialOne
-    )
-
-/**
- * Represents [this] constant as a rational function.
- */ // FIXME: When context receivers will be ready, delete this function and uncomment the following two
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asListRationalFunction(ring: A) : ListRationalFunction<C> = ring.ListRationalFunction(asListPolynomial())
-///**
-// * Represents [this] constant as a rational function.
-// */
-//context(A)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asListRationalFunction() : ListRationalFunction<C> = ListRationalFunction(asListPolynomial())
-///**
-// * Represents [this] constant as a rational function.
-// */
-//context(ListRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asListRationalFunction() : ListRationalFunction<C> = ListRationalFunction(asListPolynomial())
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index e7c11f5ea..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/listUtil.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
-import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
-import kotlin.contracts.contract
-import kotlin.math.max
-import kotlin.math.pow
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a [ListPolynomialSpace] over a received ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A : Ring<C>> A.listPolynomialSpace: ListPolynomialSpace<C, A>
-    get() = ListPolynomialSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [ListPolynomialSpace]'s scope over a received ring.
- */ // TODO: When context will be ready move [ListPolynomialSpace] and add [A] to context receivers of [block]
-public inline fun <C, A : Ring<C>, R> A.listPolynomialSpace(block: ListPolynomialSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ListPolynomialSpace(this).block()
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates a [ScalableListPolynomialSpace] over a received scalable ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A> A.scalableListPolynomialSpace: ScalableListPolynomialSpace<C, A> where A : Ring<C>, A : ScaleOperations<C>
-    get() = ScalableListPolynomialSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [ScalableListPolynomialSpace]'s scope over a received scalable ring.
- */ // TODO: When context will be ready move [ListPolynomialSpace] and add [A] to context receivers of [block]
-public inline fun <C, A, R> A.scalableListPolynomialSpace(block: ScalableListPolynomialSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R where A : Ring<C>, A : ScaleOperations<C> {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ScalableListPolynomialSpace(this).block()
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates a [ListRationalFunctionSpace] over a received ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A : Ring<C>> A.listRationalFunctionSpace: ListRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>
-    get() = ListRationalFunctionSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [ListRationalFunctionSpace]'s scope over a received ring.
- */ // TODO: When context will be ready move [ListRationalFunctionSpace] and add [A] to context receivers of [block]
-public inline fun <C, A : Ring<C>, R> A.listRationalFunctionSpace(block: ListRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return ListRationalFunctionSpace(this).block()
-}
-
-
-/**
- * Evaluates value of [this] Double polynomial on provided Double argument.
- */
-public fun ListPolynomial<Double>.substitute(arg: Double): Double =
-    coefficients.reduceIndexedOrNull { index, acc, c ->
-        acc + c * arg.pow(index)
-    } ?: .0
-
-/**
- * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial on provided argument.
- *
- * It is an implementation of [Horner's method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_method).
- */
-public fun <C> ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, arg: C): C = ring {
-    if (coefficients.isEmpty()) return zero
-    var result: C = coefficients.last()
-    for (j in coefficients.size - 2 downTo 0) {
-        result = (arg * result) + coefficients[j]
-    }
-    return result
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided polynomial [arg] into [this] polynomial.
- *
- * It is an implementation of [Horner's method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_method).
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-public fun <C> ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, arg: ListPolynomial<C>) : ListPolynomial<C> =
-    ring.listPolynomialSpace {
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) return zero
-        var result: ListPolynomial<C> = coefficients.last().asPolynomial()
-        for (j in coefficients.size - 2 downTo 0) {
-            result = (arg * result) + coefficients[j]
-        }
-        return result
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided rational function [arg] into [this] polynomial.
- *
- * It is an implementation of [Horner's method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_method).
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-public fun <C> ListPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, arg: ListRationalFunction<C>) : ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.listRationalFunctionSpace {
-        if (coefficients.isEmpty()) return zero
-        var result: ListRationalFunction<C> = coefficients.last().asRationalFunction()
-        for (j in coefficients.size - 2 downTo 0) {
-            result = (arg * result) + coefficients[j]
-        }
-        return result
-    }
-
-/**
- * Evaluates value of [this] Double rational function in provided Double argument.
- */
-public fun ListRationalFunction<Double>.substitute(arg: Double): Double =
-    numerator.substitute(arg) / denominator.substitute(arg)
-
-/**
- * Evaluates value of [this] polynomial for provided argument.
- *
- * It is an implementation of [Horner's method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_method).
- */
-public fun <C> ListRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Field<C>, arg: C): C = ring {
-    numerator.substitute(ring, arg) / denominator.substitute(ring, arg)
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided polynomial [arg] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-public fun <C> ListRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, arg: ListPolynomial<C>) : ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.listRationalFunctionSpace {
-        numerator.substitute(ring, arg) / denominator.substitute(ring, arg)
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided rational function [arg] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-public fun <C> ListRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, arg: ListRationalFunction<C>) : ListRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.listRationalFunctionSpace {
-        numerator.substitute(ring, arg) / denominator.substitute(ring, arg)
-    }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOver(ring: A): (C) -> C = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring: A): (C) -> C = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring: A): (ListPolynomial<C>) -> ListPolynomial<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> ListPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunctionOver(ring: A): (ListRationalFunction<C>) -> ListRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> ListRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOver(ring: A): (C) -> C = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> ListRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring: A): (C) -> C = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> ListRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring: A): (ListPolynomial<C>) -> ListRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> ListRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunctionOver(ring: A): (ListRationalFunction<C>) -> ListRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A> ListPolynomial<C>.derivative(
-    ring: A,
-): ListPolynomial<C> where  A : Ring<C>, A : NumericAlgebra<C> = ring {
-    ListPolynomial(
-        buildList(max(0, coefficients.size - 1)) {
-            for (deg in 1 .. coefficients.lastIndex) add(number(deg) * coefficients[deg])
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial of specified [order]. The [order] should be non-negative integer.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A> ListPolynomial<C>.nthDerivative(
-    ring: A,
-    order: Int,
-): ListPolynomial<C> where A : Ring<C>, A : NumericAlgebra<C> = ring {
-    require(order >= 0) { "Order of derivative must be non-negative" }
-    ListPolynomial(
-        buildList(max(0, coefficients.size - order)) {
-            for (deg in order.. coefficients.lastIndex)
-                add((deg - order + 1 .. deg).fold(coefficients[deg]) { acc, d -> acc * number(d) })
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic antiderivative of received polynomial.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A> ListPolynomial<C>.antiderivative(
-    ring: A,
-): ListPolynomial<C> where  A : Field<C>, A : NumericAlgebra<C> = ring {
-    ListPolynomial(
-        buildList(coefficients.size + 1) {
-            add(zero)
-            coefficients.mapIndexedTo(this) { index, t -> t / number(index + 1) }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic antiderivative of received polynomial of specified [order]. The [order] should be non-negative integer.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A> ListPolynomial<C>.nthAntiderivative(
-    ring: A,
-    order: Int,
-): ListPolynomial<C> where  A : Field<C>, A : NumericAlgebra<C> = ring {
-    require(order >= 0) { "Order of antiderivative must be non-negative" }
-    ListPolynomial(
-        buildList(coefficients.size + order) {
-            repeat(order) { add(zero) }
-            coefficients.mapIndexedTo(this) { index, c -> (1..order).fold(c) { acc, i -> acc / number(index + i) } }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Computes a definite integral of [this] polynomial in the specified [range].
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C : Comparable<C>> ListPolynomial<C>.integrate(
-    ring: Field<C>,
-    range: ClosedRange<C>,
-): C = ring {
-    val antiderivative = antiderivative(ring)
-    antiderivative.substitute(ring, range.endInclusive) - antiderivative.substitute(ring, range.start)
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/misc.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/misc.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a251b3b7..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/misc.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-
-/**
- * Marks declarations that give access to internal entities of polynomials delicate structure. Thus, it allows to
- * optimize performance a bit by skipping standard steps, but such skips may cause critical errors if something is
- * implemented badly. Make sure you fully read and understand documentation and don't break internal contracts.
- */
-@RequiresOptIn(
-    message = "This declaration gives access to delicate internal structure of polynomials. " +
-            "It allows to optimize performance by skipping unnecessary arguments check. " +
-            "But at the same time makes it easy to make a mistake " +
-            "that will cause wrong computation result or even runtime error. " +
-            "Make sure you fully read and understand documentation.",
-    level = RequiresOptIn.Level.ERROR
-)
-public annotation class DelicatePolynomialAPI
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index df4afbd12..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedConstructors.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,491 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("FunctionName", "NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-
-
-/**
- * Returns the same degrees' description of the monomial, but without extra zero degrees on the end.
- */
-internal fun List<UInt>.cleanUp() = subList(0, indexOfLast { it != 0U } + 1)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs]. The map is used as is.
- */
-@PublishedApi
-internal inline fun <C> NumberedPolynomialAsIs(coefs: Map<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(coefs)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The collections will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- */
-@PublishedApi
-internal inline fun <C> NumberedPolynomialAsIs(pairs: Collection<Pair<List<UInt>, C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided array of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The array will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- */
-@PublishedApi
-internal inline fun <C> NumberedPolynomialAsIs(vararg pairs: Pair<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs]. The map is used as is.
- *
- * **Be sure you read description of [NumberedPolynomial.coefficients]. Otherwise, you may make a mistake that will
- * cause wrong computation result or even runtime error.**
- */
-@DelicatePolynomialAPI
-public inline fun <C> NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck(coefs: Map<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(coefs)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The collections will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- *
- * **Be sure you read description of [NumberedPolynomial.coefficients]. Otherwise, you may make a mistake that will
- * cause wrong computation result or even runtime error.**
- */
-@DelicatePolynomialAPI
-public inline fun <C> NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck(pairs: Collection<Pair<List<UInt>, C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided array of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- * The array will be transformed to map with [toMap] and then will be used as is.
- *
- * **Be sure you read description of [NumberedPolynomial.coefficients]. Otherwise, you may make a mistake that will
- * cause wrong computation result or even runtime error.**
- */
-@DelicatePolynomialAPI
-public inline fun <C> NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck(vararg pairs: Pair<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(pairs.toMap())
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial(coefs: Map<List<UInt>, C>, add: (C, C) -> C) : NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-        coefs.mapKeys({ key, _ -> key.cleanUp() }, add)
-    )
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<List<UInt>, C>>, add: (C, C) -> C) : NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-        pairs.associateBy({ it.first.cleanUp() }, { it.second }, add)
-    )
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<List<UInt>, C>, add: (C, C) -> C) : NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-        pairs.asIterable().associateBy({ it.first.cleanUp() }, { it.second }, add)
-    )
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedPolynomial(coefs: Map<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(coefs, ::add)
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomial(coefs: Map<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(coefs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided coefficients map [coefs].
- *
- * [coefs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [coefs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomial(coefs: Map<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(coefs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<List<UInt>, C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(pairs, ::add)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<List<UInt>, C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided collection of [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomial(pairs: Collection<Pair<List<UInt>, C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(*pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(*pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedPolynomial] with provided array [pairs] of pairs "term's signature &mdash; term's coefficient".
- *
- * [pairs] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [pairs] keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- *
- * @see NumberedPolynomialWithoutCheck
- */
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomial(vararg pairs: Pair<List<UInt>, C>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial(*pairs) { left: C, right: C -> left + right }
-
-/**
- * Converts [this] constant to [NumberedPolynomial].
- */
-public inline fun <C> C.asNumberedPolynomial() : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to this))
-
-/**
- * Marks DSL that allows to more simply create [NumberedPolynomial]s with good performance.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 x_0^2 x_2^3 - 6 x_1\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val numberedPolynomial : NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial {
- *         5 { 0 inPowerOf 2u; 2 inPowerOf 3u } // 5 x_0^2 x_2^3 +
- *         (-6) { 1 inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) x_1^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@DslMarker
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-internal annotation class NumberedPolynomialConstructorDSL1
-
-/**
- * Builder of [NumberedPolynomial] signature. It should be used as an implicit context for lambdas that describe term signature.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-@NumberedPolynomialConstructorDSL1
-public class DSL1NumberedPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder {
-    /**
-     * Signature storage. Any declaration of any variable's power updates the storage by increasing corresponding value.
-     * Afterward the storage will be used as a resulting signature.
-     */
-    private val signature: MutableList<UInt> = ArrayList()
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the resulting signature.
-     *
-     * In fact, it just returns [signature] as regular signature of type `List<UInt>`.
-     */
-    @PublishedApi
-    internal fun build(): List<UInt> = signature
-
-    /**
-     * Declares power of variable #[this] of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public infix fun Int.inPowerOf(deg: UInt) {
-        if (deg == 0u) return
-        val index = this
-        if (index > signature.lastIndex) {
-            signature.addAll(List(index - signature.lastIndex - 1) { 0u })
-            signature.add(deg)
-        } else {
-            signature[index] += deg
-        }
-    }
-    /**
-     * Declares power of variable #[this] of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun Int.pow(deg: UInt): Unit = this inPowerOf deg
-    /**
-     * Declares power of variable #[this] of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun Int.`in`(deg: UInt): Unit = this inPowerOf deg
-    /**
-     * Declares power of variable #[this] of degree [deg].
-     *
-     * Declaring another power of the same variable will increase its degree by received degree.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun Int.of(deg: UInt): Unit = this inPowerOf deg
-}
-
-/**
- * Builder of [NumberedPolynomial]. It should be used as an implicit context for lambdas that describe [NumberedPolynomial].
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-@NumberedPolynomialConstructorDSL1
-public class DSL1NumberedPolynomialBuilder<C>(
-    /**
-     * Summation operation that will be used to sum coefficients of monomials of same signatures.
-     */
-    private val add: (C, C) -> C,
-    /**
-     * Initial capacity of coefficients map.
-     */
-    initialCapacity: Int? = null
-) {
-    /**
-     * Coefficients storage. Any declaration of any monomial updates the storage.
-     * Afterward the storage will be used as a resulting coefficients map.
-     */
-    private val coefficients: MutableMap<List<UInt>, C> = if (initialCapacity != null) LinkedHashMap(initialCapacity) else LinkedHashMap()
-
-    /**
-     * Builds the resulting coefficients map.
-     *
-     * In fact, it just returns [coefficients] as regular coefficients map of type `Map<List<UInt>, C>`.
-     */
-    @PublishedApi
-    internal fun build(): NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomial<C>(coefficients)
-
-    /**
-     * Declares monomial with [this] coefficient and provided [signature].
-     *
-     * Declaring another monomial with the same signature will add [this] coefficient to existing one. If the sum of such
-     * coefficients is zero at any moment the monomial won't be removed but will be left as it is.
-     */
-    public infix fun C.with(signature: List<UInt>) {
-        coefficients.putOrChange(signature, this@with, add)
-    }
-    /**
-     * Declares monomial with [this] coefficient and signature constructed by [block].
-     *
-     * Declaring another monomial with the same signature will add [this] coefficient to existing one. If the sum of such
-     * coefficients is zero at any moment the monomial won't be removed but will be left as it is.
-     */
-    public inline infix fun C.with(noinline block: DSL1NumberedPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder.() -> Unit): Unit = this.invoke(block)
-    /**
-     * Declares monomial with [this] coefficient and signature constructed by [block].
-     *
-     * Declaring another monomial with the same signature will add [this] coefficient to existing one. If the sum of such
-     * coefficients is zero at any moment the monomial won't be removed but will be left as it is.
-     */
-    public inline operator fun C.invoke(block: DSL1NumberedPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder.() -> Unit): Unit =
-        this with DSL1NumberedPolynomialTermSignatureBuilder().apply(block).build()
-}
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-///**
-// * Creates [NumberedPolynomial] with lambda [block] in context of [this] ring of constants.
-// *
-// * For example, polynomial \(5 x_0^2 x_2^3 - 6 x_1\) can be described as
-// * ```
-// * Int.algebra {
-// *     val numberedPolynomial : NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial {
-// *         5 { 0 inPowerOf 2u; 2 inPowerOf 3u } // 5 x_0^2 x_2^3 +
-// *         (-6) { 1 inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) x_1^1
-// *     }
-// * }
-// * ```
-// * @usesMathJax
-// */
-// FIXME: For now this fabric does not let next two fabrics work. (See KT-52803.) Possible feature solutions:
-//  1. `LowPriorityInOverloadResolution` becomes public. Then it should be applied to this function.
-//  2. Union types are implemented. Then all three functions should be rewritten
-//     as one with single union type as a (context) receiver.
-//@UnstableKMathAPI
-//public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedPolynomialDSL1(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: NumberedPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = NumberedPolynomialBuilder(::add, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-/**
- * Creates [NumberedPolynomial] with lambda [block] in context of [this] ring of [NumberedPolynomial]s.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 x_0^2 x_2^3 - 6 x_1\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val numberedPolynomial : NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial {
- *         5 { 0 inPowerOf 2u; 2 inPowerOf 3u } // 5 x_0^2 x_2^3 +
- *         (-6) { 1 inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) x_1^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomialDSL1(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL1NumberedPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = DSL1NumberedPolynomialBuilder({ left: C, right: C -> left + right }, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-/**
- * Creates [NumberedPolynomial] with lambda [block] in context of [this] field of [NumberedRationalFunction]s.
- *
- * For example, polynomial \(5 x_0^2 x_2^3 - 6 x_1\) can be described as
- * ```
- * Int.algebra {
- *     val numberedPolynomial : NumberedPolynomial<Int> = NumberedPolynomial {
- *         5 { 0 inPowerOf 2u; 2 inPowerOf 3u } // 5 x_0^2 x_2^3 +
- *         (-6) { 1 inPowerOf 1u }              // (-6) x_1^1
- *     }
- * }
- * ```
- * @usesMathJax
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public inline fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedPolynomialDSL1(initialCapacity: Int? = null, block: DSL1NumberedPolynomialBuilder<C>.() -> Unit) : NumberedPolynomial<C> = DSL1NumberedPolynomialBuilder({ left: C, right: C -> left + right }, initialCapacity).apply(block).build()
-
-// Waiting for context receivers :( FIXME: Replace with context receivers when they will be available
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedRationalFunction] with provided coefficients maps [numeratorCoefficients] and [denominatorCoefficients].
- *
- * The maps will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. the maps' keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>, denominatorCoefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction<C>(
-        NumberedPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        NumberedPolynomial(denominatorCoefficients)
-    )
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedRationalFunction] with provided coefficients maps [numeratorCoefficients] and [denominatorCoefficients].
- *
- * The maps will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. the maps' keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>, denominatorCoefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction<C>(
-        NumberedPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        NumberedPolynomial(denominatorCoefficients)
-    )
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedRationalFunction] with provided [numerator] and unit denominator.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedRationalFunction(numerator: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction<C>(numerator, NumberedPolynomial(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to one)))
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedRationalFunction] with provided [numerator] and unit denominator.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedRationalFunction(numerator: NumberedPolynomial<C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction<C>(numerator, polynomialOne)
-
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedRationalFunction] with provided coefficients map [numeratorCoefficients] for numerator and unit
- * denominator.
- *
- * [numeratorCoefficients] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [numeratorCoefficients]'s keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.NumberedRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction<C>(
-        NumberedPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        polynomialOne
-    )
-/**
- * Constructs [NumberedRationalFunction] with provided coefficients map [numeratorCoefficients] for numerator and unit
- * denominator.
- *
- * [numeratorCoefficients] will be "cleaned up":
- * 1. Zeros at the ends of terms' signatures (e.g. [numeratorCoefficients]'s keys) will be removed. (See [cleanUp].)
- * 1. Terms that happen to have the same signature will be summed up.
- * 1. New map will be formed of resulting terms.
- */
-public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> A.NumberedRationalFunction(numeratorCoefficients: Map<List<UInt>, C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction<C>(
-        NumberedPolynomial(numeratorCoefficients),
-        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to one))
-    )
-
-///**
-// * Converts [this] constant to [NumberedRationalFunction].
-// */
-//context(A)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asNumberedRationalFunction() : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-//    NumberedRationalFunction(
-//        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to this)),
-//        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to one))
-//    )
-///**
-// * Converts [this] constant to [NumberedRationalFunction].
-// */
-//context(NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>)
-//public fun <C, A: Ring<C>> C.asNumberedRationalFunction() : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-//    NumberedRationalFunction(
-//        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to this)),
-//        NumberedPolynomialAsIs(mapOf(emptyList<UInt>() to constantOne))
-//    )
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 88424d23c..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/numberedUtil.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,513 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
-import kotlin.contracts.contract
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmName
-import kotlin.math.max
-import kotlin.math.min
-
-
-/**
- * Creates a [NumberedPolynomialSpace] over a received ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A : Ring<C>> A.numberedPolynomialSpace: NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>
-    get() = NumberedPolynomialSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [NumberedPolynomialSpace]'s scope over a received ring.
- */
-public inline fun <C, A : Ring<C>, R> A.numberedPolynomialSpace(block: NumberedPolynomialSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return NumberedPolynomialSpace(this).block()
-}
-
-/**
- * Creates a [NumberedRationalFunctionSpace] over a received ring.
- */
-public inline val <C, A : Ring<C>> A.numberedRationalFunctionSpace: NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>
-    get() = NumberedRationalFunctionSpace(this)
-
-/**
- * Creates a [NumberedRationalFunctionSpace]'s scope over a received ring.
- */
-public inline fun <C, A : Ring<C>, R> A.numberedRationalFunctionSpace(block: NumberedRationalFunctionSpace<C, A>.() -> R): R {
-    contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    return NumberedRationalFunctionSpace(this).block()
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double polynomial.
- */
-public fun NumberedPolynomial<Double>.substitute(args: Map<Int, Double>): NumberedPolynomial<Double> = Double.algebra {
-    NumberedPolynomial<Double>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            for ((degs, c) in coefficients) {
-                val newDegs = degs.mapIndexed { index, deg -> if (index !in args) deg else 0u }.cleanUp()
-                val newC = args.entries.fold(c) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                    val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * substitution.pow(deg.toInt())
-                }
-                putOrChange(newDegs, newC) { it -> it + newC }
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Int, C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            for ((degs, c) in coefficients) {
-                val newDegs = degs.mapIndexed { index, deg -> if (index !in args) deg else 0u }.cleanUp()
-                val newC = args.entries.fold(c) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                    val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-                }
-                putOrChange(newDegs, newC) { it -> it + newC }
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-@JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Int, NumberedPolynomial<C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-    ring.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-        coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-            val newDegs = degs.mapIndexed { index, deg -> if (index !in args) deg else 0u }.cleanUp()
-            acc + args.entries.fold(NumberedPolynomial<C>(mapOf(newDegs to c))) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-@JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Int, NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.numberedRationalFunctionSpace {
-        coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-            val newDegs = degs.mapIndexed { index, deg -> if (index !in args) deg else 0u }.cleanUp()
-            acc + args.entries.fold(NumberedRationalFunction(NumberedPolynomial<C>(mapOf(newDegs to c)))) { product, (variable, substitution) ->
-                val deg = degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }
-                if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(substitution, deg)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double rational function.
- */
-public fun NumberedRationalFunction<Double>.substitute(args: Map<Int, Double>): NumberedRationalFunction<Double> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(args), denominator.substitute(args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Int, C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(ring, args), denominator.substitute(ring, args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize calculation
-@JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Int, NumberedPolynomial<C>>) : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(ring, args), denominator.substitute(ring, args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize calculation
-@JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Map<Int, NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.numberedRationalFunctionSpace {
-        numerator.substitute(ring, args) / denominator.substitute(ring, args)
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double polynomial.
- */
-public fun NumberedPolynomial<Double>.substitute(args: Buffer<Double>): NumberedPolynomial<Double> = Double.algebra {
-    val lastSubstitutionVariable = args.size - 1
-    NumberedPolynomial<Double>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            for ((degs, c) in coefficients) {
-                val lastDegsIndex = degs.lastIndex
-                val newDegs =
-                    if (lastDegsIndex <= lastSubstitutionVariable) emptyList()
-                    else degs.toMutableList().apply {
-                        for (i in 0..lastSubstitutionVariable) this[i] = 0u
-                    }
-                val newC = (0..min(lastDegsIndex, lastSubstitutionVariable)).fold(c) { product, variable ->
-                    val deg = degs[variable]
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * args[variable].pow(deg.toInt())
-                }
-                putOrChange(newDegs, newC) { it -> it + newC }
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<C>): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    val lastSubstitutionVariable = args.size - 1
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap<List<UInt>, C>(coefficients.size) {
-            for ((degs, c) in coefficients) {
-                val lastDegsIndex = degs.lastIndex
-                val newDegs =
-                    if (lastDegsIndex <= lastSubstitutionVariable) emptyList()
-                    else degs.toMutableList().apply {
-                        for (i in 0..lastSubstitutionVariable) this[i] = 0u
-                    }
-                val newC = (0..min(lastDegsIndex, lastSubstitutionVariable)).fold(c) { product, variable ->
-                    val deg = degs[variable]
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(args[variable], deg)
-                }
-                putOrChange(newDegs, newC) { it -> it + newC }
-            }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-@JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) : NumberedPolynomial<C> =
-    ring.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-        val lastSubstitutionVariable = args.size - 1
-        coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-            val lastDegsIndex = degs.lastIndex
-            val newDegs =
-                if (lastDegsIndex <= lastSubstitutionVariable) emptyList()
-                else degs.toMutableList().apply {
-                    for (i in 0..lastSubstitutionVariable) this[i] = 0u
-                }
-            acc + (0..min(lastDegsIndex, lastSubstitutionVariable))
-                .fold(NumberedPolynomial<C>(mapOf(newDegs to c))) { product, variable ->
-                    val deg = degs[variable]
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(args[variable], deg)
-                }
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */ // TODO: To optimize boxing
-@JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.numberedRationalFunctionSpace {
-        val lastSubstitutionVariable = args.size - 1
-        coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-            val lastDegsIndex = degs.lastIndex
-            val newDegs =
-                if (lastDegsIndex <= lastSubstitutionVariable) emptyList()
-                else degs.toMutableList().apply {
-                    for (i in 0..lastSubstitutionVariable) this[i] = 0u
-                }
-            acc + (0..min(lastDegsIndex, lastSubstitutionVariable))
-                .fold(NumberedRationalFunction(NumberedPolynomial<C>(mapOf(newDegs to c)))) { product, variable ->
-                    val deg = degs[variable]
-                    if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(args[variable], deg)
-                }
-        }
-    }
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double rational function.
- */
-public fun NumberedRationalFunction<Double>.substitute(args: Buffer<Double>): NumberedRationalFunction<Double> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(args), denominator.substitute(args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<C>): NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(ring, args), denominator.substitute(ring, args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize calculation
-@JvmName("substitutePolynomial")
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    NumberedRationalFunction(numerator.substitute(ring, args), denominator.substitute(ring, args))
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */ // TODO: To optimize calculation
-@JvmName("substituteRationalFunction")
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substitute(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) : NumberedRationalFunction<C> =
-    ring.numberedRationalFunctionSpace {
-        numerator.substitute(ring, args) / denominator.substitute(ring, args)
-    }
-
-internal const val fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage: String = "Fully substituting buffer should cover all variables of the polynomial."
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double polynomial.
- */
-public fun NumberedPolynomial<Double>.substituteFully(args: Buffer<Double>): Double = Double.algebra {
-    val lastSubstitutionVariable = args.size - 1
-    require(coefficients.keys.all { it.lastIndex <= lastSubstitutionVariable }) { fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage }
-    coefficients.entries.fold(.0) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-        acc + degs.foldIndexed(c) { variable, product, deg ->
-            if (deg == 0u) product else product * args[variable].pow(deg.toInt())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] polynomial.
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedPolynomial<C>.substituteFully(ring: Ring<C>, args: Buffer<C>): C = ring {
-    val lastSubstitutionVariable = args.size - 1
-    require(coefficients.keys.all { it.lastIndex <= lastSubstitutionVariable }) { fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage }
-    coefficients.entries.fold(zero) { acc, (degs, c) ->
-        acc + degs.foldIndexed(c) { variable, product, deg ->
-            if (deg == 0u) product else product * power(args[variable], deg)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided Double arguments [args] into [this] Double rational function.
- */
-public fun NumberedRationalFunction<Double>.substituteFully(args: Buffer<Double>): Double =
-    numerator.substituteFully(args) / denominator.substituteFully(args)
-
-/**
- * Substitutes provided arguments [args] into [this] rational function.
- */
-public fun <C> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.substituteFully(ring: Field<C>, args: Buffer<C>): C = ring {
-    numerator.substituteFully(ring, args) / denominator.substituteFully(ring, args)
-}
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOver(ring: A): (Buffer<C>) -> C = { substituteFully(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring: A): (Buffer<C>) -> C = { substituteFully(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring: A): (Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) -> NumberedPolynomial<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] polynomial as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunctionOver(ring: A): (Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) -> NumberedRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOver(ring: A): (Buffer<C>) -> C = { substituteFully(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfConstantOver(ring: A): (Buffer<C>) -> C = { substituteFully(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfPolynomialOver(ring: A): (Buffer<NumberedPolynomial<C>>) -> NumberedRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Represent [this] rational function as a regular context-less function.
- */
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedRationalFunction<C>.asFunctionOfRationalFunctionOver(ring: A): (Buffer<NumberedRationalFunction<C>>) -> NumberedRationalFunction<C> = { substitute(ring, it) }
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.derivativeWithRespectTo(
-    ring: A,
-    variable: Int,
-): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.count { it.key.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } >= 1u }) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    if (degs.lastIndex < variable) return@forEach
-                    put(
-                        degs.mapIndexed { index, deg ->
-                            when {
-                                index != variable -> deg
-                                deg > 0u -> deg - 1u
-                                else -> return@forEach
-                            }
-                        }.cleanUp(),
-                        multiplyByDoubling(c, degs[variable])
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable of specified order.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(
-    ring: A,
-    variable: Int,
-    order: UInt
-): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    if (order == 0u) return this@nthDerivativeWithRespectTo
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.count { it.key.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } >= order }) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    if (degs.lastIndex < variable) return@forEach
-                    put(
-                        degs.mapIndexed { index, deg ->
-                            when {
-                                index != variable -> deg
-                                deg >= order -> deg - order
-                                else -> return@forEach
-                            }
-                        }.cleanUp(),
-                        degs[variable].let { deg ->
-                            (deg downTo deg - order + 1u)
-                                .fold(c) { acc, ord -> multiplyByDoubling(acc, ord) }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variables of specified orders.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Ring<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(
-    ring: A,
-    variablesAndOrders: Map<Int, UInt>,
-): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    val filteredVariablesAndOrders = variablesAndOrders.filterValues { it != 0u }
-    if (filteredVariablesAndOrders.isEmpty()) return this@nthDerivativeWithRespectTo
-    val maxRespectedVariable = filteredVariablesAndOrders.keys.maxOrNull()!!
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    if (degs.lastIndex < maxRespectedVariable) return@forEach
-                    put(
-                        degs.mapIndexed { index, deg ->
-                            if (index !in filteredVariablesAndOrders) return@mapIndexed deg
-                            val order = filteredVariablesAndOrders[index]!!
-                            if (deg >= order) deg - order else return@forEach
-                        }.cleanUp(),
-                        filteredVariablesAndOrders.entries.fold(c) { acc1, (index, order) ->
-                            degs[index].let { deg ->
-                                (deg downTo deg - order + 1u)
-                                    .fold(acc1) { acc2, ord -> multiplyByDoubling(acc2, ord) }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic antiderivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.antiderivativeWithRespectTo(
-    ring: A,
-    variable: Int,
-): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    put(
-                        List(max(variable + 1, degs.size)) { degs.getOrElse(it) { 0u } + if (it != variable) 0u else 1u },
-                        c / multiplyByDoubling(one, degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u } + 1u)
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic antiderivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variable of specified order.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(
-    ring: A,
-    variable: Int,
-    order: UInt
-): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    if (order == 0u) return this@nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    put(
-                        List(max(variable + 1, degs.size)) { degs.getOrElse(it) { 0u } + if (it != variable) 0u else order },
-                        degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }.let { deg ->
-                            (deg + 1u .. deg + order)
-                                .fold(c) { acc, ord -> acc / multiplyByDoubling(one, ord) }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
-
-/**
- * Returns algebraic derivative of received polynomial with respect to provided variables of specified orders.
- */
-@UnstableKMathAPI
-public fun <C, A : Field<C>> NumberedPolynomial<C>.nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(
-    ring: A,
-    variablesAndOrders: Map<Int, UInt>,
-): NumberedPolynomial<C> = ring {
-    val filteredVariablesAndOrders = variablesAndOrders.filterValues { it != 0u }
-    if (filteredVariablesAndOrders.isEmpty()) return this@nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo
-    val maxRespectedVariable = filteredVariablesAndOrders.keys.maxOrNull()!!
-    NumberedPolynomial<C>(
-        buildMap(coefficients.size) {
-            coefficients
-                .forEach { (degs, c) ->
-                    put(
-                        List(max(maxRespectedVariable + 1, degs.size)) { degs.getOrElse(it) { 0u } + filteredVariablesAndOrders.getOrElse(it) { 0u } },
-                        filteredVariablesAndOrders.entries.fold(c) { acc1, (variable, order) ->
-                            degs.getOrElse(variable) { 0u }.let { deg ->
-                                (deg + 1u .. deg + order)
-                                    .fold(acc1) { acc, ord -> acc / multiplyByDoubling(one, ord) }
-                            }
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-        }
-    )
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/AlgebraicStubTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/AlgebraicStubTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 9dd2bb743..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/AlgebraicStubTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,589 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
-import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-@JvmInline
-value class Expr(val expr: String)
-
-object ExprRing : Field<Expr> {
-    override fun Expr.unaryMinus(): Expr = Expr("-${expr}")
-    override fun add(left: Expr, right: Expr): Expr = Expr("(${left.expr} + ${right.expr})")
-    override fun multiply(left: Expr, right: Expr): Expr = Expr("(${left.expr} * ${right.expr})")
-    override val zero: Expr = Expr("0")
-    override val one: Expr = Expr("1")
-    override fun divide(left: Expr, right: Expr): Expr = Expr("(${left.expr} / ${right.expr})")
-    override fun scale(a: Expr, value: Double): Expr = Expr("(${a.expr} / $value)")
-}
-
-class AlgebraicStubTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_addMultipliedBySquaring_for_UInt() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 0u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 0u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + 179)",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 1u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 1u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (179 + 179))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 2u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 2u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 179) + (179 + 179))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 3u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 3u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 4u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 4u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 179) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 5u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 5u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + (179 + 179)) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 6u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 6u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 + 179) + (179 + 179)) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 7u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 7u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179))))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 8u).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 8u)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_multiplyBySquaring_for_UInt() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "0",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 0u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 0u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 1u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 1u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + 57)",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 2u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 2u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (57 + 57))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 3u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 3u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 57) + (57 + 57))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 4u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 4u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 5u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 5u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 57) + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 6u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 6u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + (57 + 57)) + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 7u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 7u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)) + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 8u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 8u)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_addMultipliedBySquaring_for_Int() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 0).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 0)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + 179)",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 1).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + -179)",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -1).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (179 + 179))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 2).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (-179 + -179))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -2).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 179) + (179 + 179))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 3).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + -179) + (-179 + -179))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -3).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 4).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + ((-179 + -179) + (-179 + -179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -4).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 179) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 5).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + -179) + ((-179 + -179) + (-179 + -179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -5).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + (179 + 179)) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 6).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + (-179 + -179)) + ((-179 + -179) + (-179 + -179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -6).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 + 179) + (179 + 179)) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 7).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 + -179) + (-179 + -179)) + ((-179 + -179) + (-179 + -179)))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -7).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (((179 + 179) + (179 + 179)) + ((179 + 179) + (179 + 179))))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 8).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, 8)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (((-179 + -179) + (-179 + -179)) + ((-179 + -179) + (-179 + -179))))",
-                addMultipliedByDoubling(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -8).expr,
-                "tried addMultipliedBySquaring(57, 179, -8)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_multiplyBySquaring_for_Int() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "0",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 0).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 0)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 1).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "-57",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -1).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + 57)",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 2).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(-57 + -57)",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -2).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + (57 + 57))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 3).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(-57 + (-57 + -57))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -3).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 57) + (57 + 57))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 4).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((-57 + -57) + (-57 + -57))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -4).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 5).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(-57 + ((-57 + -57) + (-57 + -57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -5).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + 57) + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 6).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((-57 + -57) + ((-57 + -57) + (-57 + -57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -6).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 + (57 + 57)) + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 7).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((-57 + (-57 + -57)) + ((-57 + -57) + (-57 + -57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -7).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)) + ((57 + 57) + (57 + 57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), 8).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, 8)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((-57 + -57) + (-57 + -57)) + ((-57 + -57) + (-57 + -57)))",
-                multiplyByDoubling(Expr("57"), -8).expr,
-                "tried multiplyBySquaring(57, -8)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_multiplyExponentiationBySquaring_for_UInt() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 0u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 0u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * 179)",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 1u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 1u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (179 * 179))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 2u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 2u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 179) * (179 * 179))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 3u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 3u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 4u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 4u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 179) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 5u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 5u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * (179 * 179)) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 6u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 6u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 * 179) * (179 * 179)) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 7u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 7u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 8u).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 8u)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_exponentiationBySquaring_for_UInt() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "0",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 0u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 0u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 1u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 1u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * 57)",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 2u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 2u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (57 * 57))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 3u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 3u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 57) * (57 * 57))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 4u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 4u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 5u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 5u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 57) * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 6u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 6u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * (57 * 57)) * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 7u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 7u)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)) * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 8u).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 8u)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_multiplyExponentiationBySquaring_for_Int() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 0).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 0)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * 179)",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 1).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (1 / 179))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -1).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (179 * 179))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 2).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -2).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 179) * (179 * 179))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 3).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -3).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 4).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -4).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 179) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 5).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * (1 / 179)) * (((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -5).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * (179 * 179)) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 6).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))) * (((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -6).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 * 179) * (179 * 179)) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 7).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))) * (((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -7).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (((179 * 179) * (179 * 179)) * ((179 * 179) * (179 * 179))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), 8).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, 8)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * ((((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179))) * (((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)) * ((1 / 179) * (1 / 179)))))",
-                multiplyExponentiatedBySquaring(Expr("57"), Expr("179"), -8).expr,
-                "tried multiplyExponentiationBySquaring(57, 179, -8)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_exponentiationBySquaring_for_Int() {
-        ExprRing {
-            assertEquals(
-                "0",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 0).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 0)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "57",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 1).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(1 / 57)",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -1).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -1)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * 57)",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 2).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -2).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -2)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * (57 * 57))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 3).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((1 / 57) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -3).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -3)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 57) * (57 * 57))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 4).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -4).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -4)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(57 * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 5).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((1 / 57) * (((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -5).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -5)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * 57) * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 6).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * (((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -6).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -6)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((57 * (57 * 57)) * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 7).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((1 / 57) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))) * (((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -7).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -7)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "(((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)) * ((57 * 57) * (57 * 57)))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), 8).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, 8)"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                "((((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))) * (((1 / 57) * (1 / 57)) * ((1 / 57) * (1 / 57))))",
-                exponentiateBySquaring(Expr("57"), -8).expr,
-                "tried exponentiationBySquaring(57, -8)"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledConstructorsTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledConstructorsTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 054f0dc4c..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledConstructorsTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.t
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.x
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.y
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.z
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class LabeledConstructorsTest {
-    @Test
-    @UnstableKMathAPI
-    fun testDSL1() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 3u) to 5,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to -6,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-                LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { x pow 2u; z pow 3u }
-                    (-6) { y pow 1u }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-                LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { }
-                    (-6) { }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-                LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { x pow 1u; x pow 1u }
-                    (-6) { x pow 2u }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-                LabeledPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { x pow 1u; x pow 1u }
-                    (-6) { x pow 2u; z pow 0u }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 3"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @UnstableKMathAPI
-    fun testFabric() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 3u) to 5,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to -6,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, z to 3u) to 5,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to -6,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, z to 3u) to 5,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to -6,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 3u, t to 0u) to 5,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 0u, t to 0u) to -6,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u) to 5,
-                    mapOf(y to 0u, z to 0u) to -6,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u) to 5,
-                    mapOf(z to 0u, t to 0u) to -5,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 4"
-        )
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index bb30f7742..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2555 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("LocalVariableName")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.IntModuloRing
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.Rational
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.RationalField
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.iota
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.m
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.o
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.s
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.t
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.x
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.y
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.z
-import kotlin.test.*
-
-
-// TODO: Тесты на конвертацию.
-class LabeledPolynomialTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Int_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x + 5,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x + 0,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Int_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x - 5,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x - 0,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Int_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5),
-                ),
-                x * 5,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                x * 0,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Variable_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                5 + x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                0 + x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Variable_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                5 - x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                0 - x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Variable_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5),
-                ),
-                5 * x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                0 * x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                polynomial_5 + 0,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            val polynomial_6 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_6,
-                polynomial_6 + 0,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            val polynomial_7 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_7,
-                polynomial_7 + 0,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                polynomial_5 - 0,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            val polynomial_6 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_6,
-                polynomial_6 - 0,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            val polynomial_7 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_7,
-                polynomial_7 - 0,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(34),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(2),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(20),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * 27,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(7),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(14),
-                ) * 15,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            val polynomial = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                polynomial * 0,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial,
-                polynomial * 1,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                -3 + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                -3 + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                -3 + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                -3 + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                0 + polynomial_5,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            val polynomial_6 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_6,
-                0 + polynomial_6,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            val polynomial_7 = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_7,
-                0 + polynomial_7,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                3 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                3 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                3 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                3 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                0 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                0 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                0 - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(34),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(2),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(20),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                27 * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                15 * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(7),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(14),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            val polynomial = LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                0 * polynomial,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial,
-                1 * polynomial,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Constant_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x + Rational(5),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x + Rational(0),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Constant_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x - Rational(5),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x - Rational(0),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Constant_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5),
-                ),
-                x * Rational(5),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                x * Rational(0),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Variable_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                Rational(5) + x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Variable_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                Rational(5) - x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Variable_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5),
-                ),
-                Rational(5) * x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) * x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(0),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(0),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(0),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(0),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(0),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(0),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(34),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(2),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(20),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * m(27),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(7),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(14),
-                ) * m(15),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * m(0),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * m(1),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(34),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(2),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(20),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                m(27) * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                m(15) * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(7),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(14),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                m(0) * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                m(1) * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to m(22),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(26),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(13),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_unaryPlus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                +x
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_unaryMinus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                -x
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Variable_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x + y,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2),
-                ),
-                x + x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Variable_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                x - y,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                x - x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Variable_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x * y,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                x * x,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                x + LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                y + LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                    mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                iota + LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                ),
-                x - LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                ),
-                y - LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                    mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                iota - LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Variable_Polynomial_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                x * LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                y * LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                iota * LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Variable_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) + x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) + y,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                    mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) + iota,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Variable_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) - x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) - y,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                    mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(-1),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) - iota,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Variable_times() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) * x,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) * y,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-16, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(13, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 8),
-                ) * iota,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_unaryMinus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(iota to 13u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                -LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(iota to 13u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(8, 9),
-                    mapOf(iota to 13u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                -LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(iota to 13u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(146, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(61, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(146, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(61, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(20, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(20, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(20, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            // (p + q + r) * (p^2 + q^2 + r^2 - pq - pr - qr) = p^3 + q^3 + r^3 - 3pqr
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 3u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 3u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u, z to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u, z to 1u) to m(-3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to m(1),
-                ) * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to m(-1),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 1u) to m(-1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to m(-1),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            // Spoiler: 5 * 7 = 0
-            assertEquals(
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 2u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 1u) to m(0),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(5),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(-25),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to m(10),
-                ) * LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to m(21),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to m(14),
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to m(-7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degree() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                -1,
-                LabeledPolynomial().degree,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-                ).degree,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                6,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-                ).degree,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, s to 0u) to o
-                ).degree,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                ).degree,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-                ).degree,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degrees() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(),
-                LabeledPolynomial().degrees,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, s to 0u) to o
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u, z to 1u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u, z to 2u, t to 4u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degreeBy() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            fun LabeledPolynomial<Rational>.collectDegrees(variables: Set<Symbol> = this.variables + iota): Map<Symbol, UInt> = variables.associateWith { degreeBy(it) }
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(iota to 0u),
-                LabeledPolynomial().collectDegrees(),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(iota to 0u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u, iota to 0u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, iota to 0u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, s to 0u) to o
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u, z to 1u, iota to 0u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u, z to 2u, t to 4u, iota to 0u),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degreeBy_Collection() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            fun LabeledPolynomial<Rational>.checkDegreeBy(message: String? = null) {
-                val variables = variables.toList() + iota
-                val variablesCollectionSequence: Sequence<List<Symbol>> = sequence {
-                    val appearances = MutableList(variables.size) { 0 }
-                    while (true) {
-                        yield(
-                            buildList {
-                                for ((variableIndex, count) in appearances.withIndex()) repeat(count) { add(variables[variableIndex]) }
-                            }
-                        )
-                        val indexChange = appearances.indexOfFirst { it < 4 }
-                        if (indexChange == -1) break
-                        appearances[indexChange] += 1
-                        for (index in 0 until indexChange) appearances[index] = 0
-                    }
-                }
-                for (variablesCollection in variablesCollectionSequence) {
-                    val expected = coefficients.keys.maxOfOrNull { degs -> degs.filterKeys { it in variablesCollection }.values.sum() } ?: 0u
-                    val actual = degreeBy(variablesCollection)
-                    if (actual != expected)
-                        fail("${message ?: ""} Incorrect answer for variable collection $variablesCollection: expected $expected, actual $actual")
-                }
-            }
-            LabeledPolynomial().checkDegreeBy("test 1")
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 2")
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 3")
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, s to 0u) to o
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 4")
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 5")
-            LabeledPolynomial(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to o,
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to o,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 6")
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_variables() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                setOf(),
-                LabeledPolynomial().variables,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                setOf(),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-                ).variables,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                setOf(x, y, z),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-                ).variables,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                setOf(y, z, t),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, s to 0u) to o
-                ).variables,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                setOf(x, y, z),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                ).variables,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                setOf(x, y, z, t),
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-                ).variables,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_countOfVariables() {
-        RationalField.labeledPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                LabeledPolynomial().countOfVariables,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u, t to 1u, s to 0u) to o
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                LabeledPolynomial(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RF_countOfVariables() {
-        RationalField.labeledRationalFunctionSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial()
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial(),
-                    LabeledPolynomial()
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, z to 3u) to o
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 0u, t to 1u) to o
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 2u) to o
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                        mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u) to o,
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to o,
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to o,
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 0u, z to 1u) to o,
-                    ), LabeledPolynomial(
-                        mapOf(x to 0u, y to 1u, z to 2u) to o,
-                        mapOf(x to 0u, y to 0u, z to 0u, t to 4u) to o,
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialUtilTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialUtilTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 637981b66..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/LabeledPolynomialUtilTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8222 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.assertEquals
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.Rational
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.RationalField
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.iota
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.x
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.y
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import kotlin.test.Ignore
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class LabeledPolynomialUtilTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Double() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.0),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.0,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to -2.0,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.0,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to 1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf()),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to 0.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to 0.0,
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.433510890645169,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.6264844682514724,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.8405727903771333,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                y to 0.8400458576651112
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.433510890645169,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.6264844682514724,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.8405727903771333,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                y to 0.8400458576651112,
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to 0.4846192734143442,
-                y to 0.8400458576651112,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to 0.4846192734143442,
-                y to 0.8400458576651112,
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Constant_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0)
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+y+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(143, 150)
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(-2, 5),
-                y to Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(143, 150)
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(-2, 5),
-                y to Rational(12, 9),
-                iota to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+y+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-67, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-70, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(88, 9),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-67, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-70, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(88, 9),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to Rational(12, 9),
-                iota to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-83, 50),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(29, 25),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(3, 5),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(-2, 5),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-83, 50),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(29, 25),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(3, 5),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(-2, 5),
-                iota to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Symbol, Rational>()),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                iota to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2%29+p%5E8+where+x+%3D+q%2Fp%2C+y+%3D+x%5E3%2C+p+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+q+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(47639065216, 2562890625)
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(-2, 5),
-                y to Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Polynomial_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0)
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-5%2F1+s+%2B+2%2F8+t%2C+y+%3D+11%2F7+t
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-92, 21),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-2627, 2352),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(4565, 3136),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(605, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1445, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13145, 392),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-3025, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(175, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2475, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(15125, 98),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                ),
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(11, 7),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = (0/6 + 14/8 s + -14/2 s^2) + (-3/5 + 11/1 s + 3/7 s^2) t + (-3/7 + -18/5 s + -9/1 s^2) t^2, y = (-9/2 + 2/7 s + 9/1 s^2) + (13/1 + -1/8 s + 2/8 s^2) t + (19/4 + 15/7 s + -19/4 s^2) t^2
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(48583, 336),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-913477, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-967567, 672),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(4722043, 1344),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(8855, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-311971, 32),
-                mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-17325, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(19845, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-827, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(191927, 840),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9592627, 2352),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-105400711, 53760),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10054101459, 439040),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(2127351, 128),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(116680973, 3136),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-220445, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2655, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(30567, 100),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-156284953, 39200),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-57661541711, 6585600),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(131931579, 3136),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(98818124791, 3512320),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-94458855053, 878080),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(13937705305, 1229312),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(335706887, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(23549165, 1568),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(111367, 1400),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(4937369, 700),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4449423711, 274400),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-351873325703, 4390400),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(23495875029, 307328),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(17576300919, 878080),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(230316993, 12544),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-191130515, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(332435, 392),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-275084, 1225),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-266774603, 137200),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(2176279167121, 30732800),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(10904913303, 2195200),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10769286147, 2195200),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-26277119793, 439040),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(25859735869, 6146560),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(38906289, 2744),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(-3072025, 392),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(9573, 98),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-4154651399, 548800),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(3446069019, 548800),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-7851500623, 137200),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-53205142903, 1920800),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-31953611, 3430),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(1447380313, 109760),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(764158625, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(1153515, 784),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(1722351, 7840),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-164554821, 109760),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-79096147243, 7683200),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-624721089, 15680),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(11147305567, 548800),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(8318333679, 109760),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(32981871553, 1536640),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(-225359619, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(-3973995, 392),
-                mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(67203, 784),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(39281469, 54880),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(70162551, 27440),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(413630709, 54880),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(4640410269, 192080),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(802712247, 54880),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-473517603, 27440),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-17055459, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-12825, 14),
-                mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(16245, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(503253, 2744),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(125292591, 96040),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(12033171, 2744),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(154352673, 27440),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1302291, 392),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-20265741, 1960),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(-26163, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(146205, 32),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(48583, 336),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-913477, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-967567, 672),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(4722043, 1344),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(8855, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-311971, 32),
-                mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-17325, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(19845, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-827, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(191927, 840),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9592627, 2352),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-105400711, 53760),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10054101459, 439040),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(2127351, 128),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(116680973, 3136),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-220445, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2655, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(30567, 100),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-156284953, 39200),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-57661541711, 6585600),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(131931579, 3136),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(98818124791, 3512320),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-94458855053, 878080),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(13937705305, 1229312),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(335706887, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(23549165, 1568),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(111367, 1400),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(4937369, 700),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4449423711, 274400),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-351873325703, 4390400),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(23495875029, 307328),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(17576300919, 878080),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(230316993, 12544),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-191130515, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(332435, 392),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-275084, 1225),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-266774603, 137200),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(2176279167121, 30732800),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(10904913303, 2195200),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10769286147, 2195200),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-26277119793, 439040),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(25859735869, 6146560),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(38906289, 2744),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(-3072025, 392),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(9573, 98),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-4154651399, 548800),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(3446069019, 548800),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-7851500623, 137200),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-53205142903, 1920800),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-31953611, 3430),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(1447380313, 109760),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(764158625, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(1153515, 784),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(1722351, 7840),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-164554821, 109760),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-79096147243, 7683200),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-624721089, 15680),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(11147305567, 548800),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(8318333679, 109760),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(32981871553, 1536640),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(-225359619, 21952),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(-3973995, 392),
-                mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(67203, 784),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(39281469, 54880),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(70162551, 27440),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(413630709, 54880),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(4640410269, 192080),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(802712247, 54880),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-473517603, 27440),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-17055459, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-12825, 14),
-                mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(16245, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(503253, 2744),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(125292591, 96040),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(12033171, 2744),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(154352673, 27440),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1302291, 392),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-20265741, 1960),
-                mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(-26163, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(146205, 32),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = s, y = (-9/2 + 2/7 s + 9/1 s^2) + (13/1 + -1/8 s + 2/8 s^2) t + (19/4 + 15/7 s + -19/4 s^2) t^2
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6817, 84),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-21445, 294),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-12151, 49),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-17789, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(1224, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-156),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2440, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1571, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(107515, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(64965, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(209, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(45, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(112),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1449, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1306309, 3136),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(483207, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1978437, 6272),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18231, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6835, 32),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(247, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(33771, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(2073, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-23463, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-33825, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(201, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-95, 16),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(361, 16),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(3667, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(88729, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2476, 49),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-23419, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-323, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(1805, 32),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6817, 84),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-21445, 294),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-12151, 49),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-17789, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(1224, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-156),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2440, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1571, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(107515, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(64965, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(209, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(45, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(112),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1449, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1306309, 3136),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(483207, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1978437, 6272),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18231, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6835, 32),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(247, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(33771, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(2073, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-23463, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-33825, 112),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(201, 224),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-95, 16),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(361, 16),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(3667, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(88729, 1568),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2476, 49),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-23419, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-323, 56),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(1805, 32),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = (0/6 + 14/8 s + -14/2 s^2) + (-3/5 + 11/1 s + 3/7 s^2) t + (-3/7 + -18/5 s + -9/1 s^2) t^2, y = t
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-35, 16),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-343, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(343, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-823, 120),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1232417, 6720),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9863, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(385, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2439, 350),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5793, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1172113, 3360),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13531, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(2824, 7),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3417, 700),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1191, 200),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(8383, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-220279, 280),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(49179, 196),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(57, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-33771, 700),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(196279, 1225),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-32259, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(23868, 49),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(333, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-204, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-307233, 2450),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-12492, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(4563, 28),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(45, 98),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(54, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(1809, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(162),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-35, 16),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-343, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(343, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-823, 120),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1232417, 6720),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9863, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(385, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2439, 350),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5793, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1172113, 3360),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13531, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(2824, 7),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3417, 700),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1191, 200),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(8383, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-220279, 280),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(49179, 196),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(57, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-33771, 700),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(196279, 1225),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-32259, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(23868, 49),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(333, 196),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-204, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-307233, 2450),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-12492, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(4563, 28),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(45, 98),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(54, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(1809, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(162),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_RationalFunction_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-194071, 4900),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(394811, 225),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-444183161, 66150),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(70537618, 59535),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(9655504, 2835),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(61, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2137, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1342, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(484, 9),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    )
-                ),
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6443599, 10000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(166251223, 210000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-4606805099, 3528000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(51204379, 19600),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-529045460659, 277830000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(2630836709, 1488375),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-42675691369, 25004700),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(495825223, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-22531756, 1750329),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-2526552797, 420000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(31108840471, 2520000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4789740847, 1102500),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(186594307807, 11340000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11677815943, 1488375),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-181118486447, 27783000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16123292162, 14586075),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-140339343808, 26254935),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(4570171616, 5250987),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-181436530573, 10080000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6700437957491, 105840000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3527267461, 1417500),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-38084563451, 5556600),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-565662040631, 13891500),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-35479071126397, 583443000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11717559078469, 525098700),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2043385293517, 225042300),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3644439630451, 551353635),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1760423269, 126000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(310176758299, 2352000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-907229584837, 21168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16717135885963, 95256000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-43762928025353, 333396000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-328427480571607, 3000564000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-7722675917197, 210039480),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(1713350137019, 1225230300),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(156695935643, 31505922),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(18362364269, 1008000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(955674858553, 10584000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-71937470607371, 444528000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-34097985615163, 95256000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-340736178775883, 2000376000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-511324523441897, 10501974000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-125375649409151, 8821658160),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2813518533421, 1575296100),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(-17044089109, 5250987),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(600086461, 20160),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-18959931367, 423360),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-9178804929607, 44452800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1460114275979, 5334336),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-342533479090169, 4200789600),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(20335453022963, 4200789600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-21649775090197, 6301184400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-197301716069, 131274675),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(18711357470, 15752961),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(621417991, 100800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-159236792977, 2116800),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-6602528890883, 66679200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1086091664047, 19051200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(3769375009003, 1680315840),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(-12920385574769, 1050197400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-90219591809287, 6301184400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(656361553391, 1575296100),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(757900793, 2250423),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-100770017, 15120),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(-316364851, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-85118560057, 6667920),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(6286563719, 416745),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(26803885301, 1714608),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(-13767154393, 4286520),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-3875138933, 1224720),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(65193755, 333396),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(90974351, 2500470),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(-3182197, 1260),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(24899923, 8820),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(-19999556, 19845),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(3276587, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(13719549239, 5000940),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-961839938, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-198184871, 833490),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(230659711, 5000940),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(292447, 35721)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(9, 100),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-21, 50),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(293, 700),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(29, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(3233, 8820),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-289, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-20, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(100, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-57, 80),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-121, 400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(37117, 8400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4853, 3150),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(1166203, 132300),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2708, 567),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-287159, 416745),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-478204, 83349),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(176320, 83349),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-6239, 6400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(264211, 11200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1591999, 100800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(12450091, 529200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(9230759, 226800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(18995554, 2083725),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(136706258, 6251175),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-120907496, 3750705),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(117200176, 15752961),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(5653, 320),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-130853, 8400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-20939327, 151200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(2566691, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-68441519, 476280),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(2462904247, 12502350),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(353667161, 18753525),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1689134372, 26254935),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(35084104, 2250423),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-3587, 300),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10513243, 33600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(30766733, 176400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-65680021, 198450),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8108910547, 20003760),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(2922125159, 6251175),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-4245279943, 131274675),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(-371946872, 3750705),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(61286752, 2250423),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-20477, 160),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(215741, 1120),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(30785843, 31752),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-357495959, 317520),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1611242993, 10001880),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(345925495, 500094),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-755948411, 3750705),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-108643496, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(1122512, 35721),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(358037, 2880),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(3895837, 3360),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(359419201, 1270080),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-158522587, 105840),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(10909002599, 20003760),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(76846972, 138915),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-327696553, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1687328, 35721),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(1016836, 35721),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(658, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(48035, 168),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-5777875, 5292),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-7893899, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(10191652, 11907),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(2920121, 23814),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-2699780, 11907),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(4556, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(3440, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(64, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(-808, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(-360895, 1764),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(257657, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(3779917, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-610279, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-25091, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(9560, 567),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(400, 81)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6443599, 10000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(166251223, 210000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-4606805099, 3528000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(51204379, 19600),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-529045460659, 277830000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(2630836709, 1488375),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-42675691369, 25004700),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(495825223, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-22531756, 1750329),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-2526552797, 420000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(31108840471, 2520000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4789740847, 1102500),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(186594307807, 11340000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11677815943, 1488375),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-181118486447, 27783000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16123292162, 14586075),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-140339343808, 26254935),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(4570171616, 5250987),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-181436530573, 10080000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6700437957491, 105840000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3527267461, 1417500),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-38084563451, 5556600),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-565662040631, 13891500),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-35479071126397, 583443000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11717559078469, 525098700),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2043385293517, 225042300),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3644439630451, 551353635),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1760423269, 126000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(310176758299, 2352000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-907229584837, 21168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16717135885963, 95256000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-43762928025353, 333396000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-328427480571607, 3000564000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-7722675917197, 210039480),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(1713350137019, 1225230300),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(156695935643, 31505922),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(18362364269, 1008000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(955674858553, 10584000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-71937470607371, 444528000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-34097985615163, 95256000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-340736178775883, 2000376000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-511324523441897, 10501974000),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-125375649409151, 8821658160),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2813518533421, 1575296100),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(-17044089109, 5250987),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(600086461, 20160),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-18959931367, 423360),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-9178804929607, 44452800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1460114275979, 5334336),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-342533479090169, 4200789600),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(20335453022963, 4200789600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-21649775090197, 6301184400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-197301716069, 131274675),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(18711357470, 15752961),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(621417991, 100800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-159236792977, 2116800),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-6602528890883, 66679200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1086091664047, 19051200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(3769375009003, 1680315840),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(-12920385574769, 1050197400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-90219591809287, 6301184400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(656361553391, 1575296100),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(757900793, 2250423),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-100770017, 15120),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(-316364851, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-85118560057, 6667920),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(6286563719, 416745),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(26803885301, 1714608),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(-13767154393, 4286520),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-3875138933, 1224720),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(65193755, 333396),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(90974351, 2500470),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(-3182197, 1260),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(24899923, 8820),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(-19999556, 19845),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(3276587, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(13719549239, 5000940),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-961839938, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-198184871, 833490),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(230659711, 5000940),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(292447, 35721)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(9, 100),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-21, 50),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(293, 700),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(29, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(3233, 8820),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-289, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-20, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(100, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-57, 80),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-121, 400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(37117, 8400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4853, 3150),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(1166203, 132300),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2708, 567),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-287159, 416745),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-478204, 83349),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(176320, 83349),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-6239, 6400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(264211, 11200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1591999, 100800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(12450091, 529200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(9230759, 226800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(18995554, 2083725),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(136706258, 6251175),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-120907496, 3750705),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(117200176, 15752961),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(5653, 320),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-130853, 8400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-20939327, 151200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(2566691, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-68441519, 476280),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(2462904247, 12502350),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(353667161, 18753525),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1689134372, 26254935),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(35084104, 2250423),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-3587, 300),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10513243, 33600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(30766733, 176400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-65680021, 198450),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-8108910547, 20003760),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(2922125159, 6251175),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-4245279943, 131274675),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(-371946872, 3750705),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(61286752, 2250423),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-20477, 160),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(215741, 1120),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(30785843, 31752),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-357495959, 317520),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1611242993, 10001880),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(345925495, 500094),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-755948411, 3750705),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-108643496, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(1122512, 35721),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(358037, 2880),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(3895837, 3360),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(359419201, 1270080),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-158522587, 105840),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(10909002599, 20003760),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(76846972, 138915),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-327696553, 1250235),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1687328, 35721),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(1016836, 35721),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(658, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(48035, 168),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-5777875, 5292),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-7893899, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(10191652, 11907),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(2920121, 23814),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-2699780, 11907),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(4556, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(3440, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(64, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(-808, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(-360895, 1764),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(257657, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(3779917, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-610279, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-25091, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(9560, 567),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(400, 81)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-66677, 3500),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-206281, 10500),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-412567, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-310081, 11025),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-575996, 15435),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-573701, 4200),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2239001, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-8817889, 132300),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(2317919, 44100),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(1169471, 6615),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4057819, 33600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1373311, 12600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(32433493, 52920),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4998053, 33075),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2147779, 8820),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(2018481, 2240),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(941713, 1440),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(183749, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4631023, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(25609336, 178605),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(11886431, 6720),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(18433, 504),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-39613331, 45360),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(681619, 5670),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-864841, 20412),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(343535, 1008),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-33583, 72),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(1194625, 9072),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-62917, 2268),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(157645, 10206),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-1381, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(919, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-3053, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(2125, 324),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-236, 243)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-66677, 3500),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-206281, 10500),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-412567, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-310081, 11025),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-575996, 15435),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-573701, 4200),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2239001, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-8817889, 132300),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(2317919, 44100),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(1169471, 6615),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4057819, 33600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1373311, 12600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(32433493, 52920),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4998053, 33075),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2147779, 8820),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(2018481, 2240),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(941713, 1440),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(183749, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4631023, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(25609336, 178605),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(11886431, 6720),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(18433, 504),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-39613331, 45360),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(681619, 5670),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-864841, 20412),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(343535, 1008),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-33583, 72),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(1194625, 9072),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-62917, 2268),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(157645, 10206),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-1381, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(919, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-3053, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(2125, 324),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-236, 243)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3539, 700),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-307079, 6300),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(451609, 15120),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(35287733, 396900),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-37242617, 396900),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(382747, 19845),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-2407, 3969),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-226, 175),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-74113, 1890),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(250931, 1764),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(30071473, 99225),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-286466, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2285282, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(17900, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(3817, 3150),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(577568, 11025),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9073553, 99225),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1415849, 79380),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-124715629, 277830),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1328953, 1890),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-297148, 1323),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(6043, 945),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(160381, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-673249, 13230),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-319255, 2058),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-98144, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-320239, 5145),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(400, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(163, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-25183, 4410),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-21369, 1372),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(127499, 30870),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(86971, 12348),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-11129, 1470),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(544, 147)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(3539, 700),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-307079, 6300),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(451609, 15120),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(35287733, 396900),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-37242617, 396900),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(382747, 19845),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-2407, 3969),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-226, 175),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-74113, 1890),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(250931, 1764),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(30071473, 99225),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-286466, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2285282, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(17900, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(3817, 3150),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(577568, 11025),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9073553, 99225),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1415849, 79380),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-124715629, 277830),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1328953, 1890),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-297148, 1323),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(6043, 945),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(160381, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-673249, 13230),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-319255, 2058),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-98144, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-320239, 5145),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(400, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(163, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-25183, 4410),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-21369, 1372),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(127499, 30870),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(86971, 12348),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-11129, 1470),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(544, 147)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Symbol, LabeledRationalFunction<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Double_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to 0.0),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(emptyMap<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.0),
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.0,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -2.0,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.0,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 1.0,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to 1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf()),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 151.1502229133916,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to -262.3790170577034,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 102.5097937392923,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -367.9969733169944,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 112.4911133334554,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -469.755906895345,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to -8.11707689492641,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 151.1502229133916,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to -262.3790170577034,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 102.5097937392923,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -367.9969733169944,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 112.4911133334554,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -469.755906895345,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to -8.11707689492641,
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 14.24074356896978,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -17.71987055153461,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -2.288056483312383,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 7.480604285873397,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -8.43478016688617,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -9.88934943900592,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                y to 0.795265651276015,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 14.24074356896978,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -17.71987055153461,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -2.288056483312383,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 7.480604285873397,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -8.43478016688617,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -9.88934943900592,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                y to 0.795265651276015,
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 7.321261307532708,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -575.6325831127576,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to -8.11707689492641,
-                y to 0.795265651276015,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 7.321261307532708,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to -575.6325831127576,
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                x to -8.11707689492641,
-                y to 0.795265651276015,
-                iota to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Constant_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(22047, 2450),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2204953, 147000),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(7, 5),
-                y to Rational(-13, 7),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(22047, 2450),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2204953, 147000),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(7, 5),
-                y to Rational(-13, 7),
-                iota to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(4191, 490),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(14975, 1176),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10429, 1176)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-775, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-155, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-757, 280)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to Rational(-13, 7),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(4191, 490),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(14975, 1176),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-10429, 1176)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-775, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-155, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-757, 280)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to Rational(-13, 7),
-                iota to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-939, 200),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(123, 50),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(1059, 200)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(121, 25),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-949, 375),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1423, 200)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(7, 5),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-939, 200),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(123, 50),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(1059, 200)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(121, 25),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-949, 375),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1423, 200)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to Rational(7, 5),
-                iota to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Symbol, Rational>()),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                iota to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Polynomial_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(211, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(88, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-63, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(441, 16),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-671, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-551, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(279, 25),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(231, 20),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1436, 1575),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(2471, 250),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4919, 100),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1464, 125),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-264, 25),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(576, 25),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-9, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(943, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(117, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(147, 16),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(289, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2692, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1629, 140),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(77, 20),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(6187, 75),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2879, 175),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4919, 300),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(336, 25),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-88, 25),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(192, 25),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(3, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(8, 5),
-                ),
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1202861, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-215117, 45),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10889651, 19845),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-3503956, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(809066, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-9056, 735),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(5396, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-752, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(16, 49),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1738469, 1470),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-926238703, 52920),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-44113982, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(10423519, 5292),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(3769712, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(8905046, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(1186972, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(22124, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1504, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-54723628, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(70109407, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(151072591, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(1216428107, 52920),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(2587873193, 317520),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(393536369, 79380),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(137614937, 79380),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(566866, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(41848, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-19470406, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(72514195, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-78090707, 1764),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1988237707, 26460),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-802137919, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-139989463, 5880),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-26066641, 3780),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(-108280, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(14878516, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-253416724, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(16699157, 840),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-105220979, 13230),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(208266383, 5880),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(650135309, 26460),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(123808663, 11760),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(8563385, 2646),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(19721, 49),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(675645, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-70554077, 588),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(157884029, 980),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(489548623, 4410),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(148540519, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-5559551, 392),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-18335711, 1470),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-38437, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(-29620, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-727625, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(7046685, 98),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-334814231, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-243971737, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-571116659, 35280),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(567538, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(3199768, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(227744, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(23116, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-27500, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(120125, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-279200, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-100160, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(920452, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(226481, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-34428, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-6232, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-608, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(2500, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(-19000, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(37900, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1840, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(-17876, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1240, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(2788, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(800, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(64, 1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(162487, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-92713, 54),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(802436, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-55088, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1404034, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-5804, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(51556, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-752, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(16, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(296071, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4991281, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18702811, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(40759043, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(19768501, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(14307337, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(1655684, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(22124, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1504, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-27667474, 3087),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(265605901, 12348),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(160360775, 98784),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(1169992093, 148176),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(3978014077, 1333584),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(567058123, 333396),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(205132579, 333396),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(566866, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(41848, 1323),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-2228822, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(80179390, 3087),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1378630487, 74088),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-3385811693, 111132),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-820686977, 49392),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-89101027, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-37847387, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(-108280, 1323),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(12619982, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-277723177, 6174),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(649414169, 49392),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(14457595, 63504),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(139270339, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(140367961, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(25467083, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(8563385, 7938),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(19721, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(643850, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-11818025, 294),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(33963203, 588),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(207216235, 5292),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(2861021, 1512),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-6302335, 1176),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-3738587, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-38437, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(-29620, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-248725, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(2478535, 98),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-399721367, 21168),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-54309317, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-95398327, 21168),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(173750, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(92216, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(227744, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(23116, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-27500, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(120125, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-279200, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-100160, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(920452, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(226481, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-11476, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-6232, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-608, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(2500, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(-19000, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(37900, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1840, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(-17876, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1240, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(2788, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(800, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(64, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1202861, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-215117, 45),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(10889651, 19845),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-3503956, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(809066, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-9056, 735),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(5396, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-752, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(16, 49),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1738469, 1470),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-926238703, 52920),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-44113982, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(10423519, 5292),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(3769712, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(8905046, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(1186972, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(22124, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1504, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-54723628, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(70109407, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(151072591, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(1216428107, 52920),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(2587873193, 317520),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(393536369, 79380),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(137614937, 79380),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(566866, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(41848, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-19470406, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(72514195, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-78090707, 1764),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1988237707, 26460),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-802137919, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-139989463, 5880),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-26066641, 3780),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(-108280, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(14878516, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-253416724, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(16699157, 840),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-105220979, 13230),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(208266383, 5880),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(650135309, 26460),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(123808663, 11760),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(8563385, 2646),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(19721, 49),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(675645, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-70554077, 588),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(157884029, 980),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(489548623, 4410),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(148540519, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-5559551, 392),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-18335711, 1470),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-38437, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(-29620, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-727625, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(7046685, 98),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-334814231, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-243971737, 17640),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-571116659, 35280),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(567538, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(3199768, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(227744, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(23116, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-27500, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(120125, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-279200, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-100160, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(920452, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(226481, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-34428, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-6232, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-608, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(2500, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(-19000, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(37900, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1840, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(-17876, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1240, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(2788, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(800, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(64, 1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(162487, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-92713, 54),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(802436, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-55088, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1404034, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-5804, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(51556, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-752, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(16, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(296071, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4991281, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18702811, 9261),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(40759043, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(19768501, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(14307337, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(1655684, 27783),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(22124, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1504, 441),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-27667474, 3087),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(265605901, 12348),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(160360775, 98784),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(1169992093, 148176),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(3978014077, 1333584),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(567058123, 333396),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(205132579, 333396),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(566866, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(41848, 1323),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-2228822, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(80179390, 3087),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1378630487, 74088),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-3385811693, 111132),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-820686977, 49392),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-89101027, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-37847387, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 3969),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(-108280, 1323),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(12619982, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-277723177, 6174),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(649414169, 49392),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(14457595, 63504),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(139270339, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(140367961, 15876),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(25467083, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(8563385, 7938),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(19721, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(643850, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-11818025, 294),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(33963203, 588),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(207216235, 5292),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(2861021, 1512),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-6302335, 1176),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-3738587, 882),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-38437, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(-29620, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-248725, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(2478535, 98),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-399721367, 21168),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-54309317, 10584),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-95398327, 21168),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(173750, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(92216, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(227744, 189),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(23116, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-27500, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(120125, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(-279200, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-100160, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(920452, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(226481, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-11476, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-6232, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-608, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(2500, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(-19000, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(37900, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1840, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(-17876, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1240, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(2788, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(800, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(64, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(493, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-15991, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2734, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8213, 245),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1843, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-432, 245),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(4, 49),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-66, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-92924, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-257461, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(58658, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-87884, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(2726, 105),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-52, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-17569, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(368819, 735),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-644626, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(221738, 945),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18022, 945),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1201, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(1327, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(240, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-868, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-8936, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-77146, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4072, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2218, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-104, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-725, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(459, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2071, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(2831, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(632, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(16, 1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1255, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-24781, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1195, 14),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1931, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(439, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-172, 343),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(4, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-183, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-30988, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-56137, 294),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(204308, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-3263, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(2662, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-52, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-87119, 294),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1077919, 686),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-35209, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(15041, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(240889, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(27778, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(1327, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(1620, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-25716, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-32078, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-704038, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-30190, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-5414, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-104, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(225, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10560, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(44176, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(28996, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(2405, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1240, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(16, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(493, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-15991, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2734, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-8213, 245),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1843, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-432, 245),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(4, 49),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-66, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-92924, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-257461, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(58658, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-87884, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(2726, 105),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-52, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-17569, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(368819, 735),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-644626, 6615),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(221738, 945),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18022, 945),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1201, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(1327, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(240, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-868, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-8936, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-77146, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4072, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2218, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-104, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-725, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(459, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2071, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(2831, 15),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(632, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(16, 1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1255, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-24781, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1195, 14),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1931, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(439, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-172, 343),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(4, 147),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-183, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-30988, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-56137, 294),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(204308, 1029),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-3263, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(2662, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-52, 63),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-87119, 294),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1077919, 686),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-35209, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(15041, 147),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(240889, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(27778, 1323),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(1327, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(1620, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-25716, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-32078, 49),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-704038, 441),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-30190, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-5414, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-104, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(225, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10560, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(44176, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(28996, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(2405, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1240, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(16, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-409, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-376, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1781, 81),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-128, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(18701, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(614183, 7560),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(90941, 1890),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1802, 135),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(112, 45),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(181421, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(77813, 378),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(598583, 7560),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(85, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(130997, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1093, 420),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(9551, 2520),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-14, 45),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(22, 45),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-2801, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(4033, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(6429, 80),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(2851, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(293, 45),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-220, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(127, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(202, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-63, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(100, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-80, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-24, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(16, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5407, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(9568, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(4996, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(352, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(22, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(104411, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(6001, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-796, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5389, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-166, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-35327, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(53, 252),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(849197, 6048),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(22361, 252),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(773, 42),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-6067, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(39049, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(80303, 1008),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-3035, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-209, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(3113, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-22345, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-30931, 1008),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(5837, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(229, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-2120, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(451, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(422, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-181, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-40, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-80, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(4, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-409, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-376, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1781, 81),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-128, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(18701, 210),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(614183, 7560),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(90941, 1890),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1802, 135),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(112, 45),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(181421, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(77813, 378),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(598583, 7560),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(85, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(130997, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1093, 420),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(9551, 2520),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-14, 45),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(22, 45),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-2801, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(4033, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(6429, 80),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(2851, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(293, 45),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-220, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(127, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(202, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-63, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(100, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-80, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-24, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(16, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5407, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(9568, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(4996, 27),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(352, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(22, 3),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(104411, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(6001, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-796, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5389, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-166, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-35327, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(53, 252),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(849197, 6048),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(22361, 252),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(773, 42),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-6067, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(39049, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(80303, 1008),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-3035, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-209, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(3113, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-22345, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-30931, 1008),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(5837, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(229, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-2120, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(451, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(422, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-181, 21),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-40, 21),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-80, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(4, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Symbol, LabeledPolynomial<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                iota to LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_RationalFunction_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                ),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-17166109, 793800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-930960143, 5556600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-144665109691, 350065800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-17232577, 52920),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-68141, 1323),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-57522533, 14288400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13085162953, 300056400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-92093367341, 525098700),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1979342797, 6667920),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-3082727, 21168),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(11, 5),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(11, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-130778291, 76800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-445270919, 230400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(44578444937, 14515200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(17329402153, 1555200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(89239926809, 2332800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(2808812267, 145152),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-21362661007, 725760),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-258455443, 2016),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-21454693, 96),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1002137, 15360),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1704849697, 430080),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-57657676789, 4838400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-101331731, 89600),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(5362280079329, 130636800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(4069896167053, 130636800),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(12011514569, 544320),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(138293195623, 725760),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(6228779419, 48384),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-32395872823, 8064000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7398505523, 2304000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(95217051699521, 3048192000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(198026968812079, 3657830400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(4291645618499, 228614400),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-33211690942439, 914457600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-637385538163153, 1371686400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-138671528276273, 182891520),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(-14566368751, 217728),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-10538718719, 2016000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1844485375199, 84672000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(103968665891, 12096000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(175402107278351, 1828915200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(8020699588879, 114307200),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(3414841894991, 38102400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(1848405591611, 4665600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(39486708738989, 137168640),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(255926289517, 9144576),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-655379564629, 105840000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-208336039441, 127008000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(40173146771411, 1143072000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(150473493581239, 2667168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(38833783990483, 1143072000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1963676248203053, 4800902400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2598759412825747, 3200601600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(-192895352019667, 1280240640),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(3737382679, 6858432),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-16959378721, 1890000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1864802244743, 79380000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(13449261536489, 666792000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(215272234137329, 2667168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(6040691379277, 83349000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(153687143525887, 800150400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(475602854903563, 2400451200),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(27315599358749, 640120320),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(-2630413357, 10668672),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-6654999511, 2646000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-67885252327, 15876000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(5786776220983, 2667168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(60615922629083, 1143072000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-34703539637627407, 672126336000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(-744694192134101, 2240421120),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1782470617231, 14817600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(59123208433, 8890560),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(-141653, 5292),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-338051969, 441000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(468850013, 1764000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(2102343426101, 222264000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(7836130602007, 1333584000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(16239111865997, 746807040),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(3824649185383, 88905600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(56058614459, 3457440),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-396766339, 493920),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-165147, 2744),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(-3088619, 58800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(155343347, 88200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(100098736469, 7408800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(109725511381, 7408800),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(-2431199641013, 59270400),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-102872383249, 3457440),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(1449461309, 576240),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(812775, 1372),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(-16461, 343)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(164202773, 230400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-70345303, 518400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-4229702731, 4665600),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(3262171027, 6998400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-25423104169, 13996800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(64061869, 349920),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-1655878091, 116640),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-7991441, 648),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-502591, 18),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-8780429, 3840),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(434272361, 115200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(429825727, 41472),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10066790339, 6998400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(70022035471, 20995200),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-32070283493, 1399680),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-22051101001, 1399680),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-126493427, 12960),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(3050245, 864),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1194654631, 345600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-542961452671, 31104000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-234000873607, 48988800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(140520538087, 3628800),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(9215088876563, 130636800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(27590569647253, 293932800),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(5129057792891, 97977600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-106334191, 5103),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1024113911, 435456),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(76223843, 6000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(57425857357, 2592000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2044736497573, 46656000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-26155810120031, 293932800),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1064419459813, 6998400),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-753782018389, 4082400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-291973360873, 2799360),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-46372122599, 816480),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(3579859657, 653184),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-13374241901, 4320000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(306606499811, 54432000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(964267124745437, 13716864000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(21603809415373, 182891520),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(1097860214654027, 6858432000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(161615254570669, 914457600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(758415239461, 22861440),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(2585568355471, 274337280),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(-70433747863, 9144576),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-9582586217, 2520000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-19093471394171, 635040000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-13010261944411, 381024000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-259039825301861, 4572288000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-305081119071079, 2286144000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1923114383311, 19595520),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-14181787253231, 228614400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-3959584789, 4354560),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(4691742523, 762048),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-588323437, 180000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(5952234691, 52920000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(21001851056959, 1088640000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(84668034357563, 2133734400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(2029754605811557, 25604812800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(11721216739823, 426746880),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-8275903187003, 2133734400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(-4730447299, 2540160),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(-46069985, 21168),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-75711301, 117600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(32430417413, 7056000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(677988533153, 98784000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-948417645827, 71124480),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(-11320265215207, 711244800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(-676438627783, 50803200),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-7382274253, 1975680),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(6505733, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(450137, 882),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(-8368253, 78400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(6833783, 117600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(4528971133, 5927040),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(146252636617, 29635200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(8321882556889, 1659571200),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-4686033011, 1975680),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1074445963, 987840),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(-142313, 588),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(-4281, 49)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-130778291, 76800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-445270919, 230400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(44578444937, 14515200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(17329402153, 1555200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(89239926809, 2332800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(2808812267, 145152),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-21362661007, 725760),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-258455443, 2016),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-21454693, 96),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-1002137, 15360),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1704849697, 430080),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-57657676789, 4838400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-101331731, 89600),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(5362280079329, 130636800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(4069896167053, 130636800),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(12011514569, 544320),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(138293195623, 725760),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(6228779419, 48384),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-32395872823, 8064000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-7398505523, 2304000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(95217051699521, 3048192000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(198026968812079, 3657830400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(4291645618499, 228614400),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-33211690942439, 914457600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-637385538163153, 1371686400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-138671528276273, 182891520),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(-14566368751, 217728),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-10538718719, 2016000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1844485375199, 84672000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(103968665891, 12096000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(175402107278351, 1828915200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(8020699588879, 114307200),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(3414841894991, 38102400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(1848405591611, 4665600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(39486708738989, 137168640),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(255926289517, 9144576),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-655379564629, 105840000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-208336039441, 127008000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(40173146771411, 1143072000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(150473493581239, 2667168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(38833783990483, 1143072000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1963676248203053, 4800902400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2598759412825747, 3200601600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(-192895352019667, 1280240640),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(3737382679, 6858432),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-16959378721, 1890000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1864802244743, 79380000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(13449261536489, 666792000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(215272234137329, 2667168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(6040691379277, 83349000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(153687143525887, 800150400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(475602854903563, 2400451200),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(27315599358749, 640120320),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(-2630413357, 10668672),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-6654999511, 2646000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-67885252327, 15876000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(5786776220983, 2667168000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(60615922629083, 1143072000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-34703539637627407, 672126336000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(-744694192134101, 2240421120),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1782470617231, 14817600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(59123208433, 8890560),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(-141653, 5292),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-338051969, 441000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(468850013, 1764000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(2102343426101, 222264000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(7836130602007, 1333584000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(16239111865997, 746807040),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(3824649185383, 88905600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(56058614459, 3457440),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(-396766339, 493920),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(-165147, 2744),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(-3088619, 58800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(155343347, 88200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(100098736469, 7408800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(109725511381, 7408800),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(-2431199641013, 59270400),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-102872383249, 3457440),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(1449461309, 576240),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(812775, 1372),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(-16461, 343)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(164202773, 230400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-70345303, 518400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-4229702731, 4665600),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(3262171027, 6998400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-25423104169, 13996800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(64061869, 349920),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-1655878091, 116640),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u) to Rational(-7991441, 648),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u) to Rational(-502591, 18),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-8780429, 3840),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(434272361, 115200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(429825727, 41472),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-10066790339, 6998400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(70022035471, 20995200),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-32070283493, 1399680),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-22051101001, 1399680),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 1u) to Rational(-126493427, 12960),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 1u) to Rational(3050245, 864),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1194654631, 345600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-542961452671, 31104000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-234000873607, 48988800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(140520538087, 3628800),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(9215088876563, 130636800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(27590569647253, 293932800),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(5129057792891, 97977600),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 2u) to Rational(-106334191, 5103),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1024113911, 435456),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(76223843, 6000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(57425857357, 2592000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2044736497573, 46656000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-26155810120031, 293932800),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1064419459813, 6998400),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-753782018389, 4082400),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(-291973360873, 2799360),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 3u) to Rational(-46372122599, 816480),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 3u) to Rational(3579859657, 653184),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-13374241901, 4320000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(306606499811, 54432000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(964267124745437, 13716864000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(21603809415373, 182891520),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(1097860214654027, 6858432000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(161615254570669, 914457600),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(758415239461, 22861440),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 4u) to Rational(2585568355471, 274337280),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 4u) to Rational(-70433747863, 9144576),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-9582586217, 2520000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-19093471394171, 635040000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-13010261944411, 381024000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-259039825301861, 4572288000),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-305081119071079, 2286144000),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1923114383311, 19595520),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 5u) to Rational(-14181787253231, 228614400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 5u) to Rational(-3959584789, 4354560),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 5u) to Rational(4691742523, 762048),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-588323437, 180000),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(5952234691, 52920000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(21001851056959, 1088640000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(84668034357563, 2133734400),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(2029754605811557, 25604812800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 6u) to Rational(11721216739823, 426746880),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 6u) to Rational(-8275903187003, 2133734400),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 6u) to Rational(-4730447299, 2540160),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 6u) to Rational(-46069985, 21168),
-                    mapOf(y to 7u) to Rational(-75711301, 117600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 7u) to Rational(32430417413, 7056000),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 7u) to Rational(677988533153, 98784000),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 7u) to Rational(-948417645827, 71124480),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 7u) to Rational(-11320265215207, 711244800),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 7u) to Rational(-676438627783, 50803200),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 7u) to Rational(-7382274253, 1975680),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 7u) to Rational(6505733, 2205),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 7u) to Rational(450137, 882),
-                    mapOf(y to 8u) to Rational(-8368253, 78400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 8u) to Rational(6833783, 117600),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 8u) to Rational(4528971133, 5927040),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 8u) to Rational(146252636617, 29635200),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 8u) to Rational(8321882556889, 1659571200),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 8u) to Rational(-4686033011, 1975680),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 8u) to Rational(-1074445963, 987840),
-                    mapOf(x to 7u, y to 8u) to Rational(-142313, 588),
-                    mapOf(x to 8u, y to 8u) to Rational(-4281, 49)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(2303, 64),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(31843, 192),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(118891, 576),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(94453, 168),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-179203, 1512),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-16979, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-13499, 12),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-4767, 64),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-58689, 256),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-757333, 4032),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4921205, 4032),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2930815, 4032),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-398803, 1512),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(18835, 36),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(224101, 960),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(9139699, 40320),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(3848803, 5760),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(93102371, 241920),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-65821229, 141120),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15675899, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(10459, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(2411, 16),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1294543, 10080),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1740199, 1440),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-266994841, 282240),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-41261893, 211680),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(1717357, 3528),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(69, 14),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(13231, 360),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(4858831, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(15565759, 75600),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-15583391, 35280),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-13345747, 11760),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(140103, 686),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-765, 49)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(31409, 576),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-337099, 1728),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-211429, 1728),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-259241, 432),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-13777, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-41389, 72),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-7679, 48),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3269, 12),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(629569, 864),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(53867, 324),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(2290577, 1728),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(101507, 216),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(213109, 288),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(17927, 144),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(314587, 1080),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-109771, 144),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6469, 16),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-298291681, 181440),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-59147357, 48384),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4982365, 6048),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18727, 576),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(12379, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-542911, 1620),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(143123, 1260),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(9859177, 30240),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(9312529, 20160),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(207001, 672),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(203, 24),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(9442, 675),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-13729, 300),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-3490471, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-333031, 840),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7572211, 47040),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1189, 56),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-405, 196)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(2303, 64),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(31843, 192),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(118891, 576),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(94453, 168),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-179203, 1512),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-16979, 126),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-13499, 12),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-4767, 64),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-58689, 256),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-757333, 4032),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4921205, 4032),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2930815, 4032),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-398803, 1512),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(18835, 36),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(224101, 960),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(9139699, 40320),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(3848803, 5760),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(93102371, 241920),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-65821229, 141120),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15675899, 7056),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(10459, 189),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(2411, 16),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1294543, 10080),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1740199, 1440),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-266994841, 282240),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-41261893, 211680),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(1717357, 3528),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(69, 14),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(13231, 360),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(4858831, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(15565759, 75600),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-15583391, 35280),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-13345747, 11760),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(140103, 686),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-765, 49)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(31409, 576),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-337099, 1728),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-211429, 1728),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-259241, 432),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-13777, 36),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-41389, 72),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(-7679, 48),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-3269, 12),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(629569, 864),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(53867, 324),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(2290577, 1728),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(101507, 216),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(213109, 288),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(17927, 144),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(314587, 1080),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-109771, 144),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6469, 16),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-298291681, 181440),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-59147357, 48384),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4982365, 6048),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18727, 576),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(12379, 90),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-542911, 1620),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(143123, 1260),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(9859177, 30240),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(9312529, 20160),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(207001, 672),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(203, 24),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(9442, 675),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-13729, 300),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-3490471, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-333031, 840),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7572211, 47040),
-                    mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1189, 56),
-                    mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(-405, 196)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                y to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-506213, 2800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(9859, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(17384377, 11340),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-9662, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-12563, 4),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-486293, 22400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6530947, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(866125, 18144),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(2948747, 2520),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(1196611, 2016),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-20266021, 117600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(26656339, 44100),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(19499183, 18144),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-19801849, 7560),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2639635, 1296),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-5017697, 29400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-606007, 1575),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(127494487, 132300),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(166567, 105),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(486403, 18144),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-32182, 735),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(2420671, 8820),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-12619193, 26460),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-6823067, 5670),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2311693, 13608),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-13324, 245),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(1966, 35),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(1052719, 2520),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(19153, 270),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(701, 54),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(4647, 196),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(2197, 28),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-43853, 336),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-301, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(34, 3)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2843, 1600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1483, 240),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(110623, 1296),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1265, 72),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-5011, 16),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(47743, 1800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(619229, 32400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5978369, 58320),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-86081, 1620),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(6325, 72),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(110951, 3360),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9550649, 302400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6542933, 85050),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4708291, 38880),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-433327, 1296),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(56143, 600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(94243, 720),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-46779139, 226800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-6948253, 12960),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-260261, 486),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-3205317, 19600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-201253, 1050),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(332192677, 302400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(351511, 360),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-40547, 81),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-65421, 1960),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-10118, 35),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-4341709, 10080),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-91703, 360),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-85, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-25965, 784),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(3351, 16),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(595159, 1344),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1381, 12),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-155, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-506213, 2800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(9859, 315),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(17384377, 11340),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-9662, 63),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-12563, 4),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-486293, 22400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6530947, 25200),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(866125, 18144),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(2948747, 2520),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(1196611, 2016),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-20266021, 117600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(26656339, 44100),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(19499183, 18144),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-19801849, 7560),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2639635, 1296),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-5017697, 29400),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-606007, 1575),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(127494487, 132300),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(166567, 105),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(486403, 18144),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-32182, 735),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(2420671, 8820),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-12619193, 26460),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-6823067, 5670),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2311693, 13608),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-13324, 245),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(1966, 35),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(1052719, 2520),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(19153, 270),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(701, 54),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(4647, 196),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(2197, 28),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-43853, 336),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-301, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(34, 3)
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2843, 1600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-1483, 240),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(110623, 1296),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1265, 72),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-5011, 16),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(47743, 1800),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(619229, 32400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-5978369, 58320),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-86081, 1620),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(6325, 72),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(110951, 3360),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9550649, 302400),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(6542933, 85050),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4708291, 38880),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-433327, 1296),
-                    mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(56143, 600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(94243, 720),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-46779139, 226800),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-6948253, 12960),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-260261, 486),
-                    mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-3205317, 19600),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-201253, 1050),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(332192677, 302400),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(351511, 360),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-40547, 81),
-                    mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-65421, 1960),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-10118, 35),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-4341709, 10080),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-91703, 360),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(-85, 9),
-                    mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-25965, 784),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(3351, 16),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(595159, 1344),
-                    mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1381, 12),
-                    mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(-155, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Symbol, LabeledRationalFunction<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            LabeledRationalFunction(
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                    mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                iota to LabeledRationalFunction(
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                        mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_derivativeWithRespectTo_variable() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-33, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(72, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-36, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 2a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-40, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-28, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y),
-            "test 2b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 3a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-28, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y),
-            "test 3b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 4a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y),
-            "test 4b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, iota),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthDerivativeWithRespectTo_variable_order() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 1u),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 0u),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 3u),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 4u),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 0u),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 1u),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-33, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(216, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-108, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 9a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-27, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-120, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 9b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 10a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 10b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 11a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 11b"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthDerivativeWithRespectTo_variablesAndOrders() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u)),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 0u)),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 3u)),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 4u)),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 0u)),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 1u)),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf()),
-            "test 9"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to 1u,
-                y to 0u
-            )),
-            "test 10"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to 0u,
-                y to 1u
-            )),
-            "test 11"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-33, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(216, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-108, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 12a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-36, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(27, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-40, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-56, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(80, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u)),
-            "test 12b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-27, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-120, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 12c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 13a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(27, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-56, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(80, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u)),
-            "test 13b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 13c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 14a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u)),
-            "test 14b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 14c"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_antiderivativeWithRespectTo_variable() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-11, 32),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 2a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-8, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(4, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(3, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(5, 36),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(-9, 20),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-7, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y),
-            "test 2b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 3a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(4, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(5, 36),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-7, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y),
-            "test 3b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x),
-            "test 4a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-8, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y),
-            "test 4b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(iota to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, iota to 1u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u, iota to 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u, iota to 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u, iota to 1u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u, iota to 1u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u, iota to 1u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u, iota to 1u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u, iota to 1u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, iota),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo_variable_order() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 1u),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 0u),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 12),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-1, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(1, 60),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 3u),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(1, 360),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 4u),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 0u),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 1u),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-11, 160),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 14),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 9a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 16),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(3, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 9b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 10a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 10b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 11a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 11b"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo_variablesAndOrders() {
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u)),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 0u),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 12),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 2u),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(-1, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(1, 60),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 3u),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(1, 360),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, x, 4u),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 0u),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 1u),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, y, 2u),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf()),
-            "test 9"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to 1u,
-                y to 0u
-            )),
-            "test 10"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                x to 0u,
-                y to 1u
-            )),
-            "test 11"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(-11, 160),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(-3, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 14),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 12a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 32),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 72),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 30),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 28),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 32),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(-9, 20),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-7, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 5),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u)),
-            "test 12b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 16),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(3, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(-3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 12c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 13a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 72),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 30),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(3, 32),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(-7, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 5),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u)),
-            "test 13b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 13c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                mapOf(x to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 6u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 2u)),
-            "test 14a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 72),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 5u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u)),
-            "test 14b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 5u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 6u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            LabeledPolynomialAsIs(
-                mapOf<Symbol, UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                mapOf(x to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 1u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 2u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 3u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 1u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 2u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 3u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-                mapOf(x to 4u, y to 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(y to 2u)),
-            "test 14c"
-        )
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f7e1a95b..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,544 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("LocalVariableName")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.IntModuloRing
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.ListPolynomial
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.Rational
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.RationalField
-import kotlin.test.*
-
-
-class ListPolynomialTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_plus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)) + -3,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) + 2,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)) + 2,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            val polynomial_4 = ListPolynomial<Rational>()
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_4,
-                polynomial_4 + 0,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = ListPolynomial(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7))
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                polynomial_5 + 0,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) + 1,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)) + 1,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)),
-                ListPolynomial<Rational>() + 2,
-                "test 8"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_minus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(32, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)) - -3,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) - 2,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)) - 2,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            val polynomial_4 = ListPolynomial<Rational>()
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_4,
-                polynomial_4 - 0,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = ListPolynomial(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7))
-            assertEquals(
-                polynomial_5,
-                polynomial_5 - 0,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) - 1,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)) - 1,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                ListPolynomial<Rational>() - 2,
-                "test 8"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(34, 2, 1, 20, 2),
-                ListPolynomial(22, 26, 13, 15, 26) * 27,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-                ListPolynomial(7, 0, 49, 21, 14) * 15,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            val polynomial = ListPolynomial(22, 26, 13, 15, 26)
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                polynomial * 0,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial,
-                polynomial * 1,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                -3 + ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                2 + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                2 + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            val polynomial_4 = ListPolynomial<Rational>()
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_4,
-                0 + polynomial_4,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = ListPolynomial<Rational>(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7))
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                0 + polynomial_5,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                1 + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1)),
-                1 + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)),
-                2 + ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 8"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(32, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                3 - ListPolynomial(Rational(-5, 9), Rational(8, 9), Rational(8, 7)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                -2 - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                -2 - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-32, 9), Rational(-8, -9), Rational(8, 7)),
-                0 - ListPolynomial(Rational(32, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(),
-                0 - ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                -1 - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-                -1 - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                -2 - ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 8"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(34, 2, 1, 20, 2),
-                27 * ListPolynomial(22, 26, 13, 15, 26),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-                15 * ListPolynomial(7, 0, 49, 21, 14),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            val polynomial = ListPolynomial(22, 26, 13, 15, 26)
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                0 * polynomial,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial,
-                1 * polynomial,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_plus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) + Rational(2),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)) + Rational(2),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial<Rational>() + Rational(0),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) + Rational(1),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)) + Rational(1),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)),
-                ListPolynomial<Rational>() + Rational(2),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_minus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(32, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)) - Rational(-3),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) - Rational(2),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)) - Rational(2),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial<Rational>() - Rational(0),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)) - Rational(1),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)) - Rational(1),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                ListPolynomial<Rational>() - Rational(2),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(34, 2, 1, 20, 2),
-                ListPolynomial(22, 26, 13, 15, 26) * 27.asConstant(),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-                ListPolynomial(7, 0, 49, 21, 14) * 15.asConstant(),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-22, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                Rational(-3) + ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                Rational(2) + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                Rational(2) + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                Rational(0) + ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                Rational(1) + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-1)),
-                Rational(1) + ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(2)),
-                Rational(2) + ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(32, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                Rational(3) - ListPolynomial(Rational(-5, 9), Rational(8, 9), Rational(8, 7)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                Rational(-2) - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                Rational(-2) - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                Rational(0) - ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                Rational(-1) - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-                Rational(-1) - ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2)),
-                Rational(-2) - ListPolynomial(),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(34, 2, 1, 20, 2),
-                27 * ListPolynomial(22, 26, 13, 15, 26),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-                15 * ListPolynomial(7, 0, 49, 21, 14),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_unaryMinus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-5, 9), Rational(8, 9), Rational(8, 7)),
-                -ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-5, 9), Rational(8, 9), Rational(8, 7), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                -ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            // (5/9 - 8/9 x - 8/7 x^2) + (-5/7 + 5/1 x + 5/8 x^2) ?= -10/63 + 37/9 x - 29/56 x^2
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-10, 63), Rational(37, 9), Rational(-29, 56)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)) +
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(-5, 7), Rational(5, 1), Rational(5, 8)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            // (-2/9 - 8/3 x) + (0 + 9/4 x + 2/4 x^2) ?= -2/9 - 5/12 x + 2/4 x^2
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 9), Rational(-5, 12), Rational(2, 4)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 9), Rational(-8, 3)) +
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(9, 4), Rational(2, 4)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            // (-4/7 - 2/6 x + 0 x^2 + 0 x^3) + (-6/3 - 7/2 x + 2/3 x^2) ?= -18/7 - 23/6 x + 2/3 x^2
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-18, 7), Rational(-23, 6), Rational(2, 3), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-4, 7), Rational(-2, 6), Rational(0), Rational(0)) +
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(-6, 3), Rational(-7, 2), Rational(2, 3)),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            // (-2/4 - 6/9 x - 4/9 x^2) + (2/4 + 6/9 x + 4/9 x^2) ?= 0
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 4), Rational(-6, 9), Rational(-4, 9)) +
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(2, 4), Rational(6, 9), Rational(4, 9)),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.listPolynomialSpace {
-            // (5/9 - 8/9 x - 8/7 x^2) - (-5/7 + 5/1 x + 5/8 x^2) ?= 80/63 - 53/9 x - 99/56 x^2
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(80, 63), Rational(-53, 9), Rational(-99, 56)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 9), Rational(-8, 9), Rational(-8, 7)) -
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(-5, 7), Rational(5, 1), Rational(5, 8)),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            // (-2/9 - 8/3 x) - (0 + 9/4 x + 2/4 x^2) ?= -2/9 - 59/12 x - 2/4 x^2
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 9), Rational(-59, 12), Rational(-2, 4)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 9), Rational(-8, 3)) -
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(9, 4), Rational(2, 4)),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            // (-4/7 - 2/6 x + 0 x^2 + 0 x^3) - (-6/3 - 7/2 x + 2/3 x^2) ?= 10/7 + 19/6 x - 2/3 x^2
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(10, 7), Rational(19, 6), Rational(-2, 3), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-4, 7), Rational(-2, 6), Rational(0), Rational(0)) -
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(-6, 3), Rational(-7, 2), Rational(2, 3)),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            // (-2/4 - 6/9 x - 4/9 x^2) - (-2/4 - 6/9 x - 4/9 x^2) ?= 0
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 4), Rational(-6, 9), Rational(-4, 9)) -
-                        ListPolynomial(Rational(-2, 4), Rational(-6, 9), Rational(-4, 9)),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).listPolynomialSpace {
-            // (1 + x + x^2) * (1 - x + x^2) ?= 1 + x^2 + x^4
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(1, 0, 1, 0, 1),
-                ListPolynomial(1, -1, 1) * ListPolynomial(1, 1, 1),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            // Spoiler: 5 * 7 = 0
-            assertEquals(
-                ListPolynomial(0, 0, 0, 0, 0),
-                ListPolynomial(5, -25, 10) * ListPolynomial(21, 14, -7),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialUtilTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialUtilTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 48ea89a46..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/ListPolynomialUtilTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,982 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.Rational
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.RationalField
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage
-import kotlin.test.Ignore
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-class ListPolynomialUtilTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Double() {
-        assertEquals(
-            0.0,
-            ListPolynomial(1.0, -2.0, 1.0).substitute(1.0),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            0.0,
-            ListPolynomial(1.0, -2.0, 1.0).substitute(1.0),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            1.1931904761904761,
-            ListPolynomial(0.625, 2.6666666666666665, 0.5714285714285714, 1.5).substitute(0.2),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            0.5681904761904762,
-            ListPolynomial(0.0, 2.6666666666666665, 0.5714285714285714, 1.5).substitute(0.2),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            1.1811904761904761,
-            ListPolynomial(0.625, 2.6666666666666665, 0.5714285714285714, 0.0).substitute(0.2),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            1.1703333333333332,
-            ListPolynomial(0.625, 2.6666666666666665, 0.0, 1.5).substitute(0.2),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Constant() {
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(0),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).substitute(RationalField, Rational(1)),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(25057, 21000),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 8), Rational(8, 3), Rational(4, 7), Rational(3, 2))
-                .substitute(RationalField, Rational(1, 5)),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(2983, 5250),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(8, 3), Rational(4, 7), Rational(3, 2))
-                .substitute(RationalField, Rational(1, 5)),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(4961, 4200),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 8), Rational(8, 3), Rational(4, 7), Rational(0))
-                .substitute(RationalField, Rational(1, 5)),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(3511, 3000),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(5, 8), Rational(8, 3), Rational(0), Rational(3, 2))
-                .substitute(RationalField, Rational(1, 5)),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Polynomial() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(1))),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(709, 378), Rational(155, 252), Rational(19, 525), Rational(2, 875)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 7), Rational(9, 4), Rational(1, 3), Rational(2, 7))
-                .substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(6, 9), Rational(1, 5))),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(655, 378), Rational(155, 252), Rational(19, 525), Rational(2, 875)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(9, 4), Rational(1, 3), Rational(2, 7))
-                .substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(6, 9), Rational(1, 5))),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(677, 378), Rational(97, 180), Rational(1, 75), Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 7), Rational(9, 4), Rational(1, 3), Rational(0))
-                .substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(6, 9), Rational(1, 5))),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(653, 378), Rational(221, 420), Rational(4, 175), Rational(2, 875)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 7), Rational(9, 4), Rational(0), Rational(2, 7))
-                .substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(6, 9), Rational(1, 5))),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(89, 54), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(9, 4), Rational(1, 3), Rational(0))
-                .substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(6, 9), Rational(0))),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_RationalFunction() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(ListPolynomial(Rational(0)), ListPolynomial(Rational(1))),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1))
-                .substitute(RationalField, ListRationalFunction(ListPolynomial(Rational(1)), ListPolynomial(Rational(1)))),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(66349, 243),
-                    Rational(-17873, 405),
-                    Rational(173533, 3780),
-                    Rational(-91141, 567),
-                    Rational(5773909, 105840),
-                    Rational(-23243, 630),
-                    Rational(1573, 27)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(169, 81),
-                    Rational(-130, 27),
-                    Rational(115, 18),
-                    Rational(-797, 54),
-                    Rational(1985, 144),
-                    Rational(-55, 6),
-                    Rational(121, 9)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListPolynomial(
-                Rational(13, 3),
-                Rational(-9, 5),
-                Rational(5, 5)
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(15, 1),
-                        Rational(6, 9),
-                        Rational(-3, 7)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(-13, 9),
-                        Rational(10, 6),
-                        Rational(-10, 8),
-                        Rational(11, 3)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-14, 9),
-                    Rational(31, 14),
-                    Rational(-5077, 980),
-                    Rational(99, 35)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(25, 9),
-                    Rational(-25, 6),
-                    Rational(1985, 144),
-                    Rational(-55, 6),
-                    Rational(121, 9)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListPolynomial(
-                Rational(0),
-                Rational(-9, 5),
-                Rational(5, 5)
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(6, 9),
-                        Rational(-3, 7)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(10, 6),
-                        Rational(-10, 8),
-                        Rational(11, 3)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-898, 27),
-                    Rational(271, 45),
-                    Rational(-65, 12) ,
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-13, 9),
-                    Rational(5, 3),
-                    Rational(-5, 4),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListPolynomial(
-                Rational(13, 3),
-                Rational(-9, 5),
-                Rational(0)
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(15, 1),
-                        Rational(6, 9),
-                        Rational(0)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(-13, 9),
-                        Rational(10, 6),
-                        Rational(-10, 8),
-                        Rational(0)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(56872, 243),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-90, 7),
-                    Rational(-3718, 81),
-                    Rational(9, 49),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(1573, 27)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(169, 81),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-286, 27),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(121, 9)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListPolynomial(
-                Rational(13, 3),
-                Rational(0),
-                Rational(5, 5)
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(15, 1),
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(-3, 7)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(-13, 9),
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(11, 3)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Double() {
-        assertEquals(
-            0.0,
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(1.0, -2.0, 1.0),
-                ListPolynomial(-6.302012278484357, 5.831971885376948, -9.271604788393432, 5.494387848015814, -3.7187384450880785)
-            ).substitute(1.0),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            2.693702616649797,
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(-5.848840571263625, -1.660411278951134, -3.793740946372443, -9.624569269490076),
-                ListPolynomial(-2.9680680215311073, -1.862973627119981, 4.776550592888336, -2.7320154512368466)
-            ).substitute(-7.53452770353279),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            2.692226268901378,
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(0.0, -1.660411278951134, -3.793740946372443, -9.624569269490076),
-                ListPolynomial(0.0, -1.862973627119981, 4.776550592888336, -2.7320154512368466)
-            ).substitute(-7.53452770353279),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            -0.7394904842099175,
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(-5.848840571263625, -1.660411278951134, -3.793740946372443, 0.0),
-                ListPolynomial(-2.9680680215311073, -1.862973627119981, 4.776550592888336, 0.0)
-            ).substitute(-7.53452770353279),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            3.526835209398159,
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(-5.848840571263625, 0.0, 0.0, -9.624569269490076),
-                ListPolynomial(-2.9680680215311073, 0.0, 0.0, -2.7320154512368466)
-            ).substitute(-7.53452770353279),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Constant() {
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(0),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, Rational(1)),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(1149615, 61306),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(17, 7), Rational(18, 3), Rational(18, 8), Rational(9, 1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(11, 9), Rational(-6, 5), Rational(-12, 7), Rational(2, 1)),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, Rational(-7, 8)),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(3495, 586),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(18, 3), Rational(18, 8), Rational(9, 1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(-6, 5), Rational(-12, 7), Rational(2, 1)),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, Rational(-7, 8)),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(-88605, 77392),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(17, 7), Rational(18, 3), Rational(18, 8), Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(11, 9), Rational(-6, 5), Rational(-12, 7), Rational(0)),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, Rational(-7, 8)),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(116145, 3794),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(17, 7), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(9, 1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(11, 9), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(2, 1)),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, Rational(-7, 8)),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Polynomial() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1))
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, ListPolynomial(Rational(1))),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-283303, 36),
-                    Rational(-23593, 24),
-                    Rational(368713, 192),
-                    Rational(1455, 8),
-                    Rational(-272171, 1536),
-                    Rational(-2149, 192),
-                    Rational(469, 64),
-                    Rational(11, 48),
-                    Rational(-11, 96)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(5797, 12),
-                    Rational(595, 16),
-                    Rational(-5285, 72),
-                    Rational(-745, 192),
-                    Rational(1105, 288),
-                    Rational(5, 48),
-                    Rational(-5, 72)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(2, 9),
-                    Rational(11, 3),
-                    Rational(-9, 4),
-                    Rational(-6, 1),
-                    Rational(-11, 6)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-2, 3),
-                    Rational(-15, 4),
-                    Rational(5, 9),
-                    Rational(-5, 9)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-9, 1),
-                    Rational(-1, 4),
-                    Rational(2, 4)
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-11, 12),
-                    Rational(325, 192),
-                    Rational(21, 32),
-                    Rational(-1739, 1536),
-                    Rational(227, 192),
-                    Rational(-59, 64),
-                    Rational(11, 48),
-                    Rational(-11, 96)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(15, 16),
-                    Rational(-265, 144),
-                    Rational(-25, 192),
-                    Rational(25, 288),
-                    Rational(5, 48),
-                    Rational(-5, 72)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 9),
-                    Rational(11, 3),
-                    Rational(-9, 4),
-                    Rational(-6, 1),
-                    Rational(-11, 6)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 3),
-                    Rational(-15, 4),
-                    Rational(5, 9),
-                    Rational(-5, 9)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-1, 4),
-                    Rational(2, 4)
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(149723, 36),
-                    Rational(8483, 24),
-                    Rational(639, 64),
-                    Rational(3, 32),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(937, 12),
-                    Rational(55, 16),
-                    Rational(5, 144),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(2, 9),
-                    Rational(11, 3),
-                    Rational(-9, 4),
-                    Rational(-6, 1),
-                    Rational(0)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-2, 3),
-                    Rational(-15, 4),
-                    Rational(5, 9),
-                    Rational(0)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-9, 1),
-                    Rational(-1, 4),
-                    Rational(0)
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-216509, 18),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(2673, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-891, 4),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(33, 4),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-11, 96)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(1213, 3),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-135, 2),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(15, 4),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-5, 72)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(2, 9),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(-11, 6)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-2, 3),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(-5, 9)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-9, 1),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(2, 4)
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_RationalFunction() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(0)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1))
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)),
-                ListPolynomial(Rational(1))
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(Rational(1)),
-                    ListPolynomial(Rational(1))
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(130087, 3888),
-                    Rational(-2866333, 65610),
-                    Rational(-5076229, 97200),
-                    Rational(222136997, 3280500),
-                    Rational(754719329, 20995200),
-                    Rational(-12010283, 324000),
-                    Rational(-2011967, 172800),
-                    Rational(18607, 2880),
-                    Rational(4705, 4096)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-143820355, 3779136),
-                    Rational(73886869, 1574640),
-                    Rational(1440175193, 15746400),
-                    Rational(-5308968857, 52488000),
-                    Rational(-186910083731, 2099520000),
-                    Rational(125043463, 1555200),
-                    Rational(5299123, 388800),
-                    Rational(-213757, 15360),
-                    Rational(1380785, 147456)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(1, 1),
-                    Rational(-10, 5),
-                    Rational(18, 8),
-                    Rational(-8, 8)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-14, 8),
-                    Rational(-14, 8),
-                    Rational(-19, 6),
-                    Rational(14, 3),
-                    Rational(8, 9)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(14, 9),
-                        Rational(-2, 5),
-                        Rational(-14, 7)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(-6, 4),
-                        Rational(5, 9),
-                        Rational(1, 8)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(5173, 18225),
-                    Rational(904291, 364500),
-                    Rational(283127, 43200),
-                    Rational(37189, 5760),
-                    Rational(147, 128)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-163589, 911250),
-                    Rational(-881831, 291600),
-                    Rational(-10722229, 777600),
-                    Rational(-640921, 46080),
-                    Rational(86303, 9216)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(-10, 5),
-                    Rational(18, 8),
-                    Rational(-8, 8)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(-14, 8),
-                    Rational(-19, 6),
-                    Rational(14, 3),
-                    Rational(8, 9)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(-2, 5),
-                        Rational(-14, 7)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(5, 9),
-                        Rational(1, 8)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(445, 16),
-                    Rational(-2011, 54),
-                    Rational(1359199, 72900),
-                    Rational(-135733, 32805),
-                    Rational(2254, 6561),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-2018387, 46656),
-                    Rational(82316437, 1574640),
-                    Rational(-9335047, 393660),
-                    Rational(15765889, 3280500),
-                    Rational(-242089, 656100),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(0, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(1, 1),
-                    Rational(-10, 5),
-                    Rational(18, 8),
-                    Rational(0)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-14, 8),
-                    Rational(-14, 8),
-                    Rational(-19, 6),
-                    Rational(14, 3),
-                    Rational(0)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(14, 9),
-                        Rational(-2, 5),
-                        Rational(0)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(-6, 4),
-                        Rational(5, 9),
-                        Rational(0)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(41635, 3888),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-279187, 11664),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(103769, 3456),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-11017, 768),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(4097, 4096)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-13811791, 3779136),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-9999395, 419904),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(6376601, 124416),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(-3668315, 82944),
-                    Rational(0, 1),
-                    Rational(2097089, 147456)
-                )
-            ),
-            ListRationalFunction(
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(1, 1),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(-8, 8)
-                ),
-                ListPolynomial(
-                    Rational(-14, 8),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(0),
-                    Rational(8, 9)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField,
-                ListRationalFunction(
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(14, 9),
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(-14, 7)
-                    ),
-                    ListPolynomial(
-                        Rational(-6, 4),
-                        Rational(0),
-                        Rational(1, 8)
-                    )
-                )
-            ),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_derivative() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(2)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).derivative(RationalField),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(-8, 3), Rational(8, 9), Rational(15, 7), Rational(-20, 9)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).derivative(RationalField),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(8, 9), Rational(15, 7), Rational(-20, 9)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).derivative(RationalField),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(-8, 3), Rational(8, 9), Rational(15, 7), Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(0)).derivative(RationalField),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthDerivative() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(-2), Rational(2)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            "Order of derivative must be non-negative",
-            "test2"
-        ) {
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthDerivative(RationalField, -1)
-        }
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(2)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 3),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 4),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(8, 9), Rational(30, 7), Rational(-20, 3)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(8, 9), Rational(30, 7), Rational(-20, 3)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(8, 9), Rational(30, 7), Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(0)).nthDerivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 9"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_antiderivative() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(1), Rational(-1), Rational(1, 3)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).antiderivative(RationalField),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(1, 5), Rational(-4, 3), Rational(4, 27), Rational(5, 28), Rational(-1, 9)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).antiderivative(RationalField),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(4, 27), Rational(5, 28), Rational(-1, 9)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).antiderivative(RationalField),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(1, 5), Rational(-4, 3), Rational(4, 27), Rational(5, 28), Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(0)).antiderivative(RationalField),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthAntiderivative() {
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(1), Rational(-1), Rational(1, 3)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            "Order of antiderivative must be non-negative",
-            "test2"
-        ) {
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, -1)
-        }
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(1, 2), Rational(-1, 3), Rational(1, 12)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(1, 6), Rational(-1, 12), Rational(1, 60)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 3),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(1, 24), Rational(-1, 60), Rational(1, 360)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1), Rational(-2), Rational(1)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 4),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(1, 10), Rational(-4, 9), Rational(1, 27), Rational(1, 28), Rational(-1, 54)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(1, 27), Rational(1, 28), Rational(-1, 54)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(-5, 9)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(0), Rational(0), Rational(1, 10), Rational(-4, 9), Rational(1, 27), Rational(1, 28), Rational(0)),
-            ListPolynomial(Rational(1, 5), Rational(-8, 3), Rational(4, 9), Rational(5, 7), Rational(0)).nthAntiderivative(RationalField, 2),
-            "test 9"
-        )
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedConstructorsTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedConstructorsTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index ad6240fb9..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedConstructorsTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-
-class NumberedConstructorsTest {
-    @Test
-    @UnstableKMathAPI
-    fun testDSL1() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 3u) to 5,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to -6,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-                NumberedPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { 0 pow 2u; 2 pow 3u }
-                    (-6) { 1 pow 1u }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-                NumberedPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { }
-                    (-6) { }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-                NumberedPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { 0 pow 1u; 0 pow 1u }
-                    (-6) { 0 pow 2u }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-                NumberedPolynomialDSL1 {
-                    5 { 0 pow 1u; 0 pow 1u }
-                    (-6) { 0 pow 2u; 2 pow 0u }
-                }
-            },
-            "test 3"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @UnstableKMathAPI
-    fun testFabric() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 3u) to 5,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to -6,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 3u) to 5,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to -6,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 3u) to 5,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to -6,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 3u, 0u) to 5,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 0u, 0u) to -6,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to -1,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u) to 5,
-                    listOf(0u, 0u) to -6,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0,
-            ),
-            Int.algebra {
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u) to 5,
-                    listOf(0u, 0u) to -5,
-                )
-            },
-            "test 4"
-        )
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index c2f86198c..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1740 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("LocalVariableName")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.IntModuloRing
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.Rational
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.RationalField
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.m
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.o
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertSame
-import kotlin.test.fail
-
-
-class NumberedPolynomialTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_plus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) + -3,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                polynomial_5 + 0,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            val polynomial_6 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_6,
-                polynomial_6 + 0,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            val polynomial_7 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_7,
-                polynomial_7 + 0,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_minus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) - 3,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                polynomial_5 - 0,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            val polynomial_6 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_6,
-                polynomial_6 - 0,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            val polynomial_7 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_7,
-                polynomial_7 - 0,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Int_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(34),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(20),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * 27,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(7),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(49),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(21),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(14),
-                ) * 15,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            val polynomial = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                polynomial * 0,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial,
-                polynomial * 1,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                -3 + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                -3 + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                -3 + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                -3 + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            val polynomial_5 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_5,
-                0 + polynomial_5,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            val polynomial_6 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_6,
-                0 + polynomial_6,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            val polynomial_7 = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial_7,
-                0 + polynomial_7,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                3 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                3 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                3 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                3 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                0 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                0 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                0 - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Int_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(34),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(20),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                27 * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                15 * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(7),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(49),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(21),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(14),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            val polynomial = NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                zero,
-                0 * polynomial,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertSame(
-                polynomial,
-                1 * polynomial,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_plus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) + Rational(-3),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(0),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(0),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) + Rational(0),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_minus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ) - Rational(3),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(0),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(0),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ) - Rational(0),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Constant_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(34),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(20),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * m(27),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(7),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(49),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(21),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(14),
-                ) * m(15),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * m(0),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ) * m(1),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                Rational(-3) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                Rational(3) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(27, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-22, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                Rational(0) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Constant_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(34),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(20),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(2),
-                ),
-                m(27) * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                m(15) * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(7),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(49),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(21),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(14),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(0),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                m(0) * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                m(1) * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to m(22),
-                    listOf(3u) to m(26),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(13),
-                    listOf(1u) to m(15),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(26),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_unaryMinus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 13u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                ),
-                -NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 13u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 13u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                -NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 13u) to Rational(-8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_plus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(146, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(61, 15),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-20, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(7, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(5, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-20, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(7, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(5, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-20, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) + NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(7, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_minus() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(146, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(61, 15),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(20, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(157, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-55, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(11, 24),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(20, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-25, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(20, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ) - NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(6, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                ),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_Polynomial_times() {
-        IntModuloRing(35).numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            // (p + q + r) * (p^2 + q^2 + r^2 - pq - pr - qr) = p^3 + q^3 + r^3 - 3pqr
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(3u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 3u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u, 1u) to m(-3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 1u) to m(1),
-                ) * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(2u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to m(-1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 1u) to m(-1),
-                    listOf(1u, 0u, 1u) to m(-1),
-                ),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            // Spoiler: 5 * 7 = 0
-            assertEquals(
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(2u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 1u) to m(0),
-                    listOf(1u, 0u, 1u) to m(0),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u) to m(5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(-25),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 1u) to m(10),
-                ) * NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u) to m(21),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to m(14),
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 1u) to m(-7),
-                ),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_lastVariable() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                -1,
-                NumberedPolynomial().lastVariable,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                -1,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o
-                ).lastVariable,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                2,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-                ).lastVariable,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u) to o
-                ).also { println(it) }.lastVariable,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                2,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                ).lastVariable,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degree() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                -1,
-                NumberedPolynomial().degree,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o
-                ).degree,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                6,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-                ).degree,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u) to o
-                ).degree,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                ).degree,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to o,
-                ).degree,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degrees() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(),
-                NumberedPolynomial().degrees,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(1u, 2u, 3u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u) to o
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(2u, 1u, 1u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(2u, 2u, 2u, 4u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to o,
-                ).degrees,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degreeBy() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            fun NumberedPolynomial<Rational>.collectDegrees(limit: Int = lastVariable + 2): List<UInt> = List(limit) { degreeBy(it) }
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(0u),
-                NumberedPolynomial().collectDegrees(),
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(0u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(1u, 2u, 3u, 0u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u) to o
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(2u, 1u, 1u, 0u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                listOf(2u, 2u, 2u, 4u, 0u),
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to o,
-                ).collectDegrees(),
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_degreeBy_Collection() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            fun NumberedPolynomial<Rational>.checkDegreeBy(message: String? = null) {
-                val lastVariable = lastVariable
-                val indexCollectionSequence: Sequence<List<Int>> = sequence {
-                    val appearances = MutableList(lastVariable + 2) { 0 }
-                    while (true) {
-                        yield(
-                            buildList {
-                                for ((variable, count) in appearances.withIndex()) repeat(count) { add(variable) }
-                            }
-                        )
-                        val indexChange = appearances.indexOfFirst { it < 4 }
-                        if (indexChange == -1) break
-                        appearances[indexChange] += 1
-                        for (index in 0 until indexChange) appearances[index] = 0
-                    }
-                }
-                for (indexCollection in indexCollectionSequence) {
-                    val expected = coefficients.keys.maxOfOrNull { degs -> degs.slice(indexCollection.distinct().filter { it in degs.indices }).sum() } ?: 0u
-                    val actual = degreeBy(indexCollection)
-                    if (actual != expected)
-                        fail("${message ?: ""} Incorrect answer for variable collection $indexCollection: expected $expected, actual $actual")
-                }
-            }
-            NumberedPolynomial().checkDegreeBy("test 1")
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to o
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 2")
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 3")
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u) to o
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 4")
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 5")
-            NumberedPolynomial(
-                listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to o,
-                listOf(0u, 1u, 2u) to o,
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to o,
-            ).checkDegreeBy("test 6")
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_countOfVariables() {
-        RationalField.numberedPolynomialSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                NumberedPolynomial().countOfVariables,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u, 1u, 0u) to o
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                NumberedPolynomial(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u, 2u) to o,
-                    listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                    listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to o,
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RF_countOfVariables() {
-        RationalField.numberedRationalFunctionSpace {
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial()
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 1"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial(),
-                    NumberedPolynomial()
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 2"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                0,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to o
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 3"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf(1u, 2u, 3u) to o
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 4"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf(0u, 1u, 0u, 1u) to o
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf(0u, 0u, 2u) to o
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 5"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                3,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to o,
-                        listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 6"
-            )
-            assertEquals(
-                4,
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to o,
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to o,
-                        listOf(2u, 0u, 1u) to o,
-                    ), NumberedPolynomial(
-                        listOf(0u, 1u, 2u) to o,
-                        listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 4u) to o,
-                    )
-                ).countOfVariables,
-                "test 7"
-            )
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialUtilTest.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialUtilTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index e5d1ddf48..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/NumberedPolynomialUtilTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12021 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.Rational
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.RationalField
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage
-import kotlin.test.Ignore
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.bufferOf
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils.assertEquals
-
-
-class NumberedPolynomialUtilTest {
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Double_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyList<UInt>() to 0.0),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -2.0,
-                listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to 1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf()),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to 0.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to 0.0,
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.433510890645169,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.6264844682514724,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.8405727903771333,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                1 to 0.8400458576651112
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.433510890645169,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.6264844682514724,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.8405727903771333,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                1 to 0.8400458576651112,
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to 0.4846192734143442,
-                1 to 0.8400458576651112,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to 0.4846192734143442,
-                1 to 0.8400458576651112,
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Constant_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+y+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(143, 150)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(-2, 5),
-                1 to Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(143, 150)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(-2, 5),
-                1 to Rational(12, 9),
-                5 to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+y+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-67, 18),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-70, 9),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(88, 9),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-67, 18),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-70, 9),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(88, 9),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to Rational(12, 9),
-                5 to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-83, 50),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(29, 25),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(3, 5),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(-2, 5),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-83, 50),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(29, 25),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(3, 5),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(-2, 5),
-                5 to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Int, Rational>()),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                5 to Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2%29+p%5E8+where+x+%3D+q%2Fp%2C+y+%3D+x%5E3%2C+p+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+q+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-            listOf<UInt>() to Rational(47639065216, 2562890625)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(-2, 5),
-                1 to Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Polynomial_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-5%2F1+s+%2B+2%2F8+t%2C+y+%3D+11%2F7+t
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-92, 21),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-2627, 2352),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(4565, 3136),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(605, 1568),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1445, 21),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13145, 392),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-3025, 196),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(175, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2475, 28),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(15125, 98),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(11, 7),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = (0/6 + 14/8 s + -14/2 s^2) + (-3/5 + 11/1 s + 3/7 s^2) t + (-3/7 + -18/5 s + -9/1 s^2) t^2, y = (-9/2 + 2/7 s + 9/1 s^2) + (13/1 + -1/8 s + 2/8 s^2) t + (19/4 + 15/7 s + -19/4 s^2) t^2
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(48583, 336),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-913477, 1568),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-967567, 672),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(4722043, 1344),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(8855, 2),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(-311971, 32),
-                listOf(7u) to Rational(-17325, 4),
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(19845, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-827, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(191927, 840),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9592627, 2352),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-105400711, 53760),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-10054101459, 439040),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2127351, 128),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(116680973, 3136),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-220445, 7),
-                listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-2655, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(30567, 100),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-156284953, 39200),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-57661541711, 6585600),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(131931579, 3136),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(98818124791, 3512320),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-94458855053, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(13937705305, 1229312),
-                listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(335706887, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(23549165, 1568),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(111367, 1400),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(4937369, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-4449423711, 274400),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-351873325703, 4390400),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(23495875029, 307328),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(17576300919, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(230316993, 12544),
-                listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-191130515, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(332435, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-275084, 1225),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-266774603, 137200),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(2176279167121, 30732800),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(10904913303, 2195200),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-10769286147, 2195200),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-26277119793, 439040),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25859735869, 6146560),
-                listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(38906289, 2744),
-                listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-3072025, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(9573, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-4154651399, 548800),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(3446069019, 548800),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-7851500623, 137200),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-53205142903, 1920800),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-31953611, 3430),
-                listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(1447380313, 109760),
-                listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(764158625, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1153515, 784),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(1722351, 7840),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-164554821, 109760),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-79096147243, 7683200),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-624721089, 15680),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(11147305567, 548800),
-                listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(8318333679, 109760),
-                listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(32981871553, 1536640),
-                listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-225359619, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-3973995, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(67203, 784),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(39281469, 54880),
-                listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(70162551, 27440),
-                listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(413630709, 54880),
-                listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(4640410269, 192080),
-                listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(802712247, 54880),
-                listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-473517603, 27440),
-                listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-17055459, 1568),
-                listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-12825, 14),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(16245, 1568),
-                listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(503253, 2744),
-                listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(125292591, 96040),
-                listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(12033171, 2744),
-                listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(154352673, 27440),
-                listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1302291, 392),
-                listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-20265741, 1960),
-                listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-26163, 56),
-                listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(146205, 32),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(48583, 336),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-913477, 1568),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-967567, 672),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(4722043, 1344),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(8855, 2),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(-311971, 32),
-                listOf(7u) to Rational(-17325, 4),
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(19845, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-827, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(191927, 840),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9592627, 2352),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-105400711, 53760),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-10054101459, 439040),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2127351, 128),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(116680973, 3136),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-220445, 7),
-                listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-2655, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(30567, 100),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-156284953, 39200),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-57661541711, 6585600),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(131931579, 3136),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(98818124791, 3512320),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-94458855053, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(13937705305, 1229312),
-                listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(335706887, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(23549165, 1568),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(111367, 1400),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(4937369, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-4449423711, 274400),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-351873325703, 4390400),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(23495875029, 307328),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(17576300919, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(230316993, 12544),
-                listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-191130515, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(332435, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-275084, 1225),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-266774603, 137200),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(2176279167121, 30732800),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(10904913303, 2195200),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-10769286147, 2195200),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-26277119793, 439040),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25859735869, 6146560),
-                listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(38906289, 2744),
-                listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-3072025, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(9573, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-4154651399, 548800),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(3446069019, 548800),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-7851500623, 137200),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-53205142903, 1920800),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-31953611, 3430),
-                listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(1447380313, 109760),
-                listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(764158625, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1153515, 784),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(1722351, 7840),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-164554821, 109760),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-79096147243, 7683200),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-624721089, 15680),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(11147305567, 548800),
-                listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(8318333679, 109760),
-                listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(32981871553, 1536640),
-                listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-225359619, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-3973995, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(67203, 784),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(39281469, 54880),
-                listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(70162551, 27440),
-                listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(413630709, 54880),
-                listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(4640410269, 192080),
-                listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(802712247, 54880),
-                listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-473517603, 27440),
-                listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-17055459, 1568),
-                listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-12825, 14),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(16245, 1568),
-                listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(503253, 2744),
-                listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(125292591, 96040),
-                listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(12033171, 2744),
-                listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(154352673, 27440),
-                listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1302291, 392),
-                listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-20265741, 1960),
-                listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-26163, 56),
-                listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(146205, 32),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = s, y = (-9/2 + 2/7 s + 9/1 s^2) + (13/1 + -1/8 s + 2/8 s^2) t + (19/4 + 15/7 s + -19/4 s^2) t^2
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(6817, 84),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-21445, 294),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-12151, 49),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-17789, 196),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(1224, 7),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-156),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2440, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1571, 112),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(107515, 224),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(64965, 112),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(209, 56),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(45, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(112),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1449, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1306309, 3136),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(483207, 1568),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1978437, 6272),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-18231, 224),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-6835, 32),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(247, 2),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(33771, 112),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(2073, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-23463, 224),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-33825, 112),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(201, 224),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-95, 16),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(361, 16),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(3667, 56),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(88729, 1568),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-2476, 49),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-23419, 196),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-323, 56),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(1805, 32),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(6817, 84),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-21445, 294),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-12151, 49),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-17789, 196),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(1224, 7),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-156),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2440, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1571, 112),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(107515, 224),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(64965, 112),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(209, 56),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(45, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(112),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1449, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1306309, 3136),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(483207, 1568),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1978437, 6272),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-18231, 224),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-6835, 32),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(247, 2),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(33771, 112),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(2073, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-23463, 224),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-33825, 112),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(201, 224),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-95, 16),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(361, 16),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(3667, 56),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(88729, 1568),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-2476, 49),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-23419, 196),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-323, 56),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(1805, 32),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = (0/6 + 14/8 s + -14/2 s^2) + (-3/5 + 11/1 s + 3/7 s^2) t + (-3/7 + -18/5 s + -9/1 s^2) t^2, y = t
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-35, 16),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-343, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(343, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-823, 120),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1232417, 6720),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-9863, 24),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(385, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2439, 350),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5793, 40),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1172113, 3360),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-13531, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2824, 7),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3417, 700),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1191, 200),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(8383, 28),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-220279, 280),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(49179, 196),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(57, 35),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-33771, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(196279, 1225),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-32259, 140),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(23868, 49),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(333, 196),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-204, 35),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-307233, 2450),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-12492, 35),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(4563, 28),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(45, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(54, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(1809, 35),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(162),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-35, 16),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-343, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(343, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-823, 120),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1232417, 6720),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-9863, 24),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(385, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2439, 350),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5793, 40),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1172113, 3360),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-13531, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2824, 7),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3417, 700),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1191, 200),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(8383, 28),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-220279, 280),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(49179, 196),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(57, 35),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-33771, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(196279, 1225),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-32259, 140),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(23868, 49),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(333, 196),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-204, 35),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-307233, 2450),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-12492, 35),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(4563, 28),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(45, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(54, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(1809, 35),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(162),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Int, NumberedPolynomial<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_RationalFunction_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-194071, 4900),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(394811, 225),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-444183161, 66150),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(70537618, 59535),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(9655504, 2835),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(61, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2137, 36),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1342, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(484, 9),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    )
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6443599, 10000),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(166251223, 210000),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4606805099, 3528000),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(51204379, 19600),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-529045460659, 277830000),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2630836709, 1488375),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-42675691369, 25004700),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(495825223, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-22531756, 1750329),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2526552797, 420000),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(31108840471, 2520000),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4789740847, 1102500),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(186594307807, 11340000),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11677815943, 1488375),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-181118486447, 27783000),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-16123292162, 14586075),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-140339343808, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(4570171616, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-181436530573, 10080000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6700437957491, 105840000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-3527267461, 1417500),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-38084563451, 5556600),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-565662040631, 13891500),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-35479071126397, 583443000),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-11717559078469, 525098700),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-2043385293517, 225042300),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-3644439630451, 551353635),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1760423269, 126000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(310176758299, 2352000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-907229584837, 21168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-16717135885963, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-43762928025353, 333396000),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-328427480571607, 3000564000),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-7722675917197, 210039480),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(1713350137019, 1225230300),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(156695935643, 31505922),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(18362364269, 1008000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(955674858553, 10584000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-71937470607371, 444528000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-34097985615163, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-340736178775883, 2000376000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-511324523441897, 10501974000),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-125375649409151, 8821658160),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-2813518533421, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-17044089109, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(600086461, 20160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-18959931367, 423360),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-9178804929607, 44452800),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-1460114275979, 5334336),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-342533479090169, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(20335453022963, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-21649775090197, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-197301716069, 131274675),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(18711357470, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(621417991, 100800),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-159236792977, 2116800),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-6602528890883, 66679200),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1086091664047, 19051200),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(3769375009003, 1680315840),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-12920385574769, 1050197400),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-90219591809287, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(656361553391, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(757900793, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-100770017, 15120),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(-316364851, 17640),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-85118560057, 6667920),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(6286563719, 416745),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(26803885301, 1714608),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-13767154393, 4286520),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-3875138933, 1224720),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(65193755, 333396),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(90974351, 2500470),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3182197, 1260),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(24899923, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-19999556, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(3276587, 3969),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(13719549239, 5000940),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-961839938, 1250235),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-198184871, 833490),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(230659711, 5000940),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(292447, 35721)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(9, 100),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-21, 50),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(293, 700),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(29, 210),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(3233, 8820),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-289, 441),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-20, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(100, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-57, 80),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-121, 400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(37117, 8400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4853, 3150),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1166203, 132300),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-2708, 567),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-287159, 416745),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-478204, 83349),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(176320, 83349),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6239, 6400),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(264211, 11200),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1591999, 100800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12450091, 529200),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9230759, 226800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(18995554, 2083725),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(136706258, 6251175),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-120907496, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(117200176, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(5653, 320),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-130853, 8400),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-20939327, 151200),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(2566691, 25200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-68441519, 476280),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(2462904247, 12502350),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(353667161, 18753525),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-1689134372, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(35084104, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3587, 300),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10513243, 33600),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(30766733, 176400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-65680021, 198450),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-8108910547, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(2922125159, 6251175),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-4245279943, 131274675),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-371946872, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(61286752, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-20477, 160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(215741, 1120),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(30785843, 31752),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-357495959, 317520),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-1611242993, 10001880),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(345925495, 500094),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-755948411, 3750705),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-108643496, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1122512, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(358037, 2880),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3895837, 3360),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(359419201, 1270080),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-158522587, 105840),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(10909002599, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(76846972, 138915),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-327696553, 1250235),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-1687328, 35721),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(1016836, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(658, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(48035, 168),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-5777875, 5292),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-7893899, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(10191652, 11907),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(2920121, 23814),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-2699780, 11907),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(4556, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(3440, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-808, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-360895, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(257657, 882),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(3779917, 15876),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-610279, 3969),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-25091, 441),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(9560, 567),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(400, 81)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6443599, 10000),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(166251223, 210000),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4606805099, 3528000),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(51204379, 19600),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-529045460659, 277830000),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2630836709, 1488375),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-42675691369, 25004700),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(495825223, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-22531756, 1750329),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2526552797, 420000),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(31108840471, 2520000),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4789740847, 1102500),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(186594307807, 11340000),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11677815943, 1488375),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-181118486447, 27783000),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-16123292162, 14586075),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-140339343808, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(4570171616, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-181436530573, 10080000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6700437957491, 105840000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-3527267461, 1417500),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-38084563451, 5556600),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-565662040631, 13891500),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-35479071126397, 583443000),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-11717559078469, 525098700),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-2043385293517, 225042300),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-3644439630451, 551353635),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1760423269, 126000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(310176758299, 2352000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-907229584837, 21168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-16717135885963, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-43762928025353, 333396000),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-328427480571607, 3000564000),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-7722675917197, 210039480),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(1713350137019, 1225230300),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(156695935643, 31505922),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(18362364269, 1008000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(955674858553, 10584000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-71937470607371, 444528000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-34097985615163, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-340736178775883, 2000376000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-511324523441897, 10501974000),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-125375649409151, 8821658160),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-2813518533421, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-17044089109, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(600086461, 20160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-18959931367, 423360),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-9178804929607, 44452800),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-1460114275979, 5334336),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-342533479090169, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(20335453022963, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-21649775090197, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-197301716069, 131274675),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(18711357470, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(621417991, 100800),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-159236792977, 2116800),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-6602528890883, 66679200),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1086091664047, 19051200),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(3769375009003, 1680315840),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-12920385574769, 1050197400),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-90219591809287, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(656361553391, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(757900793, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-100770017, 15120),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(-316364851, 17640),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-85118560057, 6667920),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(6286563719, 416745),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(26803885301, 1714608),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-13767154393, 4286520),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-3875138933, 1224720),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(65193755, 333396),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(90974351, 2500470),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3182197, 1260),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(24899923, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-19999556, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(3276587, 3969),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(13719549239, 5000940),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-961839938, 1250235),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-198184871, 833490),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(230659711, 5000940),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(292447, 35721)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(9, 100),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-21, 50),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(293, 700),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(29, 210),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(3233, 8820),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-289, 441),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-20, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(100, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-57, 80),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-121, 400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(37117, 8400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4853, 3150),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1166203, 132300),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-2708, 567),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-287159, 416745),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-478204, 83349),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(176320, 83349),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6239, 6400),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(264211, 11200),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1591999, 100800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12450091, 529200),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9230759, 226800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(18995554, 2083725),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(136706258, 6251175),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-120907496, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(117200176, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(5653, 320),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-130853, 8400),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-20939327, 151200),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(2566691, 25200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-68441519, 476280),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(2462904247, 12502350),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(353667161, 18753525),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-1689134372, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(35084104, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3587, 300),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10513243, 33600),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(30766733, 176400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-65680021, 198450),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-8108910547, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(2922125159, 6251175),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-4245279943, 131274675),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-371946872, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(61286752, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-20477, 160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(215741, 1120),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(30785843, 31752),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-357495959, 317520),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-1611242993, 10001880),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(345925495, 500094),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-755948411, 3750705),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-108643496, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1122512, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(358037, 2880),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3895837, 3360),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(359419201, 1270080),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-158522587, 105840),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(10909002599, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(76846972, 138915),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-327696553, 1250235),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-1687328, 35721),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(1016836, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(658, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(48035, 168),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-5777875, 5292),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-7893899, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(10191652, 11907),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(2920121, 23814),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-2699780, 11907),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(4556, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(3440, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-808, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-360895, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(257657, 882),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(3779917, 15876),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-610279, 3969),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-25091, 441),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(9560, 567),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(400, 81)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-66677, 3500),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-206281, 10500),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-412567, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-310081, 11025),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-575996, 15435),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-573701, 4200),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2239001, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-8817889, 132300),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2317919, 44100),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1169471, 6615),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4057819, 33600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1373311, 12600),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(32433493, 52920),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4998053, 33075),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-2147779, 8820),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(2018481, 2240),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(941713, 1440),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(183749, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-4631023, 15876),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(25609336, 178605),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(11886431, 6720),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(18433, 504),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-39613331, 45360),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(681619, 5670),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-864841, 20412),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(343535, 1008),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-33583, 72),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(1194625, 9072),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-62917, 2268),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(157645, 10206),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-1381, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(919, 36),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-3053, 36),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(2125, 324),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-236, 243)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-66677, 3500),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-206281, 10500),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-412567, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-310081, 11025),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-575996, 15435),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-573701, 4200),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2239001, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-8817889, 132300),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2317919, 44100),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1169471, 6615),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4057819, 33600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1373311, 12600),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(32433493, 52920),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4998053, 33075),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-2147779, 8820),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(2018481, 2240),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(941713, 1440),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(183749, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-4631023, 15876),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(25609336, 178605),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(11886431, 6720),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(18433, 504),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-39613331, 45360),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(681619, 5670),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-864841, 20412),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(343535, 1008),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-33583, 72),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(1194625, 9072),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-62917, 2268),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(157645, 10206),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-1381, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(919, 36),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-3053, 36),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(2125, 324),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-236, 243)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3539, 700),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-307079, 6300),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(451609, 15120),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(35287733, 396900),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-37242617, 396900),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(382747, 19845),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-2407, 3969),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-226, 175),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-74113, 1890),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(250931, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(30071473, 99225),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-286466, 1323),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-2285282, 9261),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(17900, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(3817, 3150),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(577568, 11025),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9073553, 99225),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-1415849, 79380),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-124715629, 277830),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-1328953, 1890),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-297148, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(6043, 945),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(160381, 6615),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-673249, 13230),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-319255, 2058),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-98144, 1029),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-320239, 5145),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(400, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(163, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-25183, 4410),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-21369, 1372),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(127499, 30870),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(86971, 12348),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-11129, 1470),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(544, 147)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3539, 700),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-307079, 6300),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(451609, 15120),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(35287733, 396900),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-37242617, 396900),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(382747, 19845),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-2407, 3969),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-226, 175),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-74113, 1890),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(250931, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(30071473, 99225),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-286466, 1323),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-2285282, 9261),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(17900, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(3817, 3150),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(577568, 11025),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9073553, 99225),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-1415849, 79380),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-124715629, 277830),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-1328953, 1890),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-297148, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(6043, 945),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(160381, 6615),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-673249, 13230),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-319255, 2058),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-98144, 1029),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-320239, 5145),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(400, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(163, 63),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-25183, 4410),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-21369, 1372),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(127499, 30870),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(86971, 12348),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-11129, 1470),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(544, 147)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Int, NumberedRationalFunction<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Double_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyList<UInt>() to 0.0),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyList<UInt>() to 1.0),
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                    listOf(1u) to -2.0,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to 1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf()),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 151.1502229133916,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to -262.3790170577034,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 102.5097937392923,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -367.9969733169944,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 112.4911133334554,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -469.755906895345,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to -8.11707689492641,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 151.1502229133916,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to -262.3790170577034,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 102.5097937392923,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -367.9969733169944,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 112.4911133334554,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -469.755906895345,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to -8.11707689492641,
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 14.24074356896978,
-                    listOf(1u) to -17.71987055153461,
-                    listOf(2u) to -2.288056483312383,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 7.480604285873397,
-                    listOf(1u) to -8.43478016688617,
-                    listOf(2u) to -9.88934943900592,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                1 to 0.795265651276015,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 14.24074356896978,
-                    listOf(1u) to -17.71987055153461,
-                    listOf(2u) to -2.288056483312383,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 7.480604285873397,
-                    listOf(1u) to -8.43478016688617,
-                    listOf(2u) to -9.88934943900592,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                1 to 0.795265651276015,
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 7.321261307532708,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -575.6325831127576,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to -8.11707689492641,
-                1 to 0.795265651276015,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 7.321261307532708,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -575.6325831127576,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(mapOf(
-                0 to -8.11707689492641,
-                1 to 0.795265651276015,
-                5 to 0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Constant_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22047, 2450),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2204953, 147000),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(7, 5),
-                1 to Rational(-13, 7),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22047, 2450),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2204953, 147000),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(7, 5),
-                1 to Rational(-13, 7),
-                5 to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 2'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(4191, 490),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14975, 1176),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-10429, 1176)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-775, 147),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-155, 49),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-757, 280)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to Rational(-13, 7),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(4191, 490),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14975, 1176),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-10429, 1176)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-775, 147),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-155, 49),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-757, 280)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to Rational(-13, 7),
-                5 to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-939, 200),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(123, 50),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(1059, 200)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(121, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-949, 375),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1423, 200)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(7, 5),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-939, 200),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(123, 50),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(1059, 200)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(121, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-949, 375),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1423, 200)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to Rational(7, 5),
-                5 to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Int, Rational>()),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                5 to Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Polynomial_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(211, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(88, 3),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-63, 8),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(441, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-671, 15),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-551, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(279, 25),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(231, 20),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1436, 1575),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2471, 250),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-4919, 100),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1464, 125),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-264, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(576, 25),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(943, 8),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(117, 8),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(147, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(289, 90),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2692, 15),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1629, 140),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(77, 20),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(6187, 75),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2879, 175),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-4919, 300),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(336, 25),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-88, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(192, 25),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(8, 5),
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1202861, 210),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-215117, 45),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10889651, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-3503956, 6615),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(809066, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-9056, 735),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(5396, 315),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 147),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1738469, 1470),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-926238703, 52920),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-44113982, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(10423519, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(3769712, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(8905046, 6615),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1186972, 6615),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-54723628, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(70109407, 1323),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(151072591, 17640),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1216428107, 52920),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2587873193, 317520),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(393536369, 79380),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(137614937, 79380),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-19470406, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(72514195, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-78090707, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1988237707, 26460),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-802137919, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-139989463, 5880),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-26066641, 3780),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(14878516, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-253416724, 2205),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(16699157, 840),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-105220979, 13230),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(208266383, 5880),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(650135309, 26460),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(123808663, 11760),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 2646),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(675645, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-70554077, 588),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(157884029, 980),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(489548623, 4410),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(148540519, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-5559551, 392),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-18335711, 1470),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-727625, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(7046685, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-334814231, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-243971737, 17640),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-571116659, 35280),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(567538, 315),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(3199768, 315),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 63),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 21),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 21),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-34428, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 1),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 1),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 1),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 1),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(162487, 63),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-92713, 54),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(802436, 1323),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-55088, 441),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(1404034, 9261),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-5804, 1029),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(51556, 9261),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(296071, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-4991281, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-18702811, 9261),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(40759043, 27783),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(19768501, 27783),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(14307337, 27783),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1655684, 27783),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-27667474, 3087),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(265605901, 12348),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(160360775, 98784),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1169992093, 148176),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(3978014077, 1333584),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(567058123, 333396),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(205132579, 333396),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-2228822, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(80179390, 3087),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1378630487, 74088),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3385811693, 111132),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-820686977, 49392),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-89101027, 10584),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-37847387, 15876),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(12619982, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-277723177, 6174),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(649414169, 49392),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(14457595, 63504),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(139270339, 10584),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(140367961, 15876),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25467083, 7056),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 7938),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(643850, 147),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-11818025, 294),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(33963203, 588),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(207216235, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(2861021, 1512),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-6302335, 1176),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-3738587, 882),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 27),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-248725, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2478535, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-399721367, 21168),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-54309317, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-95398327, 21168),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(173750, 189),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(92216, 27),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 189),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 63),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 63),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-11476, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 3),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 3),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 3),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1202861, 210),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-215117, 45),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10889651, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-3503956, 6615),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(809066, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-9056, 735),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(5396, 315),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 147),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1738469, 1470),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-926238703, 52920),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-44113982, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(10423519, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(3769712, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(8905046, 6615),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1186972, 6615),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-54723628, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(70109407, 1323),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(151072591, 17640),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1216428107, 52920),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2587873193, 317520),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(393536369, 79380),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(137614937, 79380),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-19470406, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(72514195, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-78090707, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1988237707, 26460),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-802137919, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-139989463, 5880),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-26066641, 3780),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(14878516, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-253416724, 2205),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(16699157, 840),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-105220979, 13230),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(208266383, 5880),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(650135309, 26460),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(123808663, 11760),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 2646),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(675645, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-70554077, 588),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(157884029, 980),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(489548623, 4410),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(148540519, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-5559551, 392),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-18335711, 1470),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-727625, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(7046685, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-334814231, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-243971737, 17640),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-571116659, 35280),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(567538, 315),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(3199768, 315),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 63),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 21),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 21),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-34428, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 1),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 1),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 1),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 1),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(162487, 63),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-92713, 54),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(802436, 1323),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-55088, 441),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(1404034, 9261),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-5804, 1029),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(51556, 9261),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(296071, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-4991281, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-18702811, 9261),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(40759043, 27783),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(19768501, 27783),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(14307337, 27783),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1655684, 27783),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-27667474, 3087),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(265605901, 12348),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(160360775, 98784),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1169992093, 148176),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(3978014077, 1333584),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(567058123, 333396),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(205132579, 333396),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-2228822, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(80179390, 3087),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1378630487, 74088),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3385811693, 111132),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-820686977, 49392),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-89101027, 10584),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-37847387, 15876),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(12619982, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-277723177, 6174),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(649414169, 49392),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(14457595, 63504),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(139270339, 10584),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(140367961, 15876),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25467083, 7056),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 7938),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(643850, 147),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-11818025, 294),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(33963203, 588),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(207216235, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(2861021, 1512),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-6302335, 1176),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-3738587, 882),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 27),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-248725, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2478535, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-399721367, 21168),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-54309317, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-95398327, 21168),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(173750, 189),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(92216, 27),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 189),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 63),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 63),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-11476, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 3),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 3),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 3),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(493, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15991, 210),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2734, 63),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8213, 245),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(1843, 147),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-432, 245),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(4, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-66, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-92924, 2205),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-257461, 2205),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(58658, 2205),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-87884, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2726, 105),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-52, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-17569, 147),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(368819, 735),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-644626, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(221738, 945),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-18022, 945),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-1201, 315),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(1327, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(240, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-868, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-8936, 315),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-77146, 315),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-4072, 315),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-2218, 15),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-104, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-725, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(459, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-2071, 15),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(2831, 15),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(632, 5),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(16, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1255, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-24781, 126),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1195, 14),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-1931, 147),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(439, 147),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-172, 343),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(4, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-183, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-30988, 441),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-56137, 294),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(204308, 1029),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-3263, 441),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2662, 441),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-52, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-87119, 294),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1077919, 686),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-35209, 147),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(15041, 147),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(240889, 1323),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(27778, 1323),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(1327, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(1620, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-25716, 49),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-32078, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-704038, 441),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-30190, 63),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-5414, 63),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-104, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(225, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10560, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(44176, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(28996, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(2405, 7),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1240, 21),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(16, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(493, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15991, 210),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2734, 63),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-8213, 245),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(1843, 147),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-432, 245),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(4, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-66, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-92924, 2205),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-257461, 2205),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(58658, 2205),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-87884, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2726, 105),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-52, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-17569, 147),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(368819, 735),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-644626, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(221738, 945),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-18022, 945),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-1201, 315),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(1327, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(240, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-868, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-8936, 315),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-77146, 315),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-4072, 315),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-2218, 15),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-104, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-725, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(459, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-2071, 15),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(2831, 15),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(632, 5),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(16, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1255, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-24781, 126),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1195, 14),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-1931, 147),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(439, 147),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-172, 343),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(4, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-183, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-30988, 441),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-56137, 294),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(204308, 1029),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-3263, 441),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2662, 441),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-52, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-87119, 294),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1077919, 686),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-35209, 147),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(15041, 147),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(240889, 1323),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(27778, 1323),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(1327, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(1620, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-25716, 49),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-32078, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-704038, 441),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-30190, 63),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-5414, 63),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-104, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(225, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10560, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(44176, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(28996, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(2405, 7),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1240, 21),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(16, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-409, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-376, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-1781, 81),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-128, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(18701, 210),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(614183, 7560),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(90941, 1890),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1802, 135),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(112, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(181421, 315),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(77813, 378),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(598583, 7560),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(85, 27),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(130997, 315),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1093, 420),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(9551, 2520),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-14, 45),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(22, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-2801, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(4033, 90),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(6429, 80),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(2851, 90),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(293, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-220, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(127, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(202, 5),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-63, 5),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(100, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-80, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-24, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(16, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5407, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(9568, 27),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(4996, 27),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(352, 9),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(22, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(104411, 126),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(6001, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-796, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-5389, 126),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-166, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-35327, 126),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(53, 252),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(849197, 6048),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(22361, 252),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(773, 42),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-6067, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(39049, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(80303, 1008),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3035, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-209, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(3113, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-22345, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-30931, 1008),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(5837, 126),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(229, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-2120, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(451, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(422, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-181, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-40, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-80, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(4, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-409, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-376, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-1781, 81),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-128, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(18701, 210),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(614183, 7560),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(90941, 1890),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1802, 135),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(112, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(181421, 315),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(77813, 378),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(598583, 7560),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(85, 27),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(130997, 315),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1093, 420),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(9551, 2520),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-14, 45),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(22, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-2801, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(4033, 90),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(6429, 80),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(2851, 90),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(293, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-220, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(127, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(202, 5),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-63, 5),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(100, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-80, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-24, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(16, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5407, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(9568, 27),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(4996, 27),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(352, 9),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(22, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(104411, 126),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(6001, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-796, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-5389, 126),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-166, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-35327, 126),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(53, 252),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(849197, 6048),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(22361, 252),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(773, 42),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-6067, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(39049, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(80303, 1008),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3035, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-209, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(3113, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-22345, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-30931, 1008),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(5837, 126),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(229, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-2120, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(451, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(422, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-181, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-40, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-80, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(4, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Int, NumberedPolynomial<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                5 to NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_RationalFunction_Map() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                ),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-17166109, 793800),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-930960143, 5556600),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-144665109691, 350065800),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-17232577, 52920),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-68141, 1323),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-57522533, 14288400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-13085162953, 300056400),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-92093367341, 525098700),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1979342797, 6667920),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3082727, 21168),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(11, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-130778291, 76800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-445270919, 230400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(44578444937, 14515200),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(17329402153, 1555200),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(89239926809, 2332800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2808812267, 145152),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-21362661007, 725760),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-258455443, 2016),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-21454693, 96),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1002137, 15360),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1704849697, 430080),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-57657676789, 4838400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-101331731, 89600),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(5362280079329, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(4069896167053, 130636800),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(12011514569, 544320),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(138293195623, 725760),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(6228779419, 48384),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-32395872823, 8064000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-7398505523, 2304000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(95217051699521, 3048192000),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(198026968812079, 3657830400),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(4291645618499, 228614400),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-33211690942439, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-637385538163153, 1371686400),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-138671528276273, 182891520),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-14566368751, 217728),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-10538718719, 2016000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1844485375199, 84672000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(103968665891, 12096000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(175402107278351, 1828915200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8020699588879, 114307200),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3414841894991, 38102400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1848405591611, 4665600),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(39486708738989, 137168640),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(255926289517, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-655379564629, 105840000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-208336039441, 127008000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(40173146771411, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(150473493581239, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(38833783990483, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-1963676248203053, 4800902400),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-2598759412825747, 3200601600),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-192895352019667, 1280240640),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(3737382679, 6858432),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-16959378721, 1890000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-1864802244743, 79380000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(13449261536489, 666792000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(215272234137329, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(6040691379277, 83349000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(153687143525887, 800150400),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(475602854903563, 2400451200),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(27315599358749, 640120320),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-2630413357, 10668672),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-6654999511, 2646000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-67885252327, 15876000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5786776220983, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(60615922629083, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-34703539637627407, 672126336000),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-744694192134101, 2240421120),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-1782470617231, 14817600),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(59123208433, 8890560),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-141653, 5292),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-338051969, 441000),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(468850013, 1764000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(2102343426101, 222264000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(7836130602007, 1333584000),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(16239111865997, 746807040),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(3824649185383, 88905600),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(56058614459, 3457440),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-396766339, 493920),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-165147, 2744),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3088619, 58800),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(155343347, 88200),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(100098736469, 7408800),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(109725511381, 7408800),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-2431199641013, 59270400),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-102872383249, 3457440),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(1449461309, 576240),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(812775, 1372),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-16461, 343)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(164202773, 230400),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-70345303, 518400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4229702731, 4665600),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(3262171027, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-25423104169, 13996800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(64061869, 349920),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1655878091, 116640),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-7991441, 648),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-502591, 18),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-8780429, 3840),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(434272361, 115200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(429825727, 41472),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-10066790339, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(70022035471, 20995200),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-32070283493, 1399680),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-22051101001, 1399680),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-126493427, 12960),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(3050245, 864),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1194654631, 345600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-542961452671, 31104000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-234000873607, 48988800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(140520538087, 3628800),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9215088876563, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(27590569647253, 293932800),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(5129057792891, 97977600),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-106334191, 5103),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-1024113911, 435456),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(76223843, 6000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(57425857357, 2592000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-2044736497573, 46656000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-26155810120031, 293932800),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1064419459813, 6998400),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-753782018389, 4082400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-291973360873, 2799360),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-46372122599, 816480),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(3579859657, 653184),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-13374241901, 4320000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(306606499811, 54432000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(964267124745437, 13716864000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(21603809415373, 182891520),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(1097860214654027, 6858432000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(161615254570669, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(758415239461, 22861440),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(2585568355471, 274337280),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-70433747863, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-9582586217, 2520000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-19093471394171, 635040000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-13010261944411, 381024000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-259039825301861, 4572288000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-305081119071079, 2286144000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-1923114383311, 19595520),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-14181787253231, 228614400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-3959584789, 4354560),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(4691742523, 762048),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-588323437, 180000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(5952234691, 52920000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(21001851056959, 1088640000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(84668034357563, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(2029754605811557, 25604812800),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(11721216739823, 426746880),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-8275903187003, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-4730447299, 2540160),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-46069985, 21168),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-75711301, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(32430417413, 7056000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(677988533153, 98784000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-948417645827, 71124480),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(-11320265215207, 711244800),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-676438627783, 50803200),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-7382274253, 1975680),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(6505733, 2205),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(450137, 882),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-8368253, 78400),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(6833783, 117600),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(4528971133, 5927040),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(146252636617, 29635200),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(8321882556889, 1659571200),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-4686033011, 1975680),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-1074445963, 987840),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-142313, 588),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-4281, 49)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-130778291, 76800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-445270919, 230400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(44578444937, 14515200),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(17329402153, 1555200),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(89239926809, 2332800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2808812267, 145152),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-21362661007, 725760),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-258455443, 2016),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-21454693, 96),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1002137, 15360),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1704849697, 430080),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-57657676789, 4838400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-101331731, 89600),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(5362280079329, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(4069896167053, 130636800),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(12011514569, 544320),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(138293195623, 725760),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(6228779419, 48384),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-32395872823, 8064000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-7398505523, 2304000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(95217051699521, 3048192000),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(198026968812079, 3657830400),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(4291645618499, 228614400),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-33211690942439, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-637385538163153, 1371686400),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-138671528276273, 182891520),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-14566368751, 217728),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-10538718719, 2016000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1844485375199, 84672000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(103968665891, 12096000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(175402107278351, 1828915200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8020699588879, 114307200),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3414841894991, 38102400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1848405591611, 4665600),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(39486708738989, 137168640),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(255926289517, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-655379564629, 105840000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-208336039441, 127008000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(40173146771411, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(150473493581239, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(38833783990483, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-1963676248203053, 4800902400),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-2598759412825747, 3200601600),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-192895352019667, 1280240640),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(3737382679, 6858432),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-16959378721, 1890000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-1864802244743, 79380000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(13449261536489, 666792000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(215272234137329, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(6040691379277, 83349000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(153687143525887, 800150400),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(475602854903563, 2400451200),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(27315599358749, 640120320),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-2630413357, 10668672),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-6654999511, 2646000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-67885252327, 15876000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5786776220983, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(60615922629083, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-34703539637627407, 672126336000),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-744694192134101, 2240421120),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-1782470617231, 14817600),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(59123208433, 8890560),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-141653, 5292),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-338051969, 441000),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(468850013, 1764000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(2102343426101, 222264000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(7836130602007, 1333584000),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(16239111865997, 746807040),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(3824649185383, 88905600),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(56058614459, 3457440),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-396766339, 493920),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-165147, 2744),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3088619, 58800),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(155343347, 88200),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(100098736469, 7408800),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(109725511381, 7408800),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-2431199641013, 59270400),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-102872383249, 3457440),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(1449461309, 576240),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(812775, 1372),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-16461, 343)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(164202773, 230400),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-70345303, 518400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4229702731, 4665600),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(3262171027, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-25423104169, 13996800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(64061869, 349920),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1655878091, 116640),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-7991441, 648),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-502591, 18),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-8780429, 3840),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(434272361, 115200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(429825727, 41472),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-10066790339, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(70022035471, 20995200),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-32070283493, 1399680),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-22051101001, 1399680),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-126493427, 12960),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(3050245, 864),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1194654631, 345600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-542961452671, 31104000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-234000873607, 48988800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(140520538087, 3628800),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9215088876563, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(27590569647253, 293932800),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(5129057792891, 97977600),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-106334191, 5103),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-1024113911, 435456),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(76223843, 6000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(57425857357, 2592000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-2044736497573, 46656000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-26155810120031, 293932800),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1064419459813, 6998400),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-753782018389, 4082400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-291973360873, 2799360),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-46372122599, 816480),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(3579859657, 653184),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-13374241901, 4320000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(306606499811, 54432000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(964267124745437, 13716864000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(21603809415373, 182891520),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(1097860214654027, 6858432000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(161615254570669, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(758415239461, 22861440),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(2585568355471, 274337280),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-70433747863, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-9582586217, 2520000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-19093471394171, 635040000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-13010261944411, 381024000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-259039825301861, 4572288000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-305081119071079, 2286144000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-1923114383311, 19595520),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-14181787253231, 228614400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-3959584789, 4354560),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(4691742523, 762048),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-588323437, 180000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(5952234691, 52920000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(21001851056959, 1088640000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(84668034357563, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(2029754605811557, 25604812800),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(11721216739823, 426746880),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-8275903187003, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-4730447299, 2540160),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-46069985, 21168),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-75711301, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(32430417413, 7056000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(677988533153, 98784000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-948417645827, 71124480),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(-11320265215207, 711244800),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-676438627783, 50803200),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-7382274253, 1975680),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(6505733, 2205),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(450137, 882),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-8368253, 78400),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(6833783, 117600),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(4528971133, 5927040),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(146252636617, 29635200),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(8321882556889, 1659571200),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-4686033011, 1975680),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-1074445963, 987840),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-142313, 588),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-4281, 49)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(2303, 64),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(31843, 192),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(118891, 576),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(94453, 168),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-179203, 1512),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-16979, 126),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-13499, 12),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-4767, 64),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-58689, 256),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-757333, 4032),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4921205, 4032),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-2930815, 4032),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-398803, 1512),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(18835, 36),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(224101, 960),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(9139699, 40320),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(3848803, 5760),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(93102371, 241920),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-65821229, 141120),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-15675899, 7056),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(10459, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(2411, 16),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1294543, 10080),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1740199, 1440),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-266994841, 282240),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-41261893, 211680),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(1717357, 3528),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(69, 14),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(13231, 360),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(4858831, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(15565759, 75600),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-15583391, 35280),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-13345747, 11760),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(140103, 686),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-765, 49)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(31409, 576),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-337099, 1728),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-211429, 1728),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-259241, 432),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-13777, 36),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-41389, 72),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-7679, 48),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3269, 12),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(629569, 864),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(53867, 324),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2290577, 1728),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(101507, 216),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(213109, 288),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(17927, 144),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(314587, 1080),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-109771, 144),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6469, 16),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-298291681, 181440),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-59147357, 48384),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-4982365, 6048),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-18727, 576),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(12379, 90),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-542911, 1620),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(143123, 1260),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(9859177, 30240),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(9312529, 20160),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(207001, 672),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(203, 24),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(9442, 675),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-13729, 300),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-3490471, 25200),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-333031, 840),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-7572211, 47040),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-1189, 56),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-405, 196)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(2303, 64),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(31843, 192),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(118891, 576),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(94453, 168),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-179203, 1512),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-16979, 126),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-13499, 12),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-4767, 64),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-58689, 256),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-757333, 4032),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4921205, 4032),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-2930815, 4032),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-398803, 1512),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(18835, 36),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(224101, 960),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(9139699, 40320),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(3848803, 5760),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(93102371, 241920),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-65821229, 141120),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-15675899, 7056),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(10459, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(2411, 16),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1294543, 10080),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1740199, 1440),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-266994841, 282240),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-41261893, 211680),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(1717357, 3528),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(69, 14),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(13231, 360),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(4858831, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(15565759, 75600),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-15583391, 35280),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-13345747, 11760),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(140103, 686),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-765, 49)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(31409, 576),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-337099, 1728),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-211429, 1728),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-259241, 432),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-13777, 36),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-41389, 72),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-7679, 48),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3269, 12),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(629569, 864),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(53867, 324),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2290577, 1728),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(101507, 216),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(213109, 288),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(17927, 144),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(314587, 1080),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-109771, 144),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6469, 16),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-298291681, 181440),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-59147357, 48384),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-4982365, 6048),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-18727, 576),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(12379, 90),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-542911, 1620),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(143123, 1260),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(9859177, 30240),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(9312529, 20160),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(207001, 672),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(203, 24),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(9442, 675),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-13729, 300),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-3490471, 25200),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-333031, 840),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-7572211, 47040),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-1189, 56),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-405, 196)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                1 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-506213, 2800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(9859, 315),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17384377, 11340),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-9662, 63),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-12563, 4),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-486293, 22400),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-6530947, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(866125, 18144),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2948747, 2520),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1196611, 2016),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-20266021, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(26656339, 44100),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(19499183, 18144),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-19801849, 7560),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-2639635, 1296),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-5017697, 29400),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-606007, 1575),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(127494487, 132300),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(166567, 105),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(486403, 18144),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-32182, 735),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(2420671, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-12619193, 26460),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-6823067, 5670),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-2311693, 13608),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-13324, 245),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(1966, 35),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(1052719, 2520),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(19153, 270),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(701, 54),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(4647, 196),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2197, 28),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-43853, 336),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-301, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(34, 3)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2843, 1600),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1483, 240),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(110623, 1296),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(1265, 72),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-5011, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(47743, 1800),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(619229, 32400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-5978369, 58320),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-86081, 1620),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(6325, 72),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(110951, 3360),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-9550649, 302400),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6542933, 85050),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4708291, 38880),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-433327, 1296),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(56143, 600),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(94243, 720),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-46779139, 226800),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-6948253, 12960),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-260261, 486),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3205317, 19600),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-201253, 1050),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(332192677, 302400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(351511, 360),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-40547, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-65421, 1960),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-10118, 35),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-4341709, 10080),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-91703, 360),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-85, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-25965, 784),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3351, 16),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(595159, 1344),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1381, 12),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-155, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-506213, 2800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(9859, 315),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17384377, 11340),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-9662, 63),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-12563, 4),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-486293, 22400),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-6530947, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(866125, 18144),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2948747, 2520),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1196611, 2016),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-20266021, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(26656339, 44100),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(19499183, 18144),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-19801849, 7560),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-2639635, 1296),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-5017697, 29400),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-606007, 1575),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(127494487, 132300),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(166567, 105),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(486403, 18144),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-32182, 735),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(2420671, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-12619193, 26460),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-6823067, 5670),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-2311693, 13608),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-13324, 245),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(1966, 35),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(1052719, 2520),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(19153, 270),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(701, 54),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(4647, 196),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2197, 28),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-43853, 336),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-301, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(34, 3)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2843, 1600),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1483, 240),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(110623, 1296),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(1265, 72),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-5011, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(47743, 1800),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(619229, 32400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-5978369, 58320),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-86081, 1620),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(6325, 72),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(110951, 3360),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-9550649, 302400),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6542933, 85050),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4708291, 38880),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-433327, 1296),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(56143, 600),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(94243, 720),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-46779139, 226800),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-6948253, 12960),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-260261, 486),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3205317, 19600),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-201253, 1050),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(332192677, 302400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(351511, 360),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-40547, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-65421, 1960),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-10118, 35),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-4341709, 10080),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-91703, 360),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-85, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-25965, 784),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3351, 16),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(595159, 1344),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1381, 12),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-155, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5'"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf<Int, NumberedRationalFunction<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, mapOf(
-                5 to NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 6'"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Double_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyList<UInt>() to 0.0),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -2.0,
-                listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf()),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                0.0,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.047895694399743,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.859913883275481,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2327806735363575,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-                0.8400458576651112,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-                0.8400458576651112,
-                0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.934530767358133,
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-                0.8400458576651112,
-                0.9211194782050933,
-                0.4752854632152105
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 7"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Constant_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf<Rational>()),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-83, 50),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(29, 25),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(3, 5),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+y+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(143, 150)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-                Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(143, 150)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-                Rational(12, 9),
-                Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2%29+p%5E8+where+x+%3D+q%2Fp%2C+y+%3D+x%5E3%2C+p+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+q+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(47639065216, 2562890625)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-                Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_Polynomial_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-5%2F1+s+%2B+2%2F8+t%2C+y+%3D+11%2F7+t
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-92, 21),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-2627, 2352),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(4565, 3136),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(605, 1568),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1445, 21),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13145, 392),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-3025, 196),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(175, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2475, 28),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(15125, 98),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(0, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(11, 7),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = (0/6 + 14/8 s + -14/2 s^2) + (-3/5 + 11/1 s + 3/7 s^2) t + (-3/7 + -18/5 s + -9/1 s^2) t^2, y = (-9/2 + 2/7 s + 9/1 s^2) + (13/1 + -1/8 s + 2/8 s^2) t + (19/4 + 15/7 s + -19/4 s^2) t^2
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(48583, 336),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-913477, 1568),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-967567, 672),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(4722043, 1344),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(8855, 2),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(-311971, 32),
-                listOf(7u) to Rational(-17325, 4),
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(19845, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-827, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(191927, 840),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9592627, 2352),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-105400711, 53760),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-10054101459, 439040),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2127351, 128),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(116680973, 3136),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-220445, 7),
-                listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-2655, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(30567, 100),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-156284953, 39200),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-57661541711, 6585600),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(131931579, 3136),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(98818124791, 3512320),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-94458855053, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(13937705305, 1229312),
-                listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(335706887, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(23549165, 1568),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(111367, 1400),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(4937369, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-4449423711, 274400),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-351873325703, 4390400),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(23495875029, 307328),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(17576300919, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(230316993, 12544),
-                listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-191130515, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(332435, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-275084, 1225),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-266774603, 137200),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(2176279167121, 30732800),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(10904913303, 2195200),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-10769286147, 2195200),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-26277119793, 439040),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25859735869, 6146560),
-                listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(38906289, 2744),
-                listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-3072025, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(9573, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-4154651399, 548800),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(3446069019, 548800),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-7851500623, 137200),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-53205142903, 1920800),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-31953611, 3430),
-                listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(1447380313, 109760),
-                listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(764158625, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1153515, 784),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(1722351, 7840),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-164554821, 109760),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-79096147243, 7683200),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-624721089, 15680),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(11147305567, 548800),
-                listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(8318333679, 109760),
-                listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(32981871553, 1536640),
-                listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-225359619, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-3973995, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(67203, 784),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(39281469, 54880),
-                listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(70162551, 27440),
-                listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(413630709, 54880),
-                listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(4640410269, 192080),
-                listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(802712247, 54880),
-                listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-473517603, 27440),
-                listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-17055459, 1568),
-                listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-12825, 14),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(16245, 1568),
-                listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(503253, 2744),
-                listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(125292591, 96040),
-                listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(12033171, 2744),
-                listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(154352673, 27440),
-                listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1302291, 392),
-                listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-20265741, 1960),
-                listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-26163, 56),
-                listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(146205, 32),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 3),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(13, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(129, 4),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(48583, 336),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-913477, 1568),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-967567, 672),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(4722043, 1344),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(8855, 2),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(-311971, 32),
-                listOf(7u) to Rational(-17325, 4),
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(19845, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-827, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(191927, 840),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9592627, 2352),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-105400711, 53760),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-10054101459, 439040),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(2127351, 128),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(116680973, 3136),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-220445, 7),
-                listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-2655, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(30567, 100),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-156284953, 39200),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-57661541711, 6585600),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(131931579, 3136),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(98818124791, 3512320),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-94458855053, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(13937705305, 1229312),
-                listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(335706887, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(23549165, 1568),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(111367, 1400),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(4937369, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-4449423711, 274400),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-351873325703, 4390400),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(23495875029, 307328),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(17576300919, 878080),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(230316993, 12544),
-                listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-191130515, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(332435, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-275084, 1225),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-266774603, 137200),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(2176279167121, 30732800),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(10904913303, 2195200),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-10769286147, 2195200),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-26277119793, 439040),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25859735869, 6146560),
-                listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(38906289, 2744),
-                listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-3072025, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(9573, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-4154651399, 548800),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(3446069019, 548800),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-7851500623, 137200),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-53205142903, 1920800),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-31953611, 3430),
-                listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(1447380313, 109760),
-                listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(764158625, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1153515, 784),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(1722351, 7840),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-164554821, 109760),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-79096147243, 7683200),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-624721089, 15680),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(11147305567, 548800),
-                listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(8318333679, 109760),
-                listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(32981871553, 1536640),
-                listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-225359619, 21952),
-                listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-3973995, 392),
-                listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(67203, 784),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(39281469, 54880),
-                listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(70162551, 27440),
-                listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(413630709, 54880),
-                listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(4640410269, 192080),
-                listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(802712247, 54880),
-                listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-473517603, 27440),
-                listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-17055459, 1568),
-                listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-12825, 14),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(16245, 1568),
-                listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(503253, 2744),
-                listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(125292591, 96040),
-                listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(12033171, 2744),
-                listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(154352673, 27440),
-                listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1302291, 392),
-                listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-20265741, 1960),
-                listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-26163, 56),
-                listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(146205, 32),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-9, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(19, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-19, 4),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        // (-3/2 + 8/6 x + 14/6 x^2) + (-3/1 + -19/2 x + 9/4 x^2) y + (5/5 + 18/9 x + 5/2 x^2) y^2 where x = (0/6 + 14/8 s + -14/2 s^2) + (-3/5 + 11/1 s + 3/7 s^2) t + (-3/7 + -18/5 s + -9/1 s^2) t^2, y = t
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-35, 16),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-343, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(343, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-823, 120),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1232417, 6720),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-9863, 24),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(385, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2439, 350),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5793, 40),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1172113, 3360),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-13531, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2824, 7),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3417, 700),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1191, 200),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(8383, 28),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-220279, 280),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(49179, 196),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(57, 35),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-33771, 700),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(196279, 1225),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-32259, 140),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(23868, 49),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(333, 196),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-204, 35),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-307233, 2450),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-12492, 35),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(4563, 28),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(45, 98),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(54, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(1809, 35),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(162),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(405, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(14, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf<NumberedPolynomial<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_Polynomial_substitute_RationalFunction_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-194071, 4900),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(394811, 225),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-444183161, 66150),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(70537618, 59535),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(9655504, 2835),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(61, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2137, 36),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1342, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(484, 9),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6443599, 10000),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(166251223, 210000),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4606805099, 3528000),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(51204379, 19600),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-529045460659, 277830000),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2630836709, 1488375),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-42675691369, 25004700),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(495825223, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-22531756, 1750329),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2526552797, 420000),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(31108840471, 2520000),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4789740847, 1102500),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(186594307807, 11340000),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11677815943, 1488375),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-181118486447, 27783000),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-16123292162, 14586075),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-140339343808, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(4570171616, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-181436530573, 10080000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6700437957491, 105840000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-3527267461, 1417500),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-38084563451, 5556600),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-565662040631, 13891500),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-35479071126397, 583443000),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-11717559078469, 525098700),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-2043385293517, 225042300),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-3644439630451, 551353635),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1760423269, 126000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(310176758299, 2352000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-907229584837, 21168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-16717135885963, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-43762928025353, 333396000),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-328427480571607, 3000564000),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-7722675917197, 210039480),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(1713350137019, 1225230300),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(156695935643, 31505922),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(18362364269, 1008000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(955674858553, 10584000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-71937470607371, 444528000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-34097985615163, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-340736178775883, 2000376000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-511324523441897, 10501974000),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-125375649409151, 8821658160),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-2813518533421, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-17044089109, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(600086461, 20160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-18959931367, 423360),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-9178804929607, 44452800),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-1460114275979, 5334336),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-342533479090169, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(20335453022963, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-21649775090197, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-197301716069, 131274675),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(18711357470, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(621417991, 100800),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-159236792977, 2116800),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-6602528890883, 66679200),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1086091664047, 19051200),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(3769375009003, 1680315840),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-12920385574769, 1050197400),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-90219591809287, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(656361553391, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(757900793, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-100770017, 15120),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(-316364851, 17640),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-85118560057, 6667920),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(6286563719, 416745),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(26803885301, 1714608),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-13767154393, 4286520),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-3875138933, 1224720),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(65193755, 333396),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(90974351, 2500470),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3182197, 1260),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(24899923, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-19999556, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(3276587, 3969),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(13719549239, 5000940),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-961839938, 1250235),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-198184871, 833490),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(230659711, 5000940),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(292447, 35721)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(9, 100),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-21, 50),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(293, 700),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(29, 210),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(3233, 8820),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-289, 441),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-20, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(100, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-57, 80),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-121, 400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(37117, 8400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4853, 3150),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1166203, 132300),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-2708, 567),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-287159, 416745),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-478204, 83349),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(176320, 83349),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6239, 6400),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(264211, 11200),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1591999, 100800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12450091, 529200),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9230759, 226800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(18995554, 2083725),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(136706258, 6251175),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-120907496, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(117200176, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(5653, 320),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-130853, 8400),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-20939327, 151200),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(2566691, 25200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-68441519, 476280),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(2462904247, 12502350),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(353667161, 18753525),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-1689134372, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(35084104, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3587, 300),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10513243, 33600),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(30766733, 176400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-65680021, 198450),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-8108910547, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(2922125159, 6251175),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-4245279943, 131274675),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-371946872, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(61286752, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-20477, 160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(215741, 1120),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(30785843, 31752),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-357495959, 317520),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-1611242993, 10001880),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(345925495, 500094),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-755948411, 3750705),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-108643496, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1122512, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(358037, 2880),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3895837, 3360),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(359419201, 1270080),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-158522587, 105840),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(10909002599, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(76846972, 138915),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-327696553, 1250235),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-1687328, 35721),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(1016836, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(658, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(48035, 168),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-5777875, 5292),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-7893899, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(10191652, 11907),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(2920121, 23814),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-2699780, 11907),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(4556, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(3440, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-808, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-360895, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(257657, 882),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(3779917, 15876),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-610279, 3969),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-25091, 441),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(9560, 567),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(400, 81)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 9),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(16, 5),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 2),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6443599, 10000),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(166251223, 210000),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4606805099, 3528000),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(51204379, 19600),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-529045460659, 277830000),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2630836709, 1488375),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-42675691369, 25004700),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(495825223, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-22531756, 1750329),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2526552797, 420000),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(31108840471, 2520000),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4789740847, 1102500),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(186594307807, 11340000),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11677815943, 1488375),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-181118486447, 27783000),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-16123292162, 14586075),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-140339343808, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(4570171616, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-181436530573, 10080000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6700437957491, 105840000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-3527267461, 1417500),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-38084563451, 5556600),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-565662040631, 13891500),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-35479071126397, 583443000),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-11717559078469, 525098700),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-2043385293517, 225042300),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-3644439630451, 551353635),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1760423269, 126000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(310176758299, 2352000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-907229584837, 21168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-16717135885963, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-43762928025353, 333396000),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-328427480571607, 3000564000),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-7722675917197, 210039480),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(1713350137019, 1225230300),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(156695935643, 31505922),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(18362364269, 1008000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(955674858553, 10584000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-71937470607371, 444528000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-34097985615163, 95256000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-340736178775883, 2000376000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-511324523441897, 10501974000),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-125375649409151, 8821658160),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-2813518533421, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-17044089109, 5250987),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(600086461, 20160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-18959931367, 423360),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-9178804929607, 44452800),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-1460114275979, 5334336),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-342533479090169, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(20335453022963, 4200789600),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-21649775090197, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-197301716069, 131274675),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(18711357470, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(621417991, 100800),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-159236792977, 2116800),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-6602528890883, 66679200),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1086091664047, 19051200),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(3769375009003, 1680315840),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-12920385574769, 1050197400),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-90219591809287, 6301184400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(656361553391, 1575296100),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(757900793, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-100770017, 15120),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(-316364851, 17640),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-85118560057, 6667920),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(6286563719, 416745),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(26803885301, 1714608),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-13767154393, 4286520),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-3875138933, 1224720),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(65193755, 333396),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(90974351, 2500470),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3182197, 1260),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(24899923, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-19999556, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(3276587, 3969),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(13719549239, 5000940),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-961839938, 1250235),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-198184871, 833490),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(230659711, 5000940),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(292447, 35721)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(9, 100),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-21, 50),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(293, 700),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(29, 210),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(3233, 8820),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-289, 441),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-20, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(100, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-57, 80),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-121, 400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(37117, 8400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4853, 3150),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1166203, 132300),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-2708, 567),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-287159, 416745),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-478204, 83349),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(176320, 83349),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6239, 6400),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(264211, 11200),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1591999, 100800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12450091, 529200),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9230759, 226800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(18995554, 2083725),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(136706258, 6251175),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-120907496, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(117200176, 15752961),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(5653, 320),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-130853, 8400),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-20939327, 151200),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(2566691, 25200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-68441519, 476280),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(2462904247, 12502350),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(353667161, 18753525),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-1689134372, 26254935),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(35084104, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3587, 300),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10513243, 33600),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(30766733, 176400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-65680021, 198450),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-8108910547, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(2922125159, 6251175),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-4245279943, 131274675),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-371946872, 3750705),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(61286752, 2250423),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-20477, 160),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(215741, 1120),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(30785843, 31752),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-357495959, 317520),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-1611242993, 10001880),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(345925495, 500094),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-755948411, 3750705),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-108643496, 1250235),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(1122512, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(358037, 2880),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3895837, 3360),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(359419201, 1270080),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-158522587, 105840),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(10909002599, 20003760),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(76846972, 138915),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-327696553, 1250235),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-1687328, 35721),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(1016836, 35721),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(658, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(48035, 168),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-5777875, 5292),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-7893899, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(10191652, 11907),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(2920121, 23814),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-2699780, 11907),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(4556, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(3440, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-808, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(-360895, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(257657, 882),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(3779917, 15876),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-610279, 3969),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-25091, 441),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(9560, 567),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(400, 81)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-4, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(15, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 7),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-66677, 3500),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-206281, 10500),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-412567, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-310081, 11025),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-575996, 15435),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-573701, 4200),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2239001, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-8817889, 132300),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2317919, 44100),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1169471, 6615),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4057819, 33600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1373311, 12600),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(32433493, 52920),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4998053, 33075),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-2147779, 8820),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(2018481, 2240),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(941713, 1440),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(183749, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-4631023, 15876),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(25609336, 178605),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(11886431, 6720),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(18433, 504),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-39613331, 45360),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(681619, 5670),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-864841, 20412),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(343535, 1008),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-33583, 72),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(1194625, 9072),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-62917, 2268),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(157645, 10206),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-1381, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(919, 36),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-3053, 36),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(2125, 324),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-236, 243)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(35, 9),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-100, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(100, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1874, 189),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-620, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(40, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(365, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(112, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-464, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1996, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(118, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-272, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-764, 49),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-171, 49),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(10, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1),
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0, 1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(15, 7),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-7, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(17, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 6),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 2),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf<NumberedRationalFunction<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Double_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyList<UInt>() to 0.0),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(emptyList<UInt>() to 1.0),
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                    listOf(1u) to -2.0,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                )
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(bufferOf()),
-            0.001,
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 151.1502229133916,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to -262.3790170577034,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 102.5097937392923,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -367.9969733169944,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 112.4911133334554,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -469.755906895345,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                -8.11707689492641,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 7.321261307532708,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -575.6325831127576,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                -8.11707689492641,
-                0.795265651276015,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 7.321261307532708,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to -575.6325831127576,
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substitute(bufferOf(
-                -8.11707689492641,
-                0.795265651276015,
-                0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Constant_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22047, 2450),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2204953, 147000),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(7, 5),
-                Rational(-13, 7),
-                Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(22047, 2450),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2204953, 147000),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(7, 5),
-                Rational(-13, 7),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-939, 200),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(123, 50),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(1059, 200)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(121, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-949, 375),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1423, 200)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(7, 5),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf<Rational>()),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_Polynomial_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(211, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(88, 3),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-63, 8),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(441, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-671, 15),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-551, 21),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(279, 25),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(231, 20),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1436, 1575),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(2471, 250),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-4919, 100),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1464, 125),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-264, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(576, 25),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(943, 8),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(117, 8),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(147, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(289, 90),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2692, 15),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1629, 140),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(77, 20),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(6187, 75),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-2879, 175),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-4919, 300),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(336, 25),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-88, 25),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(192, 25),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(8, 5),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1202861, 210),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-215117, 45),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10889651, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-3503956, 6615),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(809066, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-9056, 735),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(5396, 315),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 147),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1738469, 1470),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-926238703, 52920),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-44113982, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(10423519, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(3769712, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(8905046, 6615),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1186972, 6615),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-54723628, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(70109407, 1323),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(151072591, 17640),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1216428107, 52920),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2587873193, 317520),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(393536369, 79380),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(137614937, 79380),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-19470406, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(72514195, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-78090707, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1988237707, 26460),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-802137919, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-139989463, 5880),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-26066641, 3780),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(14878516, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-253416724, 2205),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(16699157, 840),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-105220979, 13230),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(208266383, 5880),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(650135309, 26460),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(123808663, 11760),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 2646),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(675645, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-70554077, 588),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(157884029, 980),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(489548623, 4410),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(148540519, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-5559551, 392),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-18335711, 1470),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-727625, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(7046685, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-334814231, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-243971737, 17640),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-571116659, 35280),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(567538, 315),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(3199768, 315),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 63),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 21),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 21),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-34428, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 1),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 1),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 1),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 1),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(162487, 63),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-92713, 54),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(802436, 1323),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-55088, 441),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(1404034, 9261),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-5804, 1029),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(51556, 9261),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(296071, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-4991281, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-18702811, 9261),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(40759043, 27783),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(19768501, 27783),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(14307337, 27783),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1655684, 27783),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-27667474, 3087),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(265605901, 12348),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(160360775, 98784),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1169992093, 148176),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(3978014077, 1333584),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(567058123, 333396),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(205132579, 333396),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-2228822, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(80179390, 3087),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1378630487, 74088),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3385811693, 111132),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-820686977, 49392),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-89101027, 10584),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-37847387, 15876),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(12619982, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-277723177, 6174),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(649414169, 49392),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(14457595, 63504),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(139270339, 10584),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(140367961, 15876),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25467083, 7056),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 7938),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(643850, 147),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-11818025, 294),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(33963203, 588),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(207216235, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(2861021, 1512),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-6302335, 1176),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-3738587, 882),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 27),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-248725, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2478535, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-399721367, 21168),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-54309317, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-95398327, 21168),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(173750, 189),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(92216, 27),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 189),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 63),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 63),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-11476, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 3),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 3),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 3),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(13, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-14, 4),
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1202861, 210),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-215117, 45),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(10889651, 19845),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-3503956, 6615),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(809066, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-9056, 735),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(5396, 315),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 147),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1738469, 1470),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-926238703, 52920),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-44113982, 6615),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(10423519, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(3769712, 2205),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(8905046, 6615),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1186972, 6615),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 441),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-54723628, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(70109407, 1323),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(151072591, 17640),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1216428107, 52920),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2587873193, 317520),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(393536369, 79380),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(137614937, 79380),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-19470406, 2205),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(72514195, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-78090707, 1764),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1988237707, 26460),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-802137919, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-139989463, 5880),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-26066641, 3780),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(14878516, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-253416724, 2205),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(16699157, 840),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-105220979, 13230),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(208266383, 5880),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(650135309, 26460),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(123808663, 11760),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 2646),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 49),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(675645, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-70554077, 588),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(157884029, 980),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(489548623, 4410),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(148540519, 17640),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-5559551, 392),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-18335711, 1470),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-727625, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(7046685, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-334814231, 7056),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-243971737, 17640),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-571116659, 35280),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(567538, 315),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(3199768, 315),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 63),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 63),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 7),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 21),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 21),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-34428, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 1),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 1),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 1),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 1),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(162487, 63),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-92713, 54),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(802436, 1323),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-55088, 441),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(1404034, 9261),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(-5804, 1029),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(51556, 9261),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-752, 441),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(16, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(296071, 441),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-4991281, 882),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-18702811, 9261),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(40759043, 27783),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(19768501, 27783),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(14307337, 27783),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(1655684, 27783),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(22124, 1323),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(-1504, 441),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-27667474, 3087),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(265605901, 12348),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(160360775, 98784),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(1169992093, 148176),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(3978014077, 1333584),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(567058123, 333396),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(205132579, 333396),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(566866, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(41848, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-2228822, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(80179390, 3087),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1378630487, 74088),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3385811693, 111132),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-820686977, 49392),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-89101027, 10584),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-37847387, 15876),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-2363369, 3969),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(-108280, 1323),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(12619982, 1029),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-277723177, 6174),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(649414169, 49392),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(14457595, 63504),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(139270339, 10584),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(140367961, 15876),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(25467083, 7056),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(8563385, 7938),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(19721, 147),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(643850, 147),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-11818025, 294),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(33963203, 588),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(207216235, 5292),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(2861021, 1512),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-6302335, 1176),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-3738587, 882),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-38437, 27),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-29620, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-248725, 49),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2478535, 98),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-399721367, 21168),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-54309317, 10584),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-95398327, 21168),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(173750, 189),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(92216, 27),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(227744, 189),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(23116, 189),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-27500, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(120125, 9),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(-279200, 9),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-100160, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(920452, 63),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(226481, 63),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-11476, 7),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-6232, 9),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-608, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(2500, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(-19000, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(37900, 3),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(-1840, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-17876, 3),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-1240, 3),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(2788, 3),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(800, 3),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(64, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(8, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(2, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(8, 2),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-409, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-376, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-1781, 81),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-128, 27),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-8, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(18701, 210),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(614183, 7560),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(90941, 1890),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1802, 135),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(112, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(181421, 315),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(77813, 378),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(598583, 7560),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(85, 27),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(130997, 315),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1093, 420),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(9551, 2520),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-14, 45),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(22, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-2801, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(4033, 90),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(6429, 80),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(2851, 90),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(293, 45),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-220, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(127, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(202, 5),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-63, 5),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(100, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-80, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-24, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(16, 1),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(4, 1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5407, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(9568, 27),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(4996, 27),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(352, 9),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(22, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(104411, 126),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(6001, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-796, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-5389, 126),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-166, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-35327, 126),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(53, 252),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(849197, 6048),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(22361, 252),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(773, 42),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-6067, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(39049, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(80303, 1008),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-3035, 63),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-209, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(3113, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-22345, 126),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-30931, 1008),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(5837, 126),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(229, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-2120, 21),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(451, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(422, 21),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-181, 21),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-40, 21),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(100, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-80, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-8, 1),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(4, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(18, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(12, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 4),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(2, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(4, 4),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-11, 9),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 9),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(11, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-5, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 7),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf<NumberedPolynomial<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @Ignore // FIXME: This tests work only for sane realisations of the substitutions. Currently, it is not.
-            //  Sane algorithm for substitution p(q/r) (p, q, and r are polynomials) should return denominator r^deg(p),
-            //  not r^(deg(p)(deg(p)+1)/2) as it is now.
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substitute_RationalFunction_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                ),
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                    )
-                )
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-17166109, 793800),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-930960143, 5556600),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-144665109691, 350065800),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-17232577, 52920),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-68141, 1323),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-57522533, 14288400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-13085162953, 300056400),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-92093367341, 525098700),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1979342797, 6667920),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3082727, 21168),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(11, 5),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(11, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 7),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 3),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-130778291, 76800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-445270919, 230400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(44578444937, 14515200),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(17329402153, 1555200),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(89239926809, 2332800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2808812267, 145152),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-21362661007, 725760),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-258455443, 2016),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-21454693, 96),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1002137, 15360),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1704849697, 430080),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-57657676789, 4838400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-101331731, 89600),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(5362280079329, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(4069896167053, 130636800),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(12011514569, 544320),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(138293195623, 725760),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(6228779419, 48384),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-32395872823, 8064000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-7398505523, 2304000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(95217051699521, 3048192000),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(198026968812079, 3657830400),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(4291645618499, 228614400),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-33211690942439, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-637385538163153, 1371686400),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-138671528276273, 182891520),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-14566368751, 217728),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-10538718719, 2016000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1844485375199, 84672000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(103968665891, 12096000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(175402107278351, 1828915200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8020699588879, 114307200),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3414841894991, 38102400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1848405591611, 4665600),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(39486708738989, 137168640),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(255926289517, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-655379564629, 105840000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-208336039441, 127008000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(40173146771411, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(150473493581239, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(38833783990483, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-1963676248203053, 4800902400),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-2598759412825747, 3200601600),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-192895352019667, 1280240640),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(3737382679, 6858432),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-16959378721, 1890000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-1864802244743, 79380000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(13449261536489, 666792000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(215272234137329, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(6040691379277, 83349000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(153687143525887, 800150400),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(475602854903563, 2400451200),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(27315599358749, 640120320),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-2630413357, 10668672),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-6654999511, 2646000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-67885252327, 15876000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5786776220983, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(60615922629083, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-34703539637627407, 672126336000),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-744694192134101, 2240421120),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-1782470617231, 14817600),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(59123208433, 8890560),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-141653, 5292),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-338051969, 441000),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(468850013, 1764000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(2102343426101, 222264000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(7836130602007, 1333584000),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(16239111865997, 746807040),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(3824649185383, 88905600),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(56058614459, 3457440),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-396766339, 493920),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-165147, 2744),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3088619, 58800),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(155343347, 88200),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(100098736469, 7408800),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(109725511381, 7408800),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-2431199641013, 59270400),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-102872383249, 3457440),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(1449461309, 576240),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(812775, 1372),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-16461, 343)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(164202773, 230400),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-70345303, 518400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4229702731, 4665600),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(3262171027, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-25423104169, 13996800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(64061869, 349920),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1655878091, 116640),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-7991441, 648),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-502591, 18),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-8780429, 3840),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(434272361, 115200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(429825727, 41472),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-10066790339, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(70022035471, 20995200),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-32070283493, 1399680),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-22051101001, 1399680),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-126493427, 12960),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(3050245, 864),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1194654631, 345600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-542961452671, 31104000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-234000873607, 48988800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(140520538087, 3628800),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9215088876563, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(27590569647253, 293932800),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(5129057792891, 97977600),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-106334191, 5103),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-1024113911, 435456),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(76223843, 6000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(57425857357, 2592000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-2044736497573, 46656000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-26155810120031, 293932800),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1064419459813, 6998400),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-753782018389, 4082400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-291973360873, 2799360),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-46372122599, 816480),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(3579859657, 653184),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-13374241901, 4320000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(306606499811, 54432000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(964267124745437, 13716864000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(21603809415373, 182891520),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(1097860214654027, 6858432000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(161615254570669, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(758415239461, 22861440),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(2585568355471, 274337280),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-70433747863, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-9582586217, 2520000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-19093471394171, 635040000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-13010261944411, 381024000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-259039825301861, 4572288000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-305081119071079, 2286144000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-1923114383311, 19595520),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-14181787253231, 228614400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-3959584789, 4354560),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(4691742523, 762048),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-588323437, 180000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(5952234691, 52920000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(21001851056959, 1088640000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(84668034357563, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(2029754605811557, 25604812800),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(11721216739823, 426746880),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-8275903187003, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-4730447299, 2540160),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-46069985, 21168),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-75711301, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(32430417413, 7056000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(677988533153, 98784000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-948417645827, 71124480),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(-11320265215207, 711244800),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-676438627783, 50803200),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-7382274253, 1975680),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(6505733, 2205),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(450137, 882),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-8368253, 78400),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(6833783, 117600),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(4528971133, 5927040),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(146252636617, 29635200),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(8321882556889, 1659571200),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-4686033011, 1975680),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-1074445963, 987840),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-142313, 588),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-4281, 49)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 8),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-12, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 4),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(8, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-13, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 6),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(5, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(8, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-15, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 5),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-130778291, 76800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-445270919, 230400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(44578444937, 14515200),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(17329402153, 1555200),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(89239926809, 2332800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(2808812267, 145152),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-21362661007, 725760),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-258455443, 2016),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-21454693, 96),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-1002137, 15360),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1704849697, 430080),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-57657676789, 4838400),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-101331731, 89600),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(5362280079329, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(4069896167053, 130636800),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(12011514569, 544320),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(138293195623, 725760),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(6228779419, 48384),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-32395872823, 8064000),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-7398505523, 2304000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(95217051699521, 3048192000),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(198026968812079, 3657830400),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(4291645618499, 228614400),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-33211690942439, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-637385538163153, 1371686400),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-138671528276273, 182891520),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-14566368751, 217728),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-10538718719, 2016000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-1844485375199, 84672000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(103968665891, 12096000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(175402107278351, 1828915200),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(8020699588879, 114307200),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3414841894991, 38102400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1848405591611, 4665600),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(39486708738989, 137168640),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(255926289517, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-655379564629, 105840000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-208336039441, 127008000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(40173146771411, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(150473493581239, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(38833783990483, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(-1963676248203053, 4800902400),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(-2598759412825747, 3200601600),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(-192895352019667, 1280240640),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(3737382679, 6858432),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-16959378721, 1890000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-1864802244743, 79380000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(13449261536489, 666792000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(215272234137329, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(6040691379277, 83349000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(153687143525887, 800150400),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(475602854903563, 2400451200),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(27315599358749, 640120320),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(-2630413357, 10668672),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-6654999511, 2646000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-67885252327, 15876000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5786776220983, 2667168000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(60615922629083, 1143072000),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-34703539637627407, 672126336000),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(-744694192134101, 2240421120),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-1782470617231, 14817600),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(59123208433, 8890560),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-141653, 5292),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-338051969, 441000),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(468850013, 1764000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(2102343426101, 222264000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(7836130602007, 1333584000),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(16239111865997, 746807040),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(3824649185383, 88905600),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(56058614459, 3457440),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(-396766339, 493920),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(-165147, 2744),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-3088619, 58800),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(155343347, 88200),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(100098736469, 7408800),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(109725511381, 7408800),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(-2431199641013, 59270400),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-102872383249, 3457440),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(1449461309, 576240),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(812775, 1372),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-16461, 343)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(164202773, 230400),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-70345303, 518400),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-4229702731, 4665600),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(3262171027, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-25423104169, 13996800),
-                    listOf(5u) to Rational(64061869, 349920),
-                    listOf(6u) to Rational(-1655878091, 116640),
-                    listOf(7u) to Rational(-7991441, 648),
-                    listOf(8u) to Rational(-502591, 18),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-8780429, 3840),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(434272361, 115200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(429825727, 41472),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-10066790339, 6998400),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(70022035471, 20995200),
-                    listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-32070283493, 1399680),
-                    listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-22051101001, 1399680),
-                    listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(-126493427, 12960),
-                    listOf(8u, 1u) to Rational(3050245, 864),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1194654631, 345600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-542961452671, 31104000),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-234000873607, 48988800),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(140520538087, 3628800),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9215088876563, 130636800),
-                    listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(27590569647253, 293932800),
-                    listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(5129057792891, 97977600),
-                    listOf(7u, 2u) to Rational(-106334191, 5103),
-                    listOf(8u, 2u) to Rational(-1024113911, 435456),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(76223843, 6000),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(57425857357, 2592000),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-2044736497573, 46656000),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-26155810120031, 293932800),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1064419459813, 6998400),
-                    listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-753782018389, 4082400),
-                    listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(-291973360873, 2799360),
-                    listOf(7u, 3u) to Rational(-46372122599, 816480),
-                    listOf(8u, 3u) to Rational(3579859657, 653184),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-13374241901, 4320000),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(306606499811, 54432000),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(964267124745437, 13716864000),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(21603809415373, 182891520),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(1097860214654027, 6858432000),
-                    listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(161615254570669, 914457600),
-                    listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(758415239461, 22861440),
-                    listOf(7u, 4u) to Rational(2585568355471, 274337280),
-                    listOf(8u, 4u) to Rational(-70433747863, 9144576),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-9582586217, 2520000),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-19093471394171, 635040000),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-13010261944411, 381024000),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-259039825301861, 4572288000),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-305081119071079, 2286144000),
-                    listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(-1923114383311, 19595520),
-                    listOf(6u, 5u) to Rational(-14181787253231, 228614400),
-                    listOf(7u, 5u) to Rational(-3959584789, 4354560),
-                    listOf(8u, 5u) to Rational(4691742523, 762048),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-588323437, 180000),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(5952234691, 52920000),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(21001851056959, 1088640000),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(84668034357563, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(2029754605811557, 25604812800),
-                    listOf(5u, 6u) to Rational(11721216739823, 426746880),
-                    listOf(6u, 6u) to Rational(-8275903187003, 2133734400),
-                    listOf(7u, 6u) to Rational(-4730447299, 2540160),
-                    listOf(8u, 6u) to Rational(-46069985, 21168),
-                    listOf(0u, 7u) to Rational(-75711301, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(32430417413, 7056000),
-                    listOf(2u, 7u) to Rational(677988533153, 98784000),
-                    listOf(3u, 7u) to Rational(-948417645827, 71124480),
-                    listOf(4u, 7u) to Rational(-11320265215207, 711244800),
-                    listOf(5u, 7u) to Rational(-676438627783, 50803200),
-                    listOf(6u, 7u) to Rational(-7382274253, 1975680),
-                    listOf(7u, 7u) to Rational(6505733, 2205),
-                    listOf(8u, 7u) to Rational(450137, 882),
-                    listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(-8368253, 78400),
-                    listOf(1u, 8u) to Rational(6833783, 117600),
-                    listOf(2u, 8u) to Rational(4528971133, 5927040),
-                    listOf(3u, 8u) to Rational(146252636617, 29635200),
-                    listOf(4u, 8u) to Rational(8321882556889, 1659571200),
-                    listOf(5u, 8u) to Rational(-4686033011, 1975680),
-                    listOf(6u, 8u) to Rational(-1074445963, 987840),
-                    listOf(7u, 8u) to Rational(-142313, 588),
-                    listOf(8u, 8u) to Rational(-4281, 49)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(14, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(7, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 2),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-13, 8),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 3),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(7, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-7, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 3),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-15, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(4, 6),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-506213, 2800),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(9859, 315),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(17384377, 11340),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(-9662, 63),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-12563, 4),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-486293, 22400),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-6530947, 25200),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(866125, 18144),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(2948747, 2520),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(1196611, 2016),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-20266021, 117600),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(26656339, 44100),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(19499183, 18144),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-19801849, 7560),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-2639635, 1296),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-5017697, 29400),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-606007, 1575),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(127494487, 132300),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(166567, 105),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(486403, 18144),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-32182, 735),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(2420671, 8820),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-12619193, 26460),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-6823067, 5670),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-2311693, 13608),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-13324, 245),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(1966, 35),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(1052719, 2520),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(19153, 270),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(701, 54),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(4647, 196),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(2197, 28),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-43853, 336),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-301, 3),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(34, 3)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2843, 1600),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-1483, 240),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(110623, 1296),
-                    listOf(3u) to Rational(1265, 72),
-                    listOf(4u) to Rational(-5011, 16),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(47743, 1800),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(619229, 32400),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-5978369, 58320),
-                    listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-86081, 1620),
-                    listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(6325, 72),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(110951, 3360),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-9550649, 302400),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(6542933, 85050),
-                    listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4708291, 38880),
-                    listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-433327, 1296),
-                    listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(56143, 600),
-                    listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(94243, 720),
-                    listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-46779139, 226800),
-                    listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-6948253, 12960),
-                    listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-260261, 486),
-                    listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-3205317, 19600),
-                    listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-201253, 1050),
-                    listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(332192677, 302400),
-                    listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(351511, 360),
-                    listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-40547, 81),
-                    listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-65421, 1960),
-                    listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-10118, 35),
-                    listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-4341709, 10080),
-                    listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-91703, 360),
-                    listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(-85, 9),
-                    listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-25965, 784),
-                    listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(3351, 16),
-                    listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(595159, 1344),
-                    listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(-1381, 12),
-                    listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(-155, 3)
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                NumberedRationalFunction(
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-17, 5),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 6),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 1),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 9),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 4),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(2, 1),
-                    ),
-                    NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                        listOf<UInt>() to Rational(5, 4),
-                        listOf(1u) to Rational(-5, 9),
-                        listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 6),
-                        listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(6, 5),
-                        listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 5),
-                        listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(5, 2),
-                        listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-18, 7),
-                        listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 2),
-                        listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                    )
-                ),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(10, 2),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-16, 1),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(13, 8),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(10, 4),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 4),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-17, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-14, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(17, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(7, 6),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(16, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-17, 1),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 8),
-                )
-            ).substitute(RationalField, bufferOf<NumberedRationalFunction<Rational>>()),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substituteFully_Double_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            0.0,
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                listOf(1u) to -2.0,
-                listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 2"
-        ) {
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf())
-        }
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 3"
-        ) {
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                0.0,
-            ))
-        }
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 4"
-        ) {
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-            ))
-        }
-        assertEquals(
-            1.934530767358133,
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-                0.8400458576651112,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            1.934530767358133,
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-                0.8400458576651112,
-                0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            1.934530767358133,
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to 0.8597048543814783,
-                listOf(1u) to 0.22997637465889875,
-                listOf(2u) to 0.32675302591924016,
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to 0.4561746111587508,
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to 0.5304946210170756,
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.6244313712888998,
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to 0.2700930201481795,
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.06962351375204712,
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to -0.015206988092131501,
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                0.4846192734143442,
-                0.8400458576651112,
-                0.9211194782050933,
-                0.4752854632152105
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 7"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_Polynomial_substituteFully_Constant_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(0),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 2"
-        ) {
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf())
-        }
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 3"
-        ) {
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substituteFully(
-                RationalField, bufferOf(
-                    Rational(-2, 5),
-                )
-            )
-        }
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2+where+x+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+y+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(143, 150),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-                Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(143, 150),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-                Rational(12, 9),
-                Rational(57, 179),
-            )),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        // https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=%28%28-3%2F2+%2B+8%2F6+x+%2B+14%2F6+x%5E2%29+%2B+%28-3%2F1+%2B+-19%2F2+x+%2B+9%2F4+x%5E2%29+y+%2B+%285%2F5+%2B+18%2F9+x+%2B+5%2F2+x%5E2%29+y%5E2%29+p%5E8+where+x+%3D+q%2Fp%2C+y+%3D+x%5E3%2C+p+%3D+-2%2F5%2C+q+%3D+12%2F9
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(47639065216, 2562890625),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(8u) to Rational(-3, 2),
-                listOf(7u, 1u) to Rational(8, 6),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(14, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-3, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-19, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(9, 4),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(5, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 7u) to Rational(18, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 8u) to Rational(5, 2),
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(-2, 5),
-                Rational(12, 9),
-            )),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substituteFully_Double_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            0.0,
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                    listOf(1u) to -2.0,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.0,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 1.0,
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                1.0
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 2"
-        ) {
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf())
-        }
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 3"
-        ) {
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(
-                bufferOf(
-                    -8.11707689492641,
-                )
-            )
-        }
-        assertEquals(
-            -0.012718636022899672,
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                -8.11707689492641,
-                0.795265651276015,
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            -0.012718636022899672,
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 6.593754860231304,
-                    listOf(1u) to -7.853302571550634,
-                    listOf(2u) to 1.2265042281530025,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 3.762648877294904,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -8.945144619305292,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to -5.141384718042281,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to 7.359794483988782,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -4.3526172680518815,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to 0.907910924854372,
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to 9.533292132172562,
-                    listOf(1u) to -1.982814534018857,
-                    listOf(2u) to -5.974248303415283,
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to 1.5876716499288879,
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to -7.535152566659664,
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to 0.7549300500153517,
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to -5.242030058021028,
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to -0.7265704289690582,
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to -7.139677818189821,
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(bufferOf(
-                -8.11707689492641,
-                0.795265651276015,
-                0.9211194782050933
-            )),
-            0.001,
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun test_RationalFunction_substituteFully_Constant_Buffer() {
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(0),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(1)
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1)
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(1)
-            )),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(-1322820, 2204953),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(7, 5),
-                Rational(-13, 7),
-                Rational(-16, 4),
-            )),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            Rational(-1322820, 2204953),
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf(
-                Rational(7, 5),
-                Rational(-13, 7),
-            )),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 4"
-        ) {
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(
-                RationalField, bufferOf(
-                    Rational(7, 5),
-                )
-            )
-        }
-        assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage<IllegalArgumentException>(
-            fullSubstitutionExceptionMessage,
-            "test 5"
-        ) {
-            NumberedRationalFunction(
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-3, 5),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(-18, 4),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(9, 8),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 3),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(12, 2),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(17, 8),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                ),
-                NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                    listOf<UInt>() to Rational(11, 1),
-                    listOf(1u) to Rational(4, 1),
-                    listOf(2u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                    listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 9),
-                    listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(14, 7),
-                    listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-17, 5),
-                    listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                    listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 5),
-                    listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-7, 8),
-                )
-            ).substituteFully(RationalField, bufferOf())
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_derivativeWithRespectTo_variable() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-33, 8),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(72, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-36, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(20, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 2a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(9, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-9, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-40, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-28, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 2b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(20, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 3a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(9, 2),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(5, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-28, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(20, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 3b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 4a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 4b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).derivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 5),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthDerivativeWithRespectTo_variable_order() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 1u),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 0u),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 3u),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 4u),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 0u),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 1u),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-33, 4),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(216, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-108, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 9a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-27, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-120, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 9b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 10a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 10b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 11a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 11b"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthDerivativeWithRespectTo_variablesAndOrders() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u)),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 0u)),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 3u)),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 4u)),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 0u)),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 1u)),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf()),
-            "test 9"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to 1u,
-                1 to 0u
-            )),
-            "test 10"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to 0u,
-                1 to 1u
-            )),
-            "test 11"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-33, 4),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(216, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-108, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 12a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-36, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(6, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(27, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-40, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-56, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(80, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u, 1 to 1u)),
-            "test 12b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(18, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(12, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-27, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-120, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 12c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-6, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(6, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 13a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(24, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(27, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(20, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-56, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(80, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u, 1 to 1u)),
-            "test 13b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(8, 7),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-12, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(10, 3),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-84, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(12, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(60, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 13c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 14a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-22, 1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u, 1 to 1u)),
-            "test 14b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-20, 3),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-16, 5),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 4),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthDerivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 14c"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_antiderivativeWithRespectTo_variable() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-11, 32),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 10),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 5),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(1, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(1, 28),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 2a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-8, 15),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(4, 21),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(3, 28),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(5, 36),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(-9, 20),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-2, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-7, 5),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 2b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-7, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(1, 28),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 3a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(4, 21),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(3, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(5, 36),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-7, 5),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 3b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 5),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0),
-            "test 4a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-8, 15),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1),
-            "test 4b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u, 0u, 0u, 0u, 1u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).antiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 5),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo_variable_order() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 1u),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 0u),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 12),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-1, 12),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(1, 60),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 3u),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(1, 360),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 4u),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 0u),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 1u),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(-11, 160),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 10),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(3, 14),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 9a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 16),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 18),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(3, 140),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(1, 10),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-3, 40),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 9b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 10a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 10b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 11a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 11b"
-        )
-    }
-    @Test
-    @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-    fun test_Polynomial_nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo_variablesAndOrders() {
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u)),
-            "test 1"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 0u),
-            "test 2"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 12),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 2u),
-            "test 3"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(-1, 12),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(1, 60),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 3u),
-            "test 4"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(1, 360),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 0, 4u),
-            "test 5"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 0u),
-            "test 6"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 1u),
-            "test 7"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, 1, 2u),
-            "test 8"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf()),
-            "test 9"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-1),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to 1u,
-                1 to 0u
-            )),
-            "test 10"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(1),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(1),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(
-                0 to 0u,
-                1 to 1u
-            )),
-            "test 11"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(-11, 160),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(3, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(-3, 10),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(3, 14),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-9, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 12a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 32),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(18, 5),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 10),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 72),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 30),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(3, 28),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(3, 32),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(-9, 20),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-7, 15),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(1, 5),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u, 1 to 1u)),
-            "test 12b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 16),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(9, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 18),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-9, 6),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(3, 140),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(1, 10),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(-3, 40),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-11, 8),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(18, 1),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 2),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(3, 7),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(16, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-18, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-10, 1),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 12c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(1, 35),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 60),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(1, 54),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-7, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 13a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 72),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 30),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(3, 32),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(-7, 15),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 140),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(1, 5),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u, 1 to 1u)),
-            "test 13b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 21),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 24),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(-1, 10),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(3, 40),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(1, 36),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(-7, 30),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(1, 210),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(1, 6),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(4, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 8),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-16, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(12, 8),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(5, 9),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-14, 2),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(1, 7),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(15, 3),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 13c"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(-1, 9),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(1, 24),
-                listOf(5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 12),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-5, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(6u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 2u)),
-            "test 14a"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-9, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 6),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(-10, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-4, 15),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 72),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(5u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(0 to 1u, 1 to 1u)),
-            "test 14b"
-        )
-        assertEquals(
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-3, 8),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(1, 4),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(-1, 1),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(1, 9),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(-11, 6),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(-5, 18),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(-2, 15),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(-1, 96),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 5u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 6u) to Rational(0),
-            ),
-            NumberedPolynomialAsIs(
-                listOf<UInt>() to Rational(-6, 8),
-                listOf(1u) to Rational(-2, 3),
-                listOf(2u) to Rational(1, 2),
-                listOf(3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 1u) to Rational(-18, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 1u) to Rational(2, 3),
-                listOf(2u, 1u) to Rational(-11, 1),
-                listOf(3u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 1u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 2u) to Rational(-10, 3),
-                listOf(1u, 2u) to Rational(-8, 5),
-                listOf(2u, 2u) to Rational(-1, 8),
-                listOf(3u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 2u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 3u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(0u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(1u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(2u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(3u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-                listOf(4u, 4u) to Rational(0),
-            ).nthAntiderivativeWithRespectTo(RationalField, mapOf(1 to 2u)),
-            "test 14c"
-        )
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/BufferUtils.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/BufferUtils.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index ab912a464..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/BufferUtils.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-
-
-fun <T> bufferOf(vararg elements: T): Buffer<T> = elements.asBuffer()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModulo.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModulo.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index a037dcd18..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModulo.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
-
-
-class IntModulo {
-    val residue: Int
-    val modulus: Int
-
-    @PublishedApi
-    internal constructor(residue: Int, modulus: Int, toCheckInput: Boolean = true) {
-        if (toCheckInput) {
-            require(modulus != 0) { "modulus can not be zero" }
-            this.modulus = if (modulus < 0) -modulus else modulus
-            this.residue = residue.mod(this.modulus)
-        } else {
-            this.residue = residue
-            this.modulus = modulus
-        }
-    }
-
-    constructor(residue: Int, modulus: Int) : this(residue, modulus, true)
-
-    operator fun unaryPlus(): IntModulo = this
-    operator fun unaryMinus(): IntModulo =
-        IntModulo(
-            if (residue == 0) 0 else modulus - residue,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun plus(other: IntModulo): IntModulo {
-        require(modulus == other.modulus) { "can not add two residue different modulo" }
-        return IntModulo(
-            (residue + other.residue) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun plus(other: Int): IntModulo =
-        IntModulo(
-            (residue + other) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun minus(other: IntModulo): IntModulo {
-        require(modulus == other.modulus) { "can not subtract two residue different modulo" }
-        return IntModulo(
-            (residue - other.residue) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun minus(other: Int): IntModulo =
-        IntModulo(
-            (residue - other) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun times(other: IntModulo): IntModulo {
-        require(modulus == other.modulus) { "can not multiply two residue different modulo" }
-        return IntModulo(
-            (residue * other.residue) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun times(other: Int): IntModulo =
-        IntModulo(
-            (residue * other) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun div(other: IntModulo): IntModulo {
-        require(modulus == other.modulus) { "can not divide two residue different modulo" }
-        val (reciprocalCandidate, gcdOfOtherResidueAndModulus) = bezoutIdentityWithGCD(other.residue, modulus)
-        require(gcdOfOtherResidueAndModulus == 1) { "can not divide to residue that has non-trivial GCD with modulo" }
-        return IntModulo(
-            (residue * reciprocalCandidate) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun div(other: Int): IntModulo {
-        val (reciprocalCandidate, gcdOfOtherResidueAndModulus) = bezoutIdentityWithGCD(other, modulus)
-        require(gcdOfOtherResidueAndModulus == 1) { "can not divide to residue that has non-trivial GCD with modulo" }
-        return IntModulo(
-            (residue * reciprocalCandidate) % modulus,
-            modulus,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean =
-        when (other) {
-            is IntModulo -> residue == other.residue && modulus == other.modulus
-            else -> false
-        }
-
-    override fun hashCode(): Int = residue.hashCode()
-
-    override fun toString(): String = "$residue mod $modulus"
-}
-
-@Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
-class IntModuloRing : Ring<IntModulo> {
-
-    val modulus: Int
-
-    constructor(modulus: Int) {
-        require(modulus != 0) { "modulus can not be zero" }
-        this.modulus = if (modulus < 0) -modulus else modulus
-    }
-
-    override inline val zero: IntModulo get() = IntModulo(0, modulus, toCheckInput = false)
-    override inline val one: IntModulo get() = IntModulo(1, modulus, toCheckInput = false)
-
-    fun number(arg: Int): IntModulo = IntModulo(arg, modulus, toCheckInput = false)
-
-    override inline fun add(left: IntModulo, right: IntModulo): IntModulo = left + right
-    override inline fun multiply(left: IntModulo, right: IntModulo): IntModulo = left * right
-
-    override inline fun IntModulo.unaryMinus(): IntModulo = -this
-    override inline fun IntModulo.plus(arg: IntModulo): IntModulo = this + arg
-    override inline fun IntModulo.minus(arg: IntModulo): IntModulo = this - arg
-    override inline fun IntModulo.times(arg: IntModulo): IntModulo = this * arg
-    inline fun IntModulo.div(arg: IntModulo): IntModulo = this / arg
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModuloUtils.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModuloUtils.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 615523873..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/IntModuloUtils.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.ListPolynomial
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.ListPolynomialSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.PolynomialSpaceOverRing
-
-
-fun ListPolynomialSpace<IntModulo, IntModuloRing>.ListPolynomial(vararg coefs: Int): ListPolynomial<IntModulo> =
-    ListPolynomial(coefs.map { IntModulo(it, ring.modulus) })
-fun IntModuloRing.ListPolynomial(vararg coefs: Int): ListPolynomial<IntModulo> =
-    ListPolynomial(coefs.map { IntModulo(it, modulus) })
-
-fun IntModuloRing.m(arg: Int): IntModulo = IntModulo(arg, modulus)
-fun PolynomialSpaceOverRing<IntModulo, *, IntModuloRing>.m(arg: Int): IntModulo = IntModulo(arg, ring.modulus)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/NTMisc.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/NTMisc.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 61b50f128..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/NTMisc.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import kotlin.math.abs
-
-
-internal data class BezoutIdentityWithGCD<T>(val first: T, val second: T, val gcd: T)
-
-internal tailrec fun gcd(a: Long, b: Long): Long = if (a == 0L) abs(b) else gcd(b % a, a)
-
-internal fun bezoutIdentityWithGCD(a: Int, b: Int): BezoutIdentityWithGCD<Int> =
-    when {
-        a < 0 && b < 0 -> with(bezoutIdentityWithGCDInternalLogic(-a, -b, 1, 0, 0, 1)) { BezoutIdentityWithGCD(-first, -second, gcd) }
-        a < 0 -> with(bezoutIdentityWithGCDInternalLogic(-a, b, 1, 0, 0, 1)) { BezoutIdentityWithGCD(-first, second, gcd) }
-        b < 0 -> with(bezoutIdentityWithGCDInternalLogic(a, -b, 1, 0, 0, 1)) { BezoutIdentityWithGCD(first, -second, gcd) }
-        else -> bezoutIdentityWithGCDInternalLogic(a, b, 1, 0, 0, 1)
-    }
-
-internal tailrec fun bezoutIdentityWithGCDInternalLogic(a: Int, b: Int, m1: Int, m2: Int, m3: Int, m4: Int): BezoutIdentityWithGCD<Int> =
-    if (b == 0) BezoutIdentityWithGCD(m1, m3, a)
-    else {
-        val quotient = a / b
-        val reminder = a % b
-        bezoutIdentityWithGCDInternalLogic(b, reminder, m2, m1 - quotient * m2, m4, m3 - quotient * m4)
-    }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/Rational.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/Rational.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 0a3d00e96..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/Rational.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,177 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-@file:Suppress("NOTHING_TO_INLINE", "KotlinRedundantDiagnosticSuppress")
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Field
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.NumbersAddOps
-
-@Suppress("NAME_SHADOWING")
-class Rational {
-    companion object {
-        val ZERO: Rational = Rational(0L)
-        val ONE: Rational = Rational(1L)
-    }
-
-    val numerator: Long
-    val denominator: Long
-
-    internal constructor(numerator: Long, denominator: Long, toCheckInput: Boolean = true) {
-        if (toCheckInput) {
-            if (denominator == 0L) throw ArithmeticException("/ by zero")
-
-            val greatestCommonDivider = gcd(numerator, denominator).let { if (denominator < 0L) -it else it }
-
-            this.numerator = numerator / greatestCommonDivider
-            this.denominator = denominator / greatestCommonDivider
-        } else {
-            this.numerator = numerator
-            this.denominator = denominator
-        }
-    }
-
-    constructor(numerator: Int, denominator: Int) : this(numerator.toLong(), denominator.toLong(), true)
-    constructor(numerator: Int, denominator: Long) : this(numerator.toLong(), denominator, true)
-    constructor(numerator: Long, denominator: Int) : this(numerator, denominator.toLong(), true)
-    constructor(numerator: Long, denominator: Long) : this(numerator, denominator, true)
-    constructor(numerator: Int) : this(numerator.toLong(), 1L, false)
-    constructor(numerator: Long) : this(numerator, 1L, false)
-
-    operator fun unaryPlus(): Rational = this
-    operator fun unaryMinus(): Rational = Rational(-this.numerator, this.denominator)
-    operator fun plus(other: Rational): Rational {
-        val denominatorsGcd = gcd(denominator, other.denominator)
-        val dividedThisDenominator = denominator / denominatorsGcd
-        val dividedOtherDenominator = other.denominator / denominatorsGcd
-        val numeratorCandidate = numerator * dividedOtherDenominator + dividedThisDenominator * other.numerator
-        val secondGcd = gcd(numeratorCandidate, denominatorsGcd)
-        return Rational(
-            numeratorCandidate / secondGcd,
-            dividedThisDenominator * (other.denominator / secondGcd),
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun plus(other: Int): Rational =
-        Rational(
-            numerator + denominator * other.toLong(),
-            denominator,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun plus(other: Long): Rational =
-        Rational(
-            numerator + denominator * other,
-            denominator,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun minus(other: Rational): Rational {
-        val denominatorsGcd = gcd(denominator, other.denominator)
-        val dividedThisDenominator = denominator / denominatorsGcd
-        val dividedOtherDenominator = other.denominator / denominatorsGcd
-        val numeratorCandidate = numerator * dividedOtherDenominator - dividedThisDenominator * other.numerator
-        val secondGcd = gcd(numeratorCandidate, denominatorsGcd)
-        return Rational(
-            numeratorCandidate / secondGcd,
-            dividedThisDenominator * (other.denominator / secondGcd),
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun minus(other: Int): Rational =
-        Rational(
-            numerator - denominator * other.toLong(),
-            denominator,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun minus(other: Long): Rational =
-        Rational(
-            numerator - denominator * other,
-            denominator,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    operator fun times(other: Rational): Rational {
-        val thisDenominatorAndOtherNumeratorGcd = gcd(denominator, other.numerator)
-        val otherDenominatorAndThisNumeratorGcd = gcd(other.denominator, numerator)
-        return Rational(
-            (numerator / otherDenominatorAndThisNumeratorGcd) * (other.numerator / thisDenominatorAndOtherNumeratorGcd),
-            (denominator / thisDenominatorAndOtherNumeratorGcd) * (other.denominator / otherDenominatorAndThisNumeratorGcd),
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun times(other: Int): Rational {
-        val other = other.toLong()
-        val denominatorAndOtherGcd = gcd(denominator, other)
-        return Rational(
-            numerator * (other / denominatorAndOtherGcd),
-            denominator / denominatorAndOtherGcd,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun times(other: Long): Rational {
-        val denominatorAndOtherGcd = gcd(denominator, other)
-        return Rational(
-            numerator * (other / denominatorAndOtherGcd),
-            denominator / denominatorAndOtherGcd,
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun div(other: Rational): Rational {
-        val denominatorsGcd = gcd(denominator, other.denominator)
-        val numeratorsGcd = gcd(numerator, other.numerator)
-        return Rational(
-            (numerator / numeratorsGcd) * (other.denominator / denominatorsGcd),
-            (denominator / denominatorsGcd) * (other.numerator / numeratorsGcd)
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun div(other: Int): Rational {
-        val other = other.toLong()
-        val numeratorAndOtherGcd = gcd(numerator, other)
-        return Rational(
-            numerator / numeratorAndOtherGcd,
-            denominator * (other / numeratorAndOtherGcd),
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    operator fun div(other: Long): Rational {
-        val numeratorAndOtherGcd = gcd(numerator, other)
-        return Rational(
-            numerator / numeratorAndOtherGcd,
-            denominator * (other / numeratorAndOtherGcd),
-            toCheckInput = false
-        )
-    }
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean =
-        when (other) {
-            is Rational -> numerator == other.numerator && denominator == other.denominator
-            is Int -> numerator == other && denominator == 1L
-            is Long -> numerator == other && denominator == 1L
-            else -> false
-        }
-
-    override fun hashCode(): Int = 31 * numerator.hashCode() + denominator.hashCode()
-
-    override fun toString(): String = if (denominator == 1L) "$numerator" else "$numerator/$denominator"
-}
-
-@Suppress("EXTENSION_SHADOWED_BY_MEMBER", "OVERRIDE_BY_INLINE")
-@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-object RationalField : Field<Rational>, NumbersAddOps<Rational> {
-    override inline val zero: Rational get() = Rational.ZERO
-    override inline val one: Rational get() = Rational.ONE
-
-    override inline fun number(value: Number): Rational = Rational(value.toLong())
-
-    override inline fun add(left: Rational, right: Rational): Rational = left + right
-    override inline fun multiply(left: Rational, right: Rational): Rational = left * right
-    override inline fun divide(left: Rational, right: Rational): Rational = left / right
-    override inline fun scale(a: Rational, value: Double): Rational = a * number(value)
-
-    override inline fun Rational.unaryMinus(): Rational = -this
-    override inline fun Rational.plus(arg: Rational): Rational = this + arg
-    override inline fun Rational.minus(arg: Rational): Rational = this - arg
-    override inline fun Rational.times(arg: Rational): Rational = this * arg
-    override inline fun Rational.div(arg: Rational): Rational = this / arg
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/assertion.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/assertion.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index c70c229ca..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/assertion.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.LabeledPolynomial
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.LabeledRationalFunction
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.NumberedPolynomial
-import space.kscience.kmath.functions.NumberedRationalFunction
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
-
-
-fun <T> assertContentEquals(
-    expected: Map<T, Double>,
-    actual: Map<T, Double>,
-    absoluteTolerance: Double,
-    message: String? = null
-) {
-    assertEquals(expected.keys, actual.keys, message)
-    for ((key, expectedValue) in expected) assertEquals(expectedValue, actual[key]!!, absoluteTolerance, message)
-}
-
-fun assertEquals(
-    expected: NumberedPolynomial<Double>,
-    actual: NumberedPolynomial<Double>,
-    absoluteTolerance: Double,
-    message: String? = null
-) {
-    assertContentEquals(
-        expected.coefficients,
-        actual.coefficients,
-        absoluteTolerance,
-        message
-    )
-}
-
-fun assertEquals(
-    expected: LabeledPolynomial<Double>,
-    actual: LabeledPolynomial<Double>,
-    absoluteTolerance: Double,
-    message: String? = null
-) {
-    assertContentEquals(
-        expected.coefficients,
-        actual.coefficients,
-        absoluteTolerance,
-        message
-    )
-}
-
-fun assertEquals(
-    expected: NumberedRationalFunction<Double>,
-    actual: NumberedRationalFunction<Double>,
-    absoluteTolerance: Double,
-    message: String? = null
-) {
-    assertEquals(
-        expected.numerator,
-        actual.numerator,
-        absoluteTolerance,
-        message
-    )
-    assertEquals(
-        expected.denominator,
-        actual.denominator,
-        absoluteTolerance,
-        message
-    )
-}
-
-fun assertEquals(
-    expected: LabeledRationalFunction<Double>,
-    actual: LabeledRationalFunction<Double>,
-    absoluteTolerance: Double,
-    message: String? = null
-) {
-    assertEquals(
-        expected.numerator,
-        actual.numerator,
-        absoluteTolerance,
-        message
-    )
-    assertEquals(
-        expected.denominator,
-        actual.denominator,
-        absoluteTolerance,
-        message
-    )
-}
-
-inline fun <reified T : Throwable> assertFailsWithTypeAndMessage(
-    expectedMessage: String? = null,
-    assertionMessage: String? = null,
-    block: () -> Unit
-) {
-    assertEquals(
-        expectedMessage,
-        assertFailsWith(T::class, assertionMessage, block).message,
-        assertionMessage
-    )
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/misc.kt b/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/misc.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 66e46c902..000000000
--- a/kmath-polynomial/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/testUtils/misc.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.functions.testUtils
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
-
-
-val o: Rational = Rational(0)
-
-val x: Symbol by symbol
-val y: Symbol by symbol
-val z: Symbol by symbol
-val t: Symbol by symbol
-val s: Symbol by symbol
-val iota: Symbol by symbol
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index f53232f44..23af18d31 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ include(
     ":kmath-core",
     ":kmath-coroutines",
     ":kmath-functions",
-    ":kmath-polynomial",
     ":kmath-histograms",
     ":kmath-commons",
     ":kmath-viktor",

From 991ab907d87536c636f2ab6830a0f4a28886c386 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Dec 2022 11:09:55 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 20/72] Encapsulate internal constants in Expression

---
 benchmarks/build.gradle.kts                   |  9 ++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression.kt  | 24 ++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts b/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
index 9c8dc613a..5d2e4dac8 100644
--- a/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ kotlin {
 
         val jvmMain by getting {
             dependencies {
+                implementation("org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-core:1.36")
+                implementation("org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-generator-annprocess:1.36")
                 implementation(project(":kmath-commons"))
                 implementation(project(":kmath-ejml"))
                 implementation(project(":kmath-nd4j"))
@@ -144,13 +146,6 @@ benchmark {
     }
 }
 
-// Fix kotlinx-benchmarks bug
-afterEvaluate {
-    val jvmBenchmarkJar by tasks.getting(org.gradle.jvm.tasks.Jar::class) {
-        duplicatesStrategy = DuplicatesStrategy.EXCLUDE
-    }
-}
-
 kotlin.sourceSets.all {
     with(languageSettings) {
         optIn("kotlin.contracts.ExperimentalContracts")
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression.kt
index 9c769caa0..cf59efe71 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/Expression.kt
@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ public interface DoubleExpression : Expression<Double> {
      * @return the value.
      */
     public operator fun invoke(arguments: DoubleArray): Double
+
+    public companion object{
+        internal val EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY = DoubleArray(0)
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -73,6 +77,10 @@ public interface IntExpression : Expression<Int> {
      * @return the value.
      */
     public operator fun invoke(arguments: IntArray): Int
+
+    public companion object{
+        internal val EMPTY_INT_ARRAY = IntArray(0)
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -98,6 +106,10 @@ public interface LongExpression : Expression<Long> {
      * @return the value.
      */
     public operator fun invoke(arguments: LongArray): Long
+
+    public companion object{
+        internal val EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY = LongArray(0)
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -145,7 +157,7 @@ public operator fun <T> Expression<T>.invoke(vararg pairs: Pair<String, T>): T =
     }
 )
 
-private val EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY = DoubleArray(0)
+
 
 /**
  * Calls this expression without providing any arguments.
@@ -153,7 +165,7 @@ private val EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY = DoubleArray(0)
  * @return a value.
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
-public operator fun DoubleExpression.invoke(): Double = this(EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY)
+public operator fun DoubleExpression.invoke(): Double = this(DoubleExpression.EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY)
 
 /**
  * Calls this expression from arguments.
@@ -164,15 +176,13 @@ public operator fun DoubleExpression.invoke(): Double = this(EMPTY_DOUBLE_ARRAY)
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public operator fun DoubleExpression.invoke(vararg arguments: Double): Double = this(arguments)
 
-private val EMPTY_INT_ARRAY = IntArray(0)
-
 /**
  * Calls this expression without providing any arguments.
  *
  * @return a value.
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
-public operator fun IntExpression.invoke(): Int = this(EMPTY_INT_ARRAY)
+public operator fun IntExpression.invoke(): Int = this(IntExpression.EMPTY_INT_ARRAY)
 
 /**
  * Calls this expression from arguments.
@@ -183,15 +193,13 @@ public operator fun IntExpression.invoke(): Int = this(EMPTY_INT_ARRAY)
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public operator fun IntExpression.invoke(vararg arguments: Int): Int = this(arguments)
 
-private val EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY = LongArray(0)
-
 /**
  * Calls this expression without providing any arguments.
  *
  * @return a value.
  */
 @UnstableKMathAPI
-public operator fun LongExpression.invoke(): Long = this(EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY)
+public operator fun LongExpression.invoke(): Long = this(LongExpression.EMPTY_LONG_ARRAY)
 
 /**
  * Calls this expression from arguments.

From 29977650f10d0d1168a4f218b2b71e371b567653 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Dec 2022 12:21:56 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 21/72] Naive classifier notebook

---
 .gitignore                                |   3 +-
 examples/notebooks/Naive classifier.ipynb | 418 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 419 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/notebooks/Naive classifier.ipynb

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 5ddd846a8..34ddf3fd9 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -3,10 +3,9 @@ build/
 out/
 
 .idea/
-
-
 .vscode/
 
+
 # Avoid ignoring Gradle wrapper jar file (.jar files are usually ignored)
 !gradle-wrapper.jar
 
diff --git a/examples/notebooks/Naive classifier.ipynb b/examples/notebooks/Naive classifier.ipynb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..937f5b6c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/notebooks/Naive classifier.ipynb	
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "%use kmath(0.3.1-dev-5)\n",
+    "%use plotly(0.5.0)\n",
+    "@file:DependsOn(\"space.kscience:kmath-commons:0.3.1-dev-5\")"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "lQbSB87rNAn9lV6poArVWW",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "//Uncomment to work in Jupyter classic or DataLore\n",
+    "//Plotly.jupyter.notebook()"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "0UP158hfccGgjQtHz0wAi6",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "source": [
+    "# The model\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Defining the input data format, the statistic abstraction and the statistic implementation based on a weighted sum of elements."
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "class XYValues(val xValues: DoubleArray, val yValues: DoubleArray) {\n",
+    "    init {\n",
+    "        require(xValues.size == yValues.size)\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}\n",
+    "\n",
+    "fun interface XYStatistic {\n",
+    "    operator fun invoke(values: XYValues): Double\n",
+    "}\n",
+    "\n",
+    "class ConvolutionalXYStatistic(val weights: DoubleArray) : XYStatistic {\n",
+    "    override fun invoke(values: XYValues): Double {\n",
+    "        require(weights.size == values.yValues.size)\n",
+    "        val norm = values.yValues.sum()\n",
+    "        return values.yValues.zip(weights) { value, weight -> value * weight }.sum()/norm\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "Zhgz1Ui91PWz0meJiQpHol",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "source": [
+    "# Generator\n",
+    "Generate sample data for parabolas and hyperbolas"
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [
+    "fun generateParabolas(xValues: DoubleArray, a: Double, b: Double, c: Double): XYValues {\n",
+    "    val yValues = xValues.map { x -> a * x * x + b * x + c }.toDoubleArray()\n",
+    "    return XYValues(xValues, yValues)\n",
+    "}\n",
+    "\n",
+    "fun generateHyperbols(xValues: DoubleArray, gamma: Double, x0: Double, y0: Double): XYValues {\n",
+    "    val yValues = xValues.map { x -> y0 + gamma / (x - x0) }.toDoubleArray()\n",
+    "    return XYValues(xValues, yValues)\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "val xValues = (1.0..10.0).step(1.0).toDoubleArray()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "val xy = generateHyperbols(xValues, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Plotly.plot {\n",
+    "    scatter {\n",
+    "        this.x.doubles = xValues\n",
+    "        this.y.doubles = xy.yValues\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "ZE2atNvFzQsCvpAF8KK4ch",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "source": [
+    "Create a default statistic with uniform weights"
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "val statistic = ConvolutionalXYStatistic(DoubleArray(xValues.size){1.0})\n",
+    "statistic(xy)"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "EA5HaydTddRKYrtAUwd29h",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "import kotlin.random.Random\n",
+    "\n",
+    "val random = Random(1288)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "val parabolas = buildList{\n",
+    "    repeat(500){\n",
+    "        add(\n",
+    "            generateParabolas(\n",
+    "                xValues, \n",
+    "                random.nextDouble(), \n",
+    "                random.nextDouble(), \n",
+    "                random.nextDouble()\n",
+    "            )\n",
+    "        )\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}\n",
+    "\n",
+    "val hyperbolas: List<XYValues> =  buildList{\n",
+    "    repeat(500){\n",
+    "        add(\n",
+    "            generateHyperbols(\n",
+    "                xValues, \n",
+    "                random.nextDouble()*10, \n",
+    "                random.nextDouble(), \n",
+    "                random.nextDouble()\n",
+    "            )\n",
+    "        )\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "t5t6IYmD7Q1ykeo9uijFfQ",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "Plotly.plot { \n",
+    "    scatter { \n",
+    "        x.doubles = xValues\n",
+    "        y.doubles = parabolas[257].yValues\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "    scatter { \n",
+    "        x.doubles = xValues\n",
+    "        y.doubles = hyperbolas[252].yValues\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    " }"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "oXB8lmju7YVYjMRXITKnhO",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "Plotly.plot { \n",
+    "    histogram { \n",
+    "        name = \"parabolae\"\n",
+    "        x.numbers = parabolas.map { statistic(it) }\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "    histogram { \n",
+    "        name = \"hyperbolae\"\n",
+    "        x.numbers = hyperbolas.map { statistic(it) }\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "8EIIecUZrt2NNrOkhxG5P0",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "val lossFunction: (XYStatistic) -> Double = { statistic ->\n",
+    "    - abs(parabolas.sumOf { statistic(it) } - hyperbolas.sumOf { statistic(it) })\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "h7UmglJW5zXkAfKHK40oIL",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "source": [
+    "Using commons-math optimizer to optimize weights"
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "import org.apache.commons.math3.optim.*\n",
+    "import org.apache.commons.math3.optim.nonlinear.scalar.*\n",
+    "import org.apache.commons.math3.optim.nonlinear.scalar.noderiv.*\n",
+    "\n",
+    "val optimizer = SimplexOptimizer(1e-1, Double.MAX_VALUE)\n",
+    "\n",
+    "val result = optimizer.optimize(\n",
+    "    ObjectiveFunction { point ->\n",
+    "        lossFunction(ConvolutionalXYStatistic(point))\n",
+    "    },\n",
+    "    NelderMeadSimplex(xValues.size),\n",
+    "    InitialGuess(DoubleArray(xValues.size){ 1.0 }),\n",
+    "    GoalType.MINIMIZE,\n",
+    "    MaxEval(100000)\n",
+    ")"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "0EG3K4aCUciMlgGQKPvJ57",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "source": [
+    "Print resulting weights of optimization"
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "result.point"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "LelUlY0ZSlJEO9yC6SLk5B",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "Plotly.plot { \n",
+    "    scatter { \n",
+    "        y.doubles = result.point\n",
+    "     }\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "AuFOq5t9KpOIkGrOLsVXNf",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "source": [
+    "# The resulting statistic distribution"
+   ],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "source": [
+    "val resultStatistic = ConvolutionalXYStatistic(result.point)\n",
+    "Plotly.plot { \n",
+    "    histogram { \n",
+    "        name = \"parabolae\"\n",
+    "        x.numbers = parabolas.map { resultStatistic(it) }\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "    histogram { \n",
+    "        name = \"hyperbolae\"\n",
+    "        x.numbers = hyperbolas.map { resultStatistic(it) }\n",
+    "    }\n",
+    "}"
+   ],
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "datalore": {
+     "node_id": "zvmq42DRdM5mZ3SpzviHwI",
+     "type": "CODE",
+     "hide_input_from_viewers": false,
+     "hide_output_from_viewers": false
+    }
+   }
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": [],
+   "metadata": {
+    "collapsed": false
+   }
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Kotlin",
+   "language": "kotlin",
+   "name": "kotlin"
+  },
+  "datalore": {
+   "version": 1,
+   "computation_mode": "JUPYTER",
+   "package_manager": "pip",
+   "base_environment": "default",
+   "packages": []
+  }
+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 4
+}

From 6d47c0ccecd4068cc4c6289741d5dc89931c4a13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 Dec 2022 12:30:15 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 22/72] Ordered segments in trajectory

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt      | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index 3fcf4365d..ffa23a537 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     }
 }
 
-public open class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: Collection<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
+public open class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: List<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = segments.sumOf { it.length }
 }
 

From 3f4fe9e43ba488b5d5de65aaf9b916159023724e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 31 Dec 2022 15:02:52 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 23/72] Migrate to 1.8. Use universal autodiffs

---
 benchmarks/build.gradle.kts                   |  4 +-
 build.gradle.kts                              |  2 +-
 buildSrc/build.gradle.kts                     | 13 +++--
 buildSrc/settings.gradle.kts                  |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/benchmarks/JmhReport.kt    |  5 --
 .../benchmarks/addBenchmarkProperties.kt      |  9 ++--
 .../space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt    |  4 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt |  4 +-
 .../kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt       |  4 +-
 gradle.properties                             |  3 +-
 gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties      |  2 +-
 ...ructureExpression.kt => CmDsExpression.kt} | 19 ++++---
 .../DerivativeStructureExpressionTest.kt      |  8 +--
 .../commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt      | 11 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt   | 51 +++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/DSCompiler.kt  |  2 -
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/DSTest.kt      |  5 +-
 kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts              |  2 +-
 kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts             |  2 +-
 kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts           |  2 +-
 kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts                   |  2 +-
 settings.gradle.kts                           |  2 +-
 22 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)
 rename kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/{DerivativeStructureExpression.kt => CmDsExpression.kt} (91%)

diff --git a/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts b/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
index 5d2e4dac8..ea2349d91 100644
--- a/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.benchmarks.addBenchmarkProperties
 
 plugins {
     kotlin("multiplatform")
-    kotlin("plugin.allopen")
+    alias(spclibs.plugins.kotlin.plugin.allopen)
     id("org.jetbrains.kotlinx.benchmark")
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ kotlin {
                 implementation(project(":kmath-tensors"))
                 implementation(project(":kmath-multik"))
                 implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:multik-default:$multikVersion")
-                implementation(npmlibs.kotlinx.benchmark.runtime)
+                implementation(spclibs.kotlinx.benchmark.runtime)
             }
         }
 
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index e03bec9af..4efb6c802 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-7"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-8"
 }
 
 subprojects {
diff --git a/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts b/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts
index 0f95a7b3f..67df0aab4 100644
--- a/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 plugins {
     `kotlin-dsl`
     `version-catalog`
-    kotlin("plugin.serialization") version "1.6.21"
 }
 
 java.targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
@@ -13,18 +12,18 @@ repositories {
     gradlePluginPortal()
 }
 
-val toolsVersion = npmlibs.versions.tools.get()
-val kotlinVersion = npmlibs.versions.kotlin.asProvider().get()
-val benchmarksVersion = npmlibs.versions.kotlinx.benchmark.get()
+val toolsVersion = spclibs.versions.tools.get()
+val kotlinVersion = spclibs.versions.kotlin.asProvider().get()
+val benchmarksVersion = spclibs.versions.kotlinx.benchmark.get()
 
 dependencies {
     api("space.kscience:gradle-tools:$toolsVersion")
-    api(npmlibs.atomicfu.gradle)
     //plugins form benchmarks
     api("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-benchmark-plugin:$benchmarksVersion")
-    api("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-allopen:$kotlinVersion")
+    //api("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-allopen:$kotlinVersion")
     //to be used inside build-script only
-    implementation(npmlibs.kotlinx.serialization.json)
+    //implementation(spclibs.kotlinx.serialization.json)
+    implementation("com.fasterxml.jackson.module:jackson-module-kotlin:2.14.+")
 }
 
 kotlin.sourceSets.all {
diff --git a/buildSrc/settings.gradle.kts b/buildSrc/settings.gradle.kts
index 403e0f52c..02111ba37 100644
--- a/buildSrc/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/buildSrc/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ dependencyResolutionManagement {
     }
 
     versionCatalogs {
-        create("npmlibs") {
+        create("spclibs") {
             from("space.kscience:version-catalog:$toolsVersion")
         }
     }
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/JmhReport.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/JmhReport.kt
index 62cf44915..3a4fcdc79 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/JmhReport.kt
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/JmhReport.kt
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.benchmarks
 
-import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
-
-@Serializable
 data class JmhReport(
     val jmhVersion: String,
     val benchmark: String,
@@ -37,7 +34,6 @@ data class JmhReport(
         val scoreUnit: String
     }
 
-    @Serializable
     data class PrimaryMetric(
         override val score: Double,
         override val scoreError: Double,
@@ -48,7 +44,6 @@ data class JmhReport(
         val rawData: List<List<Double>>? = null,
     ) : Metric
 
-    @Serializable
     data class SecondaryMetric(
         override val score: Double,
         override val scoreError: Double,
diff --git a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/addBenchmarkProperties.kt b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/addBenchmarkProperties.kt
index 5c6a2ac83..61193790b 100644
--- a/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/addBenchmarkProperties.kt
+++ b/buildSrc/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/addBenchmarkProperties.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.benchmarks
 
 import kotlinx.benchmark.gradle.BenchmarksExtension
-import kotlinx.serialization.decodeFromString
-import kotlinx.serialization.json.Json
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.module.kotlin.jacksonObjectMapper
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.module.kotlin.readValue
 import org.gradle.api.Project
 import space.kscience.gradle.KScienceReadmeExtension
 import java.time.LocalDateTime
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ private val ISO_DATE_TIME: DateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatterBuilder().run {
 
 private fun noun(number: Number, singular: String, plural: String) = if (number.toLong() == 1L) singular else plural
 
+private val jsonMapper = jacksonObjectMapper()
+
 fun Project.addBenchmarkProperties() {
     val benchmarksProject = this
     rootProject.subprojects.forEach { p ->
@@ -60,8 +62,7 @@ fun Project.addBenchmarkProperties() {
                     if (resDirectory == null || !(resDirectory.resolve("jvm.json")).exists()) {
                         "> **Can't find appropriate benchmark data. Try generating readme files after running benchmarks**."
                     } else {
-                        val reports =
-                            Json.decodeFromString<List<JmhReport>>(resDirectory.resolve("jvm.json").readText())
+                        val reports: List<JmhReport> = jsonMapper.readValue<List<JmhReport>>(resDirectory.resolve("jvm.json"))
 
                         buildString {
                             appendLine("<details>")
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
index febf55283..c5f694ce0 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.fit
 
 import kotlinx.html.br
 import kotlinx.html.h3
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.expressions.DSProcessor
 import space.kscience.kmath.commons.optimization.CMOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.autodiff
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ suspend fun main() {
     val yErr = y.map { sqrt(it) }//RealVector.same(x.size, sigma)
 
     // compute differentiable chi^2 sum for given model ax^2 + bx + c
-    val chi2 = DSProcessor.chiSquaredExpression(x, y, yErr) { arg ->
+    val chi2 = Double.autodiff.chiSquaredExpression(x, y, yErr) { arg ->
         //bind variables to autodiff context
         val a = bindSymbol(a)
         val b = bindSymbol(b)
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
index c7eefa6b9..9650fa630 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.fit
 
 import kotlinx.html.br
 import kotlinx.html.h3
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.expressions.DSProcessor
 import space.kscience.kmath.data.XYErrorColumnarData
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.autodiff
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.binding
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ suspend fun main() {
 
     val result = XYErrorColumnarData.of(x, y, yErr).fitWith(
         QowOptimizer,
-        DSProcessor,
+        Double.autodiff,
         mapOf(a to 0.9, b to 1.2, c to 2.0)
     ) { arg ->
         //bind variables to autodiff context
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
index 2576e9222..031955e15 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DistributionBenchmark.kt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ private suspend fun runKMathChained(): Duration {
     return Duration.between(startTime, Instant.now())
 }
 
-private fun runApacheDirect(): Duration {
+private fun runCMDirect(): Duration {
     val rng = RandomSource.create(RandomSource.MT, 123L)
 
     val sampler = CMGaussianSampler.of(
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ private fun runApacheDirect(): Duration {
  * Comparing chain sampling performance with direct sampling performance
  */
 fun main(): Unit = runBlocking(Dispatchers.Default) {
-    val directJob = async { runApacheDirect() }
+    val directJob = async { runCMDirect() }
     val chainJob = async { runKMathChained() }
     println("KMath Chained: ${chainJob.await()}")
     println("Apache Direct: ${directJob.await()}")
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index da5867ea4..3016246b2 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@
 kotlin.code.style=official
 kotlin.mpp.stability.nowarn=true
 kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
-kotlin.incremental.js.ir=true
 
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.13.1-kotlin-1.7.20
+toolsVersion=0.13.4-kotlin-1.8.0
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index 8049c684f..070cb702f 100644
--- a/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-7.5-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-7.6-bin.zip
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpression.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt
similarity index 91%
rename from kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpression.kt
rename to kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt
index 6d756b15f..f2af49087 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpression.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.NumbersAddOps
  * @param bindings The map of bindings values. All bindings are considered free parameters
  */
 @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
-public class DerivativeStructureField(
+@Deprecated("Use generic DSAlgebra from the core")
+public class CmDsField(
     public val order: Int,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, Double>,
 ) : ExtendedField<DerivativeStructure>, ExpressionAlgebra<Double, DerivativeStructure>,
@@ -108,25 +109,27 @@ public class DerivativeStructureField(
 /**
  * Auto-diff processor based on Commons-math [DerivativeStructure]
  */
-public object DSProcessor : AutoDiffProcessor<Double, DerivativeStructure, DerivativeStructureField> {
+@Deprecated("Use generic DSAlgebra from the core")
+public object CmDsProcessor : AutoDiffProcessor<Double, DerivativeStructure, CmDsField> {
      override fun differentiate(
-        function: DerivativeStructureField.() -> DerivativeStructure,
-    ): DerivativeStructureExpression = DerivativeStructureExpression(function)
+         function: CmDsField.() -> DerivativeStructure,
+    ): CmDsExpression = CmDsExpression(function)
 }
 
 /**
  * A constructs that creates a derivative structure with required order on-demand
  */
-public class DerivativeStructureExpression(
-    public val function: DerivativeStructureField.() -> DerivativeStructure,
+@Deprecated("Use generic DSAlgebra from the core")
+public class CmDsExpression(
+    public val function: CmDsField.() -> DerivativeStructure,
 ) : DifferentiableExpression<Double> {
     override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<Symbol, Double>): Double =
-        DerivativeStructureField(0, arguments).function().value
+        CmDsField(0, arguments).function().value
 
     /**
      * Get the derivative expression with given orders
      */
     override fun derivativeOrNull(symbols: List<Symbol>): Expression<Double> = Expression { arguments ->
-        with(DerivativeStructureField(symbols.size, arguments)) { function().derivative(symbols) }
+        with(CmDsField(symbols.size, arguments)) { function().derivative(symbols) }
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpressionTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpressionTest.kt
index 40ba9fc7d..7c3c086ed 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpressionTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/DerivativeStructureExpressionTest.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
+@file:Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.commons.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
@@ -15,10 +17,10 @@ import kotlin.test.assertFails
 internal inline fun diff(
     order: Int,
     vararg parameters: Pair<Symbol, Double>,
-    block: DerivativeStructureField.() -> Unit,
+    block: CmDsField.() -> Unit,
 ) {
     contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    DerivativeStructureField(order, mapOf(*parameters)).run(block)
+    CmDsField(order, mapOf(*parameters)).run(block)
 }
 
 internal class AutoDiffTest {
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ internal class AutoDiffTest {
 
     @Test
     fun autoDifTest() {
-        val f = DerivativeStructureExpression {
+        val f = CmDsExpression {
             val x by binding
             val y by binding
             x.pow(2) + 2 * x * y + y.pow(2) + 1
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
index 7c8ba7d27..8b4631fca 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
@@ -6,22 +6,25 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.commons.optimization
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.expressions.DSProcessor
-import space.kscience.kmath.commons.expressions.DerivativeStructureExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.DSFieldExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.y
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.autodiff
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps.Companion.map
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test
 
+@OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
 internal class OptimizeTest {
-    val normal = DerivativeStructureExpression {
+    val normal = DSFieldExpression(DoubleField) {
         exp(-bindSymbol(x).pow(2) / 2) + exp(-bindSymbol(y).pow(2) / 2)
     }
 
@@ -60,7 +63,7 @@ internal class OptimizeTest {
 
         val yErr = DoubleBuffer(x.size) { sigma }
 
-        val chi2 = DSProcessor.chiSquaredExpression(
+        val chi2 = Double.autodiff.chiSquaredExpression(
             x, y, yErr
         ) { arg ->
             val cWithDefault = bindSymbolOrNull(c) ?: one
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
index e7ade4f66..9e91ff26b 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSAlgebra.kt
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ public abstract class DSAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     public val algebra: A,
     public val order: Int,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, T>,
-    public val valueBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = algebra.bufferFactory,
 ) : ExpressionAlgebra<T, DS<T, A>>, SymbolIndexer {
 
     /**
@@ -116,7 +115,6 @@ public abstract class DSAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
 
                     newCache[p][o] = DSCompiler(
                         algebra,
-                        valueBufferFactory,
                         p,
                         o,
                         valueCompiler,
@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ public abstract class DSAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     override val symbols: List<Symbol> = bindings.map { it.key }
 
     private fun bufferForVariable(index: Int, value: T): Buffer<T> {
-        val buffer = valueBufferFactory(compiler.size) { algebra.zero }
+        val buffer = algebra.bufferFactory(compiler.size) { algebra.zero }
         buffer[0] = value
         if (compiler.order > 0) {
             // the derivative of the variable with respect to itself is 1.
@@ -207,7 +205,7 @@ public abstract class DSAlgebra<T, A : Ring<T>>(
     }
 
     public override fun const(value: T): DS<T, A> {
-        val buffer = valueBufferFactory(compiler.size) { algebra.zero }
+        val buffer = algebra.bufferFactory(compiler.size) { algebra.zero }
         buffer[0] = value
 
         return DS(buffer)
@@ -245,11 +243,14 @@ public open class DSRing<T, A>(
     algebra: A,
     order: Int,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, T>,
-    valueBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
-) : DSAlgebra<T, A>(algebra, order, bindings, valueBufferFactory),
-    Ring<DS<T, A>>, ScaleOperations<DS<T, A>>,
+) : DSAlgebra<T, A>(algebra, order, bindings),
+    Ring<DS<T, A>>,
+    ScaleOperations<DS<T, A>>,
     NumericAlgebra<DS<T, A>>,
-    NumbersAddOps<DS<T, A>> where A : Ring<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> {
+    NumbersAddOps<DS<T, A>>
+        where A : Ring<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T> {
+
+    public val elementBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = algebra.bufferFactory
 
     override fun bindSymbolOrNull(value: String): DSSymbol? =
         super<DSAlgebra>.bindSymbolOrNull(value)
@@ -261,14 +262,14 @@ public open class DSRing<T, A>(
      */
     protected inline fun DS<T, A>.transformDataBuffer(block: A.(MutableBuffer<T>) -> Unit): DS<T, A> {
         require(derivativeAlgebra == this@DSRing) { "All derivative operations should be done in the same algebra" }
-        val newData = valueBufferFactory(compiler.size) { data[it] }
+        val newData = elementBufferFactory(compiler.size) { data[it] }
         algebra.block(newData)
         return DS(newData)
     }
 
     protected fun DS<T, A>.mapData(block: A.(T) -> T): DS<T, A> {
         require(derivativeAlgebra == this@DSRing) { "All derivative operations should be done in the same algebra" }
-        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapToBuffer(valueBufferFactory) {
+        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapToBuffer(elementBufferFactory) {
             algebra.block(it)
         }
         return DS(newData)
@@ -276,7 +277,7 @@ public open class DSRing<T, A>(
 
     protected fun DS<T, A>.mapDataIndexed(block: (Int, T) -> T): DS<T, A> {
         require(derivativeAlgebra == this@DSRing) { "All derivative operations should be done in the same algebra" }
-        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapIndexedToBuffer(valueBufferFactory, block)
+        val newData: Buffer<T> = data.mapIndexedToBuffer(elementBufferFactory, block)
         return DS(newData)
     }
 
@@ -329,22 +330,21 @@ public class DerivativeStructureRingExpression<T, A>(
     public val function: DSRing<T, A>.() -> DS<T, A>,
 ) : DifferentiableExpression<T> where A : Ring<T>, A : ScaleOperations<T>, A : NumericAlgebra<T> {
     override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<Symbol, T>): T =
-        DSRing(algebra, 0, arguments, elementBufferFactory).function().value
+        DSRing(algebra, 0, arguments).function().value
 
     override fun derivativeOrNull(symbols: List<Symbol>): Expression<T> = Expression { arguments ->
         with(
             DSRing(
                 algebra,
                 symbols.size,
-                arguments,
-                elementBufferFactory
+                arguments
             )
         ) { function().derivative(symbols) }
     }
 }
 
 /**
- * A field over commons-math [DerivativeStructure].
+ * A field over [DS].
  *
  * @property order The derivation order.
  * @param bindings The map of bindings values. All bindings are considered free parameters.
@@ -354,8 +354,7 @@ public class DSField<T, A : ExtendedField<T>>(
     algebra: A,
     order: Int,
     bindings: Map<Symbol, T>,
-    valueBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
-) : DSRing<T, A>(algebra, order, bindings, valueBufferFactory), ExtendedField<DS<T, A>> {
+) : DSRing<T, A>(algebra, order, bindings), ExtendedField<DS<T, A>> {
     override fun number(value: Number): DS<T, A> = const(algebra.number(value))
 
     override fun divide(left: DS<T, A>, right: DS<T, A>): DS<T, A> = left.transformDataBuffer { result ->
@@ -414,6 +413,7 @@ public class DSField<T, A : ExtendedField<T>>(
         is Int -> arg.transformDataBuffer { result ->
             compiler.pow(arg.data, 0, pow, result, 0)
         }
+
         else -> arg.transformDataBuffer { result ->
             compiler.pow(arg.data, 0, pow.toDouble(), result, 0)
         }
@@ -439,18 +439,29 @@ public class DSField<T, A : ExtendedField<T>>(
 @UnstableKMathAPI
 public class DSFieldExpression<T, A : ExtendedField<T>>(
     public val algebra: A,
-    private val valueBufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = algebra.bufferFactory,
     public val function: DSField<T, A>.() -> DS<T, A>,
 ) : DifferentiableExpression<T> {
     override operator fun invoke(arguments: Map<Symbol, T>): T =
-        DSField(algebra, 0, arguments, valueBufferFactory).function().value
+        DSField(algebra, 0, arguments).function().value
 
     override fun derivativeOrNull(symbols: List<Symbol>): Expression<T> = Expression { arguments ->
         DSField(
             algebra,
             symbols.size,
             arguments,
-            valueBufferFactory,
         ).run { function().derivative(symbols) }
     }
 }
+
+
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public class DSFieldProcessor<T, A : ExtendedField<T>>(
+    public val algebra: A,
+) : AutoDiffProcessor<T, DS<T, A>, DSField<T, A>> {
+    override fun differentiate(
+        function: DSField<T, A>.() -> DS<T, A>,
+    ): DifferentiableExpression<T> = DSFieldExpression(algebra, function)
+}
+
+@UnstableKMathAPI
+public val Double.Companion.autodiff: DSFieldProcessor<Double, DoubleField> get() = DSFieldProcessor(DoubleField)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSCompiler.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSCompiler.kt
index 6ab9b3d44..1da151d46 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSCompiler.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSCompiler.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 import kotlin.math.min
 
 internal fun <T> MutableBuffer<T>.fill(element: T, fromIndex: Int = 0, toIndex: Int = size) {
@@ -56,7 +55,6 @@ internal fun <T> MutableBuffer<T>.fill(element: T, fromIndex: Int = 0, toIndex:
  */
 public class DSCompiler<T, out A : Algebra<T>> internal constructor(
     public val algebra: A,
-    public val bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T>,
     public val freeParameters: Int,
     public val order: Int,
     valueCompiler: DSCompiler<T, A>?,
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSTest.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSTest.kt
index f46f3023d..0bfcb04a7 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/DSTest.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
-import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import kotlin.contracts.InvocationKind
 import kotlin.contracts.contract
 import kotlin.test.Test
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ internal inline fun diff(
     block: DSField<Double, DoubleField>.() -> Unit,
 ) {
     contract { callsInPlace(block, InvocationKind.EXACTLY_ONCE) }
-    DSField(DoubleField, order, mapOf(*parameters), ::DoubleBuffer).block()
+    DSField(DoubleField, order, mapOf(*parameters)).block()
 }
 
 internal class DSTest {
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ internal class DSTest {
 
     @Test
     fun dsExpressionTest() {
-        val f = DSFieldExpression(DoubleField, ::DoubleBuffer) {
+        val f = DSFieldExpression(DoubleField) {
             val x by binding
             val y by binding
             x.pow(2) + 2 * x * y + y.pow(2) + 1
diff --git a/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts
index 2e7b023c1..9c2cd8352 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
 }
 
 dependencies {
-    dokkaPlugin("org.jetbrains.dokka:mathjax-plugin:${npmlibs.versions.dokka.get()}")
+    dokkaPlugin("org.jetbrains.dokka:mathjax-plugin:${spclibs.versions.dokka.get()}")
 }
 
 readme {
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts
index d31526a74..9d7ac33e4 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
     commonMain {
         dependencies {
             api(project(":kmath-core"))
-            api(npmlibs.atomicfu)
+            api(spclibs.atomicfu)
         }
     }
     commonTest {
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts
index f4256b9aa..ba49d49bf 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
     commonMain {
         dependencies {
             api(project(":kmath-coroutines"))
-            api(npmlibs.atomicfu)
+            api(spclibs.atomicfu)
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts
index f6ca54e17..bc98129a9 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
     commonMain {
         dependencies {
             api(project(":kmath-coroutines"))
-            implementation(npmlibs.atomicfu)
+            implementation(spclibs.atomicfu)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index 23af18d31..7d92dc36e 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ dependencyResolutionManagement {
     }
 
     versionCatalogs {
-        create("npmlibs") {
+        create("spclibs") {
             from("space.kscience:version-catalog:$toolsVersion")
         }
     }

From 2e4be2aa3a3678ee5fed7de029106bb793ed4c32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: darksnake <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jan 2023 11:36:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 24/72] A minor change to XYfit arguments

---
 .../kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt      | 67 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 44 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt
index d2182e91f..bba7a7113 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt
+++ b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ public interface PointToCurveDistance : OptimizationFeature {
 
                 return object : DifferentiableExpression<Double> {
                     override fun derivativeOrNull(
-                        symbols: List<Symbol>
+                        symbols: List<Symbol>,
                     ): Expression<Double>? = problem.model.derivativeOrNull(symbols)?.let { derivExpression ->
                         Expression { arguments ->
                             derivExpression.invoke(arguments + (Symbol.x to x))
@@ -93,24 +93,15 @@ public fun XYFit.withFeature(vararg features: OptimizationFeature): XYFit {
     return XYFit(data, model, this.features.with(*features), pointToCurveDistance, pointWeight)
 }
 
-/**
- * Fit given dta with
- */
-public suspend fun <I : Any, A> XYColumnarData<Double, Double, Double>.fitWith(
+public suspend fun XYColumnarData<Double, Double, Double>.fitWith(
     optimizer: Optimizer<Double, XYFit>,
-    processor: AutoDiffProcessor<Double, I, A>,
+    modelExpression: DifferentiableExpression<Double>,
     startingPoint: Map<Symbol, Double>,
     vararg features: OptimizationFeature = emptyArray(),
     xSymbol: Symbol = Symbol.x,
     pointToCurveDistance: PointToCurveDistance = PointToCurveDistance.byY,
     pointWeight: PointWeight = PointWeight.byYSigma,
-    model: A.(I) -> I
-): XYFit where A : ExtendedField<I>, A : ExpressionAlgebra<Double, I> {
-    val modelExpression = processor.differentiate {
-        val x = bindSymbol(xSymbol)
-        model(x)
-    }
-
+): XYFit {
     var actualFeatures = FeatureSet.of(*features, OptimizationStartPoint(startingPoint))
 
     if (actualFeatures.getFeature<OptimizationLog>() == null) {
@@ -127,20 +118,50 @@ public suspend fun <I : Any, A> XYColumnarData<Double, Double, Double>.fitWith(
     return optimizer.optimize(problem)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Fit given data with a model provided as an expression
+ */
+public suspend fun <I : Any, A> XYColumnarData<Double, Double, Double>.fitWith(
+    optimizer: Optimizer<Double, XYFit>,
+    processor: AutoDiffProcessor<Double, I, A>,
+    startingPoint: Map<Symbol, Double>,
+    vararg features: OptimizationFeature = emptyArray(),
+    xSymbol: Symbol = Symbol.x,
+    pointToCurveDistance: PointToCurveDistance = PointToCurveDistance.byY,
+    pointWeight: PointWeight = PointWeight.byYSigma,
+    model: A.(I) -> I,
+): XYFit where A : ExtendedField<I>, A : ExpressionAlgebra<Double, I> {
+    val modelExpression: DifferentiableExpression<Double> = processor.differentiate {
+        val x = bindSymbol(xSymbol)
+        model(x)
+    }
+
+    return fitWith(
+        optimizer = optimizer,
+        modelExpression = modelExpression,
+        startingPoint = startingPoint,
+        features = features,
+        xSymbol = xSymbol,
+        pointToCurveDistance = pointToCurveDistance,
+        pointWeight = pointWeight
+    )
+}
+
 /**
  * Compute chi squared value for completed fit. Return null for incomplete fit
  */
-public val XYFit.chiSquaredOrNull: Double? get() {
-    val result = resultPointOrNull ?: return null
+public val XYFit.chiSquaredOrNull: Double?
+    get() {
+        val result = resultPointOrNull ?: return null
 
-    return data.indices.sumOf { index->
+        return data.indices.sumOf { index ->
 
-        val x = data.x[index]
-        val y = data.y[index]
-        val yErr = data[Symbol.yError]?.get(index) ?: 1.0
+            val x = data.x[index]
+            val y = data.y[index]
+            val yErr = data[Symbol.yError]?.get(index) ?: 1.0
 
-        val mu = model.invoke(result + (xSymbol to x) )
+            val mu = model.invoke(result + (xSymbol to x))
 
-        ((y - mu)/yErr).pow(2)
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+            ((y - mu) / yErr).pow(2)
+        }
+    }
\ No newline at end of file

From 7f4f4c7703275e80cb51e38af3a28a7672dbbf5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jan 2023 21:01:26 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 25/72] Update of symbolic operations

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   2 +
 build.gradle.kts                              |   2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt    |   2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt |  21 ++--
 .../expressions/ExpressionWithDefault.kt      |  31 +++++
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt |  37 ++++++
 .../kmath/optimization/OptimizationProblem.kt |  17 ++-
 .../kmath/optimization/QowOptimizer.kt        | 116 ++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt      |   7 +-
 .../kmath/stat/chiSquaredExpression.kt        |   7 +-
 10 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/ExpressionWithDefault.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt
 rename kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt => kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/chiSquaredExpression.kt (87%)

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 1b3ab75fd..b8cb0d976 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 ### Added
+- `NamedMatrix` - matrix with symbol-based indexing
+- `Expression` with default arguments
 - Type-aliases for numbers like `Float64`
 - 2D optimal trajectory computation in a separate module `kmath-trajectory`
 - Autodiff for generic algebra elements in core!
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index 4efb6c802..8731dbc70 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-8"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-9"
 }
 
 subprojects {
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
index c5f694ce0..258ed0c84 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/chiSquared.kt
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import kotlinx.html.h3
 import space.kscience.kmath.commons.optimization.CMOptimizer
 import space.kscience.kmath.distributions.NormalDistribution
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.autodiff
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
@@ -22,6 +21,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.DoubleVector
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.plotly.*
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.ScatterMode
 import space.kscience.plotly.models.TraceValues
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
index 9650fa630..fe7f48b72 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/fit/qowFit.kt
@@ -15,10 +15,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.binding
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.toList
-import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.QowOptimizer
-import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.chiSquaredOrNull
-import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.fitWith
-import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.resultPoint
+import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.real.step
@@ -32,6 +29,8 @@ import kotlin.math.sqrt
 private val a by symbol
 private val b by symbol
 private val c by symbol
+private val d by symbol
+private val e by symbol
 
 
 /**
@@ -64,16 +63,22 @@ suspend fun main() {
     val result = XYErrorColumnarData.of(x, y, yErr).fitWith(
         QowOptimizer,
         Double.autodiff,
-        mapOf(a to 0.9, b to 1.2, c to 2.0)
+        mapOf(a to 0.9, b to 1.2, c to 2.0, e to 1.0, d to 1.0, e to 0.0),
+        OptimizationParameters(a, b, c, d)
     ) { arg ->
         //bind variables to autodiff context
         val a by binding
         val b by binding
         //Include default value for c if it is not provided as a parameter
         val c = bindSymbolOrNull(c) ?: one
-        a * arg.pow(2) + b * arg + c
+        val d by binding
+        val e by binding
+
+        a * arg.pow(2) + b * arg + c + d * arg.pow(3) + e / arg
     }
 
+    println("Resulting chi2/dof: ${result.chiSquaredOrNull}/${result.dof}")
+
     //display a page with plot and numerical results
     val page = Plotly.page {
         plot {
@@ -89,7 +94,7 @@ suspend fun main() {
             scatter {
                 mode = ScatterMode.lines
                 x(x)
-                y(x.map { result.model(result.resultPoint + (Symbol.x to it)) })
+                y(x.map { result.model(result.startPoint + result.resultPoint + (Symbol.x to it)) })
                 name = "fit"
             }
         }
@@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ suspend fun main() {
             +"Fit result: ${result.resultPoint}"
         }
         h3 {
-            +"Chi2/dof = ${result.chiSquaredOrNull!! / (x.size - 3)}"
+            +"Chi2/dof = ${result.chiSquaredOrNull!! / result.dof}"
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/ExpressionWithDefault.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/ExpressionWithDefault.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c802fe04c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/ExpressionWithDefault.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
+
+public class ExpressionWithDefault<T>(
+    private val origin: Expression<T>,
+    private val defaultArgs: Map<Symbol, T>,
+) : Expression<T> {
+    override fun invoke(arguments: Map<Symbol, T>): T = origin.invoke(defaultArgs + arguments)
+}
+
+public fun <T> Expression<T>.withDefaultArgs(defaultArgs: Map<Symbol, T>): ExpressionWithDefault<T> =
+    ExpressionWithDefault(this, defaultArgs)
+
+
+public class DiffExpressionWithDefault<T>(
+    private val origin: DifferentiableExpression<T>,
+    private val defaultArgs: Map<Symbol, T>,
+) : DifferentiableExpression<T> {
+
+    override fun invoke(arguments: Map<Symbol, T>): T = origin.invoke(defaultArgs + arguments)
+
+    override fun derivativeOrNull(symbols: List<Symbol>): Expression<T>? =
+        origin.derivativeOrNull(symbols)?.withDefaultArgs(defaultArgs)
+}
+
+public fun <T> DifferentiableExpression<T>.withDefaultArgs(defaultArgs: Map<Symbol, T>): DiffExpressionWithDefault<T> =
+    DiffExpressionWithDefault(this, defaultArgs)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f0b27ffa2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+@file:OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.getOrNull
+
+public class NamedMatrix<T>(public val values: Matrix<T>, public val indexer: SymbolIndexer) : Matrix<T> by values {
+    public operator fun get(i: Symbol, j: Symbol): T = get(indexer.indexOf(i), indexer.indexOf(j))
+
+    public companion object {
+
+        public fun toStringWithSymbols(values: Matrix<*>, indexer: SymbolIndexer): String = buildString {
+            appendLine(indexer.symbols.joinToString(separator = "\t", prefix = "\t\t"))
+            indexer.symbols.forEach { i ->
+                append(i.identity + "\t")
+                values.rows.getOrNull(indexer.indexOf(i))?.let { row ->
+                    indexer.symbols.forEach { j ->
+                        append(row.getOrNull(indexer.indexOf(j)).toString())
+                        append("\t")
+                    }
+                    appendLine()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public fun <T> Matrix<T>.named(indexer: SymbolIndexer): NamedMatrix<T> = NamedMatrix(this, indexer)
+
+public fun <T> Matrix<T>.named(symbols: List<Symbol>): NamedMatrix<T> = named(SimpleSymbolIndexer(symbols))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/OptimizationProblem.kt b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/OptimizationProblem.kt
index db154be42..9fdcfc53d 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/OptimizationProblem.kt
+++ b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/OptimizationProblem.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.optimization
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.DifferentiableExpression
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.NamedMatrix
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.*
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
@@ -32,7 +32,10 @@ public interface OptimizationPrior<T> : OptimizationFeature, DifferentiableExpre
     override val key: FeatureKey<OptimizationFeature> get() = OptimizationPrior::class
 }
 
-public class OptimizationCovariance<T>(public val covariance: Matrix<T>) : OptimizationFeature {
+/**
+ * Covariance matrix for
+ */
+public class OptimizationCovariance<T>(public val covariance: NamedMatrix<T>) : OptimizationFeature {
     override fun toString(): String = "Covariance($covariance)"
 }
 
@@ -57,10 +60,20 @@ public class OptimizationLog(private val loggable: Loggable) : Loggable by logga
     override fun toString(): String = "Log($loggable)"
 }
 
+/**
+ * Free parameters of the optimization
+ */
 public class OptimizationParameters(public val symbols: List<Symbol>) : OptimizationFeature {
     public constructor(vararg symbols: Symbol) : this(listOf(*symbols))
 
     override fun toString(): String = "Parameters($symbols)"
 }
 
+/**
+ * Maximum allowed number of iterations
+ */
+public class OptimizationIterations(public val maxIterations: Int) : OptimizationFeature {
+    override fun toString(): String = "Iterations($maxIterations)"
+}
+
 
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/QowOptimizer.kt b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/QowOptimizer.kt
index 669860934..bbebec6af 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/QowOptimizer.kt
+++ b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/QowOptimizer.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.optimization
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.DifferentiableExpression
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.SymbolIndexer
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.derivative
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.log
@@ -16,6 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleL2Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
+import kotlin.math.abs
 
 
 public class QowRuns(public val runs: Int) : OptimizationFeature {
@@ -40,18 +38,24 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
     @OptIn(UnstableKMathAPI::class)
     private class QoWeight(
         val problem: XYFit,
-        val parameters: Map<Symbol, Double>,
-    ) : Map<Symbol, Double> by parameters, SymbolIndexer {
-        override val symbols: List<Symbol> = parameters.keys.toList()
+        val freeParameters: Map<Symbol, Double>,
+    ) : SymbolIndexer {
+        val size get() = freeParameters.size
+
+        override val symbols: List<Symbol> = freeParameters.keys.toList()
 
         val data get() = problem.data
 
+        val allParameters by lazy {
+            problem.startPoint + freeParameters
+        }
+
         /**
          * Derivatives of the spectrum over parameters. First index in the point number, second one - index of parameter
          */
         val derivs: Matrix<Double> by lazy {
             linearSpace.buildMatrix(problem.data.size, symbols.size) { d, s ->
-                problem.distance(d).derivative(symbols[s])(parameters)
+                problem.distance(d).derivative(symbols[s]).invoke(allParameters)
             }
         }
 
@@ -60,29 +64,31 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
          */
         val dispersion: Point<Double> by lazy {
             DoubleBuffer(problem.data.size) { d ->
-                1.0/problem.weight(d).invoke(parameters)
+                1.0 / problem.weight(d).invoke(allParameters)
             }
         }
 
-        val prior: DifferentiableExpression<Double>? get() = problem.getFeature<OptimizationPrior<Double>>()
+        val prior: DifferentiableExpression<Double>?
+            get() = problem.getFeature<OptimizationPrior<Double>>()?.withDefaultArgs(allParameters)
 
-        override fun toString(): String = parameters.toString()
+        override fun toString(): String = freeParameters.toString()
     }
 
     /**
      * The signed distance from the model to the [d]-th point of data.
      */
-    private fun QoWeight.distance(d: Int, parameters: Map<Symbol, Double>): Double = problem.distance(d)(parameters)
+    private fun QoWeight.distance(d: Int, parameters: Map<Symbol, Double>): Double =
+        problem.distance(d)(allParameters + parameters)
 
 
     /**
      * The derivative of [distance]
      */
     private fun QoWeight.distanceDerivative(symbol: Symbol, d: Int, parameters: Map<Symbol, Double>): Double =
-        problem.distance(d).derivative(symbol)(parameters)
+        problem.distance(d).derivative(symbol).invoke(allParameters + parameters)
 
     /**
-     * Теоретическая ковариация весовых функций.
+     * Theoretical covariance of weight functions
      *
      * D(\phi)=E(\phi_k(\theta_0) \phi_l(\theta_0))= disDeriv_k * disDeriv_l /sigma^2
      */
@@ -92,7 +98,7 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
         }
 
     /**
-     * Экспериментальная ковариация весов. Формула (22) из
+     * Experimental covariance Eq (22) from
      * http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0604127
      */
     private fun QoWeight.covarFExp(theta: Map<Symbol, Double>): Matrix<Double> =
@@ -115,10 +121,9 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
      * Equation derivatives for Newton run
      */
     private fun QoWeight.getEqDerivValues(
-        theta: Map<Symbol, Double> = parameters,
+        theta: Map<Symbol, Double> = freeParameters,
     ): Matrix<Double> = with(linearSpace) {
-        //Возвращает производную k-того Eq по l-тому параметру
-        //val res = Array(fitDim) { DoubleArray(fitDim) }
+        //Derivative of k Eq over l parameter
         val sderiv = buildMatrix(data.size, size) { d, s ->
             distanceDerivative(symbols[s], d, theta)
         }
@@ -140,16 +145,15 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
 
 
     /**
-     * Значения уравнений метода квазиоптимальных весов
+     * Quasi optimal weights equations values
      */
-    private fun QoWeight.getEqValues(theta: Map<Symbol, Double> = this): Point<Double> {
+    private fun QoWeight.getEqValues(theta: Map<Symbol, Double>): Point<Double> {
         val distances = DoubleBuffer(data.size) { d -> distance(d, theta) }
-
         return DoubleBuffer(size) { s ->
             val base = (0 until data.size).sumOf { d -> distances[d] * derivs[d, s] / dispersion[d] }
-            //Поправка на априорную вероятность
+            //Prior probability correction
             prior?.let { prior ->
-                base - prior.derivative(symbols[s])(theta) / prior(theta)
+                base - prior.derivative(symbols[s]).invoke(theta) / prior(theta)
             } ?: base
         }
     }
@@ -157,15 +161,13 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
 
     private fun QoWeight.newtonianStep(
         theta: Map<Symbol, Double>,
-        eqvalues: Point<Double>,
+        eqValues: Point<Double>,
     ): QoWeight = linearSpace {
-        with(this@newtonianStep) {
-            val start = theta.toPoint()
-            val invJacob = solver.inverse(this@newtonianStep.getEqDerivValues(theta))
+        val start = theta.toPoint()
+        val invJacob = solver.inverse(getEqDerivValues(theta))
 
-            val step = invJacob.dot(eqvalues)
-            return QoWeight(problem, theta + (start - step).toMap())
-        }
+        val step = invJacob.dot(eqValues)
+        return QoWeight(problem, theta + (start - step).toMap())
     }
 
     private fun QoWeight.newtonianRun(
@@ -177,10 +179,10 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
         val logger = problem.getFeature<OptimizationLog>()
 
         var dis: Double //discrepancy value
-        // Working with the full set of parameters
-        var par = problem.startPoint
 
-        logger?.log { "Starting newtonian iteration from: \n\t$par" }
+        var par = freeParameters
+
+        logger?.log { "Starting newtonian iteration from: \n\t$allParameters" }
 
         var eqvalues = getEqValues(par) //Values of the weight functions
 
@@ -193,48 +195,48 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
             logger?.log { "Starting step number $i" }
 
             val currentSolution = if (fast) {
-                //Берет значения матрицы в той точке, где считается вес
-                newtonianStep(this, eqvalues)
+                //Matrix values in the point of weight computation
+                newtonianStep(freeParameters, eqvalues)
             } else {
-                //Берет значения матрицы в точке par
+                //Matrix values in a current point
                 newtonianStep(par, eqvalues)
             }
             // здесь должен стоять учет границ параметров
             logger?.log { "Parameter values after step are: \n\t$currentSolution" }
 
-            eqvalues = getEqValues(currentSolution)
-            val currentDis = DoubleL2Norm.norm(eqvalues)// невязка после шага
+            eqvalues = getEqValues(currentSolution.freeParameters)
+            val currentDis = DoubleL2Norm.norm(eqvalues)// discrepancy after the step
 
             logger?.log { "The discrepancy after step is: $currentDis." }
 
             if (currentDis >= dis && i > 1) {
-                //дополнительно проверяем, чтобы был сделан хотя бы один шаг
+                //Check if one step is made
                 flag = true
                 logger?.log { "The discrepancy does not decrease. Stopping iteration." }
+            } else if (abs(dis - currentDis) <= tolerance) {
+                flag = true
+                par = currentSolution.freeParameters
+                logger?.log { "Relative discrepancy tolerance threshold is reached. Stopping iteration." }
             } else {
-                par = currentSolution
+                par = currentSolution.freeParameters
                 dis = currentDis
             }
             if (i >= maxSteps) {
                 flag = true
                 logger?.log { "Maximum number of iterations reached. Stopping iteration." }
             }
-            if (dis <= tolerance) {
-                flag = true
-                logger?.log { "Tolerance threshold is reached. Stopping iteration." }
-            }
         }
 
         return QoWeight(problem, par)
     }
 
-    private fun QoWeight.covariance(): Matrix<Double> {
+    private fun QoWeight.covariance(): NamedMatrix<Double> {
         val logger = problem.getFeature<OptimizationLog>()
 
         logger?.log {
             """
-            Starting errors estimation using quasioptimal weights method. The starting weight is:
-                ${problem.startPoint}
+            Starting errors estimation using quasi-optimal weights method. The starting weight is:
+                $allParameters
              """.trimIndent()
         }
 
@@ -248,19 +250,27 @@ public object QowOptimizer : Optimizer<Double, XYFit> {
 //                valid = false
 //            }
 //        }
-        return covar
+        logger?.log {
+            "Covariance matrix:" + "\n" + NamedMatrix.toStringWithSymbols(covar, this)
+        }
+        return covar.named(symbols)
     }
 
     override suspend fun optimize(problem: XYFit): XYFit {
         val qowRuns = problem.getFeature<QowRuns>()?.runs ?: 2
+        val iterations = problem.getFeature<OptimizationIterations>()?.maxIterations ?: 50
 
+        val freeParameters: Map<Symbol, Double> = problem.getFeature<OptimizationParameters>()?.let { op ->
+            problem.startPoint.filterKeys { it in op.symbols }
+        } ?: problem.startPoint
 
-        var qow = QoWeight(problem, problem.startPoint)
-        var res = qow.newtonianRun()
+        var qow = QoWeight(problem, freeParameters)
+        var res = qow.newtonianRun(maxSteps = iterations)
         repeat(qowRuns - 1) {
-            qow = QoWeight(problem, res.parameters)
-            res = qow.newtonianRun()
+            qow = QoWeight(problem, res.freeParameters)
+            res = qow.newtonianRun(maxSteps = iterations)
         }
-        return res.problem.withFeature(OptimizationResult(res.parameters))
+        val covariance = res.covariance()
+        return res.problem.withFeature(OptimizationResult(res.freeParameters), OptimizationCovariance(covariance))
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt
index bba7a7113..5c28826ee 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt
+++ b/kmath-optimization/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/optimization/XYFit.kt
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ public suspend fun <I : Any, A> XYColumnarData<Double, Double, Double>.fitWith(
  */
 public val XYFit.chiSquaredOrNull: Double?
     get() {
-        val result = resultPointOrNull ?: return null
+        val result = startPoint + (resultPointOrNull ?: return null)
 
         return data.indices.sumOf { index ->
 
@@ -164,4 +164,7 @@ public val XYFit.chiSquaredOrNull: Double?
 
             ((y - mu) / yErr).pow(2)
         }
-    }
\ No newline at end of file
+    }
+
+public val XYFit.dof: Int
+    get() = data.size - (getFeature<OptimizationParameters>()?.symbols?.size ?: startPoint.size)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/chiSquaredExpression.kt
similarity index 87%
rename from kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
rename to kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/chiSquaredExpression.kt
index 59dfeb8ea..ca9755ad5 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/specialExpressions.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/chiSquaredExpression.kt
@@ -1,10 +1,13 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
+package space.kscience.kmath.stat
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.AutoDiffProcessor
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.DifferentiableExpression
+import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.ExpressionAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ExtendedField
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.asIterable
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer

From d97888f1350250e07d8c186714d58e05484a06a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 24 Jan 2023 21:22:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 26/72] Fix test

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt   | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
index 8b4631fca..03b1426f5 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/test/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/optimization/OptimizeTest.kt
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.DSFieldExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.x
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.Symbol.Companion.y
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.autodiff
-import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.expressions.symbol
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleBufferOps.Companion.map
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField
 import space.kscience.kmath.optimization.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.random.RandomGenerator
+import space.kscience.kmath.stat.chiSquaredExpression
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
 import kotlin.test.Test

From db3091354225a8a054de7acc281216ef7f569d04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Feb 2023 19:32:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 27/72] Move to build tools 0.14

---
 benchmarks/build.gradle.kts                   |  7 +-
 .../kmath/benchmarks/IntegrationBenchmark.kt  | 40 +++++++++
 build.gradle.kts                              |  2 +-
 buildSrc/build.gradle.kts                     |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/functions/integrate.kt     | 13 +++
 .../kmath/functions/matrixIntegration.kt      | 32 ++++---
 .../kscience/kmath/linear/dotPerformance.kt   |  6 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt |  2 +-
 gradle.properties                             |  2 +-
 kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts                    | 89 +++++++++----------
 .../commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt     |  2 +
 kmath-complex/build.gradle.kts                | 10 +--
 .../space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt   |  2 +
 kmath-core/build.gradle.kts                   |  4 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt |  2 +
 .../kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt     | 11 +++
 kmath-coroutines/build.gradle.kts             | 25 ++----
 .../kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt       |  2 +
 .../kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt    |  3 +
 kmath-dimensions/build.gradle.kts             | 24 +++--
 kmath-for-real/build.gradle.kts               |  6 +-
 kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts              |  2 +
 kmath-geometry/build.gradle.kts               |  6 +-
 kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts             |  2 +
 kmath-jupyter/build.gradle.kts                |  5 +-
 kmath-memory/build.gradle.kts                 |  2 +
 kmath-multik/build.gradle.kts                 |  5 ++
 kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts           |  2 +
 kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts                   |  4 +-
 kmath-tensors/build.gradle.kts                |  3 +
 kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts             |  6 +-
 test-utils/build.gradle.kts                   |  2 +
 32 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/IntegrationBenchmark.kt

diff --git a/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts b/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
index ea2349d91..3a985cbb4 100644
--- a/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/benchmarks/build.gradle.kts
@@ -50,8 +50,6 @@ kotlin {
 
         val jvmMain by getting {
             dependencies {
-                implementation("org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-core:1.36")
-                implementation("org.openjdk.jmh:jmh-generator-annprocess:1.36")
                 implementation(project(":kmath-commons"))
                 implementation(project(":kmath-ejml"))
                 implementation(project(":kmath-nd4j"))
@@ -144,6 +142,11 @@ benchmark {
         commonConfiguration()
         include("ViktorLogBenchmark")
     }
+
+    configurations.register("integration") {
+        commonConfiguration()
+        include("IntegrationBenchmark")
+    }
 }
 
 kotlin.sourceSets.all {
diff --git a/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/IntegrationBenchmark.kt b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/IntegrationBenchmark.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6cc649fe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmarks/src/jvmMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/benchmarks/IntegrationBenchmark.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.benchmarks
+
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Benchmark
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.Scope
+import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.State
+import org.openjdk.jmh.infra.Blackhole
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.Complex
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.algebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.integration.gaussIntegrator
+import space.kscience.kmath.integration.integrate
+import space.kscience.kmath.integration.value
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
+
+
+@State(Scope.Benchmark)
+internal class IntegrationBenchmark {
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun doubleIntegration(blackhole: Blackhole) {
+        val res = Double.algebra.gaussIntegrator.integrate(0.0..1.0, intervals = 1000) { x: Double ->
+            //sin(1 / x)
+            1/x
+        }.value
+        blackhole.consume(res)
+    }
+
+    @Benchmark
+    fun complexIntegration(blackhole: Blackhole) = with(Complex.algebra) {
+        val res = gaussIntegrator.integrate(0.0..1.0, intervals = 1000) { x: Double ->
+//            sin(1 / x) + i * cos(1 / x)
+            1/x - i/x
+        }.value
+        blackhole.consume(res)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index 8731dbc70..9b1101a22 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-9"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-10"
 }
 
 subprojects {
diff --git a/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts b/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts
index 67df0aab4..afa36ed1e 100644
--- a/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/buildSrc/build.gradle.kts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ val benchmarksVersion = spclibs.versions.kotlinx.benchmark.get()
 dependencies {
     api("space.kscience:gradle-tools:$toolsVersion")
     //plugins form benchmarks
-    api("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-benchmark-plugin:$benchmarksVersion")
+    api("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-benchmark-plugin:0.4.7")
     //api("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-allopen:$kotlinVersion")
     //to be used inside build-script only
     //implementation(spclibs.kotlinx.serialization.json)
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/integrate.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/integrate.kt
index 28169f15a..e8534d002 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/integrate.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/integrate.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,11 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.functions
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.Complex
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.ComplexField
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.ComplexField.div
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.ComplexField.minus
+import space.kscience.kmath.complex.algebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.integration.gaussIntegrator
 import space.kscience.kmath.integration.integrate
 import space.kscience.kmath.integration.value
@@ -20,4 +25,12 @@ fun main() {
 
     //the value is nullable because in some cases the integration could not succeed
     println(result.value)
+
+
+    repeat(100000) {
+        Complex.algebra.gaussIntegrator.integrate(0.0..1.0, intervals = 1000) { x: Double ->
+//            sin(1 / x) + i * cos(1 / x)
+            1 / x - ComplexField.i / x
+        }.value
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/matrixIntegration.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/matrixIntegration.kt
index 1b578626d..baba2eb28 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/matrixIntegration.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/functions/matrixIntegration.kt
@@ -12,23 +12,21 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.nd.StructureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.structureND
 import space.kscience.kmath.nd.withNdAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.invoke
+import kotlin.math.pow
 
-fun main(): Unit = Double.algebra {
-    withNdAlgebra(2, 2) {
+fun main(): Unit = Double.algebra.withNdAlgebra(2, 2) {
 
-        //Produce a diagonal StructureND
-        fun diagonal(v: Double) = structureND { (i, j) ->
-            if (i == j) v else 0.0
-        }
-
-        //Define a function in a nd space
-        val function: (Double) -> StructureND<Double> = { x: Double -> 3 * x.pow(2) + 2 * diagonal(x) + 1 }
-
-        //get the result of the integration
-        val result = gaussIntegrator.integrate(0.0..10.0, function = function)
-
-        //the value is nullable because in some cases the integration could not succeed
-        println(result.value)
+    //Produce a diagonal StructureND
+    fun diagonal(v: Double) = structureND { (i, j) ->
+        if (i == j) v else 0.0
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+
+    //Define a function in a nd space
+    val function: (Double) -> StructureND<Double> = { x: Double -> 3 * x.pow(2) + 2 * diagonal(x) + 1 }
+
+    //get the result of the integration
+    val result = gaussIntegrator.integrate(0.0..10.0, function = function)
+
+    //the value is nullable because in some cases the integration could not succeed
+    println(result.value)
+}
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/dotPerformance.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/dotPerformance.kt
index d9c3281f2..79eddc6c3 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/dotPerformance.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/linear/dotPerformance.kt
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.linear
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
 import kotlin.random.Random
-import kotlin.system.measureTimeMillis
+import kotlin.time.ExperimentalTime
+import kotlin.time.measureTime
 
+@OptIn(ExperimentalTime::class)
 fun main() {
     val random = Random(12224)
     val dim = 1000
@@ -21,7 +23,7 @@ fun main() {
         if (i <= j) random.nextDouble() else 0.0
     }
 
-    val time = measureTimeMillis {
+    val time = measureTime {
         with(Double.algebra.linearSpace) {
             repeat(10) {
                 matrix1 dot matrix2
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
index c1b0c056e..c94cb0e71 100644
--- a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/analyzeDif.kt
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ fun main() = with(Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra.seriesAlgebra()) {
     val s3: Buffer<Double> = s1.zip(s2) { l, r -> l + r } //s1 + s2
     val s4 = DoubleBufferOps.ln(s3)
 
-    val kmTest: KMComparisonResult<Double> = ksComparisonStatistic(s1, s2)
+    @Suppress("UNUSED_VARIABLE") val kmTest: KMComparisonResult<Double> = ksComparisonStatistic(s1, s2)
 
     Plotly.page {
         h1 { +"This is my plot" }
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 3016246b2..16cdd3551 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.13.4-kotlin-1.8.0
+toolsVersion=0.14.0-kotlin-1.8.10
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts
index 7fd0f43f7..c60977862 100644
--- a/kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-ast/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,65 +3,58 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
+
+    dependencies {
+        api(projects.kmathCore)
+        api("com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse:better-parse:0.4.4")
+    }
+
+    testDependencies {
+        implementation(projects.kmathComplex)
+    }
+
+    dependencies(jsMain) {
+        implementation(npm("astring", "1.7.5"))
+        implementation(npm("binaryen", "101.0.0"))
+        implementation(npm("js-base64", "3.6.1"))
+    }
+
+    dependencies(jvmMain){
+        implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.2")
+    }
+
 }
 
-kotlin.js {
-    nodejs {
-        testTask {
-            useMocha().timeout = "0"
+kotlin {
+    js {
+        nodejs {
+            testTask {
+                useMocha().timeout = "0"
+            }
+        }
+
+        browser {
+            testTask {
+                useMocha().timeout = "0"
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    browser {
-        testTask {
-            useMocha().timeout = "0"
-        }
+    sourceSets {
+        filter { it.name.contains("test", true) }
+            .map(org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.plugin.KotlinSourceSet::languageSettings)
+            .forEach { it.optIn("space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI") }
     }
 }
 
-kotlin.sourceSets {
-    filter { it.name.contains("test", true) }
-        .map(org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.plugin.KotlinSourceSet::languageSettings)
-        .forEach { it.optIn("space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI") }
-
-    commonMain {
-        dependencies {
-            api("com.github.h0tk3y.betterParse:better-parse:0.4.4")
-            api(project(":kmath-core"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    commonTest {
-        dependencies {
-            implementation(project(":kmath-complex"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    jsMain {
-        dependencies {
-            implementation(npm("astring", "1.7.5"))
-            implementation(npm("binaryen", "101.0.0"))
-            implementation(npm("js-base64", "3.6.1"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    jvmMain {
-        dependencies {
-            implementation("org.ow2.asm:asm-commons:9.2")
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-//Workaround for https://github.com/Kotlin/dokka/issues/1455
-tasks.dokkaHtml {
-    dependsOn(tasks.build)
-}
-
-if (System.getProperty("space.kscience.kmath.ast.dump.generated.classes") == "1")
-    tasks.jvmTest {
+if (System.getProperty("space.kscience.kmath.ast.dump.generated.classes") == "1") {
+    tasks.withType<org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.targets.jvm.tasks.KotlinJvmTest> {
         jvmArgs("-Dspace.kscience.kmath.ast.dump.generated.classes=1")
     }
+}
 
 readme {
     maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.EXPERIMENTAL
diff --git a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt
index f2af49087..cb7fb543f 100644
--- a/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt
+++ b/kmath-commons/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/commons/expressions/CmDsExpression.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
+@file:Suppress("DEPRECATION")
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.commons.expressions
 
 import org.apache.commons.math3.analysis.differentiation.DerivativeStructure
diff --git a/kmath-complex/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-complex/build.gradle.kts
index b63def0a7..76d5a4c9a 100644
--- a/kmath-complex/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-complex/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,14 +3,12 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience {
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
-}
 
-kotlin.sourceSets {
-    commonMain {
-        dependencies {
-            api(project(":kmath-core"))
-        }
+    dependencies {
+        api(projects.kmathCore)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt
index 7bf8af4e8..bb580989b 100644
--- a/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt
+++ b/kmath-complex/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/complex/Complex.kt
@@ -80,6 +80,8 @@ public object ComplexField :
     override fun add(left: Complex, right: Complex): Complex = Complex(left.re + right.re, left.im + right.im)
 //    override fun multiply(a: Complex, k: Number): Complex = Complex(a.re * k.toDouble(), a.im * k.toDouble())
 
+//    override fun Complex.minus(arg: Complex): Complex = Complex(re - arg.re, im - arg.im)
+
     override fun multiply(left: Complex, right: Complex): Complex =
         Complex(left.re * right.re - left.im * right.im, left.re * right.im + left.im * right.re)
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts
index f33d33324..0e4646bed 100644
--- a/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-core/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 
     dependencies {
-        api(project(":kmath-memory"))
+        api(projects.kmathMemory)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt
index f0b27ffa2..24bdfce7e 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/expressions/NamedMatrix.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.expressions
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Matrix
+import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.getOrNull
 
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ public class NamedMatrix<T>(public val values: Matrix<T>, public val indexer: Sy
 
     public companion object {
 
+        @OptIn(PerformancePitfall::class)
         public fun toStringWithSymbols(values: Matrix<*>, indexer: SymbolIndexer): String = buildString {
             appendLine(indexer.symbols.joinToString(separator = "\t", prefix = "\t\t"))
             indexer.symbols.forEach { i ->
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt
index f05ddafb8..84fb2ea41 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/operations/algebraExtensions.kt
@@ -92,6 +92,17 @@ public fun <T : Comparable<T>> Group<T>.abs(value: T): T = if (value > zero) val
  */
 public fun <T> Iterable<T>.sumWith(group: Group<T>): T = group.sum(this)
 
+/**
+ * Sum extracted elements of [Iterable] with given [group]
+ *
+ * @receiver the collection to sum up.
+ * @param group tha algebra that provides addition
+ * @param extractor the (inline) lambda function to extract value
+ */
+public inline fun <T, R> Iterable<T>.sumWithGroupOf(group: Group<R>, extractor: (T) -> R): R = this.fold(group.zero) { left: R, right: T ->
+    group.add(left, extractor(right))
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns the sum of all elements in the sequence in provided space.
  *
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-coroutines/build.gradle.kts
index 529084619..9d5cfabe4 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/build.gradle.kts
@@ -2,25 +2,14 @@ plugins {
     id("space.kscience.gradle.mpp")
 }
 
-kscience{
+kscience {
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
-}
-
-kotlin.sourceSets {
-    all {
-        with(languageSettings) {
-            optIn("kotlinx.coroutines.InternalCoroutinesApi")
-            optIn("kotlinx.coroutines.ExperimentalCoroutinesApi")
-            optIn("kotlinx.coroutines.FlowPreview")
-        }
-    }
-
-    commonMain {
-        dependencies {
-            api(project(":kmath-core"))
-            api(project(":kmath-complex"))
-            api("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:${space.kscience.gradle.KScienceVersions.coroutinesVersion}")
-        }
+    dependencies {
+        api(project(":kmath-core"))
+        api(project(":kmath-complex"))
+        api(spclibs.kotlinx.coroutines.core)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
index 7bae388a8..2fd4f0057 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
+@file:OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class, FlowPreview::class)
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.coroutines
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.*
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt
index 8aa5a937c..ccd329064 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/streaming/BufferFlow.kt
@@ -3,8 +3,11 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
+@file:OptIn(FlowPreview::class)
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.streaming
 
+import kotlinx.coroutines.FlowPreview
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.Flow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.asFlow
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.flatMapConcat
diff --git a/kmath-dimensions/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-dimensions/build.gradle.kts
index 29c0eccb6..be1fc65a0 100644
--- a/kmath-dimensions/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-dimensions/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,25 +3,21 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
+
+    dependencies{
+        api(projects.kmathCore)
+    }
+
+    dependencies(jvmMain) {
+        api(kotlin("reflect"))
+    }
 }
 
 description = "A proof of concept module for adding type-safe dimensions to structures"
 
-kotlin.sourceSets {
-    commonMain {
-        dependencies {
-            api(project(":kmath-core"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    jvmMain {
-        dependencies {
-            api(kotlin("reflect"))
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 readme {
     maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.PROTOTYPE
 }
diff --git a/kmath-for-real/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-for-real/build.gradle.kts
index 1e964d99c..99ce5903f 100644
--- a/kmath-for-real/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-for-real/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience {
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
+
     dependencies {
         api(projects.kmathCore)
     }
-    dependencies("commonTest") {
+
+    testDependencies {
         implementation(projects.testUtils)
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts
index 9c2cd8352..08e76aef0 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-functions/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-geometry/build.gradle.kts
index 52d76d5d2..f248a1717 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-geometry/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
-    withContextReceivers()
+
+    useContextReceivers()
+    useSerialization()
     dependencies{
         api(projects.kmath.kmathComplex)
     }
diff --git a/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts
index 9d7ac33e4..33704c29e 100644
--- a/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-histograms/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-jupyter/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-jupyter/build.gradle.kts
index d92b6ca0d..a600261b3 100644
--- a/kmath-jupyter/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-jupyter/build.gradle.kts
@@ -4,15 +4,12 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 dependencies {
+    api(spclibs.kotlinx.html)
     api(project(":kmath-ast"))
     api(project(":kmath-complex"))
     api(project(":kmath-for-real"))
 }
 
-kscience {
-    useHtml()
-}
-
 readme {
     maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.PROTOTYPE
 }
diff --git a/kmath-memory/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-memory/build.gradle.kts
index 50eb448a7..4f0f996b9 100644
--- a/kmath-memory/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-memory/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience {
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-multik/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-multik/build.gradle.kts
index 39c03ab9b..fc51d2c21 100644
--- a/kmath-multik/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-multik/build.gradle.kts
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ description = "JetBrains Multik connector"
 
 val multikVersion: String by rootProject.extra
 
+kscience {
+    jvm()
+    js()
+}
+
 kotlin{
     sourceSets{
         commonMain{
diff --git a/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts
index ba49d49bf..0a8e47728 100644
--- a/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-optimization/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 }
 
diff --git a/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts
index bc98129a9..267bfd0f3 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-stat/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 }
 
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ kotlin.sourceSets {
         }
     }
 
-    jvmMain {
+    getByName("jvmMain") {
         dependencies {
             api("org.apache.commons:commons-rng-sampling:1.3")
             api("org.apache.commons:commons-rng-simple:1.3")
diff --git a/kmath-tensors/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-tensors/build.gradle.kts
index 1060b37b4..d27faeeef 100644
--- a/kmath-tensors/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-tensors/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
+
     dependencies {
         api(projects.kmathCore)
         api(projects.kmathStat)
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
index 16a84b691..689c3265b 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,8 +3,12 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
-    withContextReceivers()
+
+    useContextReceivers()
+    useSerialization()
     dependencies {
         api(projects.kmath.kmathGeometry)
     }
diff --git a/test-utils/build.gradle.kts b/test-utils/build.gradle.kts
index 98bd7328d..b860a62ec 100644
--- a/test-utils/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/test-utils/build.gradle.kts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ plugins {
 }
 
 kscience{
+    jvm()
+    js()
     native()
 }
 

From 0366a69123fc45690d5b6983d83a3c90929d1084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Feb 2023 19:33:22 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 28/72] Refactor trajectory

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt |   4 +-
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt        |  21 +++
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt        |  22 +++
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     |  11 ++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 173 ++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt |  41 ++++-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt |  13 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt  |  16 --
 .../kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt    |  34 ++--
 9 files changed, 217 insertions(+), 118 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
index 162130908..8beef6fee 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
@@ -5,13 +5,15 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
 import kotlin.math.PI
 
 /**
  * A circle in 2D space
  */
+@Serializable
 public data class Circle2D(
-    public val center: DoubleVector2D,
+    @Serializable(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class) public val center: DoubleVector2D,
     public val radius: Double
 )
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
index a8310503c..3df8dba7b 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.KSerializer
+import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import kotlinx.serialization.descriptors.SerialDescriptor
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Decoder
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Encoder
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
@@ -33,6 +39,7 @@ public operator fun <T> Vector2D<T>.component1(): T = x
 public operator fun <T> Vector2D<T>.component2(): T = y
 
 public typealias DoubleVector2D = Vector2D<Double>
+public typealias Float64Vector2D = Vector2D<Double>
 
 public val Vector2D<Double>.r: Double get() = Euclidean2DSpace.norm(this)
 
@@ -44,11 +51,25 @@ public object Euclidean2DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector2D>,
     ScaleOperations<DoubleVector2D>,
     Norm<DoubleVector2D, Double> {
 
+    @Serializable
+    @SerialName("Float64Vector2D")
     private data class Vector2DImpl(
         override val x: Double,
         override val y: Double,
     ) : DoubleVector2D
 
+    public object VectorSerializer : KSerializer<DoubleVector2D> {
+        private val proxySerializer = Vector2DImpl.serializer()
+        override val descriptor: SerialDescriptor get() = proxySerializer.descriptor
+
+        override fun deserialize(decoder: Decoder): DoubleVector2D = decoder.decodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer)
+
+        override fun serialize(encoder: Encoder, value: DoubleVector2D) {
+            val vector = value as? Vector2DImpl ?: Vector2DImpl(value.x, value.y)
+            encoder.encodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer, vector)
+        }
+    }
+
     public fun vector(x: Number, y: Number): DoubleVector2D = Vector2DImpl(x.toDouble(), y.toDouble())
 
     override val zero: DoubleVector2D by lazy { vector(0.0, 0.0) }
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
index d214e4edf..cc641a3f1 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.KSerializer
+import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import kotlinx.serialization.descriptors.SerialDescriptor
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Decoder
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Encoder
 import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Norm
 import space.kscience.kmath.operations.ScaleOperations
@@ -45,17 +51,33 @@ public fun <T> Buffer<T>.asVector3D(): Vector3D<T> = object : Vector3D<T> {
 }
 
 public typealias DoubleVector3D = Vector3D<Double>
+public typealias Float64Vector3D = Vector3D<Double>
 
 public val DoubleVector3D.r: Double get() = Euclidean3DSpace.norm(this)
 
 public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<DoubleVector3D>,
     Norm<DoubleVector3D, Double> {
+
+    @Serializable
+    @SerialName("Float64Vector3D")
     private data class Vector3DImpl(
         override val x: Double,
         override val y: Double,
         override val z: Double,
     ) : DoubleVector3D
 
+    public object VectorSerializer : KSerializer<DoubleVector3D> {
+        private val proxySerializer = Vector3DImpl.serializer()
+        override val descriptor: SerialDescriptor get() = proxySerializer.descriptor
+
+        override fun deserialize(decoder: Decoder): DoubleVector3D = decoder.decodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer)
+
+        override fun serialize(encoder: Encoder, value: DoubleVector3D) {
+            val vector = value as? Vector3DImpl ?: Vector3DImpl(value.x, value.y, value.z)
+            encoder.encodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer, vector)
+        }
+    }
+
     public fun vector(x: Number, y: Number, z: Number): DoubleVector3D =
         Vector3DImpl(x.toDouble(), y.toDouble(), z.toDouble())
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index bf14d6d4a..ab322ddca 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,13 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+
 /**
  * A line formed by [base] vector of start and a [direction] vector. Direction vector is not necessarily normalized,
  * but its length does not affect line properties
  */
+@Serializable
 public data class Line<out V : Vector>(val base: V, val direction: V)
 
 public typealias Line2D = Line<DoubleVector2D>
@@ -17,4 +20,12 @@ public typealias Line3D = Line<DoubleVector3D>
 /**
  * A directed line segment between [begin] and [end]
  */
+@Serializable
 public data class LineSegment<out V : Vector>(val begin: V, val end: V)
+
+public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.line(algebra: GeometrySpace<V>): Line<V> = with(algebra) {
+    Line(begin, end - begin)
+}
+
+public typealias LineSegment2D = LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>
+public typealias LineSegment3D = LineSegment<DoubleVector3D>
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 1ba9936ee..6bbf3e55b 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -57,7 +57,11 @@ internal fun leftInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTraj
 internal fun rightInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D? =
     innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
 
-private fun innerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory2D.Direction): StraightTrajectory2D? =
+private fun innerTangent(
+    base: Circle2D,
+    direction: Circle2D,
+    side: CircleTrajectory2D.Direction,
+): StraightTrajectory2D? =
     with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
         val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(base.center, direction.center)
         if (centers.length < base.radius * 2) return null
@@ -76,43 +80,49 @@ private fun innerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajec
 
 internal fun theta(theta: Double): Double = (theta + (2 * PI)) % (2 * PI)
 
+
 @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
-public class DubinsPath(
-    public val a: CircleTrajectory2D,
-    public val b: Trajectory2D,
-    public val c: CircleTrajectory2D,
-) : CompositeTrajectory2D(listOf(a, b, c)) {
+public object DubinsPath {
 
-    public val type: TYPE = TYPE.valueOf(
-        arrayOf(
-            a.direction.name[0],
-            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
-            c.direction.name[0]
-        ).toCharArray().concatToString()
-    )
-
-    public enum class TYPE {
+    public enum class Type {
         RLR, LRL, RSR, LSL, RSL, LSR
     }
 
-    public companion object {
-        public fun all(
-            start: DubinsPose2D,
-            end: DubinsPose2D,
-            turningRadius: Double,
-        ): List<DubinsPath> = listOfNotNull(
-            rlr(start, end, turningRadius),
-            lrl(start, end, turningRadius),
-            rsr(start, end, turningRadius),
-            lsl(start, end, turningRadius),
-            rsl(start, end, turningRadius),
-            lsr(start, end, turningRadius)
+    /**
+     * Return Dubins trajectory type or null if trajectory is not a Dubins path
+     */
+    public fun trajectoryTypeOf(trajectory2D: CompositeTrajectory2D): Type?{
+        if(trajectory2D.segments.size != 3) return null
+        val a = trajectory2D.segments.first() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
+        val b = trajectory2D.segments[1]
+        val c = trajectory2D.segments.last() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
+        return Type.valueOf(
+            arrayOf(
+                a.direction.name[0],
+                if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
+                c.direction.name[0]
+            ).toCharArray().concatToString()
         )
+    }
 
-        public fun shortest(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath =
-            all(start, end, turningRadius).minBy { it.length }
+    public fun all(
+        start: DubinsPose2D,
+        end: DubinsPose2D,
+        turningRadius: Double,
+    ): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> = listOfNotNull(
+        rlr(start, end, turningRadius),
+        lrl(start, end, turningRadius),
+        rsr(start, end, turningRadius),
+        lsl(start, end, turningRadius),
+        rsl(start, end, turningRadius),
+        lsr(start, end, turningRadius)
+    )
 
-        public fun rlr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    public fun shortest(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D =
+        all(start, end, turningRadius).minBy { it.length }
+
+    public fun rlr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? =
+        with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
             val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
             val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(c1.center, c2.center)
@@ -132,7 +142,7 @@ public class DubinsPath(
                 val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
                 val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
                 val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             val secondVariant = run {
@@ -149,13 +159,14 @@ public class DubinsPath(
                 val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
                 val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
                 val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
         }
 
-        public fun lrl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    public fun lrl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? =
+        with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
             val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
             val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(c1.center, c2.center)
@@ -175,10 +186,10 @@ public class DubinsPath(
                 val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
                 val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
                 val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
-            val secondVariant = run{
+            val secondVariant = run {
                 var theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
@@ -192,50 +203,60 @@ public class DubinsPath(
                 val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
                 val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
                 val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-                DubinsPath(a1, a2, a3)
+                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
             return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
         }
 
-        public fun rsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
-            val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val s = leftOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-            return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
-        }
-
-        public fun lsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath {
-            val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val s = rightOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-            return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
-        }
-
-        public fun rsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? {
-            val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val s = rightInnerTangent(c1, c2)
-            if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
-
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-            return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
-        }
-
-        public fun lsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): DubinsPath? {
-            val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val s = leftInnerTangent(c1, c2)
-            if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
-
-            val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-            val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-            return DubinsPath(a1, s, a3)
-        }
+    public fun rsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D {
+        val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
+        val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
+        val s = leftOuterTangent(c1, c2)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+
+    public fun lsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D {
+        val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
+        val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
+        val s = rightOuterTangent(c1, c2)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
+    }
+
+    public fun rsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? {
+        val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
+        val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
+        val s = rightInnerTangent(c1, c2)
+        if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
+
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
+    }
+
+    public fun lsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? {
+        val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
+        val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
+        val s = leftInnerTangent(c1, c2)
+        if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
+
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
+    }
+}
+
+public fun interface MaxCurvature {
+    public fun compute(startPoint: PhaseVector2D): Double
+}
+
+public fun DubinsPath.shortest(
+    start: PhaseVector2D,
+    end: PhaseVector2D,
+    maxCurvature: MaxCurvature,
+): CompositeTrajectory2D = shortest(start, end, maxCurvature.compute(start))
+
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
index 5aa8c1455..ff2198bbb 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
@@ -2,35 +2,62 @@
  * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
-
+@file:UseSerializers(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class)
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.KSerializer
+import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
+import kotlinx.serialization.descriptors.SerialDescriptor
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Decoder
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Encoder
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Vector
 import kotlin.math.atan2
 
 /**
  * Combination of [Vector] and its view angle (clockwise from positive y-axis direction)
  */
+@Serializable(DubinsPose2DSerializer::class)
 public interface DubinsPose2D : DoubleVector2D {
-    public val coordinate: DoubleVector2D
+    public val coordinates: DoubleVector2D
     public val bearing: Double
 }
 
+@Serializable
 public class PhaseVector2D(
-    override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
+    override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
     public val velocity: DoubleVector2D,
-) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate {
+) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates {
     override val bearing: Double get() = atan2(velocity.x, velocity.y)
 }
 
+@Serializable
+@SerialName("DubinsPose2D")
 private class DubinsPose2DImpl(
-    override val coordinate: DoubleVector2D,
+    override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
     override val bearing: Double,
-) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinate{
+) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates{
 
-    override fun toString(): String = "Pose2D(x=$x, y=$y, bearing=$bearing)"
+    override fun toString(): String = "DubinsPose2D(x=$x, y=$y, bearing=$bearing)"
 }
 
+public object DubinsPose2DSerializer: KSerializer<DubinsPose2D>{
+    private val proxySerializer = DubinsPose2DImpl.serializer()
+
+    override val descriptor: SerialDescriptor
+        get() = proxySerializer.descriptor
+
+    override fun deserialize(decoder: Decoder): DubinsPose2D {
+        return decoder.decodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer)
+    }
+
+    override fun serialize(encoder: Encoder, value: DubinsPose2D) {
+        val pose = value as? DubinsPose2DImpl ?: DubinsPose2DImpl(value.coordinates, value.bearing)
+        encoder.encodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer, pose)
+    }
+}
 
 public fun DubinsPose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Double): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index ffa23a537..120bedf90 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -2,15 +2,19 @@
  * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
-
+@file:UseSerializers(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class)
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
 import kotlin.math.PI
 import kotlin.math.atan2
 
+@Serializable
 public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
     public val length: Double
 }
@@ -18,6 +22,7 @@ public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
 /**
  * Straight path segment. The order of start and end defines the direction
  */
+@Serializable
 public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
     public val start: DoubleVector2D,
     public val end: DoubleVector2D,
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
 /**
  * An arc segment
  */
+@Serializable
 public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     public val circle: Circle2D,
     public val start: DubinsPose2D,
@@ -102,7 +108,10 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     }
 }
 
-public open class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: List<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
+@Serializable
+public class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: List<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = segments.sumOf { it.length }
 }
 
+public fun CompositeTrajectory2D(vararg segments: Trajectory2D): CompositeTrajectory2D = CompositeTrajectory2D(segments.toList())
+
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 56350835d..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/route.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-public fun interface MaxCurvature {
-    public fun compute(startPoint: PhaseVector2D): Double
-}
-
-public fun DubinsPath.Companion.shortest(
-    start: PhaseVector2D,
-    end: PhaseVector2D,
-    maxCurvature: MaxCurvature,
-): DubinsPath = shortest(start, end, maxCurvature.compute(start))
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
index 5bbf8c294..0e14ae736 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -28,31 +28,33 @@ class DubinsTests {
         println("Absolute distance: $absoluteDistance")
 
         val expectedLengths = mapOf(
-            DubinsPath.TYPE.RLR to 13.067681939031397,
-            DubinsPath.TYPE.RSR to 12.28318530717957,
-            DubinsPath.TYPE.LSL to 32.84955592153878,
-            DubinsPath.TYPE.RSL to 23.37758938854081,
-            DubinsPath.TYPE.LSR to 23.37758938854081
+            DubinsPath.Type.RLR to 13.067681939031397,
+            DubinsPath.Type.RSR to 12.28318530717957,
+            DubinsPath.Type.LSL to 32.84955592153878,
+            DubinsPath.Type.RSL to 23.37758938854081,
+            DubinsPath.Type.LSR to 23.37758938854081
         )
 
         expectedLengths.forEach {
-            val path = dubins.find { p -> p.type === it.key }
+            val path = dubins.find { p -> DubinsPath.trajectoryTypeOf(p) === it.key }
             assertNotNull(path, "Path ${it.key} not found")
             println("${it.key}: ${path.length}")
             assertTrue(it.value.equalFloat(path.length))
 
-            assertTrue(start.equalsFloat(path.a.start))
-            assertTrue(end.equalsFloat(path.c.end))
+            val a = path.segments[0] as CircleTrajectory2D
+            val b = path.segments[1]
+            val c = path.segments[2] as CircleTrajectory2D
+
+            assertTrue(start.equalsFloat(a.start))
+            assertTrue(end.equalsFloat(c.end))
 
             // Not working, theta double precision inaccuracy
-            if (path.b is CircleTrajectory2D) {
-                val b = path.b as CircleTrajectory2D
-                assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(b.start))
-                assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
-            } else if (path.b is StraightTrajectory2D) {
-                val b = path.b as StraightTrajectory2D
-                assertTrue(path.a.end.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.start, b.bearing)))
-                assertTrue(path.c.start.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
+            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) {
+                assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(b.start))
+                assertTrue(c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
+            } else if (b is StraightTrajectory2D) {
+                assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.start, b.bearing)))
+                assertTrue(c.start.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
             }
         }
     }

From 2c6d1e89c512627f79c579e7305197d3a3ae98db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 5 Feb 2023 20:05:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 29/72] Update type-safe angles

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  1 +
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt   | 53 +++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/AngleTest.kt      | 16 ++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 39 ++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt | 12 ++---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt | 42 +++++++--------
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt   |  8 +--
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |  6 +--
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt    | 12 ++---
 9 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/AngleTest.kt

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index b8cb0d976..404366a03 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 - Algebra now has an obligatory `bufferFactory` (#477).
 
 ### Changed
+- Trajectory use type-safe angles
 - Tensor operations switched to prefix notation
 - Row-wise and column-wise ND shapes in the core
 - Shape is read-only
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt
index e7b0afcda..45022ad05 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 import kotlin.math.PI
+import kotlin.math.floor
 
-public sealed interface Angle {
+public sealed interface Angle : Comparable<Angle> {
     public fun toRadians(): Radians
     public fun toDegrees(): Degrees
 
@@ -17,7 +18,15 @@ public sealed interface Angle {
 
     public operator fun times(other: Number): Angle
     public operator fun div(other: Number): Angle
+    public operator fun div(other: Angle): Double
     public operator fun unaryMinus(): Angle
+
+    public companion object {
+        public val zero: Radians = Radians(0.0)
+        public val pi: Radians = Radians(PI)
+        public val piTimes2: Radians = Radians(PI * 2)
+        public val piDiv2: Radians = Radians(PI / 2)
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -28,12 +37,16 @@ public value class Radians(public val value: Double) : Angle {
     override fun toRadians(): Radians = this
     override fun toDegrees(): Degrees = Degrees(value * 180 / PI)
 
-    public override fun plus(other: Angle): Radians = Radians(value + other.toRadians().value)
-    public override fun minus(other: Angle): Radians = Radians(value - other.toRadians().value)
+    public override fun plus(other: Angle): Radians = Radians(value + other.radians)
+    public override fun minus(other: Angle): Radians = Radians(value - other.radians)
 
-    public override fun times(other: Number): Radians = Radians(value + other.toDouble())
+    public override fun times(other: Number): Radians = Radians(value * other.toDouble())
     public override fun div(other: Number): Radians = Radians(value / other.toDouble())
+    override fun div(other: Angle): Double = value / other.radians
+
     public override fun unaryMinus(): Radians = Radians(-value)
+
+    override fun compareTo(other: Angle): Int = value.compareTo(other.radians)
 }
 
 public fun sin(angle: Angle): Double = kotlin.math.sin(angle.toRadians().value)
@@ -42,6 +55,8 @@ public fun tan(angle: Angle): Double = kotlin.math.tan(angle.toRadians().value)
 
 public val Number.radians: Radians get() = Radians(toDouble())
 
+public val Angle.radians: Double get() = toRadians().value
+
 /**
  * Type safe degrees
  */
@@ -50,30 +65,26 @@ public value class Degrees(public val value: Double) : Angle {
     override fun toRadians(): Radians = Radians(value * PI / 180)
     override fun toDegrees(): Degrees = this
 
-    public override fun plus(other: Angle): Degrees = Degrees(value + other.toDegrees().value)
-    public override fun minus(other: Angle): Degrees = Degrees(value - other.toDegrees().value)
+    public override fun plus(other: Angle): Degrees = Degrees(value + other.degrees)
+    public override fun minus(other: Angle): Degrees = Degrees(value - other.degrees)
 
-    public override fun times(other: Number): Degrees = Degrees(value + other.toDouble())
+    public override fun times(other: Number): Degrees = Degrees(value * other.toDouble())
     public override fun div(other: Number): Degrees = Degrees(value / other.toDouble())
+    override fun div(other: Angle): Double = value / other.degrees
+
     public override fun unaryMinus(): Degrees = Degrees(-value)
+
+    override fun compareTo(other: Angle): Int = value.compareTo(other.degrees)
 }
 
 public val Number.degrees: Degrees get() = Degrees(toDouble())
 
+public val Angle.degrees: Double get() = toDegrees().value
+
 /**
- * A holder class for Pi representation in radians and degrees
+ * Normalized angle 2 PI range symmetric around [center]. By default, uses (0, 2PI) range.
  */
-public object Pi {
-    public val radians: Radians = Radians(PI)
-    public val degrees: Degrees = radians.toDegrees()
-}
+public fun Angle.normalized(center: Angle = Angle.pi): Angle =
+    this - Angle.piTimes2 * floor((radians + PI - center.radians) / PI / 2)
 
-public object PiTimes2 {
-    public val radians: Radians = Radians(2 * PI)
-    public val degrees: Degrees = radians.toDegrees()
-}
-
-public object PiDiv2 {
-    public val radians: Radians = Radians(PI / 2)
-    public val degrees: Degrees = radians.toDegrees()
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun abs(angle: Angle): Angle = if (angle < Angle.zero) -angle else angle
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/AngleTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/AngleTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8086eb75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/AngleTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
+
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+class AngleTest {
+    @Test
+    fun normalization() {
+        assertEquals(30.degrees, 390.degrees.normalized())
+        assertEquals(30.degrees, (-330).degrees.normalized())
+        assertEquals(200.degrees, 200.degrees.normalized())
+        assertEquals(30.degrees, 390.degrees.normalized(Angle.zero))
+        assertEquals(30.degrees, (-330).degrees.normalized(Angle.zero))
+        assertEquals((-160).degrees, 200.degrees.normalized(Angle.zero))
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 6bbf3e55b..568ef691a 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -5,13 +5,9 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import kotlin.math.PI
 import kotlin.math.acos
-import kotlin.math.cos
-import kotlin.math.sin
 
 internal fun DubinsPose2D.getLeftCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).first
 
@@ -65,12 +61,11 @@ private fun innerTangent(
     with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
         val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(base.center, direction.center)
         if (centers.length < base.radius * 2) return null
-        val angle = theta(
-            when (side) {
-                CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT -> centers.bearing + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
-                CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.bearing - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length)
-            }
-        )
+        val angle = when (side) {
+            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT -> centers.bearing + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
+            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.bearing - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
+        }.normalized()
+
         val dX = base.radius * sin(angle)
         val dY = base.radius * cos(angle)
         val p1 = vector(base.center.x + dX, base.center.y + dY)
@@ -78,8 +73,6 @@ private fun innerTangent(
         return StraightTrajectory2D(p1, p2)
     }
 
-internal fun theta(theta: Double): Double = (theta + (2 * PI)) % (2 * PI)
-
 
 @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
 public object DubinsPath {
@@ -91,8 +84,8 @@ public object DubinsPath {
     /**
      * Return Dubins trajectory type or null if trajectory is not a Dubins path
      */
-    public fun trajectoryTypeOf(trajectory2D: CompositeTrajectory2D): Type?{
-        if(trajectory2D.segments.size != 3) return null
+    public fun trajectoryTypeOf(trajectory2D: CompositeTrajectory2D): Type? {
+        if (trajectory2D.segments.size != 3) return null
         val a = trajectory2D.segments.first() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
         val b = trajectory2D.segments[1]
         val c = trajectory2D.segments.last() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
@@ -129,13 +122,13 @@ public object DubinsPath {
             if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
 
             val firstVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
@@ -146,13 +139,13 @@ public object DubinsPath {
             }
 
             val secondVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
@@ -173,13 +166,13 @@ public object DubinsPath {
             if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
 
             val firstVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
@@ -190,13 +183,13 @@ public object DubinsPath {
             }
 
             val secondVariant = run {
-                var theta = theta(centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                var theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
                 val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
                 val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = theta(centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)))
+                theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
index ff2198bbb..8362d0cb5 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@ import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
 import kotlinx.serialization.descriptors.SerialDescriptor
 import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Decoder
 import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Encoder
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
 import kotlin.math.atan2
 
 /**
@@ -23,7 +21,7 @@ import kotlin.math.atan2
 @Serializable(DubinsPose2DSerializer::class)
 public interface DubinsPose2D : DoubleVector2D {
     public val coordinates: DoubleVector2D
-    public val bearing: Double
+    public val bearing: Angle
 }
 
 @Serializable
@@ -31,14 +29,14 @@ public class PhaseVector2D(
     override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
     public val velocity: DoubleVector2D,
 ) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates {
-    override val bearing: Double get() = atan2(velocity.x, velocity.y)
+    override val bearing: Angle get() = atan2(velocity.x, velocity.y).radians
 }
 
 @Serializable
 @SerialName("DubinsPose2D")
 private class DubinsPose2DImpl(
     override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
-    override val bearing: Double,
+    override val bearing: Angle,
 ) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates{
 
     override fun toString(): String = "DubinsPose2D(x=$x, y=$y, bearing=$bearing)"
@@ -60,4 +58,4 @@ public object DubinsPose2DSerializer: KSerializer<DubinsPose2D>{
     }
 }
 
-public fun DubinsPose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Double): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
+public fun DubinsPose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Angle): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index 120bedf90..b8916e748 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -3,15 +3,13 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 @file:UseSerializers(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class)
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
 import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import kotlin.math.PI
 import kotlin.math.atan2
 
 @Serializable
@@ -29,7 +27,7 @@ public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
 ) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = start.distanceTo(end)
 
-    public val bearing: Double get() = theta(atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y))
+    public val bearing: Angle get() = (atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y).radians).normalized()
 }
 
 /**
@@ -49,26 +47,25 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     /**
      * Arc length in radians
      */
-    val arcLength: Double
-        get() = theta(
-            if (direction == Direction.LEFT) {
-                start.bearing - end.bearing
-            } else {
-                end.bearing - start.bearing
-            }
-        )
+    val arcLength: Angle
+        get() = if (direction == Direction.LEFT) {
+            start.bearing - end.bearing
+        } else {
+            end.bearing - start.bearing
+        }.normalized()
+
 
     override val length: Double by lazy {
-        circle.radius * arcLength
+        circle.radius * arcLength.radians
     }
 
     public val direction: Direction by lazy {
         if (start.y < circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing > PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+            if (start.bearing > Angle.pi) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
         } else if (start.y > circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing < PI) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+            if (start.bearing < Angle.pi) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
         } else {
-            if (start.bearing == 0.0) {
+            if (start.bearing == Angle.zero) {
                 if (start.x < circle.center.x) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
             } else {
                 if (start.x > circle.center.x) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
@@ -85,13 +82,13 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
         ): CircleTrajectory2D {
             fun calculatePose(
                 vector: DoubleVector2D,
-                theta: Double,
+                theta: Angle,
                 direction: Direction,
             ): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2D(
                 vector,
                 when (direction) {
-                    Direction.LEFT -> theta(theta - PI / 2)
-                    Direction.RIGHT -> theta(theta + PI / 2)
+                    Direction.LEFT -> (theta - Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
+                    Direction.RIGHT -> (theta + Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
                 }
             )
 
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
             val pose1 = calculatePose(start, s1.bearing, direction)
             val pose2 = calculatePose(end, s2.bearing, direction)
             val trajectory = CircleTrajectory2D(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
-            if(trajectory.direction != direction){
+            if (trajectory.direction != direction) {
                 error("Trajectory direction mismatch")
             }
             return trajectory
@@ -113,5 +110,6 @@ public class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: List<Trajectory2D>) : Tr
     override val length: Double get() = segments.sumOf { it.length }
 }
 
-public fun CompositeTrajectory2D(vararg segments: Trajectory2D): CompositeTrajectory2D = CompositeTrajectory2D(segments.toList())
+public fun CompositeTrajectory2D(vararg segments: Trajectory2D): CompositeTrajectory2D =
+    CompositeTrajectory2D(segments.toList())
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
index 4599f30f8..c69ad24f1 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
@@ -6,19 +6,21 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.radians
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.sin
 import kotlin.math.PI
 import kotlin.math.abs
-import kotlin.math.sin
 
 const val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
 
 fun Double.radiansToDegrees() = this * 180 / PI
 
 fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double) = abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
-fun DubinsPose2D.equalsFloat(other: DubinsPose2D) = x.equalFloat(other.x) && y.equalFloat(other.y) && bearing.equalFloat(other.bearing)
+fun DubinsPose2D.equalsFloat(other: DubinsPose2D) =
+    x.equalFloat(other.x) && y.equalFloat(other.y) && bearing.radians.equalFloat(other.bearing.radians)
 
 fun StraightTrajectory2D.inverse() = StraightTrajectory2D(end, start)
-fun StraightTrajectory2D.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory2D = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
+fun StraightTrajectory2D.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory2D = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
     val dX = width * sin(inverse().bearing)
     val dY = width * sin(bearing)
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
index af1444ade..643f9eaaa 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.degrees
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.CircleTrajectory2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.radiansToDegrees
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class ArcTests {
         val circle = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 2.0)
         val arc = CircleTrajectory2D.of(circle.center, vector(-2.0, 0.0), vector(0.0, 2.0), CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
         assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
-        assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
-        assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.degrees)
+        assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.bearing.degrees)
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
index 03320a3df..54deb2193 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.degrees
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.StraightTrajectory2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.radiansToDegrees
 import kotlin.math.pow
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
 import kotlin.test.Test
@@ -19,19 +19,19 @@ class LineTests {
     fun lineTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         val straight = StraightTrajectory2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
         assertEquals(sqrt(100.0.pow(2) + 100.0.pow(2)), straight.length)
-        assertEquals(45.0, straight.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(45.0, straight.bearing.degrees)
     }
 
     @Test
     fun lineAngleTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         //val zero = Vector2D(0.0, 0.0)
         val north = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(0.0, 2.0))
-        assertEquals(0.0, north.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(0.0, north.bearing.degrees)
         val east = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(2.0, 0.0))
-        assertEquals(90.0, east.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(90.0, east.bearing.degrees)
         val south = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(0.0, -2.0))
-        assertEquals(180.0, south.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(180.0, south.bearing.degrees)
         val west = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(-2.0, 0.0))
-        assertEquals(270.0, west.bearing.radiansToDegrees())
+        assertEquals(270.0, west.bearing.degrees)
     }
 }

From 6deeaf057e64d0ccaba0abb3cab32c64a8e76455 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 11 Feb 2023 21:51:19 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 30/72] Add angle serializer

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt   | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt
index 45022ad05..3855514fb 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/angles.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,17 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.KSerializer
+import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import kotlinx.serialization.builtins.serializer
+import kotlinx.serialization.descriptors.SerialDescriptor
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Decoder
+import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Encoder
 import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 import kotlin.math.PI
 import kotlin.math.floor
 
+@Serializable(AngleSerializer::class)
 public sealed interface Angle : Comparable<Angle> {
     public fun toRadians(): Radians
     public fun toDegrees(): Degrees
@@ -29,9 +36,21 @@ public sealed interface Angle : Comparable<Angle> {
     }
 }
 
+
+public object AngleSerializer : KSerializer<Angle> {
+    override val descriptor: SerialDescriptor get() = Double.serializer().descriptor
+
+    override fun deserialize(decoder: Decoder): Angle = decoder.decodeDouble().degrees
+
+    override fun serialize(encoder: Encoder, value: Angle) {
+        encoder.encodeDouble(value.degrees)
+    }
+}
+
 /**
  * Type safe radians
  */
+@Serializable
 @JvmInline
 public value class Radians(public val value: Double) : Angle {
     override fun toRadians(): Radians = this

From 784d397ab12103bae441d770b8ee6c2f8e0c03c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 Feb 2023 10:40:53 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 31/72] Fix serial names for trajectory serializers

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt    | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index b8916e748..7e0a8c1c0 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
 import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
  * Straight path segment. The order of start and end defines the direction
  */
 @Serializable
+@SerialName("straight")
 public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
     public val start: DoubleVector2D,
     public val end: DoubleVector2D,
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
  * An arc segment
  */
 @Serializable
+@SerialName("arc")
 public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     public val circle: Circle2D,
     public val start: DubinsPose2D,
@@ -106,6 +109,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
 }
 
 @Serializable
+@SerialName("composite")
 public class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: List<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
     override val length: Double get() = segments.sumOf { it.length }
 }

From 50579f4712695629d477eb1031f1a36e0d34f9af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Mon, 13 Feb 2023 23:17:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 32/72] added tangent between two circles

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt  | 77 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt    | 39 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 116 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..889debecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.DoubleLinearSpace.plus
+import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
+import kotlin.math.absoluteValue
+import kotlin.math.atan2
+import kotlin.math.pow
+import kotlin.math.sign
+import kotlin.math.sin
+import kotlin.math.cos
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.dot
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.scale
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.add
+
+
+public class Segment(
+    public val startPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+    public val terminalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+    public val length: Double = startPoint.distanceTo(terminalPoint)
+) {
+    public override operator fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+        return if (other is Segment) {
+            startPoint.x.equalFloat(other.startPoint.x) && startPoint.y.equalFloat(other.startPoint.y) &&
+                    terminalPoint.x.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.x) && terminalPoint.y.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.y)
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public const val maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001
+public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double): Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
+
+
+
+public fun tangentsToCircles(
+    startCircle: Circle2D,
+    terminalCircle: Circle2D
+): kotlin.collections.MutableMap<String, Segment> {
+    val R1 = startCircle.radius
+    val R2 = terminalCircle.radius
+    val d = Segment(startCircle.center, terminalCircle.center).length
+    val angle1 = atan2(terminalCircle.center.x - startCircle.center.x, terminalCircle.center.y - startCircle.center.y)
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf("RSR" to Pair(R1, R2),
+        "RSL" to Pair(R1, -R2),
+        "LSR" to Pair(-R1, R2),
+        "LSL" to Pair(-R1, -R2))
+    val segments = mutableMapOf<String, Segment>()
+    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+        val r1 = r1r2.first
+        val r2 = r1r2.second
+        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+        } else {
+            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+        }
+        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+        } else {
+            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+        }
+        val W = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+        segments[route] = Segment(add(startCircle.center, scale(W, r1)),
+            add(terminalCircle.center, scale(W, r2)))
+    }
+    return segments
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..beac8d15f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+
+class TangentTest {
+    @Test
+    fun tangent() {
+        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        val routes = arrayListOf<String>("RSR", "RSL", "LSR", "LSL")
+        val segments = arrayListOf<Segment>(
+            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.0, 1.0),
+                terminalPoint = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
+            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
+                terminalPoint = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
+            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
+                terminalPoint = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
+            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.0, -1.0),
+                terminalPoint = vector(4.0, -1.0))
+        )
+
+        val tangentMap = tangentsToCircles(c1, c2)
+        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
+        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
+
+        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
+        for (i in segments.indices) {
+            assertEquals(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i])
+        }
+//        assertEquals(segments, tangentMapValues)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From bef317677c9a1c3496595dca8999a06ead1c3f85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2023 14:36:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 33/72] tangentsToCircle fixed

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt |  39 ++++++-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     |  10 ++
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt  | 108 +++++++++---------
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt    |  24 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/testUtils.kt      |   3 +
 5 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
index 8beef6fee..a26a592da 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
-import kotlin.math.PI
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
+import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
  * A circle in 2D space
@@ -17,4 +18,40 @@ public data class Circle2D(
     public val radius: Double
 )
 
+public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): kotlin.collections.MutableMap<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
+    val R1 = this.radius
+    val R2 = other.radius
+    val line = LineSegment(this.center, other.center)
+    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - this.center.x, other.center.y - this.center.y)
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf("RSR" to Pair(R1, R2),
+        "RSL" to Pair(R1, -R2),
+        "LSR" to Pair(-R1, R2),
+        "LSL" to Pair(-R1, -R2))
+    val segments = mutableMapOf<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
+    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+        val r1 = r1r2.first
+        val r2 = r1r2.second
+        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+        } else {
+            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+        }
+        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+        } else {
+            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+        }
+        val W = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+        segments[route] = LineSegment(
+            Euclidean2DSpace.add(this.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r1)),
+            Euclidean2DSpace.add(other.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r2))
+        )
+    }
+    return segments
+}
+
 public val Circle2D.circumference: Double get() = radius * 2 * PI
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index ab322ddca..bb03b5a93 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -27,5 +27,15 @@ public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.line(algebra: GeometrySpace<V>): Line<V>
     Line(begin, end - begin)
 }
 
+public fun equalLineSegments(line1: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>, line2: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>): Boolean {
+    val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
+    return line1.begin.x.equalFloat(line2.begin.x) && line1.begin.y.equalFloat(line2.begin.y) &&
+            line1.end.x.equalFloat(line2.end.x) && line1.end.y.equalFloat(line2.end.y)
+//    return line1.begin == line2.begin && line1.end == line2.end
+}
+
+public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double, maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001):
+        Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
+
 public typealias LineSegment2D = LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>
 public typealias LineSegment3D = LineSegment<DoubleVector3D>
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
index 889debecb..cfcb78115 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.DoubleLinearSpace.plus
-import space.kscience.kmath.linear.Point
 import kotlin.math.absoluteValue
 import kotlin.math.atan2
 import kotlin.math.pow
@@ -15,63 +12,64 @@ import kotlin.math.sign
 import kotlin.math.sin
 import kotlin.math.cos
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.dot
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.scale
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.add
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
 
 
-public class Segment(
-    public val startPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-    public val terminalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-    public val length: Double = startPoint.distanceTo(terminalPoint)
-) {
-    public override operator fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        return if (other is Segment) {
-            startPoint.x.equalFloat(other.startPoint.x) && startPoint.y.equalFloat(other.startPoint.y) &&
-                    terminalPoint.x.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.x) && terminalPoint.y.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.y)
-        } else {
-            false
-        }
-    }
-}
+//public class Segment(
+//    public val startPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+//    public val terminalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+//    public val length: Double = startPoint.distanceTo(terminalPoint)
+//) {
+//    public override operator fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+//        return if (other is Segment) {
+//            startPoint.x.equalFloat(other.startPoint.x) && startPoint.y.equalFloat(other.startPoint.y) &&
+//                    terminalPoint.x.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.x) && terminalPoint.y.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.y)
+//        } else {
+//            false
+//        }
+//    }
+//}
 
-public const val maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001
-public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double): Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
+//public const val maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001
+//public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double): Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
 
 
 
-public fun tangentsToCircles(
-    startCircle: Circle2D,
-    terminalCircle: Circle2D
-): kotlin.collections.MutableMap<String, Segment> {
-    val R1 = startCircle.radius
-    val R2 = terminalCircle.radius
-    val d = Segment(startCircle.center, terminalCircle.center).length
-    val angle1 = atan2(terminalCircle.center.x - startCircle.center.x, terminalCircle.center.y - startCircle.center.y)
-    var r: Double
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf("RSR" to Pair(R1, R2),
-        "RSL" to Pair(R1, -R2),
-        "LSR" to Pair(-R1, R2),
-        "LSL" to Pair(-R1, -R2))
-    val segments = mutableMapOf<String, Segment>()
-    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-        val r1 = r1r2.first
-        val r2 = r1r2.second
-        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-        } else {
-            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-        }
-        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-        } else {
-            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-        }
-        val W = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-        segments[route] = Segment(add(startCircle.center, scale(W, r1)),
-            add(terminalCircle.center, scale(W, r2)))
-    }
-    return segments
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+//public fun tangentsToCircles(
+//    startCircle: Circle2D,
+//    terminalCircle: Circle2D
+//): kotlin.collections.MutableMap<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
+//    val R1 = startCircle.radius
+//    val R2 = terminalCircle.radius
+//    val line = LineSegment(startCircle.center, terminalCircle.center)
+//    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+//    val angle1 = atan2(terminalCircle.center.x - startCircle.center.x, terminalCircle.center.y - startCircle.center.y)
+//    var r: Double
+//    var angle2: Double
+//    val routes = mapOf("RSR" to Pair(R1, R2),
+//        "RSL" to Pair(R1, -R2),
+//        "LSR" to Pair(-R1, R2),
+//        "LSL" to Pair(-R1, -R2))
+//    val segments = mutableMapOf<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
+//    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+//        val r1 = r1r2.first
+//        val r2 = r1r2.second
+//        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+//            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+//        } else {
+//            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+//        }
+//        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+//        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+//            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+//        } else {
+//            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+//        }
+//        val W = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+//        segments[route] = LineSegment(add(startCircle.center, scale(W, r1)),
+//            add(terminalCircle.center, scale(W, r2)))
+//    }
+//    return segments
+//}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
index beac8d15f..fd3002e19 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class TangentTest {
     @Test
@@ -15,25 +16,24 @@ class TangentTest {
         val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
         val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
         val routes = arrayListOf<String>("RSR", "RSL", "LSR", "LSL")
-        val segments = arrayListOf<Segment>(
-            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.0, 1.0),
-                terminalPoint = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
-            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
-                terminalPoint = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
-            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
-                terminalPoint = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
-            Segment(startPoint = vector(0.0, -1.0),
-                terminalPoint = vector(4.0, -1.0))
+        val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
+                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
+                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
+                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
+                end = vector(4.0, -1.0))
         )
 
-        val tangentMap = tangentsToCircles(c1, c2)
+        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
         val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
         val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
 
         assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
         for (i in segments.indices) {
-            assertEquals(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i])
+            assertTrue(equalLineSegments(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i]))
         }
-//        assertEquals(segments, tangentMapValues)
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/testUtils.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/testUtils.kt
index 89db22d45..c62af3cd3 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/testUtils.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/testUtils.kt
@@ -44,3 +44,6 @@ fun <V : Vector> GeometrySpace<V>.isCollinear(a: V, b: V, absoluteTolerance: Dou
 
 fun <V : Vector> GeometrySpace<V>.isOrthogonal(a: V, b: V, absoluteTolerance: Double = 1e-6): Boolean =
     abs(a dot b) < absoluteTolerance
+
+fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double, maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001):
+        Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
\ No newline at end of file

From d535a2155f3171b538a2f6019dffad9ef83f2001 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:06:47 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 34/72] tangentsToCircle fixed

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt | 17 +++--
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt        |  7 ++
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     |  6 --
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt  | 75 -------------------
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt    |  8 +-
 5 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
index a26a592da..df25dcbea 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
@@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ public data class Circle2D(
     public val radius: Double
 )
 
-public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): kotlin.collections.MutableMap<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
+public enum class DubinsRoutes {
+    RSR, RSL, LSR, LSL
+}
+
+public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): Map<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
     val R1 = this.radius
     val R2 = other.radius
     val line = LineSegment(this.center, other.center)
@@ -26,11 +30,12 @@ public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): kotlin.collections.Mutabl
     val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - this.center.x, other.center.y - this.center.y)
     var r: Double
     var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf("RSR" to Pair(R1, R2),
-        "RSL" to Pair(R1, -R2),
-        "LSR" to Pair(-R1, R2),
-        "LSL" to Pair(-R1, -R2))
-    val segments = mutableMapOf<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsRoutes.RSR to Pair(R1, R2),
+        DubinsRoutes.RSL to Pair(R1, -R2),
+        DubinsRoutes.LSR to Pair(-R1, R2),
+        DubinsRoutes.LSL to Pair(-R1, -R2))
+    val segments = mutableMapOf<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
     for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
         val r1 = r1r2.first
         val r2 = r1r2.second
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
index 3df8dba7b..dc05f6648 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
@@ -85,6 +85,13 @@ public object Euclidean2DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector2D>,
     override fun scale(a: DoubleVector2D, value: Double): DoubleVector2D = vector(a.x * value, a.y * value)
     override fun DoubleVector2D.dot(other: DoubleVector2D): Double = x * other.x + y * other.y
 
+    public fun equalLineSegments(line1: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>, line2: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>): Boolean {
+        val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
+        return line1.begin.x.equalFloat(line2.begin.x) && line1.begin.y.equalFloat(line2.begin.y) &&
+                line1.end.x.equalFloat(line2.end.x) && line1.end.y.equalFloat(line2.end.y)
+    }
+
+
     public val xAxis: DoubleVector2D = vector(1.0, 0.0)
     public val yAxis: DoubleVector2D = vector(0.0, 1.0)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index bb03b5a93..6413edce9 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -27,12 +27,6 @@ public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.line(algebra: GeometrySpace<V>): Line<V>
     Line(begin, end - begin)
 }
 
-public fun equalLineSegments(line1: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>, line2: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>): Boolean {
-    val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
-    return line1.begin.x.equalFloat(line2.begin.x) && line1.begin.y.equalFloat(line2.begin.y) &&
-            line1.end.x.equalFloat(line2.end.x) && line1.end.y.equalFloat(line2.end.y)
-//    return line1.begin == line2.begin && line1.end == line2.end
-}
 
 public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double, maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001):
         Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index cfcb78115..000000000
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Tangent.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
-
-import kotlin.math.absoluteValue
-import kotlin.math.atan2
-import kotlin.math.pow
-import kotlin.math.sign
-import kotlin.math.sin
-import kotlin.math.cos
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.scale
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.add
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-
-
-//public class Segment(
-//    public val startPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-//    public val terminalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-//    public val length: Double = startPoint.distanceTo(terminalPoint)
-//) {
-//    public override operator fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-//        return if (other is Segment) {
-//            startPoint.x.equalFloat(other.startPoint.x) && startPoint.y.equalFloat(other.startPoint.y) &&
-//                    terminalPoint.x.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.x) && terminalPoint.y.equalFloat(other.terminalPoint.y)
-//        } else {
-//            false
-//        }
-//    }
-//}
-
-//public const val maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001
-//public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double): Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
-
-
-
-//public fun tangentsToCircles(
-//    startCircle: Circle2D,
-//    terminalCircle: Circle2D
-//): kotlin.collections.MutableMap<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
-//    val R1 = startCircle.radius
-//    val R2 = terminalCircle.radius
-//    val line = LineSegment(startCircle.center, terminalCircle.center)
-//    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-//    val angle1 = atan2(terminalCircle.center.x - startCircle.center.x, terminalCircle.center.y - startCircle.center.y)
-//    var r: Double
-//    var angle2: Double
-//    val routes = mapOf("RSR" to Pair(R1, R2),
-//        "RSL" to Pair(R1, -R2),
-//        "LSR" to Pair(-R1, R2),
-//        "LSL" to Pair(-R1, -R2))
-//    val segments = mutableMapOf<String, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
-//    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-//        val r1 = r1r2.first
-//        val r2 = r1r2.second
-//        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-//            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-//        } else {
-//            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-//        }
-//        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-//        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-//            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-//        } else {
-//            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-//        }
-//        val W = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-//        segments[route] = LineSegment(add(startCircle.center, scale(W, r1)),
-//            add(terminalCircle.center, scale(W, r2)))
-//    }
-//    return segments
-//}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
index fd3002e19..214495dfe 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.equalLineSegments
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -15,7 +16,12 @@ class TangentTest {
     fun tangent() {
         val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
         val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val routes = arrayListOf<String>("RSR", "RSL", "LSR", "LSL")
+        val routes = arrayListOf<DubinsRoutes>(
+            DubinsRoutes.RSR,
+            DubinsRoutes.RSL,
+            DubinsRoutes.LSR,
+            DubinsRoutes.LSL
+        )
         val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
             LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
                 end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),

From c342c5cd7835c92a7ccd26d07872b8018f7980f2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2023 17:53:32 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 35/72] tangentsToCircle fixed

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt | 40 ----------
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt    | 80 +++++++++----------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt      | 55 +++++++++++++
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt  | 48 +++++++++++
 4 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
index df25dcbea..d37ed45c0 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Circle2D.kt
@@ -18,45 +18,5 @@ public data class Circle2D(
     public val radius: Double
 )
 
-public enum class DubinsRoutes {
-    RSR, RSL, LSR, LSL
-}
-
-public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): Map<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
-    val R1 = this.radius
-    val R2 = other.radius
-    val line = LineSegment(this.center, other.center)
-    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - this.center.x, other.center.y - this.center.y)
-    var r: Double
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf(
-        DubinsRoutes.RSR to Pair(R1, R2),
-        DubinsRoutes.RSL to Pair(R1, -R2),
-        DubinsRoutes.LSR to Pair(-R1, R2),
-        DubinsRoutes.LSL to Pair(-R1, -R2))
-    val segments = mutableMapOf<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
-    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-        val r1 = r1r2.first
-        val r2 = r1r2.second
-        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-        } else {
-            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-        }
-        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-        } else {
-            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-        }
-        val W = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-        segments[route] = LineSegment(
-            Euclidean2DSpace.add(this.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r1)),
-            Euclidean2DSpace.add(other.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r2))
-        )
-    }
-    return segments
-}
 
 public val Circle2D.circumference: Double get() = radius * 2 * PI
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
index 214495dfe..4ffd4dcab 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
@@ -3,43 +3,43 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.equalLineSegments
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-
-class TangentTest {
-    @Test
-    fun tangent() {
-        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val routes = arrayListOf<DubinsRoutes>(
-            DubinsRoutes.RSR,
-            DubinsRoutes.RSL,
-            DubinsRoutes.LSR,
-            DubinsRoutes.LSL
-        )
-        val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
-                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
-                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
-                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
-                end = vector(4.0, -1.0))
-        )
-
-        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
-        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
-
-        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
-        for (i in segments.indices) {
-            assertTrue(equalLineSegments(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i]))
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+//package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
+//
+//import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.equalLineSegments
+//import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+//import kotlin.test.Test
+//import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+//import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+//
+//class TangentTest {
+//    @Test
+//    fun tangent() {
+//        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+//        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+//        val routes = arrayListOf<DubinsRoutes>(
+//            DubinsRoutes.RSR,
+//            DubinsRoutes.RSL,
+//            DubinsRoutes.LSR,
+//            DubinsRoutes.LSL
+//        )
+//        val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
+//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
+//                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
+//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
+//                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
+//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
+//                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
+//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
+//                end = vector(4.0, -1.0))
+//        )
+//
+//        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+//        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
+//        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
+//
+//        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
+//        for (i in segments.indices) {
+//            assertTrue(equalLineSegments(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i]))
+//        }
+//    }
+//}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9546a8d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
+import kotlin.math.*
+
+public enum class DubinsRoutes {
+    RSR, RSL, LSR, LSL
+}
+
+public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): Map<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
+    val R1 = this.radius
+    val R2 = other.radius
+    val line = LineSegment(this.center, other.center)
+    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - this.center.x, other.center.y - this.center.y)
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsRoutes.RSR to Pair(R1, R2),
+        DubinsRoutes.RSL to Pair(R1, -R2),
+        DubinsRoutes.LSR to Pair(-R1, R2),
+        DubinsRoutes.LSL to Pair(-R1, -R2)
+    )
+    val segments = mutableMapOf<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
+    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+        val r1 = r1r2.first
+        val r2 = r1r2.second
+        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+        } else {
+            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+        }
+        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+        } else {
+            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
+        }
+        val W = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+        segments[route] = LineSegment(
+            Euclidean2DSpace.add(this.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r1)),
+            Euclidean2DSpace.add(other.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r2))
+        )
+    }
+    return segments
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cfa2fa52b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.equalLineSegments
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+class TangentTest {
+    @Test
+    fun tangent() {
+        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        val routes = arrayListOf<DubinsRoutes>(
+            DubinsRoutes.RSR,
+            DubinsRoutes.RSL,
+            DubinsRoutes.LSR,
+            DubinsRoutes.LSL
+        )
+        val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
+                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
+                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
+                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
+            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
+                end = vector(4.0, -1.0))
+        )
+
+        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
+        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
+
+        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
+        for (i in segments.indices) {
+            assertTrue(equalLineSegments(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i]))
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 8998a394b34e6946f820d27521b40cd67ba3a33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 15 Feb 2023 17:55:39 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 36/72] tangentsToCircle fixed

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     |  1 -
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt    | 45 -------------------
 2 files changed, 46 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index 6413edce9..adc3a8b85 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.line(algebra: GeometrySpace<V>): Line<V>
     Line(begin, end - begin)
 }
 
-
 public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double, maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001):
         Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ffd4dcab..000000000
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/TangentTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-//package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
-//
-//import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.equalLineSegments
-//import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-//import kotlin.test.Test
-//import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-//import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-//
-//class TangentTest {
-//    @Test
-//    fun tangent() {
-//        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-//        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-//        val routes = arrayListOf<DubinsRoutes>(
-//            DubinsRoutes.RSR,
-//            DubinsRoutes.RSL,
-//            DubinsRoutes.LSR,
-//            DubinsRoutes.LSL
-//        )
-//        val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
-//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
-//                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
-//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
-//                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
-//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
-//                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
-//            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
-//                end = vector(4.0, -1.0))
-//        )
-//
-//        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-//        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
-//        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
-//
-//        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
-//        for (i in segments.indices) {
-//            assertTrue(equalLineSegments(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i]))
-//        }
-//    }
-//}
\ No newline at end of file

From 7d897ad8cb6758b57d9bc08d3ec7250caae944dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Feb 2023 10:29:12 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 37/72] Cleanup after circle tangent changes

---
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt        |  7 ---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     |  3 -
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt | 38 +++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt      | 55 ------------------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      | 53 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt  | 56 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt  | 48 ----------------
 7 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 113 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
index dc05f6648..3df8dba7b 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean2DSpace.kt
@@ -85,13 +85,6 @@ public object Euclidean2DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector2D>,
     override fun scale(a: DoubleVector2D, value: Double): DoubleVector2D = vector(a.x * value, a.y * value)
     override fun DoubleVector2D.dot(other: DoubleVector2D): Double = x * other.x + y * other.y
 
-    public fun equalLineSegments(line1: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>, line2: LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>): Boolean {
-        val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
-        return line1.begin.x.equalFloat(line2.begin.x) && line1.begin.y.equalFloat(line2.begin.y) &&
-                line1.end.x.equalFloat(line2.end.x) && line1.end.y.equalFloat(line2.end.y)
-    }
-
-
     public val xAxis: DoubleVector2D = vector(1.0, 0.0)
     public val yAxis: DoubleVector2D = vector(0.0, 1.0)
 }
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index adc3a8b85..ab322ddca 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -27,8 +27,5 @@ public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.line(algebra: GeometrySpace<V>): Line<V>
     Line(begin, end - begin)
 }
 
-public fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double, maxFloatDelta: Double = 0.000001):
-        Boolean = kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
-
 public typealias LineSegment2D = LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>
 public typealias LineSegment3D = LineSegment<DoubleVector3D>
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..023355a0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
+
+internal const val defaultPrecision = 1e-6
+
+public fun Double.equalsFloat(other: Double, precision: Double = defaultPrecision): Boolean =
+    kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < precision
+
+public fun Double.equalsFloat(other: Float, precision: Double = defaultPrecision): Boolean =
+    kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < precision
+
+public fun <V : Vector> V.equalsVector(
+    space: GeometrySpace<V>,
+    other: V,
+    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+): Boolean = with(space) {
+    norm(this@equalsVector - other) < precision
+}
+
+public fun Float64Vector2D.equalsVector(
+    other: Float64Vector2D,
+    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+): Boolean = equalsVector(Euclidean2DSpace, other, precision)
+
+public fun Float64Vector3D.equalsVector(
+    other: Float64Vector3D,
+    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+): Boolean = equalsVector(Euclidean3DSpace, other, precision)
+
+public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.equalsLine(
+    space: GeometrySpace<V>,
+    other: LineSegment<V>,
+    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+): Boolean = begin.equalsVector(space, other.begin, precision) && end.equalsVector(space, other.end, precision)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 9546a8d64..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Tangent.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
-import kotlin.math.*
-
-public enum class DubinsRoutes {
-    RSR, RSL, LSR, LSL
-}
-
-public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(other: Circle2D): Map<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> {
-    val R1 = this.radius
-    val R2 = other.radius
-    val line = LineSegment(this.center, other.center)
-    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - this.center.x, other.center.y - this.center.y)
-    var r: Double
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf(
-        DubinsRoutes.RSR to Pair(R1, R2),
-        DubinsRoutes.RSL to Pair(R1, -R2),
-        DubinsRoutes.LSR to Pair(-R1, R2),
-        DubinsRoutes.LSL to Pair(-R1, -R2)
-    )
-    val segments = mutableMapOf<DubinsRoutes, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>()
-    for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-        val r1 = r1r2.first
-        val r2 = r1r2.second
-        r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-            r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-        } else {
-            r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-        }
-        val L = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-        } else {
-            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, L)
-        }
-        val W = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-        segments[route] = LineSegment(
-            Euclidean2DSpace.add(this.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r1)),
-            Euclidean2DSpace.add(other.center, Euclidean2DSpace.scale(W, r2))
-        )
-    }
-    return segments
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..70a1ac696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
+import kotlin.math.*
+
+public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
+    other: Circle2D,
+): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
+    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
+    )
+    return buildMap {
+        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+            val r1 = r1r2.first
+            val r2 = r1r2.second
+            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+            } else {
+                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+            }
+            val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+            angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+            } else {
+                angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+            }
+            val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+            put(
+                route,
+                LineSegment(
+                    center + w * r1,
+                    other.center + w * r2
+                )
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1cf2f800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsLine
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+class TangentTest {
+    @Test
+    fun tangent() {
+        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        val routes = listOf(
+            DubinsPath.Type.RSR,
+            DubinsPath.Type.RSL,
+            DubinsPath.Type.LSR,
+            DubinsPath.Type.LSL
+        )
+        val segments = listOf(
+            LineSegment(
+                begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
+                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)
+            ),
+            LineSegment(
+                begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
+                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)
+            ),
+            LineSegment(
+                begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
+                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)
+            ),
+            LineSegment(
+                begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
+                end = vector(4.0, -1.0)
+            )
+        )
+
+        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
+        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
+
+        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
+        for (i in segments.indices) {
+            assertTrue(segments[i].equalsLine(Euclidean2DSpace, tangentMapValues[i]))
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index cfa2fa52b..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/TangentTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.equalLineSegments
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-
-class TangentTest {
-    @Test
-    fun tangent() {
-        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val routes = arrayListOf<DubinsRoutes>(
-            DubinsRoutes.RSR,
-            DubinsRoutes.RSL,
-            DubinsRoutes.LSR,
-            DubinsRoutes.LSL
-        )
-        val segments = arrayListOf<LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>>(
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
-                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)),
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
-                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)),
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
-                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)),
-            LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>(begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
-                end = vector(4.0, -1.0))
-        )
-
-        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
-        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
-
-        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
-        for (i in segments.indices) {
-            assertTrue(equalLineSegments(segments[i], tangentMapValues[i]))
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file

From 67316c4a70cee2814ef2e65dece45077bef7c894 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Feb 2023 10:39:25 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 38/72] Add documentation after circle tangent changes

---
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/GeometrySpace.kt  |  7 ++++
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt | 32 +++++++++++++++----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      |  4 +++
 3 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/GeometrySpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/GeometrySpace.kt
index 854d84b65..d6d7e5725 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/GeometrySpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/GeometrySpace.kt
@@ -21,4 +21,11 @@ public interface GeometrySpace<V : Vector> : Group<V>, ScaleOperations<V>, Norm<
      * Scalar product
      */
     public infix fun V.dot(other: V): Double
+
+    public companion object{
+        /**
+         * Default precision for geometry objects comparison
+         */
+        internal const val DEFAULT_PRECISION = 1e-6
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt
index 023355a0f..ea46ab90f 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/floatPrecision.kt
@@ -5,34 +5,52 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
-internal const val defaultPrecision = 1e-6
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.GeometrySpace.Companion.DEFAULT_PRECISION
 
-public fun Double.equalsFloat(other: Double, precision: Double = defaultPrecision): Boolean =
+/**
+ * Float equality within given [precision]
+ */
+public fun Double.equalsFloat(other: Double, precision: Double = DEFAULT_PRECISION): Boolean =
     kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < precision
 
-public fun Double.equalsFloat(other: Float, precision: Double = defaultPrecision): Boolean =
+/**
+ * Float equality within given [precision]
+ */
+public fun Double.equalsFloat(other: Float, precision: Double = DEFAULT_PRECISION): Boolean =
     kotlin.math.abs(this - other) < precision
 
+/**
+ * Vector equality within given [precision] (using [GeometrySpace.norm] provided by the space
+ */
 public fun <V : Vector> V.equalsVector(
     space: GeometrySpace<V>,
     other: V,
-    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+    precision: Double = DEFAULT_PRECISION,
 ): Boolean = with(space) {
     norm(this@equalsVector - other) < precision
 }
 
+/**
+ * Vector equality using Euclidian L2 norm and given [precision]
+ */
 public fun Float64Vector2D.equalsVector(
     other: Float64Vector2D,
-    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+    precision: Double = DEFAULT_PRECISION,
 ): Boolean = equalsVector(Euclidean2DSpace, other, precision)
 
+/**
+ * Vector equality using Euclidian L2 norm and given [precision]
+ */
 public fun Float64Vector3D.equalsVector(
     other: Float64Vector3D,
-    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+    precision: Double = DEFAULT_PRECISION,
 ): Boolean = equalsVector(Euclidean3DSpace, other, precision)
 
+/**
+ * Line equality using [GeometrySpace.norm] provided by the [space] and given [precision]
+ */
 public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.equalsLine(
     space: GeometrySpace<V>,
     other: LineSegment<V>,
-    precision: Double = defaultPrecision,
+    precision: Double = DEFAULT_PRECISION,
 ): Boolean = begin.equalsVector(space, other.begin, precision) && end.equalsVector(space, other.end, precision)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
index 70a1ac696..cf5bcd11d 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
 import kotlin.math.*
 
+/**
+ * Create inner and outer tangents between two circles.
+ * This method returns a map of segments using [DubinsPath] connection type notation.
+ */
 public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
     other: Circle2D,
 ): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {

From ed4aa47913c2cc982e9a325e3635774d00d01dec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Feb 2023 10:57:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 39/72] Minor refactoring of tangents

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt    |  4 +---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt     |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt    |  3 ++-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt     | 10 +++-------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |  7 ++++++-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt  |  3 +--
 6 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index 7e0a8c1c0..e5f60e025 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -100,9 +100,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
             val pose1 = calculatePose(start, s1.bearing, direction)
             val pose2 = calculatePose(end, s2.bearing, direction)
             val trajectory = CircleTrajectory2D(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
-            if (trajectory.direction != direction) {
-                error("Trajectory direction mismatch")
-            }
+            if (trajectory.direction != direction) error("Trajectory direction mismatch")
             return trajectory
         }
     }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
index c1cf2f800..42442a55f 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class TangentTest {
     @Test
-    fun tangent() {
+    fun tangents() {
         val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
         val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
         val routes = listOf(
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
index 0e14ae736..481ea4786 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.dubins
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.*
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@ class DubinsTests {
             val path = dubins.find { p -> DubinsPath.trajectoryTypeOf(p) === it.key }
             assertNotNull(path, "Path ${it.key} not found")
             println("${it.key}: ${path.length}")
-            assertTrue(it.value.equalFloat(path.length))
+            assertTrue(it.value.equalsFloat(path.length))
 
             val a = path.segments[0] as CircleTrajectory2D
             val b = path.segments[1]
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
index c69ad24f1..24685f528 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
@@ -6,20 +6,16 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.radians
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.sin
-import kotlin.math.PI
-import kotlin.math.abs
 
-const val maxFloatDelta = 0.000001
 
-fun Double.radiansToDegrees() = this * 180 / PI
-
-fun Double.equalFloat(other: Double) = abs(this - other) < maxFloatDelta
 fun DubinsPose2D.equalsFloat(other: DubinsPose2D) =
-    x.equalFloat(other.x) && y.equalFloat(other.y) && bearing.radians.equalFloat(other.bearing.radians)
+    x.equalsFloat(other.x) && y.equalsFloat(other.y) && bearing.radians.equalsFloat(other.bearing.radians)
 
 fun StraightTrajectory2D.inverse() = StraightTrajectory2D(end, start)
+
 fun StraightTrajectory2D.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory2D = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
     val dX = width * sin(inverse().bearing)
     val dY = width * sin(bearing)
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
index 643f9eaaa..7594aa046 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@ class ArcTests {
     @Test
     fun arcTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
         val circle = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 2.0)
-        val arc = CircleTrajectory2D.of(circle.center, vector(-2.0, 0.0), vector(0.0, 2.0), CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val arc = CircleTrajectory2D.of(
+            circle.center,
+            vector(-2.0, 0.0),
+            vector(0.0, 2.0),
+            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT
+        )
         assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
         assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.degrees)
         assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.bearing.degrees)
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
index 5321fb1a1..27434b874 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.maxFloatDelta
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
@@ -20,6 +19,6 @@ class CircleTests {
         val radius = 2.0
         val expectedCircumference = 12.56637
         val circle = Circle2D(center, radius)
-        assertEquals(expectedCircumference, circle.circumference, maxFloatDelta)
+        assertEquals(expectedCircumference, circle.circumference)
     }
 }

From cc0fb2a718a3981332328b75ce2a86b4610b161d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Thu, 16 Feb 2023 18:47:42 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 40/72] non-existence of tangents throws exception

---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      | 31 +++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt  | 25 +++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
index cf5bcd11d..945b140c2 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -38,20 +38,25 @@ public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
             } else {
                 r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
             }
-            val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-            angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-            } else {
-                angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-            }
-            val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-            put(
-                route,
-                LineSegment(
-                    center + w * r1,
-                    other.center + w * r2
+            if (d * d > r * r) {
+                val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                } else {
+                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                }
+                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                put(
+                    route,
+                    LineSegment(
+                        center + w * r1,
+                        other.center + w * r2
+                    )
                 )
-            )
+            }
+            else {
+                throw Exception("Circles should not be")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
index 42442a55f..3e87b47de 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsLine
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 
 class TangentTest {
     @Test
@@ -53,4 +54,28 @@ class TangentTest {
             assertTrue(segments[i].equalsLine(Euclidean2DSpace, tangentMapValues[i]))
         }
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun nonExistingTangents() {
+        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
+            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 10.0)
+            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+        }
+        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
+            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 10.0)
+            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+        }
+        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
+            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(2.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+        }
+        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
+            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.5, 0.0), 1.0)
+            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+        }
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 04127fc3f2b781a2e66b95b8b2d63629dca15220 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Feb 2023 18:53:03 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 41/72] Fix tests

---
 gradle.properties                             |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      | 48 +++++++++----------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt  | 40 +++++++---------
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt  |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 16cdd3551..cc44b5b02 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.14.0-kotlin-1.8.10
+toolsVersion=0.14.1-kotlin-1.8.10
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
index 945b140c2..d3165e162 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
@@ -18,10 +15,14 @@ import kotlin.math.*
 public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
     other: Circle2D,
 ): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    //return empty map for concentric circles
+    if(center.equalsVector(other.center)) return@tangentsToCircle emptyMap()
+
+    // A line connecting centers
     val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
-    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    // Distance between centers
+    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
     val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
-    var r: Double
     var angle2: Double
     val routes = mapOf(
         DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
@@ -33,30 +34,27 @@ public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
         for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
             val r1 = r1r2.first
             val r2 = r1r2.second
-            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+            val r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
                 r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
             } else {
                 r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
             }
-            if (d * d > r * r) {
-                val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                } else {
-                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                }
-                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                put(
-                    route,
-                    LineSegment(
-                        center + w * r1,
-                        other.center + w * r2
-                    )
+            if (distance <= r) TODO("Intersecting circles are not supported yet")
+            val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
+            angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+            } else {
+                angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+            }
+            val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+            put(
+                route,
+                LineSegment(
+                    center + w * r1,
+                    other.center + w * r2
                 )
-            }
-            else {
-                throw Exception("Circles should not be")
-            }
+            )
+
         }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
index 3e87b47de..6d4493124 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsLine
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 
 class TangentTest {
     @Test
@@ -56,26 +55,23 @@ class TangentTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun nonExistingTangents() {
-        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
-            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 10.0)
-            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        }
-        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
-            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 10.0)
-            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        }
-        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
-            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(2.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        }
-        assertFailsWith<Exception> {
-            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.5, 0.0), 1.0)
-            val segments = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        }
+    fun concentric(){
+        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 10.0)
+        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+        assertEquals(emptyMap(), c1.tangentsToCircle(c2))
     }
+//
+//    @Test
+//    fun nonExistingTangents() {
+//        assertFailsWith<NotImplementedError> {
+//            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+//            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(2.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+//            c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+//        }
+//        assertFailsWith<NotImplementedError> {
+//            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
+//            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.5, 0.0), 1.0)
+//            c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
+//        }
+//    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
index 27434b874..c3fca06ec 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
@@ -19,6 +19,6 @@ class CircleTests {
         val radius = 2.0
         val expectedCircumference = 12.56637
         val circle = Circle2D(center, radius)
-        assertEquals(expectedCircumference, circle.circumference)
+        assertEquals(expectedCircumference, circle.circumference, 1e-4)
     }
 }

From db61f7144089056ae184fd1b28c1dd0db2c5fd6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Feb 2023 19:04:07 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 42/72] update build tools

---
 gradle.properties | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index cc44b5b02..c3f070c2d 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.14.1-kotlin-1.8.10
+toolsVersion=0.14.2-kotlin-1.8.10
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true

From 2c13386646a6f3f38523e9546eccf38343251163 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 1 Mar 2023 10:40:54 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 43/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     |   1 +
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 413 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 110 +++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      |  66 ++-
 4 files changed, 583 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index ab322ddca..e593150f1 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
 
 /**
  * A line formed by [base] vector of start and a [direction] vector. Direction vector is not necessarily normalized,
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56aa88e4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.minus
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.plus
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.times
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.norm
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
+import kotlin.math.*
+
+public fun LineSegment2D.length(): Double {
+    return ((end.y - begin.y).pow(2.0) + (end.x - begin.x).pow(2.0)).pow(0.5)
+}
+public class DubinsObstacle(
+    public val circles: List<Circle2D>
+) {
+    public val tangents: List<DubinsTangent> = boundaryTangents().first
+    public val boundaryRoute: DubinsPath.Type = boundaryTangents().second
+    public val center: Vector2D<Double> =
+        vector(this.circles.sumOf{it.center.x} / this.circles.size,
+               this.circles.sumOf{it.center.y} / this.circles.size)
+    private fun boundaryTangents(): Pair<List<DubinsTangent>, DubinsPath.Type> {
+        // outer tangents for a polygon circles can be either lsl or rsr
+
+        fun Circle2D.dubinsTangentsToCircles(
+            other: Circle2D,
+        ): Map<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+            val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
+            val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+            val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
+            var r: Double
+            var angle2: Double
+            val routes = mapOf(
+                DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
+                DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
+                DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
+                DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
+            )
+            return buildMap {
+                for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+                    val r1 = r1r2.first
+                    val r2 = r1r2.second
+                    r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                        r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+                    } else {
+                        r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+                    }
+                    if (d * d > r * r) {
+                        val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+                        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                        } else {
+                            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                        }
+                        val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                        put(route, DubinsTangent(Circle2D(center, radius),
+                            other,
+                            this@DubinsObstacle,
+                            this@DubinsObstacle,
+                            LineSegment2D(
+                                center + w * r1,
+                                other.center + w * r2
+                            ),
+                            DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        val firstCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size..-1)
+        val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size+1..0)
+        val lslTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
+        {a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.LSL]!!}
+        val rsrTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
+        {a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.RSR]!!}
+        val center = vector(
+            this.circles.sumOf { it.center.x } / this.circles.size,
+            this.circles.sumOf { it.center.y } / this.circles.size
+        )
+        val lslToCenter = lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
+                lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
+        val rsrToCenter = rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
+                rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
+        return if (rsrToCenter >= lslToCenter) {
+            Pair(rsrTangents, DubinsPath.Type.RSR)
+        } else {
+            Pair(lslTangents, DubinsPath.Type.LSL)
+        }
+    }
+
+    public fun nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, route: DubinsPath.Type): DubinsTangent {
+        if (route == this.boundaryRoute) {
+            for (i in this.circles.indices) {
+                if (this.circles[i] == circle) {
+                    return this.tangents[i]
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            for (i in this.circles.indices) {
+                if (this.circles[i] == circle) {
+                    return DubinsTangent(this.circles[i],
+                                         this.circles[i-1],
+                                         this,
+                                         this,
+                                         LineSegment2D(this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.end,
+                                                        this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.begin),
+                                         DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+    error("next tangent not found")
+    }
+
+    public fun equals(other: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
+        return this.circles == other.circles
+    }
+}
+
+public data class DubinsTangent(val startCircle: Circle2D,
+                                val endCircle: Circle2D,
+                                val startObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
+                                val endObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
+                                val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
+                                val route: PathTypes)
+
+public fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
+    fun crossProduct(v1: DoubleVector2D, v2: DoubleVector2D): Double {
+        return v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x
+    }
+    if (crossProduct(other.begin - this.begin, other.end - this.begin).sign ==
+        crossProduct(other.begin - this.end, other.end - this.end).sign) {
+        return false
+    }
+    if (crossProduct(this.begin - other.begin, this.end - other.begin).sign ==
+        crossProduct(this.begin - other.end, this.end - other.end).sign) {
+        return false
+    }
+    return true
+}
+
+public fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
+    val a = (this.begin.x - this.end.x).pow(2.0) + (this.begin.y - this.end.y).pow(2.0)
+    val b = 2 * ((this.begin.x - this.end.x) * (this.end.x - circle.center.x) +
+            (this.begin.y - this.end.y) * (this.end.y - circle.center.y))
+    val c = (this.end.x - circle.center.x).pow(2.0) + (this.end.y - circle.center.y) -
+            circle.radius.pow(2.0)
+    val d = b.pow(2.0) - 4 * a * c
+    if (d < 1e-6) {
+        return false
+    }
+    else {
+        val t1 = (-b - d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
+        val t2 = (-b + d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
+        if (((0 < t1) and (t1 < 1)) or ((0 < t2) and (t2 < 1))) {
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+    return false
+}
+
+public fun DubinsTangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
+    for (tangent in obstacle.tangents) {
+        if (this.lineSegment.intersectSegment(tangent.lineSegment)) {
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+    for (circle in obstacle.circles) {
+        if (this.lineSegment.intersectCircle(circle)) {
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+    return false
+}
+
+public fun outerTangents(first: DubinsObstacle, second: DubinsObstacle): MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> {
+    return buildMap {
+        for (circle1 in first.circles) {
+            for (circle2 in second.circles) {
+                for (tangent in dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2, first, second)) {
+                    if (!(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(first))
+                        and !(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(second))) {
+                        put(
+                            tangent.key,
+                            tangent.value
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }.toMutableMap()
+}
+
+public fun arcLength(circle: Circle2D,
+                     point1: DoubleVector2D,
+                     point2: DoubleVector2D,
+                     route: DubinsPath.SimpleType): Double {
+    val phi1 = atan2(point1.y - circle.center.y, point1.x - circle.center.x)
+    val phi2 = atan2(point2.y - circle.center.y, point2.x - circle.center.x)
+    var angle = 0.0
+    when (route) {
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L -> {
+            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
+                phi2 - phi1
+            } else {
+                2 * PI + phi2 - phi1
+            }
+        }
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R -> {
+            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
+                2 * PI - (phi2 - phi1)
+            } else {
+                -(phi2 - phi1)
+            }
+        }
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S -> {
+            error("L or R route is expected")
+        }
+    }
+    return circle.radius * angle
+}
+
+public fun normalVectors(v: DoubleVector2D, r: Double): Pair<DoubleVector2D, DoubleVector2D> {
+    return Pair(
+        r * vector(v.y / norm(v), -v.x / norm(v)),
+        r * vector(-v.y / norm(v), v.x / norm(v))
+    )
+}
+
+public fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
+                                   direction: DoubleVector2D,
+                                   r: Double): Map<DubinsPath.SimpleType, Circle2D> {
+    val center1 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).first
+    val center2 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).second
+    val p1 = center1 - point
+    val p2 = center2 - point
+    return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(p2.y, p2.x) in listOf(PI/2, -3*PI/2)) {
+        mapOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
+            DubinsPath.SimpleType.R to Circle2D(center2, r))
+    }
+    else {
+        mapOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L to Circle2D(center2, r),
+            DubinsPath.SimpleType.R to Circle2D(center1, r))
+    }
+}
+
+public fun sortedObstacles(currentObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
+                           obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>): List<DubinsObstacle> {
+    return obstacles.sortedBy {norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center)}.reversed()
+}
+
+public fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
+                                    initialRoute: DubinsPath.Type,
+                                    finalCircle: Circle2D,
+                                    obstacle: DubinsObstacle): MutableList<DubinsTangent> {
+    val dubinsTangents = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
+    var tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(initialCircle, initialRoute)
+    dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
+    while (tangent.endCircle != finalCircle) {
+        tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(tangent.endCircle, initialRoute)
+        dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
+    }
+    return dubinsTangents
+}
+
+public fun allFinished(paths: List<List<DubinsTangent>>,
+                       finalObstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
+    for (path in paths) {
+        if (path[-1].endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+    return true
+}
+
+public fun pathLength(path: List<DubinsTangent>): Double {
+    val tangentsLength = path.sumOf{norm(it.lineSegment.end - it.lineSegment.begin)}
+    val arcsLength = buildList<Double>{
+        for (i in 1..path.size) {
+            add(arcLength(path[i].startCircle,
+                path[i-1].lineSegment.end,
+                path[i].lineSegment.begin,
+                path[i].route[0]))
+        }
+    }.sum()
+    return tangentsLength + arcsLength
+}
+
+public fun shortestPath(path: List<List<DubinsTangent>>): List<List<DubinsTangent>> {
+    return path.sortedBy { pathLength(it) }
+}
+
+public typealias Path = List<DubinsTangent>
+public fun findAllPaths(
+    startingPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+    startingDirection: DoubleVector2D,
+    startingRadius: Double,
+    finalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+    finalDirection: DoubleVector2D,
+    finalRadius: Double,
+    obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>
+) {
+    val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
+        startingPoint,
+        startingDirection,
+        startingRadius)
+    val finalCircles = constructTangentCircles(
+        finalPoint,
+        finalDirection,
+        finalRadius)
+    var outputTangents = mutableMapOf<PathTypes, List<Path>>()
+    for (i in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
+        for (j in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
+            val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
+            val finalObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
+            outputTangents[listOf(i,
+                           DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                           j)] = listOf(
+                                    listOf(DubinsTangent(
+                                        initialCircles[i]!!,
+                                        initialCircles[i]!!,
+                                        DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
+                                        DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
+                                        LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
+                                        listOf(i, DubinsPath.SimpleType.S, i)
+                                    )))
+            var currentObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!))
+            while (!allFinished(outputTangents[listOf(i,
+                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                    j)]!!, finalObstacle)) {
+                var newOutputTangents = listOf<Path>()
+                for (line in outputTangents[listOf(i,
+                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                    j)]!!) {
+                    var currentCircle = line[-1].endCircle
+                    var currentDirection = line[-1].route[-1]
+                    var currentObstacle = line[-1].endObstacle
+                    var nextObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf())
+                    if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
+                        var tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
+                            currentDirection,
+                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                            j)
+                        )]
+                        for (obstacle in sortedObstacles(currentObstacle, obstacles)) {
+                            if (tangentToFinal!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
+                                nextObstacle = obstacle
+                                break
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (nextObstacle == DubinsObstacle(listOf())) {
+                            nextObstacle = finalObstacle
+                        }
+                        var nextTangents = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
+//                        for (pathType in listOf(
+//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.L),
+//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.R),
+//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.L),
+//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)
+//                        )) {
+                        for (pathType in nextTangents.keys) {
+                            for (obstacle in obstacles) {
+                                // in Python code here try/except was used, but seems unneeded
+                                if (nextTangents[pathType]!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
+                                    nextTangents.remove(pathType)
+                                }
+
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (nextObstacle == finalObstacle) {
+                            nextTangents =
+                                nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection) and
+                                    (DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == j)}
+                                    as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            nextTangents =
+                                nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection)}
+                                        as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
+                        }
+                        TODO("rewrite fragment from Python")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 568ef691a..5654d10ae 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -77,10 +77,118 @@ private fun innerTangent(
 @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
 public object DubinsPath {
 
+//    public class ArcType(private val type: Type){
+//        public val first: SimpleType
+//            get() {
+//                if (this.type in listOf(Type.RSR, Type.RSL, Type.RLR)) {
+//                    return SimpleType.R
+//                }
+//                else if (type in listOf(Type.LSL, Type.LSR, Type.LRL)) {
+//                    return SimpleType.L
+//                }
+//                error("Wrong DubinsPath.Type")
+//            }
+//
+//        public val last: SimpleType
+//            get() {
+//                if (type in listOf(Type.RSR, Type.LSR, Type.RLR)) {
+//                    return SimpleType.R
+//                }
+//                else if (type in listOf(Type.LSL, Type.RSL, Type.LRL)) {
+//                    return SimpleType.L
+//                }
+//                error("Wrong DubinsPath.Type")
+//            }
+//        public val intermediate: SimpleType
+//            get() {
+//                if (type == Type.RLR) {
+//                    return SimpleType.L
+//                }
+//                else if (type == Type.LRL) {
+//                    return SimpleType.R
+//                }
+//                error("This DubinsPath.Type doesn't contain intermediate arc")
+//            }
+//    }
+
+    public enum class SimpleType {
+        R, S, L
+    }
+
     public enum class Type {
         RLR, LRL, RSR, LSL, RSL, LSR
     }
 
+    public fun toSimpleTypes(type: Type): List<SimpleType> {
+        when (type) {
+            Type.RLR -> {
+                return listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R)
+            }
+            Type.LRL -> {
+                return listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L)
+            }
+            Type.RSR -> {
+                return listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R)
+            }
+            Type.LSL -> {
+                return listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L)
+            }
+            Type.RSL -> {
+                return listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L)
+            }
+            Type.LSR -> {
+                return listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R)
+            }
+            else -> error("This type doesn't exist")
+        }
+    }
+
+    public fun toType(types: List<SimpleType>): Type {
+        when (types) {
+            listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R) -> {
+                return Type.RLR
+            }
+            listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L) -> {
+                return Type.LRL
+            }
+            listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
+                return Type.RSR
+            }
+            listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
+                return Type.LSL
+            }
+            listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
+                return Type.RSL
+            }
+            listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
+                return Type.LSR
+            }
+            else -> error("This type doesn't exist")
+        }
+    }
+
+//    public class PathTypes(private val inputTypes: List<SimpleType>) {
+//        public val type: Type
+//            get() {
+//                when (this.inputTypes) {
+//                    listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
+//                        return Type.RSR
+//                    }
+//                    listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
+//                        return Type.RSL
+//                    }
+//                    listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
+//                        return Type.LSR
+//                    }
+//                    listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
+//                        return Type.LSL
+//                    }
+//                    else -> error("Wrong list of SimpleTypes")
+//                }
+//            }
+//        public val chain: List<SimpleType> = this.inputTypes
+//    }
+
     /**
      * Return Dubins trajectory type or null if trajectory is not a Dubins path
      */
@@ -243,6 +351,8 @@ public object DubinsPath {
     }
 }
 
+public typealias PathTypes = List<DubinsPath.SimpleType>
+
 public fun interface MaxCurvature {
     public fun compute(startPoint: PhaseVector2D): Double
 }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
index 945b140c2..2d935aa00 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.plus
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.times
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
 import kotlin.math.*
 
 /**
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import kotlin.math.*
  */
 public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
     other: Circle2D,
-): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment2D> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
     val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
     val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
     val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
@@ -48,14 +48,66 @@ public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
                 val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
                 put(
                     route,
-                    LineSegment(
+                    LineSegment2D(
                         center + w * r1,
                         other.center + w * r2
                     )
                 )
             }
             else {
-                throw Exception("Circles should not be")
+                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
+    firstCircle: Circle2D,
+    secondCircle: Circle2D,
+    firstObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
+    secondObstacle: DubinsObstacle
+): Map<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    val line = LineSegment(firstCircle.center, secondCircle.center)
+    val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(secondCircle.center.x - firstCircle.center.x,
+        secondCircle.center.y - firstCircle.center.y)
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius)
+    )
+    return buildMap {
+        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+            val r1 = r1r2.first
+            val r2 = r1r2.second
+            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+            } else {
+                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+            }
+            if (d * d > r * r) {
+                val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                } else {
+                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                }
+                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                put(route, DubinsTangent(Circle2D(firstCircle.center, firstCircle.radius),
+                    secondCircle,
+                    firstObstacle,
+                    secondObstacle,
+                    LineSegment2D(
+                        firstCircle.center + w * r1,
+                        secondCircle.center + w * r2
+                    ),
+                    DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                )
+            } else {
+                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
             }
         }
     }

From 61d43ae5faa05f8c9d90d6519897a7f0ebd6b77a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Sat, 4 Mar 2023 21:31:06 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 44/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 144 ++++++++++++++----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      |  82 ++++++++--
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt   |  39 +++++
 3 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
index 56aa88e4a..e1c967e2a 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ public fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
 public fun allFinished(paths: List<List<DubinsTangent>>,
                        finalObstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
     for (path in paths) {
-        if (path[-1].endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
+        if (path.last().endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
             return false
         }
     }
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@ public fun pathLength(path: List<DubinsTangent>): Double {
     return tangentsLength + arcsLength
 }
 
-public fun shortestPath(path: List<List<DubinsTangent>>): List<List<DubinsTangent>> {
-    return path.sortedBy { pathLength(it) }
+public fun shortestPath(path: List<List<DubinsTangent>>): List<DubinsTangent> {
+    return path.sortedBy { pathLength(it) }[0]
 }
 
 public typealias Path = List<DubinsTangent>
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
     finalDirection: DoubleVector2D,
     finalRadius: Double,
     obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>
-) {
+): List<MutableList<DubinsTangent>> {
     val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
         startingPoint,
         startingDirection,
@@ -318,15 +318,15 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
         finalPoint,
         finalDirection,
         finalRadius)
-    var outputTangents = mutableMapOf<PathTypes, List<Path>>()
+    var outputTangents = mutableMapOf<PathTypes, MutableList<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>>()
     for (i in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
         for (j in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
             val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
             val finalObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
             outputTangents[listOf(i,
                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                           j)] = listOf(
-                                    listOf(DubinsTangent(
+                           j)] = mutableListOf(
+                                    mutableListOf(DubinsTangent(
                                         initialCircles[i]!!,
                                         initialCircles[i]!!,
                                         DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
@@ -338,13 +338,13 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
             while (!allFinished(outputTangents[listOf(i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j)]!!, finalObstacle)) {
-                var newOutputTangents = listOf<Path>()
+                var newOutputTangents = mutableListOf<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>()
                 for (line in outputTangents[listOf(i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j)]!!) {
-                    var currentCircle = line[-1].endCircle
-                    var currentDirection = line[-1].route[-1]
-                    var currentObstacle = line[-1].endObstacle
+                    var currentCircle = line.last().endCircle
+                    var currentDirection = line.last().route.last()
+                    var currentObstacle = line.last().endObstacle
                     var nextObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf())
                     if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
                         var tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
@@ -362,20 +362,7 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                             nextObstacle = finalObstacle
                         }
                         var nextTangents = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
-//                        for (pathType in listOf(
-//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.L),
-//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.R),
-//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.L),
-//                            listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-//                                DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)
-//                        )) {
+
                         for (pathType in nextTangents.keys) {
                             for (obstacle in obstacles) {
                                 // in Python code here try/except was used, but seems unneeded
@@ -396,12 +383,117 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                                 nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection)}
                                         as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
                         }
-                        TODO("rewrite fragment from Python")
+                        val tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
+                        for (tangent in nextTangents.values) {
+                            if (tangent.startCircle == line.last().endCircle) {
+                                val lengthMaxPossible = arcLength(
+                                    tangent.startCircle,
+                                    line.last().lineSegment.end,
+                                    tangent.startObstacle.nextTangent(
+                                        tangent.startCircle,
+                                        DubinsPath.toType(listOf(currentDirection, DubinsPath.SimpleType.S, currentDirection)),
+                                    ).lineSegment.begin,
+                                    currentDirection
+                                    )
+                                val lengthCalculated = arcLength(
+                                    tangent.startCircle,
+                                    line.last().lineSegment.end,
+                                    tangent.lineSegment.begin,
+                                    currentDirection)
+                                if (lengthCalculated > lengthMaxPossible) {
+                                    val tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+                                        currentCircle,
+                                        DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
+                                            currentDirection,
+                                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                                            currentDirection)),
+                                        tangent.startCircle,
+                                        currentObstacle
+                                    )
+                                }
+                                else {
+                                    val tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
+                                }
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                val tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+                                    currentCircle,
+                                    DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
+                                        currentDirection,
+                                        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                                        currentDirection)),
+                                    tangent.startCircle,
+                                    currentObstacle
+                                )
+                            }
+                            newOutputTangents.add((line + tangentsAlong + listOf(tangent)).toMutableList())
+                        }
+                        outputTangents[listOf(
+                            i,
+                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                            j
+                        )] = newOutputTangents
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        // minor changes from Python code
+                        newOutputTangents.add(line)
+                        outputTangents[listOf(
+                            i,
+                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                            j
+                        )] = newOutputTangents
                     }
                 }
             }
+            for (lineId in outputTangents[listOf(
+                i,
+                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                j
+            )]!!.indices) {
+                val lastDirection = outputTangents[listOf(
+                    i,
+                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                    j
+                )]!![lineId].last().route[2]
+                outputTangents[listOf(
+                    i,
+                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                    j
+                )]!![lineId].add(DubinsTangent(
+                    finalCircles[j]!!,
+                    finalCircles[j]!!,
+                    DubinsObstacle(
+                        listOf(finalCircles[j]!!)
+                    ),
+                    DubinsObstacle(
+                        listOf(finalCircles[j]!!)
+                    ),
+                    LineSegment2D(finalPoint, finalPoint),
+                    listOf(
+                        lastDirection,
+                        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                        j
+                    )
+                ))
+            }
         }
     }
+    return outputTangents[listOf(
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L
+        )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R
+        )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L
+        )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L)]!!
 }
 
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
index d3165e162..1a58d64cc 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -39,22 +39,76 @@ public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
             } else {
                 r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
             }
-            if (distance <= r) TODO("Intersecting circles are not supported yet")
-            val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
-            angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-            } else {
-                angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-            }
-            val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-            put(
-                route,
-                LineSegment(
-                    center + w * r1,
-                    other.center + w * r2
+            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
+                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
+                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                } else {
+                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                }
+                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                put(
+                    route,
+                    LineSegment(
+                        center + w * r1,
+                        other.center + w * r2
+                    )
                 )
-            )
+            } else {
+                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
 
+public fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
+    firstCircle: Circle2D,
+    secondCircle: Circle2D,
+    firstObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
+    secondObstacle: DubinsObstacle
+): Map<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    val line = LineSegment(firstCircle.center, secondCircle.center)
+    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(secondCircle.center.x - firstCircle.center.x,
+        secondCircle.center.y - firstCircle.center.y)
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius)
+    )
+    return buildMap {
+        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+            val r1 = r1r2.first
+            val r2 = r1r2.second
+            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+            } else {
+                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+            }
+            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
+                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
+                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                } else {
+                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                }
+                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                put(route, DubinsTangent(Circle2D(firstCircle.center, firstCircle.radius),
+                    secondCircle,
+                    firstObstacle,
+                    secondObstacle,
+                    LineSegment2D(
+                        firstCircle.center + w * r1,
+                        secondCircle.center + w * r2
+                    ),
+                    DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                )
+            } else {
+                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3eefbdaeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
+
+class DubinsTest {
+    @Test
+    fun firstPath() {
+        val startPoint = vector(-5.0, -1.0)
+        val startDirection = vector(1.0, 1.0)
+        val startRadius = 0.5
+        val finalPoint = vector(20.0, 4.0)
+        val finalDirection = vector(1.0, -1.0)
+        val finalRadius = 0.5
+
+        val obstacles = listOf(DubinsObstacle(listOf(
+            Circle2D(vector(7.0, 1.0), 5.0))))
+
+        val outputTangents = findAllPaths(
+            startPoint,
+            startDirection,
+            startRadius,
+            finalPoint,
+            finalDirection,
+            finalRadius,
+            obstacles)
+        val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
+        TODO("fix negative indices in boundaryTangents and accomplish test")
+        assertTrue(false)
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 1b6a41c728150bb9374625b06045c06f8073c524 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Thu, 9 Mar 2023 08:39:20 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 45/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 30 ++++++++---------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt   | 33 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
index e1c967e2a..d3ab13f26 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
             var angle2: Double
             val routes = mapOf(
                 DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
-                DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
-                DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
+//                DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
+//                DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
                 DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
             )
             return buildMap {
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
                     } else {
                         r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
                     }
-                    if (d * d > r * r) {
+                    if (d * d >= r * r) {
                         val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
                         angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
                             angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
@@ -76,8 +76,11 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
                 }
             }
         }
-        val firstCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size..-1)
-        val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size+1..0)
+//        val firstCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size..-1)
+//        val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size+1..0)
+        val firstCircles = this.circles
+        val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(1..this.circles.lastIndex) +
+                this.circles[0]
         val lslTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
         {a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.LSL]!!}
         val rsrTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
@@ -345,7 +348,7 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                     var currentCircle = line.last().endCircle
                     var currentDirection = line.last().route.last()
                     var currentObstacle = line.last().endObstacle
-                    var nextObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf())
+                    var nextObstacle: DubinsObstacle? = null
                     if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
                         var tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
                             currentDirection,
@@ -358,7 +361,7 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                                 break
                             }
                         }
-                        if (nextObstacle == DubinsObstacle(listOf())) {
+                        if (nextObstacle == null) {
                             nextObstacle = finalObstacle
                         }
                         var nextTangents = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
@@ -372,16 +375,13 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
 
                             }
                         }
-                        if (nextObstacle == finalObstacle) {
-                            nextTangents =
-                                nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection) and
+                        nextTangents = if (nextObstacle == finalObstacle) {
+                            nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection) and
                                     (DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == j)}
                                     as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
-                        }
-                        else {
-                            nextTangents =
-                                nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection)}
-                                        as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
+                        } else {
+                            nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection)}
+                                    as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
                         }
                         val tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
                         for (tangent in nextTangents.values) {
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
index 1a58d64cc..fb1c3927b 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ public fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
                 } else {
                     angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
                 }
-                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
                 put(route, DubinsTangent(Circle2D(firstCircle.center, firstCircle.radius),
                     secondCircle,
                     firstObstacle,
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
index 3eefbdaeb..a0697c59c 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -36,4 +36,37 @@ class DubinsTest {
         TODO("fix negative indices in boundaryTangents and accomplish test")
         assertTrue(false)
     }
+    @Test
+    fun outerTangentsTest1() {
+        // works incorrectly
+        val circles1 = listOf(
+            Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0))
+        val circles2 = listOf(
+            Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 1.0)
+        )
+        println(outerTangents(DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2)))
+        assertTrue(false)
+    }
+    @Test
+    fun outerTangentsTest2() {
+        // works incorrectly
+        val circles1 = listOf(
+            Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0),
+            Circle2D(vector( 2.0, 0.0), 1.0))
+        val circles2 = listOf(
+            Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 1.0),
+            Circle2D(vector(7.0, 5.0), 1.0)
+        )
+        println(outerTangents(DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2)))
+
+        for (circle1 in circles1) {
+            for (circle2 in circles2) {
+                for (tangent in dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2,
+                    DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2))) {
+                    println(tangent)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertTrue(false)
+    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 2bce369c5dcdae8b4ba16f498fd19d31807b29df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Thu, 9 Mar 2023 16:03:48 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 46/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 38 ++++++++++++-------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt   | 37 +++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
index d3ab13f26..6b247e55b 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -111,13 +111,24 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
         else {
             for (i in this.circles.indices) {
                 if (this.circles[i] == circle) {
-                    return DubinsTangent(this.circles[i],
-                                         this.circles[i-1],
-                                         this,
-                                         this,
-                                         LineSegment2D(this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.end,
-                                                        this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.begin),
-                                         DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                    if (i > 0) {
+                        return DubinsTangent(this.circles[i],
+                            this.circles[i-1],
+                            this,
+                            this,
+                            LineSegment2D(this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.end,
+                                this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.begin),
+                            DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        return DubinsTangent(this.circles[0],
+                            this.circles.last(),
+                            this,
+                            this,
+                            LineSegment2D(this.tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
+                                this.tangents.last().lineSegment.begin),
+                            DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -156,7 +167,7 @@ public fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
     val a = (this.begin.x - this.end.x).pow(2.0) + (this.begin.y - this.end.y).pow(2.0)
     val b = 2 * ((this.begin.x - this.end.x) * (this.end.x - circle.center.x) +
             (this.begin.y - this.end.y) * (this.end.y - circle.center.y))
-    val c = (this.end.x - circle.center.x).pow(2.0) + (this.end.y - circle.center.y) -
+    val c = (this.end.x - circle.center.x).pow(2.0) + (this.end.y - circle.center.y).pow(2.0) -
             circle.radius.pow(2.0)
     val d = b.pow(2.0) - 4 * a * c
     if (d < 1e-6) {
@@ -289,7 +300,7 @@ public fun allFinished(paths: List<List<DubinsTangent>>,
 public fun pathLength(path: List<DubinsTangent>): Double {
     val tangentsLength = path.sumOf{norm(it.lineSegment.end - it.lineSegment.begin)}
     val arcsLength = buildList<Double>{
-        for (i in 1..path.size) {
+        for (i in 1..path.lastIndex) {
             add(arcLength(path[i].startCircle,
                 path[i-1].lineSegment.end,
                 path[i].lineSegment.begin,
@@ -366,13 +377,14 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                         }
                         var nextTangents = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
 
-                        for (pathType in nextTangents.keys) {
+                        for (pathType in DubinsPath.Type.values()) {
                             for (obstacle in obstacles) {
                                 // in Python code here try/except was used, but seems unneeded
-                                if (nextTangents[pathType]!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
-                                    nextTangents.remove(pathType)
+                                if (nextTangents.containsKey(pathType)) {
+                                    if (nextTangents[pathType]!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
+                                        nextTangents.remove(pathType)
+                                    }
                                 }
-
                             }
                         }
                         nextTangents = if (nextObstacle == finalObstacle) {
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
index a0697c59c..16d77c84d 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -33,8 +33,41 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalRadius,
             obstacles)
         val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
-        TODO("fix negative indices in boundaryTangents and accomplish test")
-        assertTrue(false)
+        println(length)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun secondPath() {
+        val startPoint = vector(-5.0, -1.0)
+        val startDirection = vector(1.0, 1.0)
+        val startRadius = 0.5
+        val finalPoint = vector(20.0, 4.0)
+        val finalDirection = vector(1.0, -1.0)
+        val finalRadius = 0.5
+
+        val obstacles = listOf(
+            DubinsObstacle(listOf(
+                Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5),
+                Circle2D(vector(2.0, 1.0), 0.5),
+                Circle2D(vector(6.0, 0.0), 0.5),
+                Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 0.5)
+            )), DubinsObstacle(listOf(
+                Circle2D(vector(10.0, 1.0), 0.5),
+                Circle2D(vector(16.0, 0.0), 0.5),
+                Circle2D(vector(14.0, 6.0), 0.5),
+                Circle2D(vector(9.0, 4.0), 0.5)
+            ))
+        )
+        val outputTangents = findAllPaths(
+            startPoint,
+            startDirection,
+            startRadius,
+            finalPoint,
+            finalDirection,
+            finalRadius,
+            obstacles)
+        val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
+        println(length)
     }
     @Test
     fun outerTangentsTest1() {

From 4871baf0e5f4d45bf3c7d31916d4b84be187b689 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2023 12:01:08 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 47/72] Add vector product to Euclidean3DSpace

---
 gradle.properties                             |  2 +-
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt        | 47 ++++++++++++++++++-
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt    | 46 ++++++++++++------
 3 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index c3f070c2d..048c9c9f3 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.14.2-kotlin-1.8.10
+toolsVersion=0.14.3-kotlin-1.8.20-RC
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
index cc641a3f1..f1cf0bad2 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
@@ -78,8 +78,11 @@ public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<
         }
     }
 
+    public fun vector(x: Double, y: Double, z: Double): DoubleVector3D =
+        Vector3DImpl(x, y, z)
+
     public fun vector(x: Number, y: Number, z: Number): DoubleVector3D =
-        Vector3DImpl(x.toDouble(), y.toDouble(), z.toDouble())
+        vector(x.toDouble(), y.toDouble(), z.toDouble())
 
     override val zero: DoubleVector3D by lazy { vector(0.0, 0.0, 0.0) }
 
@@ -100,6 +103,48 @@ public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<
     override fun DoubleVector3D.dot(other: DoubleVector3D): Double =
         x * other.x + y * other.y + z * other.z
 
+    private fun leviCivita(i: Int, j: Int, k: Int): Int = when {
+        // even permutation
+        i == 0 && j == 1 && k == 2 -> 1
+        i == 1 && j == 2 && k == 0 -> 1
+        i == 2 && j == 0 && k == 1 -> 1
+        // odd permutations
+        i == 2 && j == 1 && k == 0 -> -1
+        i == 0 && j == 2 && k == 1 -> -1
+        i == 1 && j == 0 && k == 2 -> -1
+
+        else -> 0
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed if [rightBasis] is true and
+     * left-handed otherwise
+     */
+    public fun vectorProduct(
+        first: DoubleVector3D,
+        second: DoubleVector3D,
+        rightBasis: Boolean = true,
+    ): DoubleVector3D {
+        var x = 0.0
+        var y = 0.0
+        var z = 0.0
+
+        for (j in (0..2)) {
+            for (k in (0..2)) {
+                x += leviCivita(0, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
+                y += leviCivita(1, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
+                z += leviCivita(2, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
+            }
+        }
+
+        return vector(x, y, z) * (if (rightBasis) 1 else -1)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Vector product with right basis
+     */
+    public infix fun DoubleVector3D.cross(other: DoubleVector3D): Vector3D<Double> = vectorProduct(this, other)
+
     public val xAxis: DoubleVector3D = vector(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
     public val yAxis: DoubleVector3D = vector(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
     public val zAxis: DoubleVector3D = vector(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt
index 6d9a169eb..291b0ad47 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt
@@ -57,23 +57,39 @@ internal class Euclidean3DSpaceTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun add() {
-        with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
-            assertVectorEquals(
-                vector(1.0, -2.0, 0.001),
-                vector(1.0, -2.0, 0.001) + zero
-            )
-            assertVectorEquals(
-                vector(8.0, -3.0, 3.001),
-                vector(1.0, 2.0, 3.0) + vector(7.0, -5.0, 0.001)
-            )
-        }
+    fun add() = with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
+        assertVectorEquals(
+            vector(1.0, -2.0, 0.001),
+            vector(1.0, -2.0, 0.001) + zero
+        )
+        assertVectorEquals(
+            vector(8.0, -3.0, 3.001),
+            vector(1.0, 2.0, 3.0) + vector(7.0, -5.0, 0.001)
+        )
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun multiply() {
-        with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
-            assertVectorEquals(vector(2.0, -4.0, 0.0), vector(1.0, -2.0, 0.0) * 2)
-        }
+    fun multiply() = with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
+        assertVectorEquals(vector(2.0, -4.0, 0.0), vector(1.0, -2.0, 0.0) * 2)
     }
+
+    @Test
+    fun vectorProduct() = with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
+        assertVectorEquals(zAxis, vectorProduct(xAxis, yAxis))
+        assertVectorEquals(zAxis, xAxis cross yAxis)
+        assertVectorEquals(-zAxis, vectorProduct(yAxis, xAxis))
+        assertVectorEquals(zAxis, vectorProduct(yAxis, xAxis, rightBasis = false))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun doubleVectorProduct() = with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
+        val a = vector(1, 2, -3)
+        val b = vector(-1, 0, 1)
+        val c = vector(4, 5, 6)
+
+        val res = a cross (b cross c)
+        val expected = b * (a dot c) - c * (a dot b)
+        assertVectorEquals(expected, res)
+    }
+
 }

From a3963ac4f50b7042cf21c51c8b5f97c36877249e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2023 21:40:14 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 48/72] Refactor series naming and docs

---
 .../kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt    | 79 +++++++++++--------
 .../kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt | 32 ++++----
 2 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index 3cd2212f6..45e392693 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.RingOps
 import space.kscience.kmath.stat.StatisticalAlgebra
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferView
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.getOrNull
 import kotlin.math.max
 import kotlin.math.min
 
@@ -33,8 +34,6 @@ public interface Series<T> : Buffer<T> {
     public val position: Int
 }
 
-public val <T> Series<T>.absoluteIndices: IntRange get() = position until position + size
-
 /**
  * A [BufferView] with index offset (both positive and negative) and possible size change
  */
@@ -60,54 +59,68 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
     private val labelResolver: (Int) -> L,
 ) : RingOps<Buffer<T>>, StatisticalAlgebra<T, A, BA> {
 
-    public val Buffer<T>.indices: IntRange
+    /**
+     * A range of valid offset indices. In general, does not start with zero.
+     */
+    public val Buffer<T>.offsetIndices: IntRange
         get() = if (this is Series) {
-            absoluteIndices
+            position until position + size
         } else {
             0 until size
         }
 
     /**
-     * Get the value by absolute index in the series algebra or return null if index is out of range
+     * Get the value by absolute offset in the series algebra or return null if index is out of range
      */
-    public fun Buffer<T>.getAbsoluteOrNull(index: Int): T? = when {
-        index !in indices -> null
-        this is Series -> origin[index - position]
-        else -> get(index)
+    public fun Buffer<T>.getByOffsetOrNull(index: Int): T? = when {
+        index !in offsetIndices -> null
+        this is Series -> origin.getOrNull(index - position)
+        else -> getOrNull(index)
     }
 
     /**
      * Get the value by absolute index in the series algebra or throw [IndexOutOfBoundsException] if index is out of range
      */
-    public fun Buffer<T>.getAbsolute(index: Int): T =
-        getAbsoluteOrNull(index) ?: throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $index is not in $indices")
+    public fun Buffer<T>.getByOffset(index: Int): T =
+        getByOffsetOrNull(index) ?: throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index $index is not in $offsetIndices")
 
     /**
-     * Create an offset series with index starting point at [index]
+     *  Zero-copy move [Buffer] or [Series] to given [position] ignoring series offset if it is present.
      */
-    public fun Buffer<T>.moveTo(index: Int): Series<T> = if (this is Series) {
-        SeriesImpl(origin, index, size)
+    public fun Buffer<T>.moveTo(position: Int): Series<T> = if (this is Series) {
+        SeriesImpl(origin, position, size)
     } else {
-        SeriesImpl(this, index, size)
+        SeriesImpl(this, position, size)
     }
 
-    public val Buffer<T>.offset: Int get() = if (this is Series) position else 0
+    /**
+     * Zero-copy move [Buffer] or [Series] by given [offset]. If it is [Series], sum intrinsic series position and the [offset].
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.moveBy(offset: Int): Series<T> = if (this is Series) {
+        SeriesImpl(origin, position + offset, size)
+    } else {
+        SeriesImpl(this, offset, size)
+    }
 
     /**
-     * Build a new series
+     * An offset of the buffer start relative to [SeriesAlgebra] zero offset
      */
-    public fun series(size: Int, fromIndex: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
+    public val Buffer<T>.startOffset: Int get() = if (this is Series) position else 0
+
+    /**
+     * Build a new series positioned at [startOffset].
+     */
+    public fun series(size: Int, startOffset: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
         return elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
-            val index = it + fromIndex
+            val index = it + startOffset
             elementAlgebra.block(labelResolver(index))
-        }.moveTo(fromIndex)
+        }.moveTo(startOffset)
     }
 
     /**
      * Get a label buffer for given buffer.
      */
-    public val Buffer<T>.labels: List<L> get() = indices.map(labelResolver)
-
+    public val Buffer<T>.labels: List<L> get() = offsetIndices.map(labelResolver)
 
     /**
      * Try to resolve element by label and return null if element with a given label is not found
@@ -115,7 +128,7 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
     public operator fun Buffer<T>.get(label: L): T? {
         val index = labels.indexOf(label)
         if (index == -1) return null
-        return getAbsolute(index + offset)
+        return getByOffset(index + startOffset)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -123,9 +136,9 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
      */
     public inline fun Buffer<T>.map(crossinline transform: A.(T) -> T): Series<T> {
         val buf = elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
-            elementAlgebra.transform(getAbsolute(it))
+            elementAlgebra.transform(getByOffset(it))
         }
-        return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
+        return buf.moveTo(offsetIndices.first)
     }
 
     /**
@@ -134,22 +147,22 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
     public inline fun Buffer<T>.mapWithLabel(crossinline transform: A.(arg: T, label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
         val labels = labels
         val buf = elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
-            elementAlgebra.transform(getAbsolute(it), labels[it])
+            elementAlgebra.transform(getByOffset(it), labels[it])
         }
-        return buf.moveTo(indices.first)
+        return buf.moveTo(offsetIndices.first)
     }
 
     public inline fun <R> Buffer<T>.fold(initial: R, operation: A.(acc: R, T) -> R): R {
         var accumulator = initial
-        for (index in this.indices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, getAbsolute(index))
+        for (index in this.offsetIndices) accumulator = elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, getByOffset(index))
         return accumulator
     }
 
     public inline fun <R> Buffer<T>.foldWithLabel(initial: R, operation: A.(acc: R, arg: T, label: L) -> R): R {
         val labels = labels
         var accumulator = initial
-        for (index in this.indices) accumulator =
-            elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, getAbsolute(index), labels[index])
+        for (index in this.offsetIndices) accumulator =
+            elementAlgebra.operation(accumulator, getByOffset(index), labels[index])
         return accumulator
     }
 
@@ -160,11 +173,11 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
         other: Buffer<T>,
         crossinline operation: A.(left: T, right: T) -> T,
     ): Series<T> {
-        val newRange = indices.intersect(other.indices)
+        val newRange = offsetIndices.intersect(other.offsetIndices)
         return elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(newRange.size) {
             elementAlgebra.operation(
-                getAbsolute(it),
-                other.getAbsolute(it)
+                getByOffset(it),
+                other.getByOffset(it)
             )
         }.moveTo(newRange.first)
     }
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt
index 882fa2c46..fa5e0addd 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/seriesExtensions.kt
@@ -12,32 +12,32 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.sin(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.sin(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.sin(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.cos(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.cos(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.cos(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.tan(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.tan(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.tan(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.asin(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.asin(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.asin(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.acos(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.acos(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.acos(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.atan(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : TrigonometricOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.atan(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.atan(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 
 //exponential
@@ -45,42 +45,42 @@ public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.atan(
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.exp(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.exp(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.exp(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.ln(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.ln(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.ln(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.sinh(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.sinh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.sinh(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.cosh(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.cosh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.cosh(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.tanh(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.tanh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.tanh(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.asinh(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.asinh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.asinh(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.acosh(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.acosh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.acosh(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.atanh(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : ExponentialOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.atanh(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.atanh(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 
 //power
@@ -89,9 +89,9 @@ public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.power(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
     pow: Number,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : PowerOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.power(arg, pow).moveTo(arg.offset)
+    bufferAlgebra.power(arg, pow).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
 
 public fun <T, BA> SeriesAlgebra<T, *, BA, *>.sqrt(
     arg: Buffer<T>,
 ): Series<T> where BA : BufferAlgebra<T, *>, BA : PowerOperations<Buffer<T>> =
-    bufferAlgebra.sqrt(arg).moveTo(arg.offset)
\ No newline at end of file
+    bufferAlgebra.sqrt(arg).moveTo(arg.startOffset)
\ No newline at end of file

From 72c70302974a1cc568f32a6c6242d7180c77a9fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 Mar 2023 22:50:41 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 49/72] Add time series example stub

---
 examples/build.gradle.kts                     |  9 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/stat/DateTimeSeries.kt     | 19 ++++++++
 .../kmath/series/MonotonicSeriesAlgebra.kt    | 47 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt    | 16 +++++--
 4 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DateTimeSeries.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/MonotonicSeriesAlgebra.kt

diff --git a/examples/build.gradle.kts b/examples/build.gradle.kts
index da645f012..f7b7794f3 100644
--- a/examples/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/examples/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.tasks.KotlinJvmCompile
+
 plugins {
     kotlin("jvm")
 }
@@ -33,6 +35,8 @@ dependencies {
     implementation(project(":kmath-multik"))
     implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:multik-default:$multikVersion")
 
+    //datetime
+    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-datetime:0.4.0")
 
     implementation("org.nd4j:nd4j-native:1.0.0-beta7")
 
@@ -46,9 +50,6 @@ dependencies {
 //    } else
     implementation("org.nd4j:nd4j-native-platform:1.0.0-beta7")
 
-    // multik implementation
-    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:multik-default:0.1.0")
-
     implementation("org.slf4j:slf4j-simple:1.7.32")
     // plotting
     implementation("space.kscience:plotlykt-server:0.5.0")
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ kotlin.sourceSets.all {
     }
 }
 
-tasks.withType<org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.KotlinJvmCompile> {
+tasks.withType<KotlinJvmCompile> {
     kotlinOptions {
         jvmTarget = "11"
         freeCompilerArgs = freeCompilerArgs + "-Xjvm-default=all" + "-Xopt-in=kotlin.RequiresOptIn" + "-Xlambdas=indy"
diff --git a/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DateTimeSeries.kt b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DateTimeSeries.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9836db6ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/src/main/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/stat/DateTimeSeries.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.stat
+
+import kotlinx.datetime.Instant
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.algebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.bufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.series.MonotonicSeriesAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.series.SeriesAlgebra
+import kotlin.time.Duration
+
+fun SeriesAlgebra.Companion.time(zero: Instant, step: Duration) = MonotonicSeriesAlgebra(
+    bufferAlgebra = Double.algebra.bufferAlgebra,
+    offsetToLabel = { zero + step * it },
+    labelToOffset = { (it - zero) / step }
+)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/MonotonicSeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/MonotonicSeriesAlgebra.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bc363934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/MonotonicSeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.series
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.BufferAlgebra
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.Ring
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import kotlin.math.ceil
+import kotlin.math.floor
+
+/**
+ * A [SeriesAlgebra] with reverse label to index transformation.
+ *
+ * @param [labelToOffset] returns floating point number that is used for index resolution.
+ */
+public class MonotonicSeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L : Comparable<L>>(
+    bufferAlgebra: BA,
+    offsetToLabel: (Int) -> L,
+    private val labelToOffset: (L) -> Double,
+) : SeriesAlgebra<T, A, BA, L>(bufferAlgebra, offsetToLabel) {
+
+    public val Buffer<T>.labelRange: ClosedRange<L> get() = offsetToLabel(startOffset)..offsetToLabel(startOffset + size)
+
+    /**
+     * An offset of the given [label] rounded down
+     */
+    public fun floorOffset(label: L): Int = floor(labelToOffset(label)).toInt()
+
+    /**
+     * An offset of the given [label] rounded up
+     */
+    public fun ceilOffset(label: L): Int = ceil(labelToOffset(label)).toInt()
+
+    /**
+     * Get value by label (rounded down) or return null if the value is outside series boundaries.
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.getByLabelOrNull(label: L): T? = getByOffsetOrNull(floorOffset(label))
+
+    /**
+     * Get value by label (rounded down) or throw [IndexOutOfBoundsException] if the value is outside series boundaries.
+     */
+    public fun Buffer<T>.getByLabel(label: L): T = getByLabelOrNull(label)
+        ?: throw IndexOutOfBoundsException("Label $label is not in $labelRange")
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
index 45e392693..1847e33b6 100644
--- a/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
+++ b/kmath-stat/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/series/SeriesAlgebra.kt
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@ internal operator fun IntRange.contains(other: IntRange): Boolean = (other.first
 //TODO add permutation sort
 //TODO check rank statistics
 
-
+/**
+ * A [Buffer] with an offset relative to the [SeriesAlgebra] zero.
+ */
 public interface Series<T> : Buffer<T> {
     public val origin: Buffer<T>
 
@@ -54,9 +56,9 @@ private class SeriesImpl<T>(
 /**
  * A scope to operation on series
  */
-public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
+public open class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
     override val bufferAlgebra: BA,
-    private val labelResolver: (Int) -> L,
+    public val offsetToLabel: (Int) -> L,
 ) : RingOps<Buffer<T>>, StatisticalAlgebra<T, A, BA> {
 
     /**
@@ -107,20 +109,22 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
      */
     public val Buffer<T>.startOffset: Int get() = if (this is Series) position else 0
 
+    public val Buffer<T>.startLabel: L get() = offsetToLabel(startOffset)
+
     /**
      * Build a new series positioned at [startOffset].
      */
     public fun series(size: Int, startOffset: Int = 0, block: A.(label: L) -> T): Series<T> {
         return elementAlgebra.bufferFactory(size) {
             val index = it + startOffset
-            elementAlgebra.block(labelResolver(index))
+            elementAlgebra.block(offsetToLabel(index))
         }.moveTo(startOffset)
     }
 
     /**
      * Get a label buffer for given buffer.
      */
-    public val Buffer<T>.labels: List<L> get() = offsetIndices.map(labelResolver)
+    public val Buffer<T>.labels: List<L> get() = offsetIndices.map(offsetToLabel)
 
     /**
      * Try to resolve element by label and return null if element with a given label is not found
@@ -187,6 +191,8 @@ public class SeriesAlgebra<T, out A : Ring<T>, out BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L>(
     override fun add(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Series<T> = left.zip(right) { l, r -> l + r }
 
     override fun multiply(left: Buffer<T>, right: Buffer<T>): Buffer<T> = left.zip(right) { l, r -> l * r }
+
+    public companion object
 }
 
 public fun <T, A : Ring<T>, BA : BufferAlgebra<T, A>, L> BA.seriesAlgebra(labels: Iterable<L>): SeriesAlgebra<T, A, BA, L> {

From 4c1ffdb6d9db3ea37ff159ad95958184bb8fd517 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Tue, 14 Mar 2023 13:50:42 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 50/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 24 +++++++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt   | 39 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
index 6b247e55b..3aea139ec 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -136,7 +136,8 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
     error("next tangent not found")
     }
 
-    public fun equals(other: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+        if (other == null || other !is DubinsObstacle) return false
         return this.circles == other.circles
     }
 }
@@ -258,7 +259,7 @@ public fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
     val center2 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).second
     val p1 = center1 - point
     val p2 = center2 - point
-    return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(p2.y, p2.x) in listOf(PI/2, -3*PI/2)) {
+    return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(direction.y, direction.x) in listOf(PI/2, -3*PI/2)) {
         mapOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
             DubinsPath.SimpleType.R to Circle2D(center2, r))
     }
@@ -270,7 +271,7 @@ public fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
 
 public fun sortedObstacles(currentObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
                            obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>): List<DubinsObstacle> {
-    return obstacles.sortedBy {norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center)}.reversed()
+    return obstacles.sortedBy {norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center)}//.reversed()
 }
 
 public fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
@@ -389,13 +390,13 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                         }
                         nextTangents = if (nextObstacle == finalObstacle) {
                             nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection) and
-                                    (DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == j)}
+                                    (DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[2] == j)}
                                     as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
                         } else {
                             nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection)}
                                     as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
                         }
-                        val tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
+                        var tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
                         for (tangent in nextTangents.values) {
                             if (tangent.startCircle == line.last().endCircle) {
                                 val lengthMaxPossible = arcLength(
@@ -413,7 +414,7 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                                     tangent.lineSegment.begin,
                                     currentDirection)
                                 if (lengthCalculated > lengthMaxPossible) {
-                                    val tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+                                    tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
                                         currentCircle,
                                         DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
                                             currentDirection,
@@ -424,11 +425,11 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                                     )
                                 }
                                 else {
-                                    val tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
+                                    tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
                                 }
                             }
                             else {
-                                val tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+                                tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
                                     currentCircle,
                                     DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
                                         currentDirection,
@@ -456,6 +457,11 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                         )] = newOutputTangents
                     }
                 }
+                outputTangents[listOf(
+                    i,
+                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                    j
+                )] = newOutputTangents
             }
             for (lineId in outputTangents[listOf(
                 i,
@@ -505,7 +511,7 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
         )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L)]!!
+        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)]!!
 }
 
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
index 16d77c84d..b26b21737 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.minus
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
@@ -68,6 +70,18 @@ class DubinsTest {
             obstacles)
         val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
         println(length)
+        for (path in outputTangents) {
+            println(pathLength(path))
+            println(path.size)
+            for (tangent in path) {
+//                println(tangent.route)
+//                println(tangent.startCircle)
+//                println(tangent.endCircle)
+//                println(Euclidean2DSpace.norm(tangent.lineSegment.end - tangent.lineSegment.begin))
+            }
+            println()
+            println()
+        }
     }
     @Test
     fun outerTangentsTest1() {
@@ -78,7 +92,6 @@ class DubinsTest {
             Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 1.0)
         )
         println(outerTangents(DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2)))
-        assertTrue(false)
     }
     @Test
     fun outerTangentsTest2() {
@@ -100,6 +113,28 @@ class DubinsTest {
                 }
             }
         }
-        assertTrue(false)
+    }
+    @Test
+    fun tangentsTest() {
+        val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
+        val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
+        val obstacle1 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle1))
+        val obstacle2 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle2))
+        val tangent = dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2, obstacle1, obstacle2)
+        println(tangent)
+    }
+    @Test
+    fun equalCircles() {
+        val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
+        val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
+        println(circle1 == circle2)
+    }
+    @Test
+    fun equalObstacles() {
+        val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
+        val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
+        val obstacle1 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle1))
+        val obstacle2 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle2))
+        println(obstacle1 == obstacle2)
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 28b85b0f53ba5d6e5e82777ffa8d57a770860baa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Gleb Minaev <43728100+lounres@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 14 Mar 2023 20:13:34 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 51/72] Remove the choice of left-handed product. Refactor
 `vectorProduct`. Remove `leviChivita` function.

---
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt        | 34 +++----------------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
index f1cf0bad2..38c252bc0 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
@@ -103,45 +103,21 @@ public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<
     override fun DoubleVector3D.dot(other: DoubleVector3D): Double =
         x * other.x + y * other.y + z * other.z
 
-    private fun leviCivita(i: Int, j: Int, k: Int): Int = when {
-        // even permutation
-        i == 0 && j == 1 && k == 2 -> 1
-        i == 1 && j == 2 && k == 0 -> 1
-        i == 2 && j == 0 && k == 1 -> 1
-        // odd permutations
-        i == 2 && j == 1 && k == 0 -> -1
-        i == 0 && j == 2 && k == 1 -> -1
-        i == 1 && j == 0 && k == 2 -> -1
-
-        else -> 0
-    }
-
     /**
-     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed if [rightBasis] is true and
-     * left-handed otherwise
+     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed.
      */
     public fun vectorProduct(
         first: DoubleVector3D,
         second: DoubleVector3D,
-        rightBasis: Boolean = true,
     ): DoubleVector3D {
-        var x = 0.0
-        var y = 0.0
-        var z = 0.0
+        val (x1, y1, z1) = first
+        val (x2, y2, z2) = second
 
-        for (j in (0..2)) {
-            for (k in (0..2)) {
-                x += leviCivita(0, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
-                y += leviCivita(1, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
-                z += leviCivita(2, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
-            }
-        }
-
-        return vector(x, y, z) * (if (rightBasis) 1 else -1)
+        return vector(y1 * z2 - y2 * z2, z1 * x2 - z2 * x2, x1 * y2 - x2 * y2)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Vector product with right basis
+     * Vector product with a right basis
      */
     public infix fun DoubleVector3D.cross(other: DoubleVector3D): Vector3D<Double> = vectorProduct(this, other)
 

From cd2ade881add23d4ac9b3f4b4d5ea594b6ad6d63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2023 09:33:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 52/72] Revert "Remove the choice of left-handed product.
 Refactor `vectorProduct`. Remove `leviChivita` function."

This reverts commit 28b85b0f53ba5d6e5e82777ffa8d57a770860baa.
---
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt        | 34 ++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
index 38c252bc0..f1cf0bad2 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
@@ -103,21 +103,45 @@ public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<
     override fun DoubleVector3D.dot(other: DoubleVector3D): Double =
         x * other.x + y * other.y + z * other.z
 
+    private fun leviCivita(i: Int, j: Int, k: Int): Int = when {
+        // even permutation
+        i == 0 && j == 1 && k == 2 -> 1
+        i == 1 && j == 2 && k == 0 -> 1
+        i == 2 && j == 0 && k == 1 -> 1
+        // odd permutations
+        i == 2 && j == 1 && k == 0 -> -1
+        i == 0 && j == 2 && k == 1 -> -1
+        i == 1 && j == 0 && k == 2 -> -1
+
+        else -> 0
+    }
+
     /**
-     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed.
+     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed if [rightBasis] is true and
+     * left-handed otherwise
      */
     public fun vectorProduct(
         first: DoubleVector3D,
         second: DoubleVector3D,
+        rightBasis: Boolean = true,
     ): DoubleVector3D {
-        val (x1, y1, z1) = first
-        val (x2, y2, z2) = second
+        var x = 0.0
+        var y = 0.0
+        var z = 0.0
 
-        return vector(y1 * z2 - y2 * z2, z1 * x2 - z2 * x2, x1 * y2 - x2 * y2)
+        for (j in (0..2)) {
+            for (k in (0..2)) {
+                x += leviCivita(0, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
+                y += leviCivita(1, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
+                z += leviCivita(2, j, k) * first[j] * second[k]
+            }
+        }
+
+        return vector(x, y, z) * (if (rightBasis) 1 else -1)
     }
 
     /**
-     * Vector product with a right basis
+     * Vector product with right basis
      */
     public infix fun DoubleVector3D.cross(other: DoubleVector3D): Vector3D<Double> = vectorProduct(this, other)
 

From ef336af87ddb6df9acc8029e9633234ae5fe6851 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2023 09:37:03 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 53/72] Fix vector product

---
 .gitignore                                    |  3 ++-
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |  1 +
 examples/build.gradle.kts                     | 14 +++++-----
 gradle.properties                             |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt       | 26 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt |  2 --
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt        |  6 ++---
 .../kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt    |  1 -
 8 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 34ddf3fd9..7713a9f96 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -18,4 +18,5 @@ out/
 
 !/.idea/copyright/
 !/.idea/scopes/
-/kotlin-js-store/yarn.lock
+/gradle/yarn.lock
+
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 404366a03..c5fa3f372 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 ### Added
+- Generic builders for `BufferND` and `MutableBufferND`
 - `NamedMatrix` - matrix with symbol-based indexing
 - `Expression` with default arguments
 - Type-aliases for numbers like `Float64`
diff --git a/examples/build.gradle.kts b/examples/build.gradle.kts
index f7b7794f3..50708eaa9 100644
--- a/examples/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/examples/build.gradle.kts
@@ -55,17 +55,19 @@ dependencies {
     implementation("space.kscience:plotlykt-server:0.5.0")
 }
 
-kotlin.sourceSets.all {
-    with(languageSettings) {
-        optIn("kotlin.contracts.ExperimentalContracts")
-        optIn("kotlin.ExperimentalUnsignedTypes")
-        optIn("space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI")
+kotlin {
+    jvmToolchain(11)
+    sourceSets.all {
+        with(languageSettings) {
+            optIn("kotlin.contracts.ExperimentalContracts")
+            optIn("kotlin.ExperimentalUnsignedTypes")
+            optIn("space.kscience.kmath.misc.UnstableKMathAPI")
+        }
     }
 }
 
 tasks.withType<KotlinJvmCompile> {
     kotlinOptions {
-        jvmTarget = "11"
         freeCompilerArgs = freeCompilerArgs + "-Xjvm-default=all" + "-Xopt-in=kotlin.RequiresOptIn" + "-Xlambdas=indy"
     }
 }
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 048c9c9f3..cded5934c 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.14.3-kotlin-1.8.20-RC
+toolsVersion=0.14.4-kotlin-1.8.20-RC
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
index 55e8bbcf8..a6bab8be1 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/nd/BufferND.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.nd
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.misc.PerformancePitfall
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.BufferFactory
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBuffer
+import space.kscience.kmath.structures.MutableBufferFactory
 
 /**
  * Represents [StructureND] over [Buffer].
@@ -29,6 +31,18 @@ public open class BufferND<out T>(
     override fun toString(): String = StructureND.toString(this)
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a generic [BufferND] using provided [initializer]
+ */
+public fun <T> BufferND(
+    shape: ShapeND,
+    bufferFactory: BufferFactory<T> = BufferFactory.boxing(),
+    initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): BufferND<T> {
+    val strides = Strides(shape)
+    return BufferND(strides, bufferFactory(strides.linearSize) { initializer(strides.index(it)) })
+}
+
 ///**
 // * Transform structure to a new structure using provided [BufferFactory] and optimizing if argument is [BufferND]
 // */
@@ -67,6 +81,18 @@ public open class MutableBufferND<T>(
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Create a generic [BufferND] using provided [initializer]
+ */
+public fun <T> MutableBufferND(
+    shape: ShapeND,
+    bufferFactory: MutableBufferFactory<T> = MutableBufferFactory.boxing(),
+    initializer: (IntArray) -> T,
+): MutableBufferND<T> {
+    val strides = Strides(shape)
+    return MutableBufferND(strides, bufferFactory(strides.linearSize) { initializer(strides.index(it)) })
+}
+
 ///**
 // * Transform structure to a new structure using provided [MutableBufferFactory] and optimizing if argument is [MutableBufferND]
 // */
diff --git a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
index fc76ea819..4ed4965c9 100644
--- a/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
+++ b/kmath-functions/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/integration/GaussIntegratorRuleFactory.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.operations.mapToBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.Buffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.DoubleBuffer
 import space.kscience.kmath.structures.asBuffer
-import kotlin.jvm.Synchronized
 import kotlin.math.ulp
 import kotlin.native.concurrent.ThreadLocal
 
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ public object GaussLegendreRuleFactory : GaussIntegratorRuleFactory {
 
     private val cache = HashMap<Int, Pair<Buffer<Double>, Buffer<Double>>>()
 
-    @Synchronized
     private fun getOrBuildRule(numPoints: Int): Pair<Buffer<Double>, Buffer<Double>> =
         cache.getOrPut(numPoints) { buildRule(numPoints) }
 
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
index f1cf0bad2..3059cefe6 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpace.kt
@@ -117,13 +117,11 @@ public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<
     }
 
     /**
-     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed if [rightBasis] is true and
-     * left-handed otherwise
+     * Compute vector product of [first] and [second]. The basis assumed to be right-handed.
      */
     public fun vectorProduct(
         first: DoubleVector3D,
         second: DoubleVector3D,
-        rightBasis: Boolean = true,
     ): DoubleVector3D {
         var x = 0.0
         var y = 0.0
@@ -137,7 +135,7 @@ public object Euclidean3DSpace : GeometrySpace<DoubleVector3D>, ScaleOperations<
             }
         }
 
-        return vector(x, y, z) * (if (rightBasis) 1 else -1)
+        return vector(x, y, z)
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt
index 291b0ad47..20e112ad1 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Euclidean3DSpaceTest.kt
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@ internal class Euclidean3DSpaceTest {
         assertVectorEquals(zAxis, vectorProduct(xAxis, yAxis))
         assertVectorEquals(zAxis, xAxis cross yAxis)
         assertVectorEquals(-zAxis, vectorProduct(yAxis, xAxis))
-        assertVectorEquals(zAxis, vectorProduct(yAxis, xAxis, rightBasis = false))
     }
 
     @Test

From c36af3515e08adb3595a95a6470309eb149fc0c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 18:39:27 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 54/72] Update trajectory description

---
 kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
index 689c3265b..32b87bb06 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ kscience{
 }
 
 readme {
-    description = "Path and trajectory optimization"
-    maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.PROTOTYPE
+    description = "Path and trajectory optimization (to be moved to a separate project)"
+    maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.DEPRECATED
     propertyByTemplate("artifact", rootProject.file("docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md"))
 }

From 62c8610a9ebb45d5c450ef283ce21ec5e0d4de3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 19:16:46 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 55/72] Update publishing CD

---
 .github/workflows/publish.yml | 18 ++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index 794881b09..8087195c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3.0.0
-      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3.0.0
+      - uses: actions/setup-java@v3.10.0
         with:
           java-version: 11
           distribution: liberica
@@ -26,26 +26,24 @@ jobs:
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-gradle-${{ hashFiles('*.gradle.kts') }}
           restore-keys: |
             ${{ runner.os }}-gradle-
-      - uses: gradle/wrapper-validation-action@v1.0.4
       - name: Publish Windows Artifacts
         if: matrix.os == 'windows-latest'
-        uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.1.5
+        uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.4.0
         with:
           arguments: |
-            releaseAll
+            publishAllPublicationsToSpaceRepository
             -Ppublishing.enabled=true
-            -Ppublishing.sonatype=false
             -Ppublishing.space.user=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_ID }}
             -Ppublishing.space.token=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_SECRET }}
       - name: Publish Mac Artifacts
         if: matrix.os == 'macOS-latest'
-        uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.1.5
+        uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.4.0
         with:
           arguments: |
-            releaseMacosX64
-            releaseIosArm64
-            releaseIosX64
+            publishMacosX64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
+            publishIosX64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
+            publishIosArm64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
+            publishIosSimulatorArm64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
             -Ppublishing.enabled=true
-            -Ppublishing.sonatype=false            
             -Ppublishing.space.user=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_ID }}
             -Ppublishing.space.token=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_SECRET }}

From c442eb7e94ff562688b171cfcdf7deb829b71d47 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 Mar 2023 19:41:31 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 56/72] Fix publish task names

---
 .github/workflows/publish.yml | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index 8087195c2..0ac8805e0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ jobs:
         uses: gradle/gradle-build-action@v2.4.0
         with:
           arguments: |
-            publishMacosX64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
-            publishIosX64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
-            publishIosArm64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
-            publishIosSimulatorArm64PublicationsToSpaceRepository
+            publishMacosX64PublicationToSpaceRepository
+            publishIosX64PublicationToSpaceRepository
+            publishIosArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository
+            publishIosSimulatorArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository
             -Ppublishing.enabled=true
             -Ppublishing.space.user=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_ID }}
             -Ppublishing.space.token=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_SECRET }}

From 81213eb94340fc87ae6958d30e598d234439dc35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Tue, 21 Mar 2023 12:04:27 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 57/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 87 +++++++++----------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt   | 50 +----------
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
index 3aea139ec..896803fba 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
             var angle2: Double
             val routes = mapOf(
                 DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
-//                DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
-//                DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
                 DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
             )
             return buildMap {
@@ -76,8 +74,7 @@ public class DubinsObstacle(
                 }
             }
         }
-//        val firstCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size..-1)
-//        val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(-this.circles.size+1..0)
+
         val firstCircles = this.circles
         val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(1..this.circles.lastIndex) +
                 this.circles[0]
@@ -149,7 +146,7 @@ public data class DubinsTangent(val startCircle: Circle2D,
                                 val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
                                 val route: PathTypes)
 
-public fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
+private fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
     fun crossProduct(v1: DoubleVector2D, v2: DoubleVector2D): Double {
         return v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x
     }
@@ -164,7 +161,7 @@ public fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
     return true
 }
 
-public fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
+private fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
     val a = (this.begin.x - this.end.x).pow(2.0) + (this.begin.y - this.end.y).pow(2.0)
     val b = 2 * ((this.begin.x - this.end.x) * (this.end.x - circle.center.x) +
             (this.begin.y - this.end.y) * (this.end.y - circle.center.y))
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ public fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
     return false
 }
 
-public fun DubinsTangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
+private fun DubinsTangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
     for (tangent in obstacle.tangents) {
         if (this.lineSegment.intersectSegment(tangent.lineSegment)) {
             return true
@@ -198,7 +195,7 @@ public fun DubinsTangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
     return false
 }
 
-public fun outerTangents(first: DubinsObstacle, second: DubinsObstacle): MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> {
+private fun outerTangents(first: DubinsObstacle, second: DubinsObstacle): MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> {
     return buildMap {
         for (circle1 in first.circles) {
             for (circle2 in second.circles) {
@@ -216,7 +213,7 @@ public fun outerTangents(first: DubinsObstacle, second: DubinsObstacle): Mutable
     }.toMutableMap()
 }
 
-public fun arcLength(circle: Circle2D,
+private fun arcLength(circle: Circle2D,
                      point1: DoubleVector2D,
                      point2: DoubleVector2D,
                      route: DubinsPath.SimpleType): Double {
@@ -245,14 +242,14 @@ public fun arcLength(circle: Circle2D,
     return circle.radius * angle
 }
 
-public fun normalVectors(v: DoubleVector2D, r: Double): Pair<DoubleVector2D, DoubleVector2D> {
+private fun normalVectors(v: DoubleVector2D, r: Double): Pair<DoubleVector2D, DoubleVector2D> {
     return Pair(
         r * vector(v.y / norm(v), -v.x / norm(v)),
         r * vector(-v.y / norm(v), v.x / norm(v))
     )
 }
 
-public fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
+private fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
                                    direction: DoubleVector2D,
                                    r: Double): Map<DubinsPath.SimpleType, Circle2D> {
     val center1 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).first
@@ -269,12 +266,12 @@ public fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
     }
 }
 
-public fun sortedObstacles(currentObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
+private fun sortedObstacles(currentObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
                            obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>): List<DubinsObstacle> {
     return obstacles.sortedBy {norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center)}//.reversed()
 }
 
-public fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
+private fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
                                     initialRoute: DubinsPath.Type,
                                     finalCircle: Circle2D,
                                     obstacle: DubinsObstacle): MutableList<DubinsTangent> {
@@ -288,7 +285,7 @@ public fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
     return dubinsTangents
 }
 
-public fun allFinished(paths: List<List<DubinsTangent>>,
+private fun allFinished(paths: List<List<DubinsTangent>>,
                        finalObstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
     for (path in paths) {
         if (path.last().endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
@@ -333,28 +330,28 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
         finalPoint,
         finalDirection,
         finalRadius)
-    var outputTangents = mutableMapOf<PathTypes, MutableList<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>>()
+    var path = mutableMapOf<PathTypes, MutableList<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>>()
     for (i in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
         for (j in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
             val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
             val finalObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
-            outputTangents[listOf(i,
-                           DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                           j)] = mutableListOf(
-                                    mutableListOf(DubinsTangent(
-                                        initialCircles[i]!!,
-                                        initialCircles[i]!!,
-                                        DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                                        DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                                        LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
-                                        listOf(i, DubinsPath.SimpleType.S, i)
-                                    )))
-            var currentObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!))
-            while (!allFinished(outputTangents[listOf(i,
+            path[listOf(i,
+                        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
+                        j)] = mutableListOf(
+                                mutableListOf(DubinsTangent(
+                                    initialCircles[i]!!,
+                                    initialCircles[i]!!,
+                                    DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
+                                    DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
+                                    LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
+                                    listOf(i, DubinsPath.SimpleType.S, i)
+                                )))
+            //var currentObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!))
+            while (!allFinished(path[listOf(i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j)]!!, finalObstacle)) {
-                var newOutputTangents = mutableListOf<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>()
-                for (line in outputTangents[listOf(i,
+                var newPaths = mutableListOf<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>()
+                for (line in path[listOf(i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j)]!!) {
                     var currentCircle = line.last().endCircle
@@ -439,41 +436,41 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
                                     currentObstacle
                                 )
                             }
-                            newOutputTangents.add((line + tangentsAlong + listOf(tangent)).toMutableList())
+                            newPaths.add((line + tangentsAlong + listOf(tangent)).toMutableList())
                         }
-                        outputTangents[listOf(
+                        path[listOf(
                             i,
                             DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                             j
-                        )] = newOutputTangents
+                        )] = newPaths
                     }
                     else {
                         // minor changes from Python code
-                        newOutputTangents.add(line)
-                        outputTangents[listOf(
+                        newPaths.add(line)
+                        path[listOf(
                             i,
                             DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                             j
-                        )] = newOutputTangents
+                        )] = newPaths
                     }
                 }
-                outputTangents[listOf(
+                path[listOf(
                     i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j
-                )] = newOutputTangents
+                )] = newPaths
             }
-            for (lineId in outputTangents[listOf(
+            for (lineId in path[listOf(
                 i,
                 DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                 j
             )]!!.indices) {
-                val lastDirection = outputTangents[listOf(
+                val lastDirection = path[listOf(
                     i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j
                 )]!![lineId].last().route[2]
-                outputTangents[listOf(
+                path[listOf(
                     i,
                     DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
                     j
@@ -496,19 +493,19 @@ public fun findAllPaths(
             }
         }
     }
-    return outputTangents[listOf(
+    return path[listOf(
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.L
-        )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
+        )]!! + path[listOf(
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.R
-        )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
+        )]!! + path[listOf(
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.L
-        )]!! + outputTangents[listOf(
+        )]!! + path[listOf(
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
         DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)]!!
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
index b26b21737..a78a5317d 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -6,12 +6,8 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.DoubleVector2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.minus
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
 import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class DubinsTest {
     @Test
@@ -60,7 +56,7 @@ class DubinsTest {
                 Circle2D(vector(9.0, 4.0), 0.5)
             ))
         )
-        val outputTangents = findAllPaths(
+        val paths = findAllPaths(
             startPoint,
             startDirection,
             startRadius,
@@ -68,9 +64,9 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalDirection,
             finalRadius,
             obstacles)
-        val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
+        val length = pathLength(shortestPath(paths))
         println(length)
-        for (path in outputTangents) {
+        for (path in paths) {
             println(pathLength(path))
             println(path.size)
             for (tangent in path) {
@@ -84,46 +80,6 @@ class DubinsTest {
         }
     }
     @Test
-    fun outerTangentsTest1() {
-        // works incorrectly
-        val circles1 = listOf(
-            Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0))
-        val circles2 = listOf(
-            Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 1.0)
-        )
-        println(outerTangents(DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2)))
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun outerTangentsTest2() {
-        // works incorrectly
-        val circles1 = listOf(
-            Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0),
-            Circle2D(vector( 2.0, 0.0), 1.0))
-        val circles2 = listOf(
-            Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 1.0),
-            Circle2D(vector(7.0, 5.0), 1.0)
-        )
-        println(outerTangents(DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2)))
-
-        for (circle1 in circles1) {
-            for (circle2 in circles2) {
-                for (tangent in dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2,
-                    DubinsObstacle(circles1), DubinsObstacle(circles2))) {
-                    println(tangent)
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun tangentsTest() {
-        val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        val obstacle1 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle1))
-        val obstacle2 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle2))
-        val tangent = dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2, obstacle1, obstacle2)
-        println(tangent)
-    }
-    @Test
     fun equalCircles() {
         val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
         val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)

From 56bba749c026863a02ed6eb461d85d29d56e81e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Mar 2023 10:54:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 58/72] Update publishing

---
 .github/workflows/publish.yml                                 | 4 ++--
 gradle.properties                                             | 2 +-
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt | 3 ++-
 3 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index 0ac8805e0..471388364 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           arguments: |
             publishAllPublicationsToSpaceRepository
-            -Ppublishing.enabled=true
+            -Ppublishing.targets=all
             -Ppublishing.space.user=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_ID }}
             -Ppublishing.space.token=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_SECRET }}
       - name: Publish Mac Artifacts
@@ -44,6 +44,6 @@ jobs:
             publishIosX64PublicationToSpaceRepository
             publishIosArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository
             publishIosSimulatorArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository
-            -Ppublishing.enabled=true
+            -Ppublishing.targets=all
             -Ppublishing.space.user=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_ID }}
             -Ppublishing.space.token=${{ secrets.SPACE_APP_SECRET }}
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index cded5934c..262bcabfb 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.14.4-kotlin-1.8.20-RC
+toolsVersion=0.14.5-kotlin-1.8.20-RC
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
index 2fd4f0057..48be93b87 100644
--- a/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
+++ b/kmath-coroutines/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/coroutines/coroutinesExtra.kt
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 package space.kscience.kmath.coroutines
 
 import kotlinx.coroutines.*
+import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.ReceiveChannel
 import kotlinx.coroutines.channels.produce
 import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.*
 
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ public suspend fun <T> AsyncFlow<T>.collect(concurrency: Int, collector: FlowCol
 
     coroutineScope {
         //Starting up to N deferred coroutines ahead of time
-        val channel = produce(capacity = concurrency - 1) {
+        val channel: ReceiveChannel<LazyDeferred<T>> = produce(capacity = concurrency - 1) {
             deferredFlow.collect { value ->
                 value.start(this@coroutineScope)
                 send(value)

From d87eefcaa359f92a9a35c34784e196f767aa2836 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: SPC-code <112205870+SPC-code@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Mar 2023 18:04:16 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 59/72] Add macOsArm64 to publish.yml

---
 .github/workflows/publish.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
index 471388364..ab9243f15 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/publish.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           arguments: |
             publishMacosX64PublicationToSpaceRepository
+            publishMacosArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository
             publishIosX64PublicationToSpaceRepository
             publishIosArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository
             publishIosSimulatorArm64PublicationToSpaceRepository

From ea5305c8d878e910128543f44453fe7e20294164 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 10:28:02 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 60/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt    | 18 ++++--------------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt   | 15 +--------------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
index a78a5317d..fdc3bd3c7 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
 import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class DubinsTest {
     @Test
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalRadius,
             obstacles)
         val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
-        println(length)
+        assertTrue(length.equalsFloat(27.2113183))
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -65,19 +67,7 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalRadius,
             obstacles)
         val length = pathLength(shortestPath(paths))
-        println(length)
-        for (path in paths) {
-            println(pathLength(path))
-            println(path.size)
-            for (tangent in path) {
-//                println(tangent.route)
-//                println(tangent.startCircle)
-//                println(tangent.endCircle)
-//                println(Euclidean2DSpace.norm(tangent.lineSegment.end - tangent.lineSegment.begin))
-            }
-            println()
-            println()
-        }
+        assertTrue(length.equalsFloat(28.9678224))
     }
     @Test
     fun equalCircles() {
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
index 6d4493124..2ae89038c 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsLine
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
+import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class TangentTest {
@@ -60,18 +61,4 @@ class TangentTest {
         val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
         assertEquals(emptyMap(), c1.tangentsToCircle(c2))
     }
-//
-//    @Test
-//    fun nonExistingTangents() {
-//        assertFailsWith<NotImplementedError> {
-//            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-//            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(2.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-//            c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-//        }
-//        assertFailsWith<NotImplementedError> {
-//            val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-//            val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.5, 0.0), 1.0)
-//            c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-//        }
-//    }
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 24c39c97cd4b9186a8445dedffff4c7fcc3e5ca1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 10:30:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 61/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt     | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
index 896803fba..ee0b58a15 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
@@ -255,7 +255,6 @@ private fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
     val center1 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).first
     val center2 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).second
     val p1 = center1 - point
-    val p2 = center2 - point
     return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(direction.y, direction.x) in listOf(PI/2, -3*PI/2)) {
         mapOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
             DubinsPath.SimpleType.R to Circle2D(center2, r))

From 11dd4088d977f5c2ecacfe264e77bf432a44a8e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Artyom Degtyarev <artdegt98@mail.ru>
Date: Fri, 24 Mar 2023 10:39:51 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 62/72] search for shortest path algorithm

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt     | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
index fdc3bd3c7..07e9861c7 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
 import kotlin.test.Test
+import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
 class DubinsTest {
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalRadius,
             obstacles)
         val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
-        assertTrue(length.equalsFloat(27.2113183))
+        assertEquals(length, 27.2113183, 1e-6)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalRadius,
             obstacles)
         val length = pathLength(shortestPath(paths))
-        assertTrue(length.equalsFloat(28.9678224))
+        assertEquals(length,28.9678224, 1e-6)
     }
     @Test
     fun equalCircles() {

From f809e40791f73ab33bb05d3a23947fe8af310f98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 11:42:58 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 63/72] Disentangle obstacle code phase 1

---
 .../kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt        | 519 ---------------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 241 ++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 619 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt |  34 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt      | 114 ----
 .../trajectory/{dubins => }/DubinsTests.kt    |   7 +-
 .../{DubinsTest.kt => ObstacleTest.kt}        |  65 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |   3 +-
 8 files changed, 748 insertions(+), 854 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
 create mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
 rename kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/{dubins => }/DubinsTests.kt (93%)
 rename kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/{DubinsTest.kt => ObstacleTest.kt} (55%)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index ee0b58a15..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsObstacle.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,519 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.minus
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.plus
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.times
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.norm
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
-import kotlin.math.*
-
-public fun LineSegment2D.length(): Double {
-    return ((end.y - begin.y).pow(2.0) + (end.x - begin.x).pow(2.0)).pow(0.5)
-}
-public class DubinsObstacle(
-    public val circles: List<Circle2D>
-) {
-    public val tangents: List<DubinsTangent> = boundaryTangents().first
-    public val boundaryRoute: DubinsPath.Type = boundaryTangents().second
-    public val center: Vector2D<Double> =
-        vector(this.circles.sumOf{it.center.x} / this.circles.size,
-               this.circles.sumOf{it.center.y} / this.circles.size)
-    private fun boundaryTangents(): Pair<List<DubinsTangent>, DubinsPath.Type> {
-        // outer tangents for a polygon circles can be either lsl or rsr
-
-        fun Circle2D.dubinsTangentsToCircles(
-            other: Circle2D,
-        ): Map<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-            val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
-            val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-            val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
-            var r: Double
-            var angle2: Double
-            val routes = mapOf(
-                DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
-                DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
-            )
-            return buildMap {
-                for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-                    val r1 = r1r2.first
-                    val r2 = r1r2.second
-                    r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-                        r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-                    } else {
-                        r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-                    }
-                    if (d * d >= r * r) {
-                        val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-                        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                        } else {
-                            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                        }
-                        val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                        put(route, DubinsTangent(Circle2D(center, radius),
-                            other,
-                            this@DubinsObstacle,
-                            this@DubinsObstacle,
-                            LineSegment2D(
-                                center + w * r1,
-                                other.center + w * r2
-                            ),
-                            DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
-                        )
-                    } else {
-                        throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        val firstCircles = this.circles
-        val secondCircles = this.circles.slice(1..this.circles.lastIndex) +
-                this.circles[0]
-        val lslTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
-        {a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.LSL]!!}
-        val rsrTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
-        {a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.RSR]!!}
-        val center = vector(
-            this.circles.sumOf { it.center.x } / this.circles.size,
-            this.circles.sumOf { it.center.y } / this.circles.size
-        )
-        val lslToCenter = lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
-                lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
-        val rsrToCenter = rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
-                rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
-        return if (rsrToCenter >= lslToCenter) {
-            Pair(rsrTangents, DubinsPath.Type.RSR)
-        } else {
-            Pair(lslTangents, DubinsPath.Type.LSL)
-        }
-    }
-
-    public fun nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, route: DubinsPath.Type): DubinsTangent {
-        if (route == this.boundaryRoute) {
-            for (i in this.circles.indices) {
-                if (this.circles[i] == circle) {
-                    return this.tangents[i]
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            for (i in this.circles.indices) {
-                if (this.circles[i] == circle) {
-                    if (i > 0) {
-                        return DubinsTangent(this.circles[i],
-                            this.circles[i-1],
-                            this,
-                            this,
-                            LineSegment2D(this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.end,
-                                this.tangents[i-1].lineSegment.begin),
-                            DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        return DubinsTangent(this.circles[0],
-                            this.circles.last(),
-                            this,
-                            this,
-                            LineSegment2D(this.tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
-                                this.tangents.last().lineSegment.begin),
-                            DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-    error("next tangent not found")
-    }
-
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (other == null || other !is DubinsObstacle) return false
-        return this.circles == other.circles
-    }
-}
-
-public data class DubinsTangent(val startCircle: Circle2D,
-                                val endCircle: Circle2D,
-                                val startObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
-                                val endObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
-                                val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
-                                val route: PathTypes)
-
-private fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
-    fun crossProduct(v1: DoubleVector2D, v2: DoubleVector2D): Double {
-        return v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x
-    }
-    if (crossProduct(other.begin - this.begin, other.end - this.begin).sign ==
-        crossProduct(other.begin - this.end, other.end - this.end).sign) {
-        return false
-    }
-    if (crossProduct(this.begin - other.begin, this.end - other.begin).sign ==
-        crossProduct(this.begin - other.end, this.end - other.end).sign) {
-        return false
-    }
-    return true
-}
-
-private fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
-    val a = (this.begin.x - this.end.x).pow(2.0) + (this.begin.y - this.end.y).pow(2.0)
-    val b = 2 * ((this.begin.x - this.end.x) * (this.end.x - circle.center.x) +
-            (this.begin.y - this.end.y) * (this.end.y - circle.center.y))
-    val c = (this.end.x - circle.center.x).pow(2.0) + (this.end.y - circle.center.y).pow(2.0) -
-            circle.radius.pow(2.0)
-    val d = b.pow(2.0) - 4 * a * c
-    if (d < 1e-6) {
-        return false
-    }
-    else {
-        val t1 = (-b - d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
-        val t2 = (-b + d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
-        if (((0 < t1) and (t1 < 1)) or ((0 < t2) and (t2 < 1))) {
-            return true
-        }
-    }
-    return false
-}
-
-private fun DubinsTangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
-    for (tangent in obstacle.tangents) {
-        if (this.lineSegment.intersectSegment(tangent.lineSegment)) {
-            return true
-        }
-    }
-    for (circle in obstacle.circles) {
-        if (this.lineSegment.intersectCircle(circle)) {
-            return true
-        }
-    }
-    return false
-}
-
-private fun outerTangents(first: DubinsObstacle, second: DubinsObstacle): MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> {
-    return buildMap {
-        for (circle1 in first.circles) {
-            for (circle2 in second.circles) {
-                for (tangent in dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2, first, second)) {
-                    if (!(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(first))
-                        and !(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(second))) {
-                        put(
-                            tangent.key,
-                            tangent.value
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }.toMutableMap()
-}
-
-private fun arcLength(circle: Circle2D,
-                     point1: DoubleVector2D,
-                     point2: DoubleVector2D,
-                     route: DubinsPath.SimpleType): Double {
-    val phi1 = atan2(point1.y - circle.center.y, point1.x - circle.center.x)
-    val phi2 = atan2(point2.y - circle.center.y, point2.x - circle.center.x)
-    var angle = 0.0
-    when (route) {
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L -> {
-            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
-                phi2 - phi1
-            } else {
-                2 * PI + phi2 - phi1
-            }
-        }
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R -> {
-            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
-                2 * PI - (phi2 - phi1)
-            } else {
-                -(phi2 - phi1)
-            }
-        }
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S -> {
-            error("L or R route is expected")
-        }
-    }
-    return circle.radius * angle
-}
-
-private fun normalVectors(v: DoubleVector2D, r: Double): Pair<DoubleVector2D, DoubleVector2D> {
-    return Pair(
-        r * vector(v.y / norm(v), -v.x / norm(v)),
-        r * vector(-v.y / norm(v), v.x / norm(v))
-    )
-}
-
-private fun constructTangentCircles(point: DoubleVector2D,
-                                   direction: DoubleVector2D,
-                                   r: Double): Map<DubinsPath.SimpleType, Circle2D> {
-    val center1 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).first
-    val center2 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).second
-    val p1 = center1 - point
-    return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(direction.y, direction.x) in listOf(PI/2, -3*PI/2)) {
-        mapOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
-            DubinsPath.SimpleType.R to Circle2D(center2, r))
-    }
-    else {
-        mapOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L to Circle2D(center2, r),
-            DubinsPath.SimpleType.R to Circle2D(center1, r))
-    }
-}
-
-private fun sortedObstacles(currentObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
-                           obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>): List<DubinsObstacle> {
-    return obstacles.sortedBy {norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center)}//.reversed()
-}
-
-private fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(initialCircle: Circle2D,
-                                    initialRoute: DubinsPath.Type,
-                                    finalCircle: Circle2D,
-                                    obstacle: DubinsObstacle): MutableList<DubinsTangent> {
-    val dubinsTangents = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
-    var tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(initialCircle, initialRoute)
-    dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
-    while (tangent.endCircle != finalCircle) {
-        tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(tangent.endCircle, initialRoute)
-        dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
-    }
-    return dubinsTangents
-}
-
-private fun allFinished(paths: List<List<DubinsTangent>>,
-                       finalObstacle: DubinsObstacle): Boolean {
-    for (path in paths) {
-        if (path.last().endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
-            return false
-        }
-    }
-    return true
-}
-
-public fun pathLength(path: List<DubinsTangent>): Double {
-    val tangentsLength = path.sumOf{norm(it.lineSegment.end - it.lineSegment.begin)}
-    val arcsLength = buildList<Double>{
-        for (i in 1..path.lastIndex) {
-            add(arcLength(path[i].startCircle,
-                path[i-1].lineSegment.end,
-                path[i].lineSegment.begin,
-                path[i].route[0]))
-        }
-    }.sum()
-    return tangentsLength + arcsLength
-}
-
-public fun shortestPath(path: List<List<DubinsTangent>>): List<DubinsTangent> {
-    return path.sortedBy { pathLength(it) }[0]
-}
-
-public typealias Path = List<DubinsTangent>
-public fun findAllPaths(
-    startingPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-    startingDirection: DoubleVector2D,
-    startingRadius: Double,
-    finalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-    finalDirection: DoubleVector2D,
-    finalRadius: Double,
-    obstacles: List<DubinsObstacle>
-): List<MutableList<DubinsTangent>> {
-    val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
-        startingPoint,
-        startingDirection,
-        startingRadius)
-    val finalCircles = constructTangentCircles(
-        finalPoint,
-        finalDirection,
-        finalRadius)
-    var path = mutableMapOf<PathTypes, MutableList<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>>()
-    for (i in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
-        for (j in listOf(DubinsPath.SimpleType.L, DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)) {
-            val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
-            val finalObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
-            path[listOf(i,
-                        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                        j)] = mutableListOf(
-                                mutableListOf(DubinsTangent(
-                                    initialCircles[i]!!,
-                                    initialCircles[i]!!,
-                                    DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                                    DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                                    LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
-                                    listOf(i, DubinsPath.SimpleType.S, i)
-                                )))
-            //var currentObstacle = DubinsObstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!))
-            while (!allFinished(path[listOf(i,
-                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                    j)]!!, finalObstacle)) {
-                var newPaths = mutableListOf<MutableList<DubinsTangent>>()
-                for (line in path[listOf(i,
-                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                    j)]!!) {
-                    var currentCircle = line.last().endCircle
-                    var currentDirection = line.last().route.last()
-                    var currentObstacle = line.last().endObstacle
-                    var nextObstacle: DubinsObstacle? = null
-                    if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
-                        var tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
-                            currentDirection,
-                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                            j)
-                        )]
-                        for (obstacle in sortedObstacles(currentObstacle, obstacles)) {
-                            if (tangentToFinal!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
-                                nextObstacle = obstacle
-                                break
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if (nextObstacle == null) {
-                            nextObstacle = finalObstacle
-                        }
-                        var nextTangents = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
-
-                        for (pathType in DubinsPath.Type.values()) {
-                            for (obstacle in obstacles) {
-                                // in Python code here try/except was used, but seems unneeded
-                                if (nextTangents.containsKey(pathType)) {
-                                    if (nextTangents[pathType]!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
-                                        nextTangents.remove(pathType)
-                                    }
-                                }
-                            }
-                        }
-                        nextTangents = if (nextObstacle == finalObstacle) {
-                            nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection) and
-                                    (DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[2] == j)}
-                                    as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
-                        } else {
-                            nextTangents.filter {(DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(it.key)[0] == currentDirection)}
-                                    as MutableMap<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent>
-                        }
-                        var tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
-                        for (tangent in nextTangents.values) {
-                            if (tangent.startCircle == line.last().endCircle) {
-                                val lengthMaxPossible = arcLength(
-                                    tangent.startCircle,
-                                    line.last().lineSegment.end,
-                                    tangent.startObstacle.nextTangent(
-                                        tangent.startCircle,
-                                        DubinsPath.toType(listOf(currentDirection, DubinsPath.SimpleType.S, currentDirection)),
-                                    ).lineSegment.begin,
-                                    currentDirection
-                                    )
-                                val lengthCalculated = arcLength(
-                                    tangent.startCircle,
-                                    line.last().lineSegment.end,
-                                    tangent.lineSegment.begin,
-                                    currentDirection)
-                                if (lengthCalculated > lengthMaxPossible) {
-                                    tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
-                                        currentCircle,
-                                        DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
-                                            currentDirection,
-                                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                                            currentDirection)),
-                                        tangent.startCircle,
-                                        currentObstacle
-                                    )
-                                }
-                                else {
-                                    tangentsAlong = mutableListOf<DubinsTangent>()
-                                }
-                            }
-                            else {
-                                tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
-                                    currentCircle,
-                                    DubinsPath.toType(listOf(
-                                        currentDirection,
-                                        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                                        currentDirection)),
-                                    tangent.startCircle,
-                                    currentObstacle
-                                )
-                            }
-                            newPaths.add((line + tangentsAlong + listOf(tangent)).toMutableList())
-                        }
-                        path[listOf(
-                            i,
-                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                            j
-                        )] = newPaths
-                    }
-                    else {
-                        // minor changes from Python code
-                        newPaths.add(line)
-                        path[listOf(
-                            i,
-                            DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                            j
-                        )] = newPaths
-                    }
-                }
-                path[listOf(
-                    i,
-                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                    j
-                )] = newPaths
-            }
-            for (lineId in path[listOf(
-                i,
-                DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                j
-            )]!!.indices) {
-                val lastDirection = path[listOf(
-                    i,
-                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                    j
-                )]!![lineId].last().route[2]
-                path[listOf(
-                    i,
-                    DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                    j
-                )]!![lineId].add(DubinsTangent(
-                    finalCircles[j]!!,
-                    finalCircles[j]!!,
-                    DubinsObstacle(
-                        listOf(finalCircles[j]!!)
-                    ),
-                    DubinsObstacle(
-                        listOf(finalCircles[j]!!)
-                    ),
-                    LineSegment2D(finalPoint, finalPoint),
-                    listOf(
-                        lastDirection,
-                        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-                        j
-                    )
-                ))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return path[listOf(
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L
-        )]!! + path[listOf(
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R
-        )]!! + path[listOf(
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.L
-        )]!! + path[listOf(
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.S,
-        DubinsPath.SimpleType.R)]!!
-}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 5654d10ae..272cf9e5b 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D.Type
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D.Type.*
 import kotlin.math.acos
 
 internal fun DubinsPose2D.getLeftCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).first
@@ -19,27 +21,21 @@ internal fun DubinsPose2D.getTangentCircles(radius: Double): Pair<Circle2D, Circ
     return Circle2D(vector(x - dX, y + dY), radius) to Circle2D(vector(x + dX, y - dY), radius)
 }
 
-internal fun leftOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D =
-    outerTangent(a, b, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-
-internal fun rightOuterTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D = outerTangent(
-    a, b,
-    CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT
-)
-
-private fun outerTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory2D.Direction): StraightTrajectory2D =
+private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Type): StraightTrajectory2D =
     with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(a.center, b.center)
-        val p1 = when (side) {
-            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT -> vector(
-                a.center.x - a.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
-                a.center.y + a.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
+        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(from.center, to.center)
+        val p1 = when (direction) {
+            L -> vector(
+                from.center.x - from.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
+                from.center.y + from.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
             )
 
-            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT -> vector(
-                a.center.x + a.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
-                a.center.y - a.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
+            R -> vector(
+                from.center.x + from.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
+                from.center.y - from.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
             )
+
+            else -> error("S trajectory type not allowed")
         }
         return StraightTrajectory2D(
             p1,
@@ -47,29 +43,25 @@ private fun outerTangent(a: Circle2D, b: Circle2D, side: CircleTrajectory2D.Dire
         )
     }
 
-internal fun leftInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D? =
-    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-
-internal fun rightInnerTangent(base: Circle2D, direction: Circle2D): StraightTrajectory2D? =
-    innerTangent(base, direction, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
 
 private fun innerTangent(
-    base: Circle2D,
-    direction: Circle2D,
-    side: CircleTrajectory2D.Direction,
+    from: Circle2D,
+    to: Circle2D,
+    direction: Type,
 ): StraightTrajectory2D? =
     with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(base.center, direction.center)
-        if (centers.length < base.radius * 2) return null
-        val angle = when (side) {
-            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT -> centers.bearing + acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
-            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT -> centers.bearing - acos(base.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
+        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(from.center, to.center)
+        if (centers.length < from.radius * 2) return null
+        val angle = when (direction) {
+            L -> centers.bearing + acos(from.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
+            R -> centers.bearing - acos(from.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
+            else -> error("S trajectory type not allowed")
         }.normalized()
 
-        val dX = base.radius * sin(angle)
-        val dY = base.radius * cos(angle)
-        val p1 = vector(base.center.x + dX, base.center.y + dY)
-        val p2 = vector(direction.center.x - dX, direction.center.y - dY)
+        val dX = from.radius * sin(angle)
+        val dY = from.radius * cos(angle)
+        val p1 = vector(from.center.x + dX, from.center.y + dY)
+        val p2 = vector(to.center.x - dX, to.center.y - dY)
         return StraightTrajectory2D(p1, p2)
     }
 
@@ -77,118 +69,25 @@ private fun innerTangent(
 @Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
 public object DubinsPath {
 
-//    public class ArcType(private val type: Type){
-//        public val first: SimpleType
-//            get() {
-//                if (this.type in listOf(Type.RSR, Type.RSL, Type.RLR)) {
-//                    return SimpleType.R
-//                }
-//                else if (type in listOf(Type.LSL, Type.LSR, Type.LRL)) {
-//                    return SimpleType.L
-//                }
-//                error("Wrong DubinsPath.Type")
-//            }
-//
-//        public val last: SimpleType
-//            get() {
-//                if (type in listOf(Type.RSR, Type.LSR, Type.RLR)) {
-//                    return SimpleType.R
-//                }
-//                else if (type in listOf(Type.LSL, Type.RSL, Type.LRL)) {
-//                    return SimpleType.L
-//                }
-//                error("Wrong DubinsPath.Type")
-//            }
-//        public val intermediate: SimpleType
-//            get() {
-//                if (type == Type.RLR) {
-//                    return SimpleType.L
-//                }
-//                else if (type == Type.LRL) {
-//                    return SimpleType.R
-//                }
-//                error("This DubinsPath.Type doesn't contain intermediate arc")
-//            }
-//    }
+    public data class Type(
+        public val first: Trajectory2D.Type,
+        public val second: Trajectory2D.Type,
+        public val third: Trajectory2D.Type,
+    ) {
+        public fun toList(): List<Trajectory2D.Type> = listOf(first, second, third)
 
-    public enum class SimpleType {
-        R, S, L
-    }
+        override fun toString(): String = "${first.name}${second.name}${third.name}"
 
-    public enum class Type {
-        RLR, LRL, RSR, LSL, RSL, LSR
-    }
-
-    public fun toSimpleTypes(type: Type): List<SimpleType> {
-        when (type) {
-            Type.RLR -> {
-                return listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R)
-            }
-            Type.LRL -> {
-                return listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L)
-            }
-            Type.RSR -> {
-                return listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R)
-            }
-            Type.LSL -> {
-                return listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L)
-            }
-            Type.RSL -> {
-                return listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L)
-            }
-            Type.LSR -> {
-                return listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R)
-            }
-            else -> error("This type doesn't exist")
+        public companion object {
+            public val RLR: Type = Type(R, L, R)
+            public val LRL: Type = Type(L, R, L)
+            public val RSR: Type = Type(R, S, R)
+            public val LSL: Type = Type(L, S, L)
+            public val RSL: Type = Type(R, S, L)
+            public val LSR: Type = Type(L, S, R)
         }
     }
 
-    public fun toType(types: List<SimpleType>): Type {
-        when (types) {
-            listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R) -> {
-                return Type.RLR
-            }
-            listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.R, SimpleType.L) -> {
-                return Type.LRL
-            }
-            listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
-                return Type.RSR
-            }
-            listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
-                return Type.LSL
-            }
-            listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
-                return Type.RSL
-            }
-            listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
-                return Type.LSR
-            }
-            else -> error("This type doesn't exist")
-        }
-    }
-
-//    public class PathTypes(private val inputTypes: List<SimpleType>) {
-//        public val type: Type
-//            get() {
-//                when (this.inputTypes) {
-//                    listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
-//                        return Type.RSR
-//                    }
-//                    listOf(SimpleType.R, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
-//                        return Type.RSL
-//                    }
-//                    listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.R) -> {
-//                        return Type.LSR
-//                    }
-//                    listOf(SimpleType.L, SimpleType.S, SimpleType.L) -> {
-//                        return Type.LSL
-//                    }
-//                    else -> error("Wrong list of SimpleTypes")
-//                }
-//            }
-//        public val chain: List<SimpleType> = this.inputTypes
-//    }
-
     /**
      * Return Dubins trajectory type or null if trajectory is not a Dubins path
      */
@@ -197,12 +96,10 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val a = trajectory2D.segments.first() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
         val b = trajectory2D.segments[1]
         val c = trajectory2D.segments.last() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
-        return Type.valueOf(
-            arrayOf(
-                a.direction.name[0],
-                if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction.name[0] else 'S',
-                c.direction.name[0]
-            ).toCharArray().concatToString()
+        return Type(
+            a.direction,
+            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction else Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+            c.direction
         )
     }
 
@@ -240,9 +137,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -257,9 +154,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -284,9 +181,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -301,9 +198,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -313,45 +210,45 @@ public object DubinsPath {
     public fun rsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D {
         val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = leftOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, L)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 
     public fun lsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D {
         val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = rightOuterTangent(c1, c2)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+        val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, R)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 
     public fun rsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? {
         val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = rightInnerTangent(c1, c2)
+        val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, R)
         if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 
     public fun lsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? {
         val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = leftInnerTangent(c1, c2)
+        val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, L)
         if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.LEFT)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 }
 
-public typealias PathTypes = List<DubinsPath.SimpleType>
+public typealias PathTypes = List<Type>
 
 public fun interface MaxCurvature {
     public fun compute(startPoint: PhaseVector2D): Double
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d5d04e1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
+
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.minus
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.norm
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.plus
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.times
+import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
+import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
+import kotlin.math.*
+
+internal data class Tangent(
+    val startCircle: Circle2D,
+    val endCircle: Circle2D,
+    val startObstacle: Obstacle,
+    val endObstacle: Obstacle,
+    val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
+    val trajectoryType: List<Trajectory2D.Type>,
+)
+
+private class TangentPath(val tangents: List<Tangent>) {
+    fun last() = tangents.last()
+}
+
+private fun TangentPath(vararg tangents: Tangent) = TangentPath(listOf(*tangents))
+
+/**
+ * Create inner and outer tangents between two circles.
+ * This method returns a map of segments using [DubinsPath] connection type notation.
+ */
+internal fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
+    other: Circle2D,
+): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment2D> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    //return empty map for concentric circles
+    if (center.equalsVector(other.center)) return emptyMap()
+
+    // A line connecting centers
+    val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
+    // Distance between centers
+    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
+    )
+    return buildMap {
+        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
+            val r1 = r1r2.first
+            val r2 = r1r2.second
+            val r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+            } else {
+                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+            }
+            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
+                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
+                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                } else {
+                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                }
+                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                put(
+                    route,
+                    LineSegment(
+                        center + w * r1,
+                        other.center + w * r2
+                    )
+                )
+            } else {
+                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
+    firstCircle: Circle2D,
+    secondCircle: Circle2D,
+    firstObstacle: Obstacle,
+    secondObstacle: Obstacle,
+): Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+    val line = LineSegment(firstCircle.center, secondCircle.center)
+    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+    val angle1 = atan2(
+        secondCircle.center.x - firstCircle.center.x,
+        secondCircle.center.y - firstCircle.center.y
+    )
+    var r: Double
+    var angle2: Double
+    val routes = mapOf(
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
+        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius)
+    )
+    return buildMap {
+        for ((route: DubinsPath.Type, r1r2) in routes) {
+            val r1 = r1r2.first
+            val r2 = r1r2.second
+            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+            } else {
+                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+            }
+            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
+                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
+                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                } else {
+                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                }
+                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                put(
+                    route,
+                    Tangent(
+                        startCircle = Circle2D(firstCircle.center, firstCircle.radius),
+                        endCircle = secondCircle,
+                        startObstacle = firstObstacle,
+                        endObstacle = secondObstacle,
+                        lineSegment = LineSegment2D(
+                            firstCircle.center + w * r1,
+                            secondCircle.center + w * r2
+                        ),
+                        trajectoryType = route.toList()
+                    )
+                )
+            } else {
+                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public class Obstacle(
+    public val circles: List<Circle2D>,
+) {
+    internal val tangents: List<Tangent> = boundaryTangents().first
+    public val boundaryRoute: DubinsPath.Type = boundaryTangents().second
+
+    public val center: Vector2D<Double> = vector(
+        circles.sumOf { it.center.x } / circles.size,
+        circles.sumOf { it.center.y } / circles.size
+    )
+
+    private fun boundaryTangents(): Pair<List<Tangent>, DubinsPath.Type> {
+        // outer tangents for a polygon circles can be either lsl or rsr
+
+        fun Circle2D.dubinsTangentsToCircles(
+            other: Circle2D,
+        ): Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
+            val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
+            val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
+            val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
+            var r: Double
+            var angle2: Double
+            val routes = mapOf(
+                DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
+                DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
+            )
+            return buildMap {
+                for ((routeType, r1r2) in routes) {
+                    val r1 = r1r2.first
+                    val r2 = r1r2.second
+                    r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
+                        r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
+                    } else {
+                        r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
+                    }
+                    if (d * d >= r * r) {
+                        val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
+                        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
+                            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                        } else {
+                            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
+                        }
+                        val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                        put(
+                            routeType, Tangent(
+                                Circle2D(center, radius),
+                                other,
+                                this@Obstacle,
+                                this@Obstacle,
+                                LineSegment2D(
+                                    center + w * r1,
+                                    other.center + w * r2
+                                ),
+                                routeType.toList()
+                            )
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        val firstCircles = circles
+        val secondCircles = circles.slice(1..circles.lastIndex) +
+                circles[0]
+        val lslTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
+        { a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.LSL]!! }
+        val rsrTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
+        { a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.RSR]!! }
+        val center = vector(
+            circles.sumOf { it.center.x } / circles.size,
+            circles.sumOf { it.center.y } / circles.size
+        )
+        val lslToCenter = lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
+                lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
+        val rsrToCenter = rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
+                rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
+        return if (rsrToCenter >= lslToCenter) {
+            Pair(rsrTangents, DubinsPath.Type.RSR)
+        } else {
+            Pair(lslTangents, DubinsPath.Type.LSL)
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
+        if (other == null || other !is Obstacle) return false
+        return circles == other.circles
+    }
+
+    override fun hashCode(): Int {
+        return circles.hashCode()
+    }
+}
+
+private fun Obstacle.nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, routeType: DubinsPath.Type): Tangent {
+    if (routeType == boundaryRoute) {
+        for (i in circles.indices) {
+            if (circles[i] == circle) {
+                return tangents[i]
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        for (i in circles.indices) {
+            if (circles[i] == circle) {
+                if (i > 0) {
+                    return Tangent(
+                        circles[i],
+                        circles[i - 1],
+                        this,
+                        this,
+                        LineSegment2D(
+                            tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.end,
+                            tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.begin
+                        ),
+                        routeType.toList()
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    return Tangent(
+                        circles[0],
+                        circles.last(),
+                        this,
+                        this,
+                        LineSegment2D(
+                            tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
+                            tangents.last().lineSegment.begin
+                        ),
+                        routeType.toList()
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    error("next tangent not found")
+}
+
+public fun Obstacle(vararg circles: Circle2D): Obstacle = Obstacle(listOf(*circles))
+
+private fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
+    fun crossProduct(v1: DoubleVector2D, v2: DoubleVector2D): Double {
+        return v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x
+    }
+    return if (crossProduct(other.begin - begin, other.end - begin).sign ==
+        crossProduct(other.begin - end, other.end - end).sign
+    ) {
+        false
+    } else {
+        crossProduct(begin - other.begin, end - other.begin).sign != crossProduct(
+            begin - other.end,
+            end - other.end
+        ).sign
+    }
+}
+
+private fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
+    val a = (begin.x - end.x).pow(2.0) + (begin.y - end.y).pow(2.0)
+    val b = 2 * ((begin.x - end.x) * (end.x - circle.center.x) +
+            (begin.y - end.y) * (end.y - circle.center.y))
+    val c = (end.x - circle.center.x).pow(2.0) + (end.y - circle.center.y).pow(2.0) -
+            circle.radius.pow(2.0)
+    val d = b.pow(2.0) - 4 * a * c
+    if (d < 1e-6) {
+        return false
+    } else {
+        val t1 = (-b - d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
+        val t2 = (-b + d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
+        if (((0 < t1) and (t1 < 1)) or ((0 < t2) and (t2 < 1))) {
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+    return false
+}
+
+private fun Tangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: Obstacle): Boolean {
+    for (tangent in obstacle.tangents) {
+        if (lineSegment.intersectSegment(tangent.lineSegment)) {
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+    for (circle in obstacle.circles) {
+        if (lineSegment.intersectCircle(circle)) {
+            return true
+        }
+    }
+    return false
+}
+
+private fun outerTangents(first: Obstacle, second: Obstacle): Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = buildMap {
+    for (circle1 in first.circles) {
+        for (circle2 in second.circles) {
+            for (tangent in dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2, first, second)) {
+                if (!(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(first))
+                    and !(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(second))
+                ) {
+                    put(
+                        tangent.key,
+                        tangent.value
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+private fun arcLength(
+    circle: Circle2D,
+    point1: DoubleVector2D,
+    point2: DoubleVector2D,
+    route: Trajectory2D.Type,
+): Double {
+    val phi1 = atan2(point1.y - circle.center.y, point1.x - circle.center.x)
+    val phi2 = atan2(point2.y - circle.center.y, point2.x - circle.center.x)
+    var angle = 0.0
+    when (route) {
+        Trajectory2D.Type.L -> {
+            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
+                phi2 - phi1
+            } else {
+                2 * PI + phi2 - phi1
+            }
+        }
+
+        Trajectory2D.Type.R -> {
+            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
+                2 * PI - (phi2 - phi1)
+            } else {
+                -(phi2 - phi1)
+            }
+        }
+
+        Trajectory2D.Type.S -> {
+            error("L or R route is expected")
+        }
+    }
+    return circle.radius * angle
+}
+
+private fun normalVectors(v: DoubleVector2D, r: Double): Pair<DoubleVector2D, DoubleVector2D> {
+    return Pair(
+        r * vector(v.y / norm(v), -v.x / norm(v)),
+        r * vector(-v.y / norm(v), v.x / norm(v))
+    )
+}
+
+private fun constructTangentCircles(
+    point: DoubleVector2D,
+    direction: DoubleVector2D,
+    r: Double,
+): Map<Trajectory2D.Type, Circle2D> {
+    val center1 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).first
+    val center2 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).second
+    val p1 = center1 - point
+    return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(direction.y, direction.x) in listOf(PI / 2, -3 * PI / 2)) {
+        mapOf(
+            Trajectory2D.Type.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
+            Trajectory2D.Type.R to Circle2D(center2, r)
+        )
+    } else {
+        mapOf(
+            Trajectory2D.Type.L to Circle2D(center2, r),
+            Trajectory2D.Type.R to Circle2D(center1, r)
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+private fun sortedObstacles(
+    currentObstacle: Obstacle,
+    obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
+): List<Obstacle> {
+    return obstacles.sortedBy { norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center) }//.reversed()
+}
+
+private fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+    initialCircle: Circle2D,
+    initialRoute: DubinsPath.Type,
+    finalCircle: Circle2D,
+    obstacle: Obstacle,
+): List<Tangent> {
+    val dubinsTangents = mutableListOf<Tangent>()
+    var tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(initialCircle, initialRoute)
+    dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
+    while (tangent.endCircle != finalCircle) {
+        tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(tangent.endCircle, initialRoute)
+        dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
+    }
+    return dubinsTangents
+}
+
+private fun allFinished(
+    paths: List<TangentPath>,
+    finalObstacle: Obstacle,
+): Boolean {
+    for (path in paths) {
+        if (path.last().endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+    return true
+}
+
+private fun LineSegment2D.toTrajectory() = StraightTrajectory2D(begin, end)
+
+
+private fun TangentPath.toTrajectory(): CompositeTrajectory2D = CompositeTrajectory2D(
+    buildList {
+        tangents.zipWithNext().forEach { (left, right) ->
+            add(left.lineSegment.toTrajectory())
+            add(
+                CircleTrajectory2D.of(
+                    right.startCircle.center,
+                    left.lineSegment.end,
+                    right.lineSegment.begin,
+                    right.trajectoryType.first()
+                )
+            )
+        }
+
+        add(tangents.last().lineSegment.toTrajectory())
+    }
+)
+
+internal fun findAllPaths(
+    startingPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+    startingDirection: DoubleVector2D,
+    startingRadius: Double,
+    finalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
+    finalDirection: DoubleVector2D,
+    finalRadius: Double,
+    obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
+): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> {
+    val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
+        startingPoint,
+        startingDirection,
+        startingRadius
+    )
+    val finalCircles = constructTangentCircles(
+        finalPoint,
+        finalDirection,
+        finalRadius
+    )
+    val trajectories = mutableListOf<CompositeTrajectory2D>()
+    for (i in listOf(Trajectory2D.Type.L, Trajectory2D.Type.R)) {
+        for (j in listOf(Trajectory2D.Type.L, Trajectory2D.Type.R)) {
+            val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
+            val finalObstacle = Obstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
+            var currentPaths: List<TangentPath> = listOf(
+                TangentPath(
+                    Tangent(
+                        initialCircles[i]!!,
+                        initialCircles[i]!!,
+                        Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
+                        Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
+                        LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
+                        listOf(i, Trajectory2D.Type.S, i)
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+            while (!allFinished(currentPaths, finalObstacle)) {
+                val newPaths = mutableListOf<TangentPath>()
+                for (tangentPath: TangentPath in currentPaths) {
+                    val currentCircle = tangentPath.last().endCircle
+                    val currentDirection = tangentPath.last().trajectoryType.last()
+                    val currentObstacle = tangentPath.last().endObstacle
+                    var nextObstacle: Obstacle? = null
+                    if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
+                        val tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.Type(
+                            currentDirection,
+                            Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                            j
+                        )]
+                        for (obstacle in sortedObstacles(currentObstacle, obstacles)) {
+                            if (tangentToFinal!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
+                                nextObstacle = obstacle
+                                break
+                            }
+                        }
+                        if (nextObstacle == null) {
+                            nextObstacle = finalObstacle
+                        }
+                        val nextTangents: Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
+                            .filter { (key, tangent) ->
+                                obstacles.none { obstacle -> tangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle) } &&
+                                        key.first == currentDirection &&
+                                        (nextObstacle != finalObstacle || key.third == j)
+                            }
+
+                        var tangentsAlong: List<Tangent>
+                        for (tangent in nextTangents.values) {
+                            if (tangent.startCircle == tangentPath.last().endCircle) {
+                                val lengthMaxPossible = arcLength(
+                                    tangent.startCircle,
+                                    tangentPath.last().lineSegment.end,
+                                    tangent.startObstacle.nextTangent(
+                                        tangent.startCircle,
+                                        DubinsPath.Type(
+                                            currentDirection,
+                                            Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                            currentDirection
+                                        ),
+                                    ).lineSegment.begin,
+                                    currentDirection
+                                )
+                                val lengthCalculated = arcLength(
+                                    tangent.startCircle,
+                                    tangentPath.last().lineSegment.end,
+                                    tangent.lineSegment.begin,
+                                    currentDirection
+                                )
+                                tangentsAlong = if (lengthCalculated > lengthMaxPossible) {
+                                    tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+                                        currentCircle,
+                                        DubinsPath.Type(
+                                            currentDirection,
+                                            Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                            currentDirection
+                                        ),
+                                        tangent.startCircle,
+                                        currentObstacle
+                                    )
+                                } else {
+                                    emptyList()
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
+                                    currentCircle,
+                                    DubinsPath.Type(
+                                        currentDirection,
+                                        Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                        currentDirection
+                                    ),
+                                    tangent.startCircle,
+                                    currentObstacle
+                                )
+                            }
+                            newPaths.add(TangentPath(tangentPath.tangents + tangentsAlong + tangent))
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // minor changes from Python code
+                        newPaths.add(tangentPath)
+                    }
+                }
+                currentPaths = newPaths
+            }
+
+            trajectories += currentPaths.map { tangentPath ->
+                val lastDirection: Trajectory2D.Type = tangentPath.last().trajectoryType[2]
+                val end = finalCircles[j]!!
+                TangentPath(
+                    tangentPath.tangents +
+                            Tangent(
+                                end,
+                                end,
+                                Obstacle(end),
+                                Obstacle(end),
+                                LineSegment2D(finalPoint, finalPoint),
+                                listOf(
+                                    lastDirection,
+                                    Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                    j
+                                )
+                            )
+                )
+            }.map { it.toTrajectory() }
+        }
+    }
+    return trajectories
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index e5f60e025..7bf17fc26 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@ import kotlin.math.atan2
 @Serializable
 public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
     public val length: Double
+
+    public enum class Type {
+        R,
+        S,
+        L
+    }
 }
 
 /**
@@ -27,11 +33,14 @@ public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
     public val start: DoubleVector2D,
     public val end: DoubleVector2D,
 ) : Trajectory2D {
+
     override val length: Double get() = start.distanceTo(end)
 
     public val bearing: Angle get() = (atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y).radians).normalized()
 }
 
+public fun StraightTrajectory2D.toSegment(): LineSegment<Vector2D<Double>> = LineSegment2D(start, end)
+
 /**
  * An arc segment
  */
@@ -43,15 +52,11 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
     public val end: DubinsPose2D,
 ) : Trajectory2D {
 
-    public enum class Direction {
-        LEFT, RIGHT
-    }
-
     /**
      * Arc length in radians
      */
     val arcLength: Angle
-        get() = if (direction == Direction.LEFT) {
+        get() = if (direction == Trajectory2D.Type.L) {
             start.bearing - end.bearing
         } else {
             end.bearing - start.bearing
@@ -62,16 +67,16 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
         circle.radius * arcLength.radians
     }
 
-    public val direction: Direction by lazy {
+    public val direction: Trajectory2D.Type by lazy {
         if (start.y < circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing > Angle.pi) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+            if (start.bearing > Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
         } else if (start.y > circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing < Angle.pi) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+            if (start.bearing < Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
         } else {
             if (start.bearing == Angle.zero) {
-                if (start.x < circle.center.x) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+                if (start.x < circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
             } else {
-                if (start.x > circle.center.x) Direction.RIGHT else Direction.LEFT
+                if (start.x > circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
             }
         }
     }
@@ -81,17 +86,18 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
             center: DoubleVector2D,
             start: DoubleVector2D,
             end: DoubleVector2D,
-            direction: Direction,
+            direction: Trajectory2D.Type,
         ): CircleTrajectory2D {
             fun calculatePose(
                 vector: DoubleVector2D,
                 theta: Angle,
-                direction: Direction,
+                direction: Trajectory2D.Type,
             ): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2D(
                 vector,
                 when (direction) {
-                    Direction.LEFT -> (theta - Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
-                    Direction.RIGHT -> (theta + Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
+                    Trajectory2D.Type.L -> (theta - Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
+                    Trajectory2D.Type.R -> (theta + Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
+                    else -> error("S trajectory type is not allowed in circle constructor")
                 }
             )
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index fb1c3927b..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/tangent.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
-import kotlin.math.*
-
-/**
- * Create inner and outer tangents between two circles.
- * This method returns a map of segments using [DubinsPath] connection type notation.
- */
-public fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
-    other: Circle2D,
-): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment<DoubleVector2D>> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    //return empty map for concentric circles
-    if(center.equalsVector(other.center)) return@tangentsToCircle emptyMap()
-
-    // A line connecting centers
-    val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
-    // Distance between centers
-    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf(
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
-    )
-    return buildMap {
-        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-            val r1 = r1r2.first
-            val r2 = r1r2.second
-            val r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-            } else {
-                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-            }
-            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
-                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
-                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                } else {
-                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                }
-                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                put(
-                    route,
-                    LineSegment(
-                        center + w * r1,
-                        other.center + w * r2
-                    )
-                )
-            } else {
-                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-public fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
-    firstCircle: Circle2D,
-    secondCircle: Circle2D,
-    firstObstacle: DubinsObstacle,
-    secondObstacle: DubinsObstacle
-): Map<DubinsPath.Type, DubinsTangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    val line = LineSegment(firstCircle.center, secondCircle.center)
-    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-    val angle1 = atan2(secondCircle.center.x - firstCircle.center.x,
-        secondCircle.center.y - firstCircle.center.y)
-    var r: Double
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf(
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius)
-    )
-    return buildMap {
-        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-            val r1 = r1r2.first
-            val r2 = r1r2.second
-            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-            } else {
-                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-            }
-            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
-                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
-                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                } else {
-                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                }
-                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                put(route, DubinsTangent(Circle2D(firstCircle.center, firstCircle.radius),
-                    secondCircle,
-                    firstObstacle,
-                    secondObstacle,
-                    LineSegment2D(
-                        firstCircle.center + w * r1,
-                        secondCircle.center + w * r2
-                    ),
-                    DubinsPath.toSimpleTypes(route))
-                )
-            } else {
-                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
similarity index 93%
rename from kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
rename to kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
index 481ea4786..f5bfb884e 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/dubins/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.dubins
+package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.*
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ class DubinsTests {
         )
 
         expectedLengths.forEach {
-            val path = dubins.find { p -> DubinsPath.trajectoryTypeOf(p) === it.key }
+            val path = dubins.find { p -> DubinsPath.trajectoryTypeOf(p) == it.key }
             assertNotNull(path, "Path ${it.key} not found")
             println("${it.key}: ${path.length}")
             assertTrue(it.value.equalsFloat(path.length))
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
similarity index 55%
rename from kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
rename to kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
index 07e9861c7..446e0a4d3 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
-class DubinsTest {
+class ObstacleTest {
     @Test
     fun firstPath() {
         val startPoint = vector(-5.0, -1.0)
@@ -22,8 +20,13 @@ class DubinsTest {
         val finalDirection = vector(1.0, -1.0)
         val finalRadius = 0.5
 
-        val obstacles = listOf(DubinsObstacle(listOf(
-            Circle2D(vector(7.0, 1.0), 5.0))))
+        val obstacles = listOf(
+            Obstacle(
+                listOf(
+                    Circle2D(vector(7.0, 1.0), 5.0)
+                )
+            )
+        )
 
         val outputTangents = findAllPaths(
             startPoint,
@@ -32,8 +35,9 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalPoint,
             finalDirection,
             finalRadius,
-            obstacles)
-        val length = pathLength(shortestPath(outputTangents))
+            obstacles
+        )
+        val length = outputTangents.minOf { it.length }
         assertEquals(length, 27.2113183, 1e-6)
     }
 
@@ -47,17 +51,21 @@ class DubinsTest {
         val finalRadius = 0.5
 
         val obstacles = listOf(
-            DubinsObstacle(listOf(
-                Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5),
-                Circle2D(vector(2.0, 1.0), 0.5),
-                Circle2D(vector(6.0, 0.0), 0.5),
-                Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 0.5)
-            )), DubinsObstacle(listOf(
-                Circle2D(vector(10.0, 1.0), 0.5),
-                Circle2D(vector(16.0, 0.0), 0.5),
-                Circle2D(vector(14.0, 6.0), 0.5),
-                Circle2D(vector(9.0, 4.0), 0.5)
-            ))
+            Obstacle(
+                listOf(
+                    Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5),
+                    Circle2D(vector(2.0, 1.0), 0.5),
+                    Circle2D(vector(6.0, 0.0), 0.5),
+                    Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 0.5)
+                )
+            ), Obstacle(
+                listOf(
+                    Circle2D(vector(10.0, 1.0), 0.5),
+                    Circle2D(vector(16.0, 0.0), 0.5),
+                    Circle2D(vector(14.0, 6.0), 0.5),
+                    Circle2D(vector(9.0, 4.0), 0.5)
+                )
+            )
         )
         val paths = findAllPaths(
             startPoint,
@@ -66,22 +74,19 @@ class DubinsTest {
             finalPoint,
             finalDirection,
             finalRadius,
-            obstacles)
-        val length = pathLength(shortestPath(paths))
-        assertEquals(length,28.9678224, 1e-6)
-    }
-    @Test
-    fun equalCircles() {
-        val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        println(circle1 == circle2)
+            obstacles
+        )
+        val length = paths.minOf { it.length }
+        assertEquals(length, 28.9678224, 1e-6)
     }
+
     @Test
     fun equalObstacles() {
         val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
         val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        val obstacle1 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle1))
-        val obstacle2 = DubinsObstacle(listOf(circle2))
-        println(obstacle1 == obstacle2)
+        assertEquals(circle1, circle2)
+        val obstacle1 = Obstacle(listOf(circle1))
+        val obstacle2 = Obstacle(listOf(circle2))
+        assertEquals(obstacle1, obstacle2)
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
index 7594aa046..f149004bb 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.degrees
 import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.CircleTrajectory2D
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D
 import kotlin.test.Test
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class ArcTests {
             circle.center,
             vector(-2.0, 0.0),
             vector(0.0, 2.0),
-            CircleTrajectory2D.Direction.RIGHT
+            Trajectory2D.Type.R
         )
         assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
         assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.degrees)

From 109e050f03abc0b585a024dd8abd743aa434e8d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 15:16:33 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 64/72] Hieraechy for trajectory types

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/misc/Featured.kt     |  2 +-
 .../space/kscience/kmath/misc/collections.kt  | 22 +++++++
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 58 +++++++++----------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt | 40 ++++++++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt |  4 +-
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |  2 +-
 6 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/collections.kt

diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/Featured.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/Featured.kt
index a752a8339..bdda674dc 100644
--- a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/Featured.kt
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/Featured.kt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import kotlin.jvm.JvmInline
 import kotlin.reflect.KClass
 
 /**
- * A entity that contains a set of features defined by their types
+ * An entity that contains a set of features defined by their types
  */
 public interface Featured<F : Any> {
     public fun <T : F> getFeature(type: FeatureKey<T>): T?
diff --git a/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/collections.kt b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/collections.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..90cc5bbfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-core/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/misc/collections.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.misc
+
+/**
+ * The same as [zipWithNext], but includes link between last and first element
+ */
+public inline fun <T, R> List<T>.zipWithNextCircular(transform: (a: T, b: T) -> R): List<R> {
+    if (isEmpty()) return emptyList()
+    return indices.map { i ->
+        if (i == size - 1) {
+            transform(last(), first())
+        } else {
+            transform(get(i), get(i + 1))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+public inline fun <T> List<T>.zipWithNextCircular(): List<Pair<T,T>> = zipWithNextCircular { l, r -> l to r  }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 272cf9e5b..87ea52a69 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
 import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D.Type
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D.Type.*
+import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D.*
 import kotlin.math.acos
 
 internal fun DubinsPose2D.getLeftCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).first
@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ internal fun DubinsPose2D.getTangentCircles(radius: Double): Pair<Circle2D, Circ
     return Circle2D(vector(x - dX, y + dY), radius) to Circle2D(vector(x + dX, y - dY), radius)
 }
 
-private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Type): StraightTrajectory2D =
+private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Direction): StraightTrajectory2D =
     with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
         val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(from.center, to.center)
         val p1 = when (direction) {
@@ -34,8 +33,6 @@ private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Type): Straigh
                 from.center.x + from.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
                 from.center.y - from.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
             )
-
-            else -> error("S trajectory type not allowed")
         }
         return StraightTrajectory2D(
             p1,
@@ -47,7 +44,7 @@ private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Type): Straigh
 private fun innerTangent(
     from: Circle2D,
     to: Circle2D,
-    direction: Type,
+    direction: Direction,
 ): StraightTrajectory2D? =
     with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
         val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(from.center, to.center)
@@ -55,7 +52,6 @@ private fun innerTangent(
         val angle = when (direction) {
             L -> centers.bearing + acos(from.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
             R -> centers.bearing - acos(from.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
-            else -> error("S trajectory type not allowed")
         }.normalized()
 
         val dX = from.radius * sin(angle)
@@ -70,13 +66,13 @@ private fun innerTangent(
 public object DubinsPath {
 
     public data class Type(
-        public val first: Trajectory2D.Type,
+        public val first: Direction,
         public val second: Trajectory2D.Type,
-        public val third: Trajectory2D.Type,
+        public val third: Direction,
     ) {
         public fun toList(): List<Trajectory2D.Type> = listOf(first, second, third)
 
-        override fun toString(): String = "${first.name}${second.name}${third.name}"
+        override fun toString(): String = "${first}${second}${third}"
 
         public companion object {
             public val RLR: Type = Type(R, L, R)
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val c = trajectory2D.segments.last() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
         return Type(
             a.direction,
-            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction else Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction else S,
             c.direction
         )
     }
@@ -137,9 +133,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, R)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, L)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, R)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -154,9 +150,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, R)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, L)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, R)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -181,9 +177,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, L)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, R)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, L)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -198,9 +194,9 @@ public object DubinsPath {
                 dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
                 dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
                 val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, L)
+                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, R)
+                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, L)
                 CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
             }
 
@@ -211,8 +207,8 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
         val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, L)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, R)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, R)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 
@@ -220,8 +216,8 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
         val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, R)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, L)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, L)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 
@@ -231,8 +227,8 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, R)
         if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, R)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, L)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 
@@ -242,8 +238,8 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, L)
         if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, Trajectory2D.Type.L)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, Trajectory2D.Type.R)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, L)
+        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, R)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
 }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index 7bf17fc26..d6974b105 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -17,10 +17,21 @@ import kotlin.math.atan2
 public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
     public val length: Double
 
-    public enum class Type {
-        R,
-        S,
-        L
+
+    public sealed interface Type
+
+    public sealed interface Direction: Type
+
+    public object R : Direction {
+        override fun toString(): String = "R"
+    }
+
+    public object S : Type {
+        override fun toString(): String = "L"
+    }
+
+    public object L : Direction {
+        override fun toString(): String = "L"
     }
 }
 
@@ -56,7 +67,7 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
      * Arc length in radians
      */
     val arcLength: Angle
-        get() = if (direction == Trajectory2D.Type.L) {
+        get() = if (direction == Trajectory2D.L) {
             start.bearing - end.bearing
         } else {
             end.bearing - start.bearing
@@ -67,16 +78,16 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
         circle.radius * arcLength.radians
     }
 
-    public val direction: Trajectory2D.Type by lazy {
+    public val direction: Trajectory2D.Direction by lazy {
         if (start.y < circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing > Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
+            if (start.bearing > Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
         } else if (start.y > circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing < Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
+            if (start.bearing < Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
         } else {
             if (start.bearing == Angle.zero) {
-                if (start.x < circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
+                if (start.x < circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
             } else {
-                if (start.x > circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.Type.R else Trajectory2D.Type.L
+                if (start.x > circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
             }
         }
     }
@@ -86,18 +97,17 @@ public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
             center: DoubleVector2D,
             start: DoubleVector2D,
             end: DoubleVector2D,
-            direction: Trajectory2D.Type,
+            direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
         ): CircleTrajectory2D {
             fun calculatePose(
                 vector: DoubleVector2D,
                 theta: Angle,
-                direction: Trajectory2D.Type,
+                direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
             ): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2D(
                 vector,
                 when (direction) {
-                    Trajectory2D.Type.L -> (theta - Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
-                    Trajectory2D.Type.R -> (theta + Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
-                    else -> error("S trajectory type is not allowed in circle constructor")
+                    Trajectory2D.L -> (theta - Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
+                    Trajectory2D.R -> (theta + Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
                 }
             )
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
index 446e0a4d3..150b370d0 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class ObstacleTest {
             obstacles
         )
         val length = outputTangents.minOf { it.length }
-        assertEquals(length, 27.2113183, 1e-6)
+        assertEquals(27.2113183, length, 1e-6)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class ObstacleTest {
             obstacles
         )
         val length = paths.minOf { it.length }
-        assertEquals(length, 28.9678224, 1e-6)
+        assertEquals(28.9678224, length, 1e-6)
     }
 
     @Test
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
index f149004bb..b3825b93b 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class ArcTests {
             circle.center,
             vector(-2.0, 0.0),
             vector(0.0, 2.0),
-            Trajectory2D.Type.R
+            Trajectory2D.R
         )
         assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
         assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.degrees)

From fd35d7c6143a5f544788bfda005cc399dc3cb245 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 15:28:02 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 65/72] [WIP] refactoring directions

---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 38 +++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index d5d04e1a4..b4ae04342 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -350,13 +350,13 @@ private fun arcLength(
     circle: Circle2D,
     point1: DoubleVector2D,
     point2: DoubleVector2D,
-    route: Trajectory2D.Type,
+    direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
 ): Double {
     val phi1 = atan2(point1.y - circle.center.y, point1.x - circle.center.x)
     val phi2 = atan2(point2.y - circle.center.y, point2.x - circle.center.x)
     var angle = 0.0
-    when (route) {
-        Trajectory2D.Type.L -> {
+    when (direction) {
+        Trajectory2D.L -> {
             angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
                 phi2 - phi1
             } else {
@@ -364,17 +364,13 @@ private fun arcLength(
             }
         }
 
-        Trajectory2D.Type.R -> {
+        Trajectory2D.R -> {
             angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
                 2 * PI - (phi2 - phi1)
             } else {
                 -(phi2 - phi1)
             }
         }
-
-        Trajectory2D.Type.S -> {
-            error("L or R route is expected")
-        }
     }
     return circle.radius * angle
 }
@@ -396,13 +392,13 @@ private fun constructTangentCircles(
     val p1 = center1 - point
     return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(direction.y, direction.x) in listOf(PI / 2, -3 * PI / 2)) {
         mapOf(
-            Trajectory2D.Type.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
-            Trajectory2D.Type.R to Circle2D(center2, r)
+            Trajectory2D.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
+            Trajectory2D.R to Circle2D(center2, r)
         )
     } else {
         mapOf(
-            Trajectory2D.Type.L to Circle2D(center2, r),
-            Trajectory2D.Type.R to Circle2D(center1, r)
+            Trajectory2D.L to Circle2D(center2, r),
+            Trajectory2D.R to Circle2D(center1, r)
         )
     }
 }
@@ -483,8 +479,8 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
         finalRadius
     )
     val trajectories = mutableListOf<CompositeTrajectory2D>()
-    for (i in listOf(Trajectory2D.Type.L, Trajectory2D.Type.R)) {
-        for (j in listOf(Trajectory2D.Type.L, Trajectory2D.Type.R)) {
+    for (i in listOf(Trajectory2D.L, Trajectory2D.R)) {
+        for (j in listOf(Trajectory2D.L, Trajectory2D.R)) {
             val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
             val finalObstacle = Obstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
             var currentPaths: List<TangentPath> = listOf(
@@ -495,7 +491,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
                         LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
-                        listOf(i, Trajectory2D.Type.S, i)
+                        listOf(i, Trajectory2D.S, i)
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -503,13 +499,13 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                 val newPaths = mutableListOf<TangentPath>()
                 for (tangentPath: TangentPath in currentPaths) {
                     val currentCircle = tangentPath.last().endCircle
-                    val currentDirection = tangentPath.last().trajectoryType.last()
+                    val currentDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = tangentPath.last().trajectoryType.last()
                     val currentObstacle = tangentPath.last().endObstacle
                     var nextObstacle: Obstacle? = null
                     if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
                         val tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.Type(
                             currentDirection,
-                            Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                            Trajectory2D.S,
                             j
                         )]
                         for (obstacle in sortedObstacles(currentObstacle, obstacles)) {
@@ -538,7 +534,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                         tangent.startCircle,
                                         DubinsPath.Type(
                                             currentDirection,
-                                            Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                            Trajectory2D.S,
                                             currentDirection
                                         ),
                                     ).lineSegment.begin,
@@ -555,7 +551,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                         currentCircle,
                                         DubinsPath.Type(
                                             currentDirection,
-                                            Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                            Trajectory2D.S,
                                             currentDirection
                                         ),
                                         tangent.startCircle,
@@ -569,7 +565,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                     currentCircle,
                                     DubinsPath.Type(
                                         currentDirection,
-                                        Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                        Trajectory2D.S,
                                         currentDirection
                                     ),
                                     tangent.startCircle,
@@ -599,7 +595,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                 LineSegment2D(finalPoint, finalPoint),
                                 listOf(
                                     lastDirection,
-                                    Trajectory2D.Type.S,
+                                    Trajectory2D.S,
                                     j
                                 )
                             )

From 1e46ffbd98809c43b14c5b8f4df65f9315d040c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 16:50:30 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 66/72] refactoring directions

---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 30 ++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index b4ae04342..c4ff34295 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@ internal data class Tangent(
     val startObstacle: Obstacle,
     val endObstacle: Obstacle,
     val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
-    val trajectoryType: List<Trajectory2D.Type>,
+    val startDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction,
+    val endDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = startDirection
 )
 
 private class TangentPath(val tangents: List<Tangent>) {
@@ -131,7 +132,8 @@ private fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
                             firstCircle.center + w * r1,
                             secondCircle.center + w * r2
                         ),
-                        trajectoryType = route.toList()
+                        startDirection = route.first,
+                        endDirection = route.third
                     )
                 )
             } else {
@@ -194,7 +196,8 @@ public class Obstacle(
                                     center + w * r1,
                                     other.center + w * r2
                                 ),
-                                routeType.toList()
+                                startDirection = routeType.first,
+                                endDirection = routeType.third
                             )
                         )
                     } else {
@@ -256,7 +259,8 @@ private fun Obstacle.nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, routeType: DubinsPath.Type):
                             tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.end,
                             tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.begin
                         ),
-                        routeType.toList()
+                        startDirection = routeType.first,
+                        endDirection = routeType.third
                     )
                 } else {
                     return Tangent(
@@ -268,7 +272,8 @@ private fun Obstacle.nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, routeType: DubinsPath.Type):
                             tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
                             tangents.last().lineSegment.begin
                         ),
-                        routeType.toList()
+                        startDirection = routeType.first,
+                        endDirection = routeType.third
                     )
                 }
             }
@@ -450,7 +455,7 @@ private fun TangentPath.toTrajectory(): CompositeTrajectory2D = CompositeTraject
                     right.startCircle.center,
                     left.lineSegment.end,
                     right.lineSegment.begin,
-                    right.trajectoryType.first()
+                    right.startDirection
                 )
             )
         }
@@ -491,7 +496,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
                         LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
-                        listOf(i, Trajectory2D.S, i)
+                        i
                     )
                 )
             )
@@ -499,7 +504,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                 val newPaths = mutableListOf<TangentPath>()
                 for (tangentPath: TangentPath in currentPaths) {
                     val currentCircle = tangentPath.last().endCircle
-                    val currentDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = tangentPath.last().trajectoryType.last()
+                    val currentDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = tangentPath.last().endDirection
                     val currentObstacle = tangentPath.last().endObstacle
                     var nextObstacle: Obstacle? = null
                     if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
@@ -583,7 +588,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
             }
 
             trajectories += currentPaths.map { tangentPath ->
-                val lastDirection: Trajectory2D.Type = tangentPath.last().trajectoryType[2]
+                val lastDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = tangentPath.last().endDirection
                 val end = finalCircles[j]!!
                 TangentPath(
                     tangentPath.tangents +
@@ -593,11 +598,8 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                 Obstacle(end),
                                 Obstacle(end),
                                 LineSegment2D(finalPoint, finalPoint),
-                                listOf(
-                                    lastDirection,
-                                    Trajectory2D.S,
-                                    j
-                                )
+                                startDirection = lastDirection,
+                                endDirection = j
                             )
                 )
             }.map { it.toTrajectory() }

From f5201b6be0c2cf784e2a192193d2f7130caac857 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 17:42:40 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 67/72] refactoring directions

---
 .../kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt       | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index c4ff34295..553ca0388 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ internal fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
                 } else {
                     angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
                 }
-                val w = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
+                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
                 put(
                     route,
                     LineSegment(
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ private fun sortedObstacles(
     currentObstacle: Obstacle,
     obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
 ): List<Obstacle> {
-    return obstacles.sortedBy { norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center) }//.reversed()
+    return obstacles.sortedBy { norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center) }
 }
 
 private fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
@@ -580,7 +580,6 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                             newPaths.add(TangentPath(tangentPath.tangents + tangentsAlong + tangent))
                         }
                     } else {
-                        // minor changes from Python code
                         newPaths.add(tangentPath)
                     }
                 }

From 639a255aaf96c3b41a458774036b3f48efd86765 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 18:50:17 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 68/72] refactoring directions

---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt | 18 +++++++++++++--
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 22 +++++++++----------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt | 12 ++++------
 3 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
index 8362d0cb5..078e158ea 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
  * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
  */
 @file:UseSerializers(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class)
+
 package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
 
 import kotlinx.serialization.KSerializer
@@ -22,6 +23,19 @@ import kotlin.math.atan2
 public interface DubinsPose2D : DoubleVector2D {
     public val coordinates: DoubleVector2D
     public val bearing: Angle
+
+    public companion object {
+        public fun bearingToVector(bearing: Angle): Vector2D<Double> =
+            Euclidean2DSpace.vector(cos(bearing), sin(bearing))
+
+        public fun vectorToBearing(vector2D: DoubleVector2D): Angle {
+            require(vector2D.x != 0.0 || vector2D.y != 0.0) { "Can't get bearing of zero vector" }
+            return atan2(vector2D.y, vector2D.x).radians
+        }
+
+        public fun of(point: DoubleVector2D, direction: DoubleVector2D): DubinsPose2D =
+            DubinsPose2D(point, vectorToBearing(direction))
+    }
 }
 
 @Serializable
@@ -37,12 +51,12 @@ public class PhaseVector2D(
 private class DubinsPose2DImpl(
     override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
     override val bearing: Angle,
-) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates{
+) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates {
 
     override fun toString(): String = "DubinsPose2D(x=$x, y=$y, bearing=$bearing)"
 }
 
-public object DubinsPose2DSerializer: KSerializer<DubinsPose2D>{
+public object DubinsPose2DSerializer : KSerializer<DubinsPose2D> {
     private val proxySerializer = DubinsPose2DImpl.serializer()
 
     override val descriptor: SerialDescriptor
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index 553ca0388..a00fe24d4 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ internal data class Tangent(
     val endObstacle: Obstacle,
     val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
     val startDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction,
-    val endDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = startDirection
+    val endDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = startDirection,
 )
 
 private class TangentPath(val tangents: List<Tangent>) {
@@ -465,22 +465,22 @@ private fun TangentPath.toTrajectory(): CompositeTrajectory2D = CompositeTraject
 )
 
 internal fun findAllPaths(
-    startingPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-    startingDirection: DoubleVector2D,
+    start: DubinsPose2D,
     startingRadius: Double,
-    finalPoint: DoubleVector2D,
-    finalDirection: DoubleVector2D,
+    finish: DubinsPose2D,
     finalRadius: Double,
     obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
 ): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> {
+    fun DubinsPose2D.direction() = vector(cos(bearing),sin(bearing))
+
     val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
-        startingPoint,
-        startingDirection,
+        start,
+        start.direction(),
         startingRadius
     )
     val finalCircles = constructTangentCircles(
-        finalPoint,
-        finalDirection,
+        finish,
+        finish.direction(),
         finalRadius
     )
     val trajectories = mutableListOf<CompositeTrajectory2D>()
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                         initialCircles[i]!!,
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                        LineSegment2D(startingPoint, startingPoint),
+                        LineSegment2D(start, start),
                         i
                     )
                 )
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                 end,
                                 Obstacle(end),
                                 Obstacle(end),
-                                LineSegment2D(finalPoint, finalPoint),
+                                LineSegment2D(finish, finish),
                                 startDirection = lastDirection,
                                 endDirection = j
                             )
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
index 150b370d0..1a8c3a474 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
@@ -29,11 +29,9 @@ class ObstacleTest {
         )
 
         val outputTangents = findAllPaths(
-            startPoint,
-            startDirection,
+            DubinsPose2D.of(startPoint, startDirection),
             startRadius,
-            finalPoint,
-            finalDirection,
+            DubinsPose2D.of(finalPoint, finalDirection),
             finalRadius,
             obstacles
         )
@@ -68,11 +66,9 @@ class ObstacleTest {
             )
         )
         val paths = findAllPaths(
-            startPoint,
-            startDirection,
+            DubinsPose2D.of(startPoint, startDirection),
             startRadius,
-            finalPoint,
-            finalDirection,
+            DubinsPose2D.of(finalPoint, finalDirection),
             finalRadius,
             obstacles
         )

From 025cb5806030665550f0767bc7de8ecec7ad3c7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 19:02:24 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 69/72] refactoring directions

---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 112 ++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 49 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index a00fe24d4..f2768bbca 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -229,6 +229,48 @@ public class Obstacle(
         }
     }
 
+    internal fun nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, direction: Trajectory2D.Direction): Tangent {
+        if (direction == boundaryRoute.first) {
+            for (i in circles.indices) {
+                if (circles[i] == circle) {
+                    return tangents[i]
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            for (i in circles.indices) {
+                if (circles[i] == circle) {
+                    if (i > 0) {
+                        return Tangent(
+                            circles[i],
+                            circles[i - 1],
+                            this,
+                            this,
+                            LineSegment2D(
+                                tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.end,
+                                tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.begin
+                            ),
+                            direction
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        return Tangent(
+                            circles[0],
+                            circles.last(),
+                            this,
+                            this,
+                            LineSegment2D(
+                                tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
+                                tangents.last().lineSegment.begin
+                            ),
+                            direction
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        error("next tangent not found")
+    }
+
     override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
         if (other == null || other !is Obstacle) return false
         return circles == other.circles
@@ -239,50 +281,6 @@ public class Obstacle(
     }
 }
 
-private fun Obstacle.nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, routeType: DubinsPath.Type): Tangent {
-    if (routeType == boundaryRoute) {
-        for (i in circles.indices) {
-            if (circles[i] == circle) {
-                return tangents[i]
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        for (i in circles.indices) {
-            if (circles[i] == circle) {
-                if (i > 0) {
-                    return Tangent(
-                        circles[i],
-                        circles[i - 1],
-                        this,
-                        this,
-                        LineSegment2D(
-                            tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.end,
-                            tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.begin
-                        ),
-                        startDirection = routeType.first,
-                        endDirection = routeType.third
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    return Tangent(
-                        circles[0],
-                        circles.last(),
-                        this,
-                        this,
-                        LineSegment2D(
-                            tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
-                            tangents.last().lineSegment.begin
-                        ),
-                        startDirection = routeType.first,
-                        endDirection = routeType.third
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    error("next tangent not found")
-}
-
 public fun Obstacle(vararg circles: Circle2D): Obstacle = Obstacle(listOf(*circles))
 
 private fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
@@ -417,15 +415,15 @@ private fun sortedObstacles(
 
 private fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
     initialCircle: Circle2D,
-    initialRoute: DubinsPath.Type,
+    direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
     finalCircle: Circle2D,
     obstacle: Obstacle,
 ): List<Tangent> {
     val dubinsTangents = mutableListOf<Tangent>()
-    var tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(initialCircle, initialRoute)
+    var tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(initialCircle, direction)
     dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
     while (tangent.endCircle != finalCircle) {
-        tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(tangent.endCircle, initialRoute)
+        tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(tangent.endCircle, direction)
         dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
     }
     return dubinsTangents
@@ -471,7 +469,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
     finalRadius: Double,
     obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
 ): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> {
-    fun DubinsPose2D.direction() = vector(cos(bearing),sin(bearing))
+    fun DubinsPose2D.direction() = vector(cos(bearing), sin(bearing))
 
     val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
         start,
@@ -537,11 +535,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                     tangentPath.last().lineSegment.end,
                                     tangent.startObstacle.nextTangent(
                                         tangent.startCircle,
-                                        DubinsPath.Type(
-                                            currentDirection,
-                                            Trajectory2D.S,
-                                            currentDirection
-                                        ),
+                                        currentDirection
                                     ).lineSegment.begin,
                                     currentDirection
                                 )
@@ -554,11 +548,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                 tangentsAlong = if (lengthCalculated > lengthMaxPossible) {
                                     tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
                                         currentCircle,
-                                        DubinsPath.Type(
-                                            currentDirection,
-                                            Trajectory2D.S,
-                                            currentDirection
-                                        ),
+                                        currentDirection,
                                         tangent.startCircle,
                                         currentObstacle
                                     )
@@ -568,11 +558,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                             } else {
                                 tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
                                     currentCircle,
-                                    DubinsPath.Type(
-                                        currentDirection,
-                                        Trajectory2D.S,
-                                        currentDirection
-                                    ),
+                                    currentDirection,
                                     tangent.startCircle,
                                     currentObstacle
                                 )

From a0e2ef1afc08765240f0e00ac39205a25bdc92e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Apr 2023 19:33:43 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 70/72] refactor lines and segments

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt     | 27 ++++++++++++++++---
 .../kscience/kmath/geometry/projections.kt    |  2 +-
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 14 +++++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
index e593150f1..a7f6ae35d 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Line.kt
@@ -5,15 +5,23 @@
 
 package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
 
+import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
 import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
 
 /**
- * A line formed by [base] vector of start and a [direction] vector. Direction vector is not necessarily normalized,
+ * A line formed by [start] vector of start and a [direction] vector. Direction vector is not necessarily normalized,
  * but its length does not affect line properties
  */
+public interface Line<out V : Vector> {
+    public val start: V
+    public val direction: V
+}
+
 @Serializable
-public data class Line<out V : Vector>(val base: V, val direction: V)
+@SerialName("Line")
+private data class LineImpl<out V : Vector>(override val start: V, override val direction: V): Line<V>
+
+public fun <V : Vector> Line(base: V, direction: V): Line<V> = LineImpl(base, direction)
 
 public typealias Line2D = Line<DoubleVector2D>
 public typealias Line3D = Line<DoubleVector3D>
@@ -21,8 +29,19 @@ public typealias Line3D = Line<DoubleVector3D>
 /**
  * A directed line segment between [begin] and [end]
  */
+public interface LineSegment<out V : Vector> {
+    public val begin: V
+    public val end: V
+}
+
+/**
+ * Basic implementation for [LineSegment]
+ */
 @Serializable
-public data class LineSegment<out V : Vector>(val begin: V, val end: V)
+@SerialName("LineSegment")
+private data class LineSegmentImpl<out V : Vector>(override val begin: V, override val end: V) : LineSegment<V>
+
+public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment(begin: V, end: V): LineSegment<V> = LineSegmentImpl(begin, end)
 
 public fun <V : Vector> LineSegment<V>.line(algebra: GeometrySpace<V>): Line<V> = with(algebra) {
     Line(begin, end - begin)
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/projections.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/projections.kt
index 6950abbdc..c5c3487a1 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/projections.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/projections.kt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
  * @param line line to which vector should be projected
  */
 public fun <V : Vector> GeometrySpace<V>.projectToLine(vector: V, line: Line<V>): V = with(line) {
-    base + (direction dot (vector - base)) / (direction dot direction) * direction
+    start + (direction dot (vector - start)) / (direction dot direction) * direction
 }
 
 /**
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index f2768bbca..3819afb54 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ internal data class Tangent(
     val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
     val startDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction,
     val endDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = startDirection,
-)
+): LineSegment2D by lineSegment
 
 private class TangentPath(val tangents: List<Tangent>) {
     fun last() = tangents.last()
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ private fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
                         endCircle = secondCircle,
                         startObstacle = firstObstacle,
                         endObstacle = secondObstacle,
-                        lineSegment = LineSegment2D(
+                        lineSegment = LineSegment(
                             firstCircle.center + w * r1,
                             secondCircle.center + w * r2
                         ),
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ public class Obstacle(
                                 other,
                                 this@Obstacle,
                                 this@Obstacle,
-                                LineSegment2D(
+                                LineSegment(
                                     center + w * r1,
                                     other.center + w * r2
                                 ),
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ public class Obstacle(
                             circles[i - 1],
                             this,
                             this,
-                            LineSegment2D(
+                            LineSegment(
                                 tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.end,
                                 tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.begin
                             ),
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ public class Obstacle(
                             circles.last(),
                             this,
                             this,
-                            LineSegment2D(
+                            LineSegment(
                                 tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
                                 tangents.last().lineSegment.begin
                             ),
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                         initialCircles[i]!!,
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
                         Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                        LineSegment2D(start, start),
+                        LineSegment(start, start),
                         i
                     )
                 )
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
                                 end,
                                 Obstacle(end),
                                 Obstacle(end),
-                                LineSegment2D(finish, finish),
+                                LineSegment(finish, finish),
                                 startDirection = lastDirection,
                                 endDirection = j
                             )
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index d6974b105..8df0de237 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
     public val bearing: Angle get() = (atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y).radians).normalized()
 }
 
-public fun StraightTrajectory2D.toSegment(): LineSegment<Vector2D<Double>> = LineSegment2D(start, end)
+public fun StraightTrajectory2D.toSegment(): LineSegment<Vector2D<Double>> = LineSegment(start, end)
 
 /**
  * An arc segment

From 00ce7d5a48e4736ec6d80a480327a2c550787425 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Apr 2023 13:30:13 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 71/72] Obstacle avoidance finished

---
 .../space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Polygon.kt  | 14 +++++++++++++
 .../kmath/geometry/ProjectionOntoLineTest.kt  |  4 ++--
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 10 +++++-----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 20 +++++++++++++++----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt | 12 +++++------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt  |  4 ++--
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt   |  4 ++--
 7 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Polygon.kt

diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Polygon.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Polygon.kt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..20f4a031e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/Polygon.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
+ * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
+ */
+
+package space.kscience.kmath.geometry
+
+
+/**
+ * A closed polygon in 2D space
+ */
+public interface Polygon<T> {
+    public val points: List<Vector2D<T>>
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/ProjectionOntoLineTest.kt b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/ProjectionOntoLineTest.kt
index cdb8ea870..7c6c105cf 100644
--- a/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/ProjectionOntoLineTest.kt
+++ b/kmath-geometry/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/geometry/ProjectionOntoLineTest.kt
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ internal class ProjectionOntoLineTest {
 
     @Test
     fun projectionOntoLine3d() = with(Euclidean3DSpace) {
-        val line = Line3D(
+        val line = Line(
             base = vector(1.0, 3.5, 0.07),
             direction = vector(2.0, -0.0037, 11.1111)
         )
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ internal class ProjectionOntoLineTest {
                     val result = projectToLine(v, line)
 
                     // assert that result is on the line
-                    assertTrue(isCollinear(result - line.base, line.direction))
+                    assertTrue(isCollinear(result - line.start, line.direction))
                     // assert that PV vector is orthogonal to direction vector
                     assertTrue(isOrthogonal(v - result, line.direction))
                 }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
index 87ea52a69..a1563b29c 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Direction): St
         }
         return StraightTrajectory2D(
             p1,
-            vector(p1.x + (centers.end.x - centers.start.x), p1.y + (centers.end.y - centers.start.y))
+            vector(p1.x + (centers.end.x - centers.begin.x), p1.y + (centers.end.y - centers.begin.y))
         )
     }
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
         val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, L)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, R)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, R)
         val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, R)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
         val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
         val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, R)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, L)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, L)
         val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, L)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, R)
         if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, R)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, R)
         val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, L)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ public object DubinsPath {
         val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, L)
         if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
 
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.start, L)
+        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, L)
         val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, R)
         return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
     }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
index 3819afb54..32061efea 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ internal data class Tangent(
     val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
     val startDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction,
     val endDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = startDirection,
-): LineSegment2D by lineSegment
+) : LineSegment2D by lineSegment
 
 private class TangentPath(val tangents: List<Tangent>) {
     fun last() = tangents.last()
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ private fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
     }
 }
 
-public class Obstacle(
+internal class Obstacle(
     public val circles: List<Circle2D>,
 ) {
     internal val tangents: List<Tangent> = boundaryTangents().first
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ public class Obstacle(
     }
 }
 
-public fun Obstacle(vararg circles: Circle2D): Obstacle = Obstacle(listOf(*circles))
+internal fun Obstacle(vararg circles: Circle2D): Obstacle = Obstacle(listOf(*circles))
 
 private fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
     fun crossProduct(v1: DoubleVector2D, v2: DoubleVector2D): Double {
@@ -594,7 +594,19 @@ internal fun findAllPaths(
 }
 
 
-
+public object Obstacles {
+    public fun allPathsAvoiding(
+        start: DubinsPose2D,
+        finish: DubinsPose2D,
+        trajectoryRadius: Double,
+        obstaclePolygons: List<Polygon<Double>>,
+    ): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> {
+        val obstacles: List<Obstacle> = obstaclePolygons.map { polygon ->
+            Obstacle(polygon.points.map { point -> Circle2D(point, trajectoryRadius) })
+        }
+        return findAllPaths(start, trajectoryRadius, finish, trajectoryRadius, obstacles)
+    }
+}
 
 
 
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
index 8df0de237..59a8e613a 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
@@ -41,17 +41,15 @@ public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
 @Serializable
 @SerialName("straight")
 public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
-    public val start: DoubleVector2D,
-    public val end: DoubleVector2D,
-) : Trajectory2D {
+    override val begin: DoubleVector2D,
+    override val end: DoubleVector2D,
+) : Trajectory2D, LineSegment2D {
 
-    override val length: Double get() = start.distanceTo(end)
+    override val length: Double get() = begin.distanceTo(end)
 
-    public val bearing: Angle get() = (atan2(end.x - start.x, end.y - start.y).radians).normalized()
+    public val bearing: Angle get() = (atan2(end.x - begin.x, end.y - begin.y).radians).normalized()
 }
 
-public fun StraightTrajectory2D.toSegment(): LineSegment<Vector2D<Double>> = LineSegment(start, end)
-
 /**
  * An arc segment
  */
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
index f5bfb884e..80f7173f1 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class DubinsTests {
         val lineP1 = straight.shift(1, 10.0).inverse()
 
         val start = DubinsPose2D(straight.end, straight.bearing)
-        val end = DubinsPose2D(lineP1.start, lineP1.bearing)
+        val end = DubinsPose2D(lineP1.begin, lineP1.bearing)
         val radius = 2.0
         val dubins = DubinsPath.all(start, end, radius)
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class DubinsTests {
                 assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(b.start))
                 assertTrue(c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
             } else if (b is StraightTrajectory2D) {
-                assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.start, b.bearing)))
+                assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.begin, b.bearing)))
                 assertTrue(c.start.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
             }
         }
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
index 24685f528..8b8ccf95e 100644
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
+++ b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
@@ -14,14 +14,14 @@ import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.sin
 fun DubinsPose2D.equalsFloat(other: DubinsPose2D) =
     x.equalsFloat(other.x) && y.equalsFloat(other.y) && bearing.radians.equalsFloat(other.bearing.radians)
 
-fun StraightTrajectory2D.inverse() = StraightTrajectory2D(end, start)
+fun StraightTrajectory2D.inverse() = StraightTrajectory2D(end, begin)
 
 fun StraightTrajectory2D.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory2D = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
     val dX = width * sin(inverse().bearing)
     val dY = width * sin(bearing)
 
     return StraightTrajectory2D(
-        vector(start.x - dX * shift, start.y - dY * shift),
+        vector(begin.x - dX * shift, begin.y - dY * shift),
         vector(end.x - dX * shift, end.y - dY * shift)
     )
 }

From 7cc6a4be400bb7195dba6df50259a2c48cee849f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alexander Nozik <altavir@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Apr 2023 15:26:09 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 72/72] remove trajectory

---
 CHANGELOG.md                                  |   1 +
 build.gradle.kts                              |   2 +-
 gradle.properties                             |   2 +-
 kmath-trajectory/README.md                    |  34 -
 kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts             |  21 -
 kmath-trajectory/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md      |  13 -
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt   | 258 --------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt |  75 ---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt     | 614 ------------------
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt | 131 ----
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt  |  61 --
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt |  88 ---
 .../kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt  |  64 --
 .../space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt   |  27 -
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt     |  32 -
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt  |  24 -
 .../kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt    |  37 --
 settings.gradle.kts                           |   1 -
 18 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 1482 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/README.md
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
 delete mode 100644 kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt

diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index c5fa3f372..24b592430 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 ### Deprecated
 
 ### Removed
+- Trajectory moved to https://github.com/SciProgCentre/maps-kt
 - Polynomials moved to https://github.com/SciProgCentre/kmath-polynomial
 
 ### Fixed
diff --git a/build.gradle.kts b/build.gradle.kts
index 9b1101a22..cd8dfb4a0 100644
--- a/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/build.gradle.kts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ allprojects {
     }
 
     group = "space.kscience"
-    version = "0.3.1-dev-10"
+    version = "0.3.1-dev-11"
 }
 
 subprojects {
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index 262bcabfb..e33106c0c 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ kotlin.native.ignoreDisabledTargets=true
 org.gradle.configureondemand=true
 org.gradle.jvmargs=-Xmx4096m
 
-toolsVersion=0.14.5-kotlin-1.8.20-RC
+toolsVersion=0.14.6-kotlin-1.8.20
 
 
 org.gradle.parallel=true
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/README.md b/kmath-trajectory/README.md
deleted file mode 100644
index ac2930b04..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/README.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# kmath-trajectory
-
-
-
-
-## Artifact:
-
-The Maven coordinates of this project are `space.kscience:kmath-trajectory:0.3.1-dev-1`.
-
-**Gradle Groovy:**
-```groovy
-repositories {
-    maven { url 'https://repo.kotlin.link' }
-    mavenCentral()
-}
-
-dependencies {
-    implementation 'space.kscience:kmath-trajectory:0.3.1-dev-1'
-}
-```
-**Gradle Kotlin DSL:**
-```kotlin
-repositories {
-    maven("https://repo.kotlin.link")
-    mavenCentral()
-}
-
-dependencies {
-    implementation("space.kscience:kmath-trajectory:0.3.1-dev-1")
-}
-```
-
-## Contributors
-Erik Schouten (github: @ESchouten, email: erik-schouten@hotmail.nl)
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts b/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
deleted file mode 100644
index 32b87bb06..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/build.gradle.kts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-plugins {
-    id("space.kscience.gradle.mpp")
-}
-
-kscience{
-    jvm()
-    js()
-    native()
-
-    useContextReceivers()
-    useSerialization()
-    dependencies {
-        api(projects.kmath.kmathGeometry)
-    }
-}
-
-readme {
-    description = "Path and trajectory optimization (to be moved to a separate project)"
-    maturity = space.kscience.gradle.Maturity.DEPRECATED
-    propertyByTemplate("artifact", rootProject.file("docs/templates/ARTIFACT-TEMPLATE.md"))
-}
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md b/kmath-trajectory/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md
deleted file mode 100644
index eb8e4a0c0..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/docs/README-TEMPLATE.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# kmath-trajectory
-
-
-${features}
-
-${artifact}
-
-## Author
-Erik Schouten
-
-Github: ESchouten
-
-Email: erik-schouten@hotmail.nl
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index a1563b29c..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPath.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D.*
-import kotlin.math.acos
-
-internal fun DubinsPose2D.getLeftCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).first
-
-internal fun DubinsPose2D.getRightCircle(radius: Double): Circle2D = getTangentCircles(radius).second
-
-internal fun DubinsPose2D.getTangentCircles(radius: Double): Pair<Circle2D, Circle2D> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    val dX = radius * cos(bearing)
-    val dY = radius * sin(bearing)
-    return Circle2D(vector(x - dX, y + dY), radius) to Circle2D(vector(x + dX, y - dY), radius)
-}
-
-private fun outerTangent(from: Circle2D, to: Circle2D, direction: Direction): StraightTrajectory2D =
-    with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(from.center, to.center)
-        val p1 = when (direction) {
-            L -> vector(
-                from.center.x - from.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
-                from.center.y + from.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
-            )
-
-            R -> vector(
-                from.center.x + from.radius * cos(centers.bearing),
-                from.center.y - from.radius * sin(centers.bearing)
-            )
-        }
-        return StraightTrajectory2D(
-            p1,
-            vector(p1.x + (centers.end.x - centers.begin.x), p1.y + (centers.end.y - centers.begin.y))
-        )
-    }
-
-
-private fun innerTangent(
-    from: Circle2D,
-    to: Circle2D,
-    direction: Direction,
-): StraightTrajectory2D? =
-    with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-        val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(from.center, to.center)
-        if (centers.length < from.radius * 2) return null
-        val angle = when (direction) {
-            L -> centers.bearing + acos(from.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
-            R -> centers.bearing - acos(from.radius * 2 / centers.length).radians
-        }.normalized()
-
-        val dX = from.radius * sin(angle)
-        val dY = from.radius * cos(angle)
-        val p1 = vector(from.center.x + dX, from.center.y + dY)
-        val p2 = vector(to.center.x - dX, to.center.y - dY)
-        return StraightTrajectory2D(p1, p2)
-    }
-
-
-@Suppress("DuplicatedCode")
-public object DubinsPath {
-
-    public data class Type(
-        public val first: Direction,
-        public val second: Trajectory2D.Type,
-        public val third: Direction,
-    ) {
-        public fun toList(): List<Trajectory2D.Type> = listOf(first, second, third)
-
-        override fun toString(): String = "${first}${second}${third}"
-
-        public companion object {
-            public val RLR: Type = Type(R, L, R)
-            public val LRL: Type = Type(L, R, L)
-            public val RSR: Type = Type(R, S, R)
-            public val LSL: Type = Type(L, S, L)
-            public val RSL: Type = Type(R, S, L)
-            public val LSR: Type = Type(L, S, R)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Return Dubins trajectory type or null if trajectory is not a Dubins path
-     */
-    public fun trajectoryTypeOf(trajectory2D: CompositeTrajectory2D): Type? {
-        if (trajectory2D.segments.size != 3) return null
-        val a = trajectory2D.segments.first() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
-        val b = trajectory2D.segments[1]
-        val c = trajectory2D.segments.last() as? CircleTrajectory2D ?: return null
-        return Type(
-            a.direction,
-            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) b.direction else S,
-            c.direction
-        )
-    }
-
-    public fun all(
-        start: DubinsPose2D,
-        end: DubinsPose2D,
-        turningRadius: Double,
-    ): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> = listOfNotNull(
-        rlr(start, end, turningRadius),
-        lrl(start, end, turningRadius),
-        rsr(start, end, turningRadius),
-        lsl(start, end, turningRadius),
-        rsl(start, end, turningRadius),
-        lsr(start, end, turningRadius)
-    )
-
-    public fun shortest(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D =
-        all(start, end, turningRadius).minBy { it.length }
-
-    public fun rlr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? =
-        with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-            val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-            val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(c1.center, c2.center)
-            if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
-
-            val firstVariant = run {
-                var theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
-                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
-                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, R)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, L)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, R)
-                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
-            }
-
-            val secondVariant = run {
-                var theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
-                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
-                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, R)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, L)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, R)
-                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
-            }
-
-            return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
-        }
-
-    public fun lrl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? =
-        with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-            val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-            val centers = StraightTrajectory2D(c1.center, c2.center)
-            if (centers.length > turningRadius * 4) return null
-
-            val firstVariant = run {
-                var theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
-                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
-                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, L)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, R)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, L)
-                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
-            }
-
-            val secondVariant = run {
-                var theta = (centers.bearing - acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                var dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                var dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p = vector(c1.center.x + dX * 2, c1.center.y + dY * 2)
-                val e = Circle2D(p, turningRadius)
-                val p1 = vector(c1.center.x + dX, c1.center.y + dY)
-                theta = (centers.bearing + acos(centers.length / (turningRadius * 4)).radians).normalized()
-                dX = turningRadius * sin(theta)
-                dY = turningRadius * cos(theta)
-                val p2 = vector(e.center.x + dX, e.center.y + dY)
-                val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, p1, L)
-                val a2 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(e.center, p1, p2, R)
-                val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, p2, end, L)
-                CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, a2, a3)
-            }
-
-            return if (firstVariant.length < secondVariant.length) firstVariant else secondVariant
-        }
-
-    public fun rsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D {
-        val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-        val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, L)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, R)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, R)
-        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
-    }
-
-    public fun lsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D {
-        val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-        val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = outerTangent(c1, c2, R)
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, L)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, L)
-        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
-    }
-
-    public fun rsl(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? {
-        val c1 = start.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-        val c2 = end.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, R)
-        if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
-
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, R)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, L)
-        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
-    }
-
-    public fun lsr(start: DubinsPose2D, end: DubinsPose2D, turningRadius: Double): CompositeTrajectory2D? {
-        val c1 = start.getLeftCircle(turningRadius)
-        val c2 = end.getRightCircle(turningRadius)
-        val s = innerTangent(c1, c2, L)
-        if (s == null || c1.center.distanceTo(c2.center) < turningRadius * 2) return null
-
-        val a1 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c1.center, start, s.begin, L)
-        val a3 = CircleTrajectory2D.of(c2.center, s.end, end, R)
-        return CompositeTrajectory2D(a1, s, a3)
-    }
-}
-
-public typealias PathTypes = List<Type>
-
-public fun interface MaxCurvature {
-    public fun compute(startPoint: PhaseVector2D): Double
-}
-
-public fun DubinsPath.shortest(
-    start: PhaseVector2D,
-    end: PhaseVector2D,
-    maxCurvature: MaxCurvature,
-): CompositeTrajectory2D = shortest(start, end, maxCurvature.compute(start))
-
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 078e158ea..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsPose2D.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-@file:UseSerializers(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class)
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import kotlinx.serialization.KSerializer
-import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
-import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
-import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
-import kotlinx.serialization.descriptors.SerialDescriptor
-import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Decoder
-import kotlinx.serialization.encoding.Encoder
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
-import kotlin.math.atan2
-
-/**
- * Combination of [Vector] and its view angle (clockwise from positive y-axis direction)
- */
-@Serializable(DubinsPose2DSerializer::class)
-public interface DubinsPose2D : DoubleVector2D {
-    public val coordinates: DoubleVector2D
-    public val bearing: Angle
-
-    public companion object {
-        public fun bearingToVector(bearing: Angle): Vector2D<Double> =
-            Euclidean2DSpace.vector(cos(bearing), sin(bearing))
-
-        public fun vectorToBearing(vector2D: DoubleVector2D): Angle {
-            require(vector2D.x != 0.0 || vector2D.y != 0.0) { "Can't get bearing of zero vector" }
-            return atan2(vector2D.y, vector2D.x).radians
-        }
-
-        public fun of(point: DoubleVector2D, direction: DoubleVector2D): DubinsPose2D =
-            DubinsPose2D(point, vectorToBearing(direction))
-    }
-}
-
-@Serializable
-public class PhaseVector2D(
-    override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
-    public val velocity: DoubleVector2D,
-) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates {
-    override val bearing: Angle get() = atan2(velocity.x, velocity.y).radians
-}
-
-@Serializable
-@SerialName("DubinsPose2D")
-private class DubinsPose2DImpl(
-    override val coordinates: DoubleVector2D,
-    override val bearing: Angle,
-) : DubinsPose2D, DoubleVector2D by coordinates {
-
-    override fun toString(): String = "DubinsPose2D(x=$x, y=$y, bearing=$bearing)"
-}
-
-public object DubinsPose2DSerializer : KSerializer<DubinsPose2D> {
-    private val proxySerializer = DubinsPose2DImpl.serializer()
-
-    override val descriptor: SerialDescriptor
-        get() = proxySerializer.descriptor
-
-    override fun deserialize(decoder: Decoder): DubinsPose2D {
-        return decoder.decodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer)
-    }
-
-    override fun serialize(encoder: Encoder, value: DubinsPose2D) {
-        val pose = value as? DubinsPose2DImpl ?: DubinsPose2DImpl(value.coordinates, value.bearing)
-        encoder.encodeSerializableValue(proxySerializer, pose)
-    }
-}
-
-public fun DubinsPose2D(coordinate: DoubleVector2D, theta: Angle): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2DImpl(coordinate, theta)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 32061efea..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Obstacle.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,614 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.minus
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.norm
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.plus
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.times
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.operations.DoubleField.pow
-import kotlin.math.*
-
-internal data class Tangent(
-    val startCircle: Circle2D,
-    val endCircle: Circle2D,
-    val startObstacle: Obstacle,
-    val endObstacle: Obstacle,
-    val lineSegment: LineSegment2D,
-    val startDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction,
-    val endDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = startDirection,
-) : LineSegment2D by lineSegment
-
-private class TangentPath(val tangents: List<Tangent>) {
-    fun last() = tangents.last()
-}
-
-private fun TangentPath(vararg tangents: Tangent) = TangentPath(listOf(*tangents))
-
-/**
- * Create inner and outer tangents between two circles.
- * This method returns a map of segments using [DubinsPath] connection type notation.
- */
-internal fun Circle2D.tangentsToCircle(
-    other: Circle2D,
-): Map<DubinsPath.Type, LineSegment2D> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    //return empty map for concentric circles
-    if (center.equalsVector(other.center)) return emptyMap()
-
-    // A line connecting centers
-    val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
-    // Distance between centers
-    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-    val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf(
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(radius, -other.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-radius, other.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
-    )
-    return buildMap {
-        for ((route, r1r2) in routes) {
-            val r1 = r1r2.first
-            val r2 = r1r2.second
-            val r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-            } else {
-                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-            }
-            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
-                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
-                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                } else {
-                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                }
-                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                put(
-                    route,
-                    LineSegment(
-                        center + w * r1,
-                        other.center + w * r2
-                    )
-                )
-            } else {
-                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-private fun dubinsTangentsToCircles(
-    firstCircle: Circle2D,
-    secondCircle: Circle2D,
-    firstObstacle: Obstacle,
-    secondObstacle: Obstacle,
-): Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    val line = LineSegment(firstCircle.center, secondCircle.center)
-    val distance = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-    val angle1 = atan2(
-        secondCircle.center.x - firstCircle.center.x,
-        secondCircle.center.y - firstCircle.center.y
-    )
-    var r: Double
-    var angle2: Double
-    val routes = mapOf(
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.RSL to Pair(firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSR to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, secondCircle.radius),
-        DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-firstCircle.radius, -secondCircle.radius)
-    )
-    return buildMap {
-        for ((route: DubinsPath.Type, r1r2) in routes) {
-            val r1 = r1r2.first
-            val r2 = r1r2.second
-            r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-                r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-            } else {
-                r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-            }
-            if (distance * distance >= r * r) {
-                val l = sqrt(distance * distance - r * r)
-                angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                    angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                } else {
-                    angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                }
-                val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                put(
-                    route,
-                    Tangent(
-                        startCircle = Circle2D(firstCircle.center, firstCircle.radius),
-                        endCircle = secondCircle,
-                        startObstacle = firstObstacle,
-                        endObstacle = secondObstacle,
-                        lineSegment = LineSegment(
-                            firstCircle.center + w * r1,
-                            secondCircle.center + w * r2
-                        ),
-                        startDirection = route.first,
-                        endDirection = route.third
-                    )
-                )
-            } else {
-                throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-internal class Obstacle(
-    public val circles: List<Circle2D>,
-) {
-    internal val tangents: List<Tangent> = boundaryTangents().first
-    public val boundaryRoute: DubinsPath.Type = boundaryTangents().second
-
-    public val center: Vector2D<Double> = vector(
-        circles.sumOf { it.center.x } / circles.size,
-        circles.sumOf { it.center.y } / circles.size
-    )
-
-    private fun boundaryTangents(): Pair<List<Tangent>, DubinsPath.Type> {
-        // outer tangents for a polygon circles can be either lsl or rsr
-
-        fun Circle2D.dubinsTangentsToCircles(
-            other: Circle2D,
-        ): Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-            val line = LineSegment(center, other.center)
-            val d = line.begin.distanceTo(line.end)
-            val angle1 = atan2(other.center.x - center.x, other.center.y - center.y)
-            var r: Double
-            var angle2: Double
-            val routes = mapOf(
-                DubinsPath.Type.RSR to Pair(radius, other.radius),
-                DubinsPath.Type.LSL to Pair(-radius, -other.radius)
-            )
-            return buildMap {
-                for ((routeType, r1r2) in routes) {
-                    val r1 = r1r2.first
-                    val r2 = r1r2.second
-                    r = if (r1.sign == r2.sign) {
-                        r1.absoluteValue - r2.absoluteValue
-                    } else {
-                        r1.absoluteValue + r2.absoluteValue
-                    }
-                    if (d * d >= r * r) {
-                        val l = (d * d - r * r).pow(0.5)
-                        angle2 = if (r1.absoluteValue > r2.absoluteValue) {
-                            angle1 + r1.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                        } else {
-                            angle1 - r2.sign * atan2(r.absoluteValue, l)
-                        }
-                        val w = vector(-cos(angle2), sin(angle2))
-                        put(
-                            routeType, Tangent(
-                                Circle2D(center, radius),
-                                other,
-                                this@Obstacle,
-                                this@Obstacle,
-                                LineSegment(
-                                    center + w * r1,
-                                    other.center + w * r2
-                                ),
-                                startDirection = routeType.first,
-                                endDirection = routeType.third
-                            )
-                        )
-                    } else {
-                        throw Exception("Circles should not intersect")
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        val firstCircles = circles
-        val secondCircles = circles.slice(1..circles.lastIndex) +
-                circles[0]
-        val lslTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
-        { a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.LSL]!! }
-        val rsrTangents = firstCircles.zip(secondCircles)
-        { a, b -> a.dubinsTangentsToCircles(b)[DubinsPath.Type.RSR]!! }
-        val center = vector(
-            circles.sumOf { it.center.x } / circles.size,
-            circles.sumOf { it.center.y } / circles.size
-        )
-        val lslToCenter = lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
-                lslTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
-        val rsrToCenter = rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.begin.distanceTo(center) } +
-                rsrTangents.sumOf { it.lineSegment.end.distanceTo(center) }
-        return if (rsrToCenter >= lslToCenter) {
-            Pair(rsrTangents, DubinsPath.Type.RSR)
-        } else {
-            Pair(lslTangents, DubinsPath.Type.LSL)
-        }
-    }
-
-    internal fun nextTangent(circle: Circle2D, direction: Trajectory2D.Direction): Tangent {
-        if (direction == boundaryRoute.first) {
-            for (i in circles.indices) {
-                if (circles[i] == circle) {
-                    return tangents[i]
-                }
-            }
-        } else {
-            for (i in circles.indices) {
-                if (circles[i] == circle) {
-                    if (i > 0) {
-                        return Tangent(
-                            circles[i],
-                            circles[i - 1],
-                            this,
-                            this,
-                            LineSegment(
-                                tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.end,
-                                tangents[i - 1].lineSegment.begin
-                            ),
-                            direction
-                        )
-                    } else {
-                        return Tangent(
-                            circles[0],
-                            circles.last(),
-                            this,
-                            this,
-                            LineSegment(
-                                tangents.last().lineSegment.end,
-                                tangents.last().lineSegment.begin
-                            ),
-                            direction
-                        )
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        error("next tangent not found")
-    }
-
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (other == null || other !is Obstacle) return false
-        return circles == other.circles
-    }
-
-    override fun hashCode(): Int {
-        return circles.hashCode()
-    }
-}
-
-internal fun Obstacle(vararg circles: Circle2D): Obstacle = Obstacle(listOf(*circles))
-
-private fun LineSegment2D.intersectSegment(other: LineSegment2D): Boolean {
-    fun crossProduct(v1: DoubleVector2D, v2: DoubleVector2D): Double {
-        return v1.x * v2.y - v1.y * v2.x
-    }
-    return if (crossProduct(other.begin - begin, other.end - begin).sign ==
-        crossProduct(other.begin - end, other.end - end).sign
-    ) {
-        false
-    } else {
-        crossProduct(begin - other.begin, end - other.begin).sign != crossProduct(
-            begin - other.end,
-            end - other.end
-        ).sign
-    }
-}
-
-private fun LineSegment2D.intersectCircle(circle: Circle2D): Boolean {
-    val a = (begin.x - end.x).pow(2.0) + (begin.y - end.y).pow(2.0)
-    val b = 2 * ((begin.x - end.x) * (end.x - circle.center.x) +
-            (begin.y - end.y) * (end.y - circle.center.y))
-    val c = (end.x - circle.center.x).pow(2.0) + (end.y - circle.center.y).pow(2.0) -
-            circle.radius.pow(2.0)
-    val d = b.pow(2.0) - 4 * a * c
-    if (d < 1e-6) {
-        return false
-    } else {
-        val t1 = (-b - d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
-        val t2 = (-b + d.pow(0.5)) * 0.5 / a
-        if (((0 < t1) and (t1 < 1)) or ((0 < t2) and (t2 < 1))) {
-            return true
-        }
-    }
-    return false
-}
-
-private fun Tangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle: Obstacle): Boolean {
-    for (tangent in obstacle.tangents) {
-        if (lineSegment.intersectSegment(tangent.lineSegment)) {
-            return true
-        }
-    }
-    for (circle in obstacle.circles) {
-        if (lineSegment.intersectCircle(circle)) {
-            return true
-        }
-    }
-    return false
-}
-
-private fun outerTangents(first: Obstacle, second: Obstacle): Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = buildMap {
-    for (circle1 in first.circles) {
-        for (circle2 in second.circles) {
-            for (tangent in dubinsTangentsToCircles(circle1, circle2, first, second)) {
-                if (!(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(first))
-                    and !(tangent.value.intersectObstacle(second))
-                ) {
-                    put(
-                        tangent.key,
-                        tangent.value
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-private fun arcLength(
-    circle: Circle2D,
-    point1: DoubleVector2D,
-    point2: DoubleVector2D,
-    direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
-): Double {
-    val phi1 = atan2(point1.y - circle.center.y, point1.x - circle.center.x)
-    val phi2 = atan2(point2.y - circle.center.y, point2.x - circle.center.x)
-    var angle = 0.0
-    when (direction) {
-        Trajectory2D.L -> {
-            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
-                phi2 - phi1
-            } else {
-                2 * PI + phi2 - phi1
-            }
-        }
-
-        Trajectory2D.R -> {
-            angle = if (phi2 >= phi1) {
-                2 * PI - (phi2 - phi1)
-            } else {
-                -(phi2 - phi1)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return circle.radius * angle
-}
-
-private fun normalVectors(v: DoubleVector2D, r: Double): Pair<DoubleVector2D, DoubleVector2D> {
-    return Pair(
-        r * vector(v.y / norm(v), -v.x / norm(v)),
-        r * vector(-v.y / norm(v), v.x / norm(v))
-    )
-}
-
-private fun constructTangentCircles(
-    point: DoubleVector2D,
-    direction: DoubleVector2D,
-    r: Double,
-): Map<Trajectory2D.Type, Circle2D> {
-    val center1 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).first
-    val center2 = point + normalVectors(direction, r).second
-    val p1 = center1 - point
-    return if (atan2(p1.y, p1.x) - atan2(direction.y, direction.x) in listOf(PI / 2, -3 * PI / 2)) {
-        mapOf(
-            Trajectory2D.L to Circle2D(center1, r),
-            Trajectory2D.R to Circle2D(center2, r)
-        )
-    } else {
-        mapOf(
-            Trajectory2D.L to Circle2D(center2, r),
-            Trajectory2D.R to Circle2D(center1, r)
-        )
-    }
-}
-
-private fun sortedObstacles(
-    currentObstacle: Obstacle,
-    obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
-): List<Obstacle> {
-    return obstacles.sortedBy { norm(it.center - currentObstacle.center) }
-}
-
-private fun tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
-    initialCircle: Circle2D,
-    direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
-    finalCircle: Circle2D,
-    obstacle: Obstacle,
-): List<Tangent> {
-    val dubinsTangents = mutableListOf<Tangent>()
-    var tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(initialCircle, direction)
-    dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
-    while (tangent.endCircle != finalCircle) {
-        tangent = obstacle.nextTangent(tangent.endCircle, direction)
-        dubinsTangents.add(tangent)
-    }
-    return dubinsTangents
-}
-
-private fun allFinished(
-    paths: List<TangentPath>,
-    finalObstacle: Obstacle,
-): Boolean {
-    for (path in paths) {
-        if (path.last().endObstacle != finalObstacle) {
-            return false
-        }
-    }
-    return true
-}
-
-private fun LineSegment2D.toTrajectory() = StraightTrajectory2D(begin, end)
-
-
-private fun TangentPath.toTrajectory(): CompositeTrajectory2D = CompositeTrajectory2D(
-    buildList {
-        tangents.zipWithNext().forEach { (left, right) ->
-            add(left.lineSegment.toTrajectory())
-            add(
-                CircleTrajectory2D.of(
-                    right.startCircle.center,
-                    left.lineSegment.end,
-                    right.lineSegment.begin,
-                    right.startDirection
-                )
-            )
-        }
-
-        add(tangents.last().lineSegment.toTrajectory())
-    }
-)
-
-internal fun findAllPaths(
-    start: DubinsPose2D,
-    startingRadius: Double,
-    finish: DubinsPose2D,
-    finalRadius: Double,
-    obstacles: List<Obstacle>,
-): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> {
-    fun DubinsPose2D.direction() = vector(cos(bearing), sin(bearing))
-
-    val initialCircles = constructTangentCircles(
-        start,
-        start.direction(),
-        startingRadius
-    )
-    val finalCircles = constructTangentCircles(
-        finish,
-        finish.direction(),
-        finalRadius
-    )
-    val trajectories = mutableListOf<CompositeTrajectory2D>()
-    for (i in listOf(Trajectory2D.L, Trajectory2D.R)) {
-        for (j in listOf(Trajectory2D.L, Trajectory2D.R)) {
-            val finalCircle = finalCircles[j]!!
-            val finalObstacle = Obstacle(listOf(finalCircle))
-            var currentPaths: List<TangentPath> = listOf(
-                TangentPath(
-                    Tangent(
-                        initialCircles[i]!!,
-                        initialCircles[i]!!,
-                        Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                        Obstacle(listOf(initialCircles[i]!!)),
-                        LineSegment(start, start),
-                        i
-                    )
-                )
-            )
-            while (!allFinished(currentPaths, finalObstacle)) {
-                val newPaths = mutableListOf<TangentPath>()
-                for (tangentPath: TangentPath in currentPaths) {
-                    val currentCircle = tangentPath.last().endCircle
-                    val currentDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = tangentPath.last().endDirection
-                    val currentObstacle = tangentPath.last().endObstacle
-                    var nextObstacle: Obstacle? = null
-                    if (currentObstacle != finalObstacle) {
-                        val tangentToFinal = outerTangents(currentObstacle, finalObstacle)[DubinsPath.Type(
-                            currentDirection,
-                            Trajectory2D.S,
-                            j
-                        )]
-                        for (obstacle in sortedObstacles(currentObstacle, obstacles)) {
-                            if (tangentToFinal!!.intersectObstacle(obstacle)) {
-                                nextObstacle = obstacle
-                                break
-                            }
-                        }
-                        if (nextObstacle == null) {
-                            nextObstacle = finalObstacle
-                        }
-                        val nextTangents: Map<DubinsPath.Type, Tangent> = outerTangents(currentObstacle, nextObstacle)
-                            .filter { (key, tangent) ->
-                                obstacles.none { obstacle -> tangent.intersectObstacle(obstacle) } &&
-                                        key.first == currentDirection &&
-                                        (nextObstacle != finalObstacle || key.third == j)
-                            }
-
-                        var tangentsAlong: List<Tangent>
-                        for (tangent in nextTangents.values) {
-                            if (tangent.startCircle == tangentPath.last().endCircle) {
-                                val lengthMaxPossible = arcLength(
-                                    tangent.startCircle,
-                                    tangentPath.last().lineSegment.end,
-                                    tangent.startObstacle.nextTangent(
-                                        tangent.startCircle,
-                                        currentDirection
-                                    ).lineSegment.begin,
-                                    currentDirection
-                                )
-                                val lengthCalculated = arcLength(
-                                    tangent.startCircle,
-                                    tangentPath.last().lineSegment.end,
-                                    tangent.lineSegment.begin,
-                                    currentDirection
-                                )
-                                tangentsAlong = if (lengthCalculated > lengthMaxPossible) {
-                                    tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
-                                        currentCircle,
-                                        currentDirection,
-                                        tangent.startCircle,
-                                        currentObstacle
-                                    )
-                                } else {
-                                    emptyList()
-                                }
-                            } else {
-                                tangentsAlong = tangentsAlongTheObstacle(
-                                    currentCircle,
-                                    currentDirection,
-                                    tangent.startCircle,
-                                    currentObstacle
-                                )
-                            }
-                            newPaths.add(TangentPath(tangentPath.tangents + tangentsAlong + tangent))
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        newPaths.add(tangentPath)
-                    }
-                }
-                currentPaths = newPaths
-            }
-
-            trajectories += currentPaths.map { tangentPath ->
-                val lastDirection: Trajectory2D.Direction = tangentPath.last().endDirection
-                val end = finalCircles[j]!!
-                TangentPath(
-                    tangentPath.tangents +
-                            Tangent(
-                                end,
-                                end,
-                                Obstacle(end),
-                                Obstacle(end),
-                                LineSegment(finish, finish),
-                                startDirection = lastDirection,
-                                endDirection = j
-                            )
-                )
-            }.map { it.toTrajectory() }
-        }
-    }
-    return trajectories
-}
-
-
-public object Obstacles {
-    public fun allPathsAvoiding(
-        start: DubinsPose2D,
-        finish: DubinsPose2D,
-        trajectoryRadius: Double,
-        obstaclePolygons: List<Polygon<Double>>,
-    ): List<CompositeTrajectory2D> {
-        val obstacles: List<Obstacle> = obstaclePolygons.map { polygon ->
-            Obstacle(polygon.points.map { point -> Circle2D(point, trajectoryRadius) })
-        }
-        return findAllPaths(start, trajectoryRadius, finish, trajectoryRadius, obstacles)
-    }
-}
-
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 59a8e613a..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonMain/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/Trajectory2D.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-@file:UseSerializers(Euclidean2DSpace.VectorSerializer::class)
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import kotlinx.serialization.SerialName
-import kotlinx.serialization.Serializable
-import kotlinx.serialization.UseSerializers
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.*
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.distanceTo
-import kotlin.math.atan2
-
-@Serializable
-public sealed interface Trajectory2D {
-    public val length: Double
-
-
-    public sealed interface Type
-
-    public sealed interface Direction: Type
-
-    public object R : Direction {
-        override fun toString(): String = "R"
-    }
-
-    public object S : Type {
-        override fun toString(): String = "L"
-    }
-
-    public object L : Direction {
-        override fun toString(): String = "L"
-    }
-}
-
-/**
- * Straight path segment. The order of start and end defines the direction
- */
-@Serializable
-@SerialName("straight")
-public data class StraightTrajectory2D(
-    override val begin: DoubleVector2D,
-    override val end: DoubleVector2D,
-) : Trajectory2D, LineSegment2D {
-
-    override val length: Double get() = begin.distanceTo(end)
-
-    public val bearing: Angle get() = (atan2(end.x - begin.x, end.y - begin.y).radians).normalized()
-}
-
-/**
- * An arc segment
- */
-@Serializable
-@SerialName("arc")
-public data class CircleTrajectory2D(
-    public val circle: Circle2D,
-    public val start: DubinsPose2D,
-    public val end: DubinsPose2D,
-) : Trajectory2D {
-
-    /**
-     * Arc length in radians
-     */
-    val arcLength: Angle
-        get() = if (direction == Trajectory2D.L) {
-            start.bearing - end.bearing
-        } else {
-            end.bearing - start.bearing
-        }.normalized()
-
-
-    override val length: Double by lazy {
-        circle.radius * arcLength.radians
-    }
-
-    public val direction: Trajectory2D.Direction by lazy {
-        if (start.y < circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing > Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
-        } else if (start.y > circle.center.y) {
-            if (start.bearing < Angle.pi) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
-        } else {
-            if (start.bearing == Angle.zero) {
-                if (start.x < circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
-            } else {
-                if (start.x > circle.center.x) Trajectory2D.R else Trajectory2D.L
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    public companion object {
-        public fun of(
-            center: DoubleVector2D,
-            start: DoubleVector2D,
-            end: DoubleVector2D,
-            direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
-        ): CircleTrajectory2D {
-            fun calculatePose(
-                vector: DoubleVector2D,
-                theta: Angle,
-                direction: Trajectory2D.Direction,
-            ): DubinsPose2D = DubinsPose2D(
-                vector,
-                when (direction) {
-                    Trajectory2D.L -> (theta - Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
-                    Trajectory2D.R -> (theta + Angle.piDiv2).normalized()
-                }
-            )
-
-            val s1 = StraightTrajectory2D(center, start)
-            val s2 = StraightTrajectory2D(center, end)
-            val pose1 = calculatePose(start, s1.bearing, direction)
-            val pose2 = calculatePose(end, s2.bearing, direction)
-            val trajectory = CircleTrajectory2D(Circle2D(center, s1.length), pose1, pose2)
-            if (trajectory.direction != direction) error("Trajectory direction mismatch")
-            return trajectory
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-@Serializable
-@SerialName("composite")
-public class CompositeTrajectory2D(public val segments: List<Trajectory2D>) : Trajectory2D {
-    override val length: Double get() = segments.sumOf { it.length }
-}
-
-public fun CompositeTrajectory2D(vararg segments: Trajectory2D): CompositeTrajectory2D =
-    CompositeTrajectory2D(segments.toList())
-
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 80f7173f1..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/DubinsTests.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertNotNull
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-
-
-class DubinsTests {
-
-    @Test
-    fun dubinsTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val straight = StraightTrajectory2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
-        val lineP1 = straight.shift(1, 10.0).inverse()
-
-        val start = DubinsPose2D(straight.end, straight.bearing)
-        val end = DubinsPose2D(lineP1.begin, lineP1.bearing)
-        val radius = 2.0
-        val dubins = DubinsPath.all(start, end, radius)
-
-        val absoluteDistance = start.distanceTo(end)
-        println("Absolute distance: $absoluteDistance")
-
-        val expectedLengths = mapOf(
-            DubinsPath.Type.RLR to 13.067681939031397,
-            DubinsPath.Type.RSR to 12.28318530717957,
-            DubinsPath.Type.LSL to 32.84955592153878,
-            DubinsPath.Type.RSL to 23.37758938854081,
-            DubinsPath.Type.LSR to 23.37758938854081
-        )
-
-        expectedLengths.forEach {
-            val path = dubins.find { p -> DubinsPath.trajectoryTypeOf(p) == it.key }
-            assertNotNull(path, "Path ${it.key} not found")
-            println("${it.key}: ${path.length}")
-            assertTrue(it.value.equalsFloat(path.length))
-
-            val a = path.segments[0] as CircleTrajectory2D
-            val b = path.segments[1]
-            val c = path.segments[2] as CircleTrajectory2D
-
-            assertTrue(start.equalsFloat(a.start))
-            assertTrue(end.equalsFloat(c.end))
-
-            // Not working, theta double precision inaccuracy
-            if (b is CircleTrajectory2D) {
-                assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(b.start))
-                assertTrue(c.start.equalsFloat(b.end))
-            } else if (b is StraightTrajectory2D) {
-                assertTrue(a.end.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.begin, b.bearing)))
-                assertTrue(c.start.equalsFloat(DubinsPose2D(b.end, b.bearing)))
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 1a8c3a474..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/ObstacleTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class ObstacleTest {
-    @Test
-    fun firstPath() {
-        val startPoint = vector(-5.0, -1.0)
-        val startDirection = vector(1.0, 1.0)
-        val startRadius = 0.5
-        val finalPoint = vector(20.0, 4.0)
-        val finalDirection = vector(1.0, -1.0)
-        val finalRadius = 0.5
-
-        val obstacles = listOf(
-            Obstacle(
-                listOf(
-                    Circle2D(vector(7.0, 1.0), 5.0)
-                )
-            )
-        )
-
-        val outputTangents = findAllPaths(
-            DubinsPose2D.of(startPoint, startDirection),
-            startRadius,
-            DubinsPose2D.of(finalPoint, finalDirection),
-            finalRadius,
-            obstacles
-        )
-        val length = outputTangents.minOf { it.length }
-        assertEquals(27.2113183, length, 1e-6)
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun secondPath() {
-        val startPoint = vector(-5.0, -1.0)
-        val startDirection = vector(1.0, 1.0)
-        val startRadius = 0.5
-        val finalPoint = vector(20.0, 4.0)
-        val finalDirection = vector(1.0, -1.0)
-        val finalRadius = 0.5
-
-        val obstacles = listOf(
-            Obstacle(
-                listOf(
-                    Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5),
-                    Circle2D(vector(2.0, 1.0), 0.5),
-                    Circle2D(vector(6.0, 0.0), 0.5),
-                    Circle2D(vector(5.0, 5.0), 0.5)
-                )
-            ), Obstacle(
-                listOf(
-                    Circle2D(vector(10.0, 1.0), 0.5),
-                    Circle2D(vector(16.0, 0.0), 0.5),
-                    Circle2D(vector(14.0, 6.0), 0.5),
-                    Circle2D(vector(9.0, 4.0), 0.5)
-                )
-            )
-        )
-        val paths = findAllPaths(
-            DubinsPose2D.of(startPoint, startDirection),
-            startRadius,
-            DubinsPose2D.of(finalPoint, finalDirection),
-            finalRadius,
-            obstacles
-        )
-        val length = paths.minOf { it.length }
-        assertEquals(28.9678224, length, 1e-6)
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun equalObstacles() {
-        val circle1 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        val circle2 = Circle2D(vector(1.0, 6.5), 0.5)
-        assertEquals(circle1, circle2)
-        val obstacle1 = Obstacle(listOf(circle1))
-        val obstacle2 = Obstacle(listOf(circle2))
-        assertEquals(obstacle1, obstacle2)
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ae89038c..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/TangentTest.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2023 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace.vector
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.LineSegment
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsLine
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
-import kotlin.test.assertTrue
-
-class TangentTest {
-    @Test
-    fun tangents() {
-        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(4.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        val routes = listOf(
-            DubinsPath.Type.RSR,
-            DubinsPath.Type.RSL,
-            DubinsPath.Type.LSR,
-            DubinsPath.Type.LSL
-        )
-        val segments = listOf(
-            LineSegment(
-                begin = vector(0.0, 1.0),
-                end = vector(4.0, 1.0)
-            ),
-            LineSegment(
-                begin = vector(0.5, 0.8660254),
-                end = vector(3.5, -0.8660254)
-            ),
-            LineSegment(
-                begin = vector(0.5, -0.8660254),
-                end = vector(3.5, 0.8660254)
-            ),
-            LineSegment(
-                begin = vector(0.0, -1.0),
-                end = vector(4.0, -1.0)
-            )
-        )
-
-        val tangentMap = c1.tangentsToCircle(c2)
-        val tangentMapKeys = tangentMap.keys.toList()
-        val tangentMapValues = tangentMap.values.toList()
-
-        assertEquals(routes, tangentMapKeys)
-        for (i in segments.indices) {
-            assertTrue(segments[i].equalsLine(Euclidean2DSpace, tangentMapValues[i]))
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun concentric(){
-        val c1 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 10.0)
-        val c2 = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 1.0)
-        assertEquals(emptyMap(), c1.tangentsToCircle(c2))
-    }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b8ccf95e..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/math.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.equalsFloat
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.radians
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.sin
-
-
-fun DubinsPose2D.equalsFloat(other: DubinsPose2D) =
-    x.equalsFloat(other.x) && y.equalsFloat(other.y) && bearing.radians.equalsFloat(other.bearing.radians)
-
-fun StraightTrajectory2D.inverse() = StraightTrajectory2D(end, begin)
-
-fun StraightTrajectory2D.shift(shift: Int, width: Double): StraightTrajectory2D = with(Euclidean2DSpace) {
-    val dX = width * sin(inverse().bearing)
-    val dY = width * sin(bearing)
-
-    return StraightTrajectory2D(
-        vector(begin.x - dX * shift, begin.y - dY * shift),
-        vector(end.x - dX * shift, end.y - dY * shift)
-    )
-}
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index b3825b93b..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/ArcTests.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.degrees
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.CircleTrajectory2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.Trajectory2D
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class ArcTests {
-
-    @Test
-    fun arcTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val circle = Circle2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), 2.0)
-        val arc = CircleTrajectory2D.of(
-            circle.center,
-            vector(-2.0, 0.0),
-            vector(0.0, 2.0),
-            Trajectory2D.R
-        )
-        assertEquals(circle.circumference / 4, arc.length, 1.0)
-        assertEquals(0.0, arc.start.bearing.degrees)
-        assertEquals(90.0, arc.end.bearing.degrees)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index c3fca06ec..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/CircleTests.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Circle2D
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.circumference
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class CircleTests {
-
-    @Test
-    fun arcTest() {
-        val center = Euclidean2DSpace.vector(0.0, 0.0)
-        val radius = 2.0
-        val expectedCircumference = 12.56637
-        val circle = Circle2D(center, radius)
-        assertEquals(expectedCircumference, circle.circumference, 1e-4)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt b/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
deleted file mode 100644
index 54deb2193..000000000
--- a/kmath-trajectory/src/commonTest/kotlin/space/kscience/kmath/trajectory/segments/LineTests.kt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2018-2022 KMath contributors.
- * Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the license/LICENSE.txt file.
- */
-
-package space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.segments
-
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.Euclidean2DSpace
-import space.kscience.kmath.geometry.degrees
-import space.kscience.kmath.trajectory.StraightTrajectory2D
-import kotlin.math.pow
-import kotlin.math.sqrt
-import kotlin.test.Test
-import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-
-class LineTests {
-
-    @Test
-    fun lineTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        val straight = StraightTrajectory2D(vector(0.0, 0.0), vector(100.0, 100.0))
-        assertEquals(sqrt(100.0.pow(2) + 100.0.pow(2)), straight.length)
-        assertEquals(45.0, straight.bearing.degrees)
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    fun lineAngleTest() = with(Euclidean2DSpace){
-        //val zero = Vector2D(0.0, 0.0)
-        val north = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(0.0, 2.0))
-        assertEquals(0.0, north.bearing.degrees)
-        val east = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(2.0, 0.0))
-        assertEquals(90.0, east.bearing.degrees)
-        val south = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(0.0, -2.0))
-        assertEquals(180.0, south.bearing.degrees)
-        val west = StraightTrajectory2D(zero, vector(-2.0, 0.0))
-        assertEquals(270.0, west.bearing.degrees)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/settings.gradle.kts b/settings.gradle.kts
index 7d92dc36e..f158f3444 100644
--- a/settings.gradle.kts
+++ b/settings.gradle.kts
@@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ include(
     ":kmath-jupyter",
     ":kmath-symja",
     ":kmath-jafama",
-    ":kmath-trajectory",
     ":examples",
     ":benchmarks",
 )